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‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺋﻂ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Introduction ١J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(doping)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(p-type)pJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (n-type) nJ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ pJ ‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬
 pn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kp-n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 The p-n Junction Diodep-n‫א‬٢J ١

 (Continuous and single crystal) p-n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(Acceptor impurity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Donor impurity) 
n- p-n‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(p-type)p-(n-type)
‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬nJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A (anode)‫א‬‫א‬
 KK(cathode)‫א‬
 
p-n ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
p n 
(A) (K) (A) (K)

EF E F 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F 
K‫א‬‫א‬ EFK‫ א‬EF 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F
(Electrons)‫א‬(Holes)‫א‬p-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
n-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
p-n ‫ﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ 
p- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ n- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬





‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬

Kp-n‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ١F

 The p-n Junction Diodeat Equilibrium‫א‬‫א‬p-n‫א‬٣J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p-n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ١Fn , p‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Kn‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬ n‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 KnJ ‫א‬pJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p-n  
p- n- 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F
www.almohandiss.com -٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
n‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p‫א‬
‫א‬(space-charge)‫א‬‫א‬K 
 (Depletion Region)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(Space-charge Region)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Transition Region) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kp-n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p-n ‫ﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ 
p- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ n- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬

+ +
+ + 
+ +

+ +

+ + 
+ +




  
‫א‬ + ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

p-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F

n–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫"א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،p–‫א‬‫א‬
 ،VB،"‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،pJ ‫א‬nJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .nJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

www.almohandiss.com -٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 The p-n Junction Diode with Applied Bias‫א‬p-n‫א‬٤J ١

‫א‬(Forward Bias)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Reverse Bias)‫א‬‫א‬KnJ pJ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KnJ pJ ‫א‬
 Forward Bias‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١
‫א‬pJ 
 ‫א‬p-n‫א‬
،E٥J ١F‫א‬nJ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،pJ   ‫א‬nJ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pJ 
KnJ   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ nJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pJ ‫א‬

p-n ‫ﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬
p- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ n- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ 
A K
+ 
+
If + 
+

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
+ -
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰاف‬ 

+ -

K‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KnJ  ‫א‬pJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،pJ ‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K If(Forward current)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،E٦J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.0.7V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .0.3V‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Rp)pJ ‫א‬(Rn)
،RpRn‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬
p + n 
VB 

Rp Rn

  
‫א‬‫א‬

+ - 
‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F 

 Reverse Bias‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١
 ‫א‬p-n‫א‬
‫א‬ pJ 
 ،E٧J ١F‫א‬nJ ‫א‬
‫א‬nJ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬pJ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬nJ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬pJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pJ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KpJ   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬nJ 
 ‫א‬nJ   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ pJ 
‫א‬nJ   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .Ir E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KIo(Reverse saturation current)
 K

www.almohandiss.com -٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،RpRn‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


p-n ‫ﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬
p- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ n- ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ 
A K
+ + 
+ +
Ir + +
+ +

- + ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ 
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰاف‬

- + 
‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١F 

Characteristics of the Semiconductor Diode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١FK
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬.(Ge)‫א‬(Si)‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(Breakdown voltage) VBR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.7V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.3V
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬
IF, mA


 Ge Si

‫ﺝﻬﺪ اﻻﻥﻬﻴﺎر‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
VBR(Ge) VBR(Ge)
VR, V  VF, V
0.3V 0.7V





IR, µA

‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F 


‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 The Diode as a CircuitElement ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١

E٩J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KVi‫א‬RL‫א‬D‫א‬
VD 
+ - 
ID 
Vi RL


‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٩J ١F  

The Load Line and Operating Point‫א‬‫א‬ •

KE٩J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Vi = VD + ID RLE١J ١F

 VD,ID‫א‬  

J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VD,ID
 KE١٠
،E١٠J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WVi = 0‫א‬
 ID= Vi / RLE٢J ١F
‫א‬‫א‬VD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WID = 0‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 


 VD= Vi E٣J ١F

ID, mA 

Vi /RL
‫א‬‫א‬ 

IDQ Q E‫א‬) 
‫א‬ 

0 VDQ Vi VD, V 

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١F  

  
K‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VL = ID RL = Vi - VD E ٤J ١F
 W١J ١
،Vi= 1.5V RL= 50 Ω‫א‬E٩J ١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٢J ١F‫א‬ViRL
 W
 ID= Vi / RL= 1.5 V/ 50 Ω = 30 mA
‫א‬‫א‬، E٣J ١F‫א‬Vi 
 W
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 VD= Vi = 1.5 V
‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15 mA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IDQ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.75VVDQ‫א‬
 WE٤J ١F
 VL = Vi - V D = 1.5 V - 0.75 V = 0.75 V

ID, mA

30 
‫א‬‫א‬
25 
20 
IDQ =15 Q E‫א‬)

10 ‫א‬
5

0 0.5 1.0 1.5

VD, V
VDQ VL 
Vi 

E١١J ١F 

 Diode Resistance‫א‬٦J ١

 Static ResistanceRs‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١

VD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rs‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
VD
  RS = E٥J ١F
ID

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 


  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 Dynamic Resistancerd‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
∆VD
 rd = |Q point E٦J ١F
∆I D

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The Diode Equivalent Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ KE١٢J ١F
‫א‬‫א‬ VB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Rf(forward resistance)‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 



ID, mA   
A A 

VB

Rr
Rf 

K K 0 VB 
VD, V

EF EF E F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١F 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬Rr‫א‬
J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Reverse resistance)
 KE١٢
 The Ideal Diode‫א‬‫א‬ •
J  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١FK‫א‬ 
ID‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ID‫א‬K VD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،VD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rf = 0‫א‬‫א‬(short-circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(open-circuit)‫א‬‫א‬، EE١٣J ١FFVB = 0
 KEE١٣J ١FFRr = ∞‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 




ID, mA

A A





K K 0 VB VD, V 
EF EF E F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F  


 Ge‫א‬ Si‫א‬٨J ١
Comparison between Silicon and Germanium Diodes
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 0.3 V 0.7 V  ‫א‬‫א‬
20 V 50 V  ‫א‬‫א‬
10oC 20oC ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫ א‬EF
 K‫ א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫ א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬ EF
 K EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬٧J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Introduction ١J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 The Basic DC Power Supply‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٢FK ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
VDC
Vi
0

0 0 0

Vac   

‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F 

 The Half-Wave Rectifier‫א‬٣J ٢

K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬ac voltage source)‫א‬‫א‬

 K(load resistance)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(ideal diode)‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 KE٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Vi RL 


‫א‬E٢J ٢F 
+ 

I

Vi + Vo

0 t1 RL 0
t0 t2 t0 t1 t
2


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F 

+

I=0A
Vi Vo 
RL
t2t2
0 t0 t1 t2 0
t0 t1
+


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F





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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


Vo 
0 
t0 t1 t2



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F

K ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢J ٢) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢FKE٢J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
Average Value of the Half-Wave Output Voltage

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،(dc voltmeter)‫א‬
(peak value)‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٢F،2π
‫א‬ ‫א‬(average value)‫א‬‫א‬VPo  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Vave

VPo
Vave =
π E١J ٢F

Vpo 
Vave

Area
0

2π 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F  

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W١J ٢
 KE٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬

50V 

0V 
 E٤J ٢F  

 W‫א‬

VPo 50
Vave = = = 15.9V
π 3.14
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VPo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ٢F  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VPi
 -:‫א‬ E0.7V =‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VPi – 0.7  E٢J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬E10V‫א‬F
 K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 



0 .7 V
Vpi + VPo = Vpi – 0.7V 

+ +
t2 
RL Vo
0 t0 t1 t2 0 t0 
_ t1


‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F 
 ‫א‬ 
 W٢J ٢
 .E٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


20V 
RL
=1kΩ
Vo 
Vi 0

-20V 
() 

5V
RL

Vo
Vi 0 =1kΩ 
-5V 
EF 

E٦J ٢F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VPi – 0.7 = 5V – 0.7V = 4.3V

 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VPi – 0.7 = 20V – 0.7V = 19.3V

E٧J ٢F‫א‬

19.3V 4.3V 
0 
E٧J ٢F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٢

E٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
  .( PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PIV = VPi E٣J ٢F

PIV at tp
+
I=0A
Vi
tp
0 RL
+

-VPi

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨J ٢F 


 ‫א‬٤J ٣J ٢
 Half-Wave Rectifier with Transformer-Coupled Input Voltage

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Transformer)‫א‬  

‫א‬(Primary windingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Secondary windingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE٩J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Electric fieldF
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


N1 N2 

Vi V1 V2 RL 


 K‫א‬E٩J ٢F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

N 
V2 =  2  V1
 N1  E٤J ٢F
 -:
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= N1
 ‫א‬‫א‬= N2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=V1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=V2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EN2 > N1F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EV2 > V1F‫א‬‫א‬
N1 F
KEV2< V1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EN2 <
‫א‬‫א‬E N2 ZN1 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE V2Z V1F

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VP2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VPo‫א‬
 W،VB

VPo = VP2 – VB E٥J ٢F

 :٣J ٢
 KE١٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
3 :1 
150V 
Vi 0 V1 V2 RL 
Vo
220Ω



E١٠J ٢F

 W‫א‬
 WVP1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VP1 = VPi = 150V

 WVP2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

N  1
VP 2 =  2  VP1 =   × 150 = 50V
 N1   3

 W VPo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VP2 - VB =50V – 0.7V = 49.3V

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Full-Wave Rectifiers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE١١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬


0V Vin  ‫ﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬ Vout 0V 



K E١٢J ٢F  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

2VPo
Vave = E٦J ٢F
π
W٤J ٢
 KE١٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬

15V

0V 

 E١٢J ٢F


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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

2VP 2(15V )
Vave = = = 9.55V
π 3.14

 ١J ٤J ٢
The Full-Wave Center-Tapped Rectifier

‫א‬ E١٣J ٢F 

،D2‫א‬D1
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


N1 N2 D1 

V2
2 
Vin

V2 RL 
2

D2

 K ‫א‬ E١٣J ٢)  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٤J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬،‫א‬
D2
 K‫א‬D1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬E١٤J ٢F‫א‬

 KD2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

D1
N1 N2 + - 
+
I
Vo

Vi
0 + 0 
+ 
RL
- + 
D2 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤J ٢F 
D1 
N1 N2 - +

Vi Vo 
0 + 0 
to t1 t2 to t1 t2
+
I RL

+ 
+ -
D2 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤J ٢) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo =(VP2/2)-0.7V
Vo 
0 t0 t1 t2 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٢F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

V2
Vo = - VB
2 E٧J ٢F
E١٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬D2
 ‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D2 (PIV) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
+(VP2/2) +(VP2/2)- 
VB 
+ + -

V1
+ V2 
+ 
D2 RL
- + - 
(VP2/2) +(VP2/2)-VB - 
VP2 -VB

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٢F 

‫א‬‫א‬(VP2/2)J VBD2‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،-VP2/2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V   V 
PIV =  P 2 − V B  -  − P 2 
 2   2 

= VP2 -VB

Vp2
QVPo = - VB
2
 ∴VP 2 = 2 VPo + 2 VB

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PIV = 2 VPo + VB E٨J ٢F

 W٥J ٢
 WE١٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 .RL‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
4:1 D1 

V2

200V
2 
Vin 0V V2 V2
-200V V2 
RL=1kΩ
2 
D2

E١٧J ٢F
 W‫א‬
 W(VP2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 N2  1
 VP 2 =   VP1 =   × 200 = 50V
 N1  4
 W(VP2/2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(VP2/2) = 25V
 
VPo = (VP2/2)-0.7V= 25-0.7=24.3V

Vo
0 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 PIV = 2 VPo + VB = (2 × 24.3) + 0.7 = 49.3V

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬KE١٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬D1 , D2‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬D1 ,D2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D4,D3
 KE١٨J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬D2,D1‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D4,D3‫א‬
 KE١٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬D3 ,D4‫א‬
N1 N2
+ +

I D1 
V D3 Vo

0 0 
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
D2 +
D4
RL Vo 
-


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٨J ٢)  

N1 N2

I D1
V D3 Vo

0 0
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
D2 +
RL Vo
D4
-
+ +

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١٨J ٢ F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٢F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (D3,D4 D1,D2 )‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


Vo = V2 − 2VB E٩J ٢F
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ VB = 0‫א‬‫א‬VB = 0.7V

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬D4,D3
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬D1 , D2
  (PIV) 
‫א‬‫א‬D4‫א‬D3  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٩J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

PIV = VPo + VB E١٠J ٢F


N1 N2 
+
+ 
D3 + VB
PIV D1 
VP1 VP2 
D2 D4 + 
+ + RL Vo
VB PIV
- 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٩J ٢F  


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 :(6-2)
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D3 D1 

110 V rms 12V rms

+
D4 RL Vo 
D2 -


E٢٠J ٢F  

 W‫א‬
 W(VP2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VP 2 = 2 Vrms = 1.414 × 12V ≅ 17V

 W(VPo)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VPo = VP 2 − 2VB = 17 V − (2 × 0.7 V) = 15.6V

 W(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 PIV = VPo + VB = 15.6V + 0.7V = 16.3V

 Filters‫א‬٥J ٢ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ 
 ،E٢١J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬
 K


www.almohandiss.com - ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vi Vo 

0V 0V  0




K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٢F 

 Capacitor Filter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٥J ٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ٢FE‫א‬‫א‬0.7VF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F
،RL‫א‬C 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬(The time constant)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ٢F




www.almohandiss.com - ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


+

Vi I VPi – 0.7V
+ +  +
0 VC RL
t0
t1 t2 
0 t1 t2
t0 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬E٢٢J ٢F 


+
Vi 
I
+
0 t
+ 
0 t1 t2 VC RL
+ 0 
t0 t1


 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٢J ٢F

Vi > VC + 
I  +
+ +
0
t0 t1 t2 VC  RL
0
t0 t1 t2 


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F

K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F

(ripple voltage)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F
K‫א‬

‫א‬(ffw)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٢٤J ٢F،‫א‬ (fhw)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬
E‫א‬F
 

 0

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF





0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ٢) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :(ripple factor)‫א‬

(ripple voltage) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (dc voltage)
 KE٢٦J ٢F

Vr(PP) 
VP(rect) VDC 
0 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٦J ٢F  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ripple factor) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vr ( PP )
r= E١١J ٢F
VDC

 -:
 ‫א‬=r
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=Vr(PP)
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬=VDC
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E١١J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VDC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vr(PP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 1 
Vr ( PP ) =  VP ( rect )
fR
 L C
E١٢J ٢F

 1 
VDC = 1 − VP ( rect ) E١٣J ٢F
 2 fRL C 

 -:
 (Hz)‫א‬‫א‬ = f
 (Ω)‫א‬=RL
 (F)‫א‬ZC
(V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= VP(rect)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W٧J ٢
 KE٢٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 WVP1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 VP1 = 2Vrms = (1.414)(15)V = 163V

10 : 1

D3 D1

115 V rms
60 Hz VP1 VP2
 
C RL
D4 50µF 2.2K Ω



 E٢٧J ٢F 


 WVP2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N2  1
 VP 2 =  VP1 =  163V = 16.3V
 N1   10 
 W‫א‬VP(rect)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VP ( rect ) = VP 2 − 1.4V = 16.3V - 1.4V = 14.9V
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Vr(PP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 1   1 
  Vr ( PP ) =  VP ( rect ) =  14.9V = 1.13V
 fRL C   (120Hz)(2.2KΩ)(50µF) 
 W‫א‬VDC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 1   1 
VDC = 1 − VP ( rect ) = 1 − 14.9V = 14.3V
 2 fRL C   2(120Hz)(2.2KΩ)(50µF) 

 W‫א‬
Vr ( PP ) 1.13V
 r = = = 0.079
VDC 14.3V
7.9%K‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 .‫א‬E٢٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢

10V 
RL Vo 
Vi 0 47Ω

-10V 
() 

5V 
RL Vo
Vi 0 47Ω 
-5V 
EF 

E٢٨J ٢F


 E٢٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 E٢٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
2:1 


115 V rms RL
100Ω 


E٢٩J ٢F  
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٣٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 .RL‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 K(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F

D1
4:1



110V rms


RL=1kΩ

D2 

E٣٠J ٢F  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢

 K120V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٢
 K50V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،20V‫א‬‫א‬(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٢
 K‫א‬(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٢


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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 



5:1 D1 


115 V rms
60 Hz

C 
50µF RL
2.2K Ω 
D2 

J ٢F 

 W،30VE٣٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬E٢F
4:1  

D3

D1

Vin 
C  RL
D2 D4 50µF 600 Ω


 E٣٢J ٢F  



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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Introduction١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    
   ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   (Breakdown Voltage )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Zener Diode٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  p-n  
‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
pJ nJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .100W200V 1.8V‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Avalanche Breakdown)‫א‬‫א‬ E5VF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(Zener Breakdown)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5VF
‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬



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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Zener diode characteristic curve‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١J ٣F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Vz‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(Voltage Regulator) 

IF


K
‫ﺣﻬﺪ اﻻﻥﻬﻴﺎر‬ 
VR Vz VF
IZK  
A

EF ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻻﻥﻬﻴﺎر‬ 

‫اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬

IZM ‫ﺕﻴﺎر زیﻨﺮ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬ EF IR

EF‫א‬‫א‬ EFWE١J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E FIZK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬IZK‫א‬KKE‫א‬FIZM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬IZM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Zener diode equivalent circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F
K rZVZ 
،E٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬rZ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆IZ‫א‬‫א‬∆VZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،rZ‫א‬


∆VZ
rZ =
 ∆I Z E١J ٣F

∆VZ
K K VR 0
IF
IZ IZK
rz
+
VZ ∆I Z
-

A A
IZM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬EF IR

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFWE٢J ٣F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W١J ٣
 K٣J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬rZ‫א‬
 ∆VZ = 50mV
VR 0
IF

IZK

10mA
∆I Z = 2mA

12mA

IZM

IR
 ٣J ٣

 W‫א‬
∆VZ 50mV
 rZ = = = 25Ω 
∆I Z 2mA
 W٢J ٣
VZD‫א‬VZ=6.8V،rZ = 5Ω‫א‬
 .20mA‫א‬
W‫א‬
VZD = VZ + IZ rZ
= 6.8 V + 20 mA ×10−3 (A/mA) ×5 Ω = 6.9 V
 
(ideal zener diode)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF٤J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(∆VZ = 0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

∆V Z 0
rZ = = =0
∆I Z ∆I Z  E٢J ٣F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬EF٤J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KVZ‫א‬

∆VZ = 0
K K 0 
VR IF
IZK 
+
VZ 

∆I Z 


A A
IZM 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
IR 
‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFWE٤J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 Temperature coefficient‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VZ0.1% / oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VZ = 12 V‫א‬K
VZ‫א‬‫א‬.1oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.012 V‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

•VZ = VZ ×TC וT E٣J ٣F

:‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
25oC ‫א‬ = VZ
‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬TC
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= ∆T

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫( و‬positive temperature coefficient)TC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VZ

‫א‬‫א‬ VZ
 (negativetemperature coefficient)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(mV / Co)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬VZ‫א‬(% / Co)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆VZ = TC ×∆T 
 W٣J ٣
K0.048% / Co‫א‬8.2V
 .60 oC
:‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
 W60 oC25 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆VZ = VZ ×TC ×∆T

= (8.2V)(0.048% / Co)(60oC -25oC) = 144 mV

 W60 oC‫א‬
VZ +∆VZ = 8.2 V + 144 mV = 8.34 V

 Zener Power Dissipation ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢

 W‫א‬PZ‫א‬‫א‬
 PZ = VZ IZ
PZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VZ‫א‬ ‫א‬
PZ(max)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ (maximum power dissipation of a zener diode)

 PZ(max) = VZ IZME٤J ٣F

 .(maximum zener current)‫א‬IZM

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W٤J ٣
2 mA‫א‬20V
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K20 mA
 W‫א‬
PZ(max) = VZ IZM
 = (20V)(20mA) = 400mW

 Zener Diode as a Voltage RegulatorEF٧J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬EF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،(line regulation)‫א‬
 .(load regulation)

  Zener Regulation with a Varying Input Voltage‫א‬١J ٧J ٣

 VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F

 K‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬VZ
Vin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VZ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ IL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬It‫א‬
It

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬IZMIZKIZ‫א‬
R 

It IZ IL

+
Vin DZ RL VL = VZ
- 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W٥J ٣
،RL = 200 Ω،R = 20 Ω،VZ = 20V
 ‫א‬،E٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K30 V24V‫א‬  rZ = 0
 .(IZ(max)IZ(min)) EF
 (PZ(max) PR(max)) R‫א‬EF

R
 

It IZ IL 
+
Vin = 24 30 V DZ RL VL = VZ
- 

 E٦J ٣F 

 W‫א‬
 W RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
VZ 20V
IL = = = 0.1A
RL 200Ω
W‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vin − VZ
It =
R
Vin‫א‬It
 ‫א‬‫א‬RVZ‫א‬
It(max)‫א‬Vin = 24VIt(min)‫א‬
 KVin = 30V
24V − 20V
I t (min) = = 0.2A
20Ω
30V − 20V
I t (max) = = 0.5A
20Ω
 W
It = IZ + IL 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

(IZ = IZ(min))‫א‬‫א‬IL‫א‬‫א‬
 KIt(max) (IZ = IZ(max))It(min) 
I Z (min) = I t (min) − I L = 0.2A − 0.1A = 0.1A
I Z (max) = I t (max) − I L = 0.5A − 0.1A = 0.4A
 WR ‫א‬EF
 PR(max) = It(max)2 R
= (0.5A)2 (20Ω) = 5W
 W
PZ(max) = VZ IZ(max)
 = (20V)(0.4A) = 8W

 Zener Regulation with aVariable Load‫א‬٢J ٧J ٣

 VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧J ٣F 

 K‫א‬RL‫א‬VZ

R

It IZ IL
+ 
Vin DZ RL VL = VZ
-



‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F


،(RL = ∞)٧J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬IL‫א‬
RL‫א‬K It
RLK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬IZ‫א‬IL ‫א‬
K It
‫א‬IZ‫א‬ VZ‫א‬ VL ‫א‬
 W،(IL(max))IL‫א‬‫א‬(IZK)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 It = IZK + IL(max) E٥J ٣F

 W٦J ٣
،E٨J ٣F ‫א‬،‫א‬RL(min)IL(min)،IL(max) 
 KrZ = 0،IZM = 50 mA،IZK = 1 mA،VZ =12V
R 

It IZ IL 
+
Vin = 24V DZ RL VL = VZ 
-


 E٨J ٣F
 W‫א‬

 ،It‫א‬‫א‬IZIL = 0ARL = ∞

Vin − VZ 24V − 12V

I Z (max) = I t = = = 25.5mA
R 470Ω

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IZM IZ(max) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬IL = 0A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∴ I L (min) = 0A

Q I t = I ZK + I L (max)

∴ I L (max) = I t − I ZK = 25.5mA − 1mA = 24.5mA 

 WRL(min)

VZ
RL (min) = = 490Ω
I L (max)

24.5 mAIL‫א‬ 490ΩRL‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ (1 mA)IZKIZ

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Percent Regulation‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬W  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W∆Vin‫א‬‫א‬∆Vout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ∆V 
Line regulation =  out 100%
 ∆Vin 
 W٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬0.25V‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬5V
 W‫א‬
 ∆V 
100% = 
0.25V 
Line regulation =  out 100% = 5%
 ∆Vin   5 V 
 ‫א‬W  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(full load)  ‫א‬‫א‬(no load)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 V − VFL 
Load regulation =  NL 100%
 V FL 
 J W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZVNL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZVNL



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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W٨J ٣
‫א‬12V ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ 11.95V‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 V − VFL 
Load regulation =  NL 100%
 V 
 FL

 12V − 11.95V 
= 100% = 0.418%
 11.95V 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
20m ‫א‬‫א‬5.65V5.6V‫א‬٣J ٣
‫؟‬،30mA
25oC ‫א‬‫א‬70oC ‫א‬٤J ٣
 .+ 0.04% / oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،6.8 V
E٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬VZ = 14 VIZK = 1.5 mA‫א‬
R

+
Vin DZ

 E٩J ٣F
،RL = 250 Ω،R = 20 Ω،VZ = 200V
 ‫א‬،E١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
 K240 V220VK‫א‬  rZ = 0
 KEF
 K ‫א‬EF
R
 

+ 
Vin DZ RL
- 


 E١٠J ٣F  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

IZM = 200 ،IZK = 5 mA،VZ =20V،Vin=30V،E١١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬‫א‬KrZ = 0 R = 50Ω،mA
 K
R 

+ 
Vin DZ RL VL = VZ
-

 E١١J ٣F

5V‫א‬0.2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬10V

‫א‬3.6V ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬٩J ٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬ 3.4V‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

١-٤ Introduction
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Field Effect Transistor)‫א‬‫א‬(Bipolar Junction Transistor)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤

Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤

‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEpitaxial planar structureF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBaseF‫א‬EEmitterF  KE١J ٤F ‫א‬p-n‫א‬
 ‫א‬
J ٤F‫א‬pnpnpn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ECollectorF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pn‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBase-Emitter JunctionF
J  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٤FEBase-Collector JunctionF‫א‬
 KB ‫א‬،C،E



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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬C (Collector) 
C
Metalized contacts ‫أ‬ J ‫א‬

Oxide ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ n
Base-Collector p
Emitter ‫א‬ 
‫א‬Base p
B B n
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬Collector (Base)
n‫א‬J ‫א‬ p
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ أﺳﺎس‬Substrate
Base-Emitter 
junction

‫א‬E (Emitter) E
EF EF 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١J ٤F 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F
 Kpnp‫א‬npn

C C

B B

npn pnp E
E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢J ٤F


Basic Transistor Operation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
pnp‫א‬‫א‬ npn ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F 
 K

www.almohandiss.com - ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

- + + -
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
+ +
  + -     - +  
‫א‬J ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬
+ - - +

npn pnp

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣J ٤F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،J 
 ‫א‬،npn
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE٤J ٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬EBE junctionF‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ p‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
KE٤J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
 KE٤J ٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ 
(p)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(n)‫א‬ (n) 


BE junction BC junction
Depletion region Depletion region

J ‫א‬
J ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
    ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،pnpnpn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WIC‫א‬IB‫א‬IE‫א‬‫א‬

I E = IC + I B E١J ٤F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

_ _
+ +
IE IC IE IC

IB IB
+ _ _ +
npn pnp

‫א‬ E٥J ٤F 

 Transistor Characteristics and Parameters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬αdcE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fβdc
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Transistor DC Bias Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬VBB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VCC‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F

Relationship of βdc and αdcαdcβdc‫א‬٢J ٤J ٤

‫א‬IB‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬ βdc ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC
β dc = E٢J ٤F
IB
 KIE‫א‬‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬αdc‫א‬
IC
β dc = E ٣J ٤F
IE

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I E = IC + I B

 WIC ‫א‬‫א‬
IE I
=1+ B J ٤F
IC IC
E٤
 WαdcβdcE٤J ٤FE٣J ٤FE٢J ٤F‫א‬
α dc
β dc = E٥J ٤F
1 - α dc

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ αdc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kβdc


IC IC
RC RC 
RB VCC RB VCC 

IB VBB IB
VBB
IE IE 


‫א‬npn E٦J ٤F ‫א‬pnpE٦J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦J ٤F 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W١J ٤
 KIC = 3.65mAIB = 50µA‫א‬αdcIEβdc
 W‫א‬
I C 3.65 mA
βdc = = = 7.3
IB 50 µA

I E = I C + I B = 3.65mA + 50 µA = 3.70mA

IC 3.65 mA
α dc = = = 0.986
IE 3.70 mA
 
 Current and Voltage Analysis‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬WIB •
K‫א‬‫א‬WIE •
K‫א‬‫א‬WIC •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVBE •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVCB •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVCE •

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

IC
RC

RB VCB VCC
VCE
IB
VBB VBE
IE

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F


‫א‬‫א‬VBB‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬،VCC‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WEBarrier PotentialF‫א‬
VBE = 0.7 V E٦J ٤F

‫א‬
 KRB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VR = VBB - VBE = I B RB
B

 WIB‫א‬‫א‬
VBB - VBE
IB = (٧ J ٤F
RB
 WRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VR = IC RC
C

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VCE = VCC - IC RC J ٤F
E٨
 W‫א‬
IC = βdc I B
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VCB = VCE - V BE E٩J ٤F

 W٢J ٤
E٨J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VCBVCEVBEIEICIB
 .150‫א‬βdc‫א‬

RC = 100Ω

RB = 10KΩ VCC = 10V 

VBB = 5 V


J ٤F  W‫א‬
 WIEICIB‫א‬‫א‬

VBB - VBE 5V - 0.7V

IB = = = 430 µA
RB 10 KΩ
I C = β dc I B = (150)(430µA) = 6405 mA

I E = I C + I B = 64.5mA + 430 µA = 64.9 mA

 W‫א‬‫א‬VCBVCE
VCE = VCC - I C RC = 10V - (64.5mA)(100Ω) = 10V - 6.45V = 3.55 V

VCB = VCE - VBE = 3.55 V - 0.7 V = 2.85 V

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Collector Characteristic Curves‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KIB‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬VCCVBB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
VCC‫א‬،IB‫א‬VBB‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، 0V‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
K0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.7V
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬IC‫א‬
VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VCC‫א‬ •
K B‫א‬A‫א‬E٩J ٤F‫א‬IC‫א‬
‫א‬0.7VVCE
 VCC‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬


IC
RC 

VCB VCC
RB 
VCE

IB
VBE
VBB 
IE


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


IC


C
B 


A
VCE(max) 
VCE
0 
0.7V   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 

KIB‫א‬VCEICEF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،0.7V‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬ •
IC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
.VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IB‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
C‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬IC‫א‬βdc‫א‬
KIC = βdc IB‫א‬βdc
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،VCE‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،C‫א‬E٩J ٤F
EBreakdown regionF
E١٠J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
E١٠J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECutoff regionF‫א‬

IC

I B5

I B4

I B3
I B2
IB1
IB = 0.0
VCE
0
(Cutoff region) ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٤F

 W٣J ٤
E١١J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
100βdc‫א‬ 5µA25µA5µAIB‫א‬
 K‫א‬VCE‫א‬

IC
RC

RB VCC

IB βdc = 100
VBB
IE

E١١J ٤F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I C = β dc I B

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬IB‫א‬
 WE١J ٤F

 IB IC
5µА 0.5mA
 10µА  1.0mA
 15µА  1.5mA
 20µА 2.0mA
 25µА  2.5mA

 E١J ٤F

 WE١٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

IC(mA)

2.5 IB = 25 µA

2.0 IB = 20 µA

1.5 IB = 15 µA

1.0 IB = 10 µA

0.5 IB = 5 µA
VCE(V)
0.0 0.7


Transistor Operation Regions‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cutoff region‫א‬١J ٥J ٤J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IB‫א‬
،E١٢J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬KVCE = VCC
 K‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

RC

+ VCC
RB
VCE = VCC
IB = 0
-

 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٤F

K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 Saturation region‫א‬٢J ٥J ٤J ٤
،IB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬(VCE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(IC = βdc IB) ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣J ٤F‫א‬،EVCE = VCC – ICRCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬،VCE(sat)‫א‬VCE‫א‬
IC = βdcIB‫א‬IB‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

IC
RC

RB VCC
VCE
IB VCE = VCC – IC RC
VBB
IE

‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٤F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

DC Load Line‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٤F ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، EIC = 0 and VCE = VCCF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EIC =IC(sat) and VCE =VCE(sat)F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IC Saturation

IC (sat)

IB = 0.0
VCE(sat) VCE
VCE = VCC

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤J ٤F


 W٤J ٤
‫א‬E١٥J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KVCE(sat) = 0.2V
 W‫א‬
 W IC(sat)‫א‬
VCC - VCE(sat) 10V - 0.2V 9.8V
I C ( sat ) = = = = 9.8 mA
RC 1KΩ 1KΩ


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 



RC = 1KΩ

VCC = 10V 
RB =10KΩ

VBB = 3V
βdc = 50 


E١٥J ٤F

 WIB‫א‬
VBB - VBE 3V - 0.7V 2.3V
IB = = = = 0.23mA 
RB 10KΩ 10KΩ

 WIB‫א‬‫א‬IC‫א‬
I C = β dc I B = (50)(0.23mA) = 11.5mA

‫א‬ βdc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬11.5mA‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬βdc‫א‬٦J ٣J ٤
Relationship between βdc, Collector current and Temperature
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬βdc‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ βdc ‫א‬E١٦J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

70
Tj = 125oC
Tj = 75oC
50

Tj = -15oC
30
βdc
20
Tj = -55oC

10

7
1 2 10 20 100 200

IC, Collector current (mA)

‫א‬‫א‬βdcE١٦J ٤F


















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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
‫؟‬‫א‬10µA‫א‬1mA‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
‫א‬50µA‫א‬‫א‬ βdc=200‫א‬ J ٩
‫؟‬αdc‫א‬

W‫א‬E٨J ٤FIB, IC, IE, VCE,VCB J ١٠

 KRB = 22KΩ, RC = 220Ω, VBB = 6V, VCC = 9V, βdc=90
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١
 Kβdc = 125, VBB =1.5V, RB = 6.8KΩ, RC = 180Ω, VCC = 12V

Kαdcβdc J ١٢
Kαdcβdc100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬βdc‫א‬ J ١٥

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Introduction ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 The Bipolar Transistor as an Amplifier‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥

 Transistor Amplification ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(IC = βdcΙΒ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VBB‫א‬ ‫א‬Vin،E١J ٥F
 KRC‫א‬‫א‬VCC‫א‬‫א‬RB‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


RC 


RB 
VCC 
Vin

VBB 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
180º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RC‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vin

VBB

Vc

VCC

‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 AC Equivalent Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬VBB, VCC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬r'e‫א‬‫א‬
Vb
Ie = E١J ٥F
re'
 
 WRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vc‫א‬‫א‬
Vc = I c RC E٢J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ic‫א‬Ie ‫א‬
Vc ≅ I e RC E٣J ٥F
RC

RB
r'e Vc VCC

Vin Vb

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣J ٥F


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vb‫א‬
Vb = Vin - I b RB E٤J ٥F
Av‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vc‫א‬
Vb‫א‬Vc‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vc I e RC
Av = ≅ E٥J ٥F
Vb I e re′
W
RC
Av = E٦J ٥F 
re′
E١J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٥F‫א‬
RC‫א‬،r'e‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،r'e‫א‬
 W١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Kr'e = 50Ω


 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
RC 1KΩ
Av ≅ = = 20
re′ 50Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Vout = AvVb = (20)(100mV) = 2V rms

RC

RB
r'e Vc VCC

Vin Vb

E٤J ٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 The Bipolar Transistor as a Switch ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬

+VCC +VCC +VCC +VCC

RC IC(sat) RC IC(sat) RC IC = 0 RC

RB C RB C
+VBB + 0V
IB E IB = 0 E

 J ‫א‬EF–‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٥J ٥F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Conditions in Cutoff‫א‬ •
–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KVCC‫א‬
VCE (cutoff ) = VCC E٢J ٥F


 Conditions in Saturation‫א‬ •
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VCC - VCE(sat)
I C ( sat ) = E٣J ٥F
RC

 K‫א‬VCC‫א‬‫א‬VCE(sat)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I C(sat)
I B (min) = E٣J ٥F
βdc

 KIB(min)IB‫א‬‫א‬

 W٢J ٥
 ‫؟‬VIN = 0 VCE ،E٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
  βdc = 200  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IB‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 ‫؟‬VCE(sat)
 KVIN = 5VRB‫א‬EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

VCC = 10V

RC = 1kΩ

RB
VIN

 E٦J ٥F


 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬VIN = 0V EF
 W
VCE = VCC = 10V
‫א‬VCE(sat) E
F
VCC 10V
I C ( sat ) = = = 10mA
RC 1KΩ
I C ( sat ) 10mA
I B (min) = = = 50µA
β dc 200

 W50µARBEF
VR = VIN − VBE = 5V − 0.7 V = 4.3V
B

VR 4.3V
RB (max) = B
= = 86kΩ
I B (min) 50µA





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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬١J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 K‫א‬٣J ٥
250mV 5V rms‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
 ‫؟‬rms
RC = 1200Ω‫א‬Kr'e = 20Ω‫א‬E٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
 K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬٧J ٥
 KVCE = VCC٨J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٥
 ‫؟‬ VCE ١٠J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٥
‫א‬EF–EFJ EFJ EF
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬100mV‫א‬5V (rmsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٥
  100EF50EF500EF5EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣J ٥
 EF EFEFEF
 WVCE‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٥
  EF  EF VCCEF  0VEF
 EFEF‫א‬EFEFEF‫א‬EF
 WVCE‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٥
 EF EF VCCEF 0.7VEF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦J ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 10V‫א‬VCCEF IB > IC(sat)/ βdcEF IB = IC(sat)EF

 ‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧J ٥
EFK  ‫א‬EFK‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬١٨J ٥
 EFloatingFEF 0.2 VEF0VEF VCCEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50‫א‬‫א‬١٩J ٥
 ‫؟‬100mV
 ‫؟‬300mV‫א‬10V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬50mV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢١J ٥
 KRC = 560Ωr'e = 10Ω‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬IB‫א‬KE٧J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬IC(sat)٢٢J ٥
‫א‬VIN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K VCE(sat) = 0V‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬βdc = 50‫א‬E٨J ٥F‫א‬RB‫א‬٢٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬VIN‫א‬KVIN= 5V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

VCC = 5V VCC = 15V

RC = 10kΩ RC = 102kΩ

RB =1MΩ RB
VIN VIN

 E٨J ٥F  E٧J ٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Introduction ١J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 DC Operating Point‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،VCE‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .Q‫א‬
DC Load Line ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ٦F

IC, mA

IB6 IC 
IB5 RC 
IB4 
RB VCC
IB3
VCE 
IB2 IB 
VBB
IB1 
IE

VCE, V 

EFE‫א‬F 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F 


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
VCC = IC RC + VCE E١J ٦F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،E١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬

W VCE = 0 ‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC = VCC / RC E٢J ٦F

 WIC = 0‫א‬VCE‫א‬
VCE = VCC E٣J ٦F

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VBB‫א‬KVBB‫א‬‫א‬IB‫א‬
 KE٢J ٦F‫א‬،IB3‫א‬IB‫א‬

IC, mA 
‫א‬‫א‬
IB6
VCC /RC 
IB5

IB4

ICQ
Q E‫א‬F IB3
IB2

IB1 

VCEQ VCC VCE, V 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٦F  

IB‫א‬VBB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE١J ٦F
 Kβdc = 200E٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KVCE،IC‫א‬

RC 
330Ω 
VCC 
RB 20V

47kΩ
VBB 
10V


J ٦F 

VBB − VBE 10V − 0.7 V
QIB = = = 198µA
RB 47 kΩ

∴ I C = β dc I B = (200 )(198µA ) = 39.6mA

∴VCE = VCC − I C RC = 20V − 13.07 V = 6.93V


 Base Bias‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬ VBB‫א‬‫א‬
 .VCC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VCC‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE٤J ٦F‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٦F،(line termination circle)
 W‫א‬VCC – VBERB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VCC − VBE
IB = E٢J ٦F
RB
 W‫א‬،E٤J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
VCC − I C RC − VCE = 0
 WVCE‫א‬
VCE = VCC − I C RC E٣J ٦F
W IC = βdc IBIB‫א‬E٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 V − VBE 
I C = β dc  CC  E٤J ٦F
 RB 

+VCC

IC RC IC RC
+
IB IB VCC
+
RB RB
VBE

 EF EF
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٤J ٦F 
Effect of βdc on the Q-point (Q)‫א‬βdc •
βdc،βdc‫א‬IC‫א‬E٤J ٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،VCE،IC

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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬βdc،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ βdc‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
βdc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 . βdc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٢J ٦F
25ºC‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،75ºC‫א‬150،25ºC‫א‬βdc = 100‫א‬K75ºC
،VBE‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(IC , VCE)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

VCC =12 V


RC 
560Ω

RB

100KΩ 



E٥J ٦F 

 W‫א‬
 W IC , VCE ،25ºC‫א‬ 
 V − VBE   12V − 0.7 V 
I C = β dc  CC  = 100  = 11.3mA
 RB   100 KΩ 
VCE = VCC − I C RC = 12V − (11.3mA )(560Ω ) = 5.67 V

 W IC , VCE ،75ºC‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 V − VBE   12V − 0.7 V 

I C = β dc  CC  = 150  = 17 mA
 RB   100KΩ 
VCE = VCC − I C RC = 12V − (17mA )(560Ω ) = 2.48V

 WIC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I C ( 75 ) − I C ( 25
Ο Ο
)
%∆I C = × 100%
I C ( 25 Ο
)

17mA − 11.3mA
= × 100% ≅ 50% EF
11.3mA
 W VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kβdc‫א‬IC‫א‬
VCE (75 ) − VCE ( 25
Ο Ο
)
%∆VCE = × 100%
VCE ( 25 Ο
)

2.48 V − 5.67V
= × 100% ≅ −56.3% E‫א‬F
5.67V

 Emitter Bias‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬J  ‫א‬VEE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE٦J ٦F
 K ‫א‬‫א‬



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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

+VCC +VCC 

IC RC RC

RB RB 
+
+
IB VBE VC

+ VB 
IE RE RE VE

VEE -VEE
+


E F 
EF

K‫א‬‫ א‬E٦J ٦F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬E٦J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F
VEE + I B RB + VBE + I E RE = 0
 WVEE‫א‬‫א‬
I B RB + I E RE + VBE = −VEE
 W
I C ≅ I E 
 W
I C = β dc I B
IE
∴IB ≅
β dc
 WIB

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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 IE 
  RB + I E RE + VBE = −VEE
β
 dc 
R 
∴ I E  B + RE  + VBE = −VEE
 β dc 
− VEE − VBE
∴IE = E٥J ٦F
RE + (RB / β dc )
 W
IC ≅ I E
− VEE − VBE
∴ IC ≅ E٦J ٦F
RE + (RB / β dc )
 W‫א‬
VE = VEE + I E RE E٧J ٦F
 W‫א‬
VB = VE + VBE E٨J ٦F
 W‫א‬
VC = VCC − I C RC E٩J ٦F
 W IE ≅ IC ‫א‬‫א‬VCVE
VCE = VCC − I C RC − (VEE + I E RE )
≅ VCC − VEE − I C (RC + RE )

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٣J ٦F
‫א‬E٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬VCE‫א‬IE،IC‫א‬
 KVBE = 0.7V‫א‬βdc = 100

+VCC = +10V


RC
1KΩ


RB


47KΩ

RE 
4.7KΩ

-VEE =-10 V


E٧J ٦F

 W‫א‬
 WIE‫א‬
− VEE − VBE − (− 10V ) − 0.7 V 9.3V
∴IE = = = = 1.8mA
RE + (RB / β dc ) 4.7 KΩ + (47KΩ / 100 ) 5.17KΩ
 W
∴ I C ≅ I E = 1.8mA
 WVCE‫א‬
∴VCE ≅ VCC − VEE − I C (RC + RE )
≅ 10V − (− 10V ) − 1.8mA(5.7 KΩ ) = 9.74V

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Voltage-Divider Bias ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٦F 
 KR1, R2
‫א‬R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬


+VCC 


I2 +IB R1 RC IC 

IB 
Aِ


I2 R2 RE IE 



K‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٦F

‫א‬‫א‬،R2‫א‬‫א‬IB‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٩J ٦FR1, R2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، I2‫א‬ IB‫א‬
، R2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(RIN(base))‫א‬
 KE٩J ٦F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


+VCC +VCC 

R1  R1 
‫א‬‫א‬


Aِ Aِ

R2 RIN(base) R2 


 EF EF 
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٩J ٦F  
Input Resistance at the Base ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IIN‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬VIN‫א‬KE١٠J ٦F
 K
+VCC


RC
560Ω



VCC


RE 
1KΩ


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٠J ٦F  


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
VIN
RIN(base) =
I IN

 W‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
VIN = VBE + IE RE
 W‫א‬‫א‬،VBE << IE RE
VIN ≅ I E RE

 W IE ≅ IC βdc

VIN ≅ β dc I B RE

 W
VIN β dc I B RE
RIN(base) = ≅
I IN IB

 WIB‫א‬
RIN(base) ≅ β dc RE E١٠J ٦F
 WE٤J ٦F
 Kβdc = 125‫א‬E١٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
RIN(base) ≅ β dc RE = (125)(1KΩ ) = 125KΩ
 Analysis of a Voltage-Divider Bias Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬KE١١J ٦Fnpn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RIN(base) ≅ β dc RE

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

+VCC +VCC 


R1 R1 RC 


VBِ βdcِ


R2 βdc RE R2 RE 


 EF E
F 
Knpn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١J ٦F  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R2 // β dc RE
R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(βdc RE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١J ٦F
 W‫א‬
 R2 // β dc RE 
VB =  VCC
R
 1 + ( R2 // β R )
dc E 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،βdc RE >>R2‫א‬
 R2 
VB ≅  VCC E١١J ٦F
R
 1 + R2 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،VB‫א‬
VE = VB - VBE E١٢J ٦F
 W‫א‬IE‫א‬
IE = VE / RE E١٣J ٦F
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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W
IC ≅ I E E١٤J ٦F
 W
VC = VCC − I C RC E١٥J ٦F
 WVCE‫א‬VE‫א‬VC
VCE = VC − VE
 W‫א‬IC‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬
VCC − I C RC − I E RE − VCE = 0 
 W IE ≅ IC 
VCE ≅ VCC − I C RC − I C RE
∴VCE ≅ VCC − I C (RC + RE ) E١٦J ٦F
 WE٥J ٦F
 E١٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC‫א‬VCE‫א‬ 
 Kβdc = 100
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
RIN(base) ≅ β dc RE = (100)(560Ω ) = 56KΩ
VCC =10V 

R1 RC 
10KΩ 1KΩ




R2 RE
560Ω

5.6KΩ


J ٦F 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


KRIN(base)‫א‬R2‫א‬RIN(base)‫א‬
 WVB‫א‬
 R2   5.6KΩ 
VB ≅  VCC =  10V = 3.59V
R
 1 + R2   15. 6 KΩ 
 W
VE = VB - VBE = 3.59V - 0.7V = 2.89V
 W
IE = VE / RE = 2.89V / 560Ω =5.16mA
 W‫א‬
I C ≅ 5.16mA
 W 
VCE ≅ VCC − I C (RC + RE ) = 10V − 5.16mA(1.56KΩ ) = 1.95V

 Transistor Configurations‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Common-Emitter Configuration)‫א‬‫א‬ •
(Common-Collector Configuration)‫א‬‫א‬ •
(Common-Base Configuration)‫א‬‫א‬ •

 Common-Emitter Amplifiers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٣J ٦F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬C2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬C1, C3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 



VCC = +12 V 


R1 RC
22kΩ 1kΩ C3 Vout 

C1
Vin βdc=150 

βac=150

RL

R2 RE C2
6.8kΩ 560Ω




‫א‬E١٣J ٦F
DC Analysis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E١٣J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤J ٦F(open)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


VCC = +12 V 

R1 RC 
22kΩ 1kΩ 

βdc=150 

R2 RE 
6.8kΩ 560Ω


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٦F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RIN(base) ≅ β dc RE = (150)(560Ω ) = 84KΩ
RIN(base)‫א‬،R2‫א‬RIN(base)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 R2   6.8KΩ 
VB ≅  VCC =  12V = 2.83V
R
 1 + R2   28.8KΩ 
 W
VE = VB - VBE = 3.59V - 0.7V = 2.89V
 W
IE = VE / RE = 2.13V / 560Ω =3.8mA
 W‫א‬
I C ≅ 3.8mA
 W 
VC ≅ VCC − I C RC = 12V − (3.8mA )(1KΩ ) = 8.2V
 W‫א‬
VCE = VC − VE = 8.2V − 2.13V = 6.07 V
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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

AC Analysis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KVCC‫א‬‫א‬C1, C2, C3‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE١٥J ٦F‫א‬
 KE١٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


RS


RC RC
VS 1kΩ 1kΩ
R1 R2 R1 R2 
22kΩ 6.8kΩ 22kΩ 6.8kΩ



 EF EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٥J ٦F 


J ٦FE١٦J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬Vb‫א‬
 WE١٦
 Rin (tot ) 
Vb =  Vs
R +R 
 s in ( tot ) 

 W‫א‬ Rs << Rin (tot ) ‫א‬

Vb ≅ Vs
 KVin‫א‬‫א‬Vb
 Input Resistance‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vin Vb
Rin (base ) = =
I in I b

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

RS B RS B 


VS VS

Vin
Rin(tot)=R1// R2 // Rin(base) R1 R2 Rin (base)


 EF E
F 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٦J ٦F  

 W
Vb = I e re′
 W
Ie ≅ Ic
Ie
∴ Ib ≅
β ac
 WIb‫א‬Vb‫א‬
Vb I r′
Rin (base ) = = ee
Ib  Ie 
 
 β ac 
 W‫א‬Ie‫א‬
Rin (base ) = β ac re′ E١٧J ٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Rin (tot ) = R1 // R2 // Rin (base) E١٨J ٦F
Output Resistance ‫א‬ •
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rout ≅ RC E١٩J ٦F
Voltage Gain of the Common-Emitter Amplifier ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vout Vc
Av = =
Vin Vb
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vb
 WVb = Ie r'e Vc = αacIeRC ≅ IeRC
I e RC
Av =
I e re′
 W‫א‬Ie
RC
Av = E٢٠J ٦F
re′
Current Gain ‫א‬ •
  .βac(Ic/Ib)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ic
Ai = E٢١J ٦F
Is
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Is‫א‬
 ،(R1//R2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
Vs
Is =
Rin (tot ) + Rs

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Common-Collector Amplifiers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٦
‫א‬،(emitter follower) ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K(1)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،E١٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KC2‫א‬‫א‬،C1‫א‬


+VCC


R1  

C1 
Vin
C2

Iin Vout


R2 RE RL



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٦F


Voltage Gain ‫א‬ •
‫א‬KAv = Vo/Vin‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،(capacitance reactance)‫א‬
Vout = I e Re
 
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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Vin = I e (re′ + Re )
 W‫א‬
I e Re
Av =
I e (re′ + Re )
 W‫א‬Ie
Re
Av = J ٦F
(re′ + Re )
E٢٢
KRe = RE،RE, RL‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Re‫א‬
 W،Re >> r'e‫א‬K(1)‫א‬‫א‬
Av ≅ 1
 Input Resistance‫א‬ •
(Buffer)‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
Vin Vb I e (re′ + Re )
Rin (base ) = = = 
I in I b Ib
 W
I e ≅ I c = β ac I b 
 W
β ac I b (re′ + Re )
Rin (base ) =
Ib
 W‫א‬Ib‫א‬
Rin (base) ≅ β ac (re′ + Re ) E٢٣J ٦F
 W‫א‬،Re >> r'e‫א‬
Rin (base ) ≅ β ac Re
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Rin (tot ) = R1 // R2 // Rin (base) E٢٤J ٦F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Output Resistance‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
R 
Rout ≅  s  // RE E٢٥J ٦F
 β ac 
Current Gain ‫א‬ •
Iin‫א‬K(Ie/Iin)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

Vin
I in =
Rin (tot )
Rin(base)‫א‬R1, R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬KIc/Ib‫א‬βac‫א‬‫א‬
R1 // R2 >> β ac Re
 W
Ai ≅ β ac
 W
Ie
Ai = E٢٦J ٦F
I in

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Common-Base Amplifiers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٦F 
C3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،C1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
+VCC 


R1 RC
C3 Vout 
C2 

C1 RL 
Vin

R2 RE 


‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٦F 

Voltage Gain ‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vout Vc I c RC I e RC RC
Av = = = ≅ =
Vin Ve I e (re′ // RE ) I e (re′ // RE ) (re′ // RE )

 W،RE >> r'e‫א‬

RC
Av ≅ E٢٧J ٦F
re′
 Input Resistance‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vin Ve I e (re′ // RE )
Rin ( emitter ) = = =
I in I e Ie
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W،RE >> r'e

Rin ( emitter ) ≅ re′ E٢٨J ٦F

Output Resistance‫א‬ •
،RC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r'c‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Rout ≅ RC E٢٩J ٦F
Current Gain ‫א‬ •
Ie‫א‬،‫א‬Ic‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W.(1)‫א‬،Ic ≈ IeK‫א‬‫א‬

Ai ≅ 1 E٣٠J ٦F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KEFK‫א‬EF
 KEFKβEF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 .REβdcEF.REEF.RBEFKβdcEF
VB = ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ npn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬295V
 0.7VEF 3.65V EF 2.95VEF2.25VEF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 KE١٩J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬

RC 
10kΩ

VCC
RB 20V 
1MΩ 
VBB
10V 


E١٩J ٦F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VCE‫א‬IC‫א‬ IB‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
βdc = 90, VCC =12V, RB = 22kΩ, and RC =100Ω 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ βdc‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
70ºC0ºC‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 ،0ºC‫א‬‫א‬50%‫א‬βdc،
75%‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ IC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.25ºC‫א‬‫א‬110‫א‬‫א‬70ºC‫א‬‫א‬
 K70ºC0ºC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VCE

VCC =+9 V


RC 
100Ω

RB

15KΩ 



E٢٠J ٦F 

KE٢١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
 KVBE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VCC = +9 V



R1 RC
47kΩ 2.2kΩ 

βDC=110 


R2 RE
15kΩ 1kΩ 


J ٦F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


، 3mA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
 Wr'e‫א‬‫א‬
 0.33kΩEF 833ΩEF3ΩEF3kΩEF
 .βdc =150‫א‬،r'e = 10Ω‫א‬RE = 100Ω‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 16.5kΩEF 110ΩEF15kΩEF1500ΩEF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
Rin(base) = 68kΩ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬KR2 = 15kΩ‫א‬R1 = 33kΩ‫א‬
 12.3kΩEF 22.2kΩEF8.95kΩEF68kΩEF
RC = ‫א‬‫א‬.10kΩ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣
 W‫א‬،r'e = 10Ω‫א‬،2.2kΩ
 180EF 10EF1000EF220EF
 E٢٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٤
  AvEFRin(tot)EFRin(base)EF

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
VCC = +15 V

R1 RC 
2.2kΩ C2 = 1µF
22kΩ

Vout
C1= 1µF 
 Vin βdc=90 
βac=70

R2 RE 
E٢٢J ٦F
4.7kΩ 1kΩ 

‫א‬‫؟‬E٢٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

VCC =5.5V

R1

10kΩ


C1 βdc=90 
Vin βac=100

10µF 
Vout
R2 RE 
4.7kΩ 1kΩ 

E٢٣J ٦F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K(MOSFET) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬(MOSFET)‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(MOSFET)‫א‬‫א‬ •


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Introduction١J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1952 
‫א‬1952(Shockley)
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1962 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Field Effect Transistor (FET) ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Field Effect Transistor
 (FET)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Metal OxideSemiconductor Field Effect TransistorJunction Field Effect Transistor
 (MOSFET)(JFET)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pJ ‫א‬nJ ‫א‬

 Depletion typeEnhancement typep-channeln-channel

nJ ‫א‬pJ ‫א‬nJ ‫א‬

pJ ‫א‬
p-channel n-channel p-channel n-channel

‫א‬(Unipolar transistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، (Bipolar transistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(n-channel)nJ ‫א‬‫א‬(majority carriers)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(p-channel)pJ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(minority carriers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (thermal stability)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 KJ ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(efficiency)J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ (active load)‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(gain bandwidth product)

 Junction Field Effect Transistor(JEFT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧

pJ  ‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Ep- ‫א‬‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬n- ‫א‬‫א‬pJ  ‫א‬F
nJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(n-channel JFET)
‫א‬KpJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(p-channel JFET)pJ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :Source(S)‫• א‬
EpJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
(S)‫א‬KIS‫א‬(Source current)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(E)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WDrain(D)‫• א‬
(D)‫א‬KID‫א‬(Drain current)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :Gate(G)‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(G)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(B)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(Drain) (Drain)
D D 


G G 
(n-channel)

(p-channel)
(Gate) ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ P P (Gate) ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ n n 

p


S S 
EF  ‫א‬ E F  ‫א‬ 
(Source) (Source)

(JFET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٧F 
pJ ‫א‬ JFET‫א‬EFnJ ‫א‬ JFET ‫א‬ EF 

‫א‬pJ ‫א‬ JFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F
pJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،nJ  ‫א‬
 JFET
 KnJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


D D


G G


EF S E F S 

(JFET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F

nJ ‫א‬ JFET‫א‬EFpJ ‫א‬ JFET‫א‬EF


Operation of the JFET ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬ pJ  nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p J ‫א‬ n J 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ n J  ‫א‬ p J  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(G)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(S) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ID‫א‬VDS ‫א‬J ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KID ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VDS(VGS = 0)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ VDS‫א‬

 VPo‫א‬
G ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ G ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ 

P
S‫א‬ n D‫א‬ S‫א‬ n D‫ א‬
ID ID
VDS = Vpo P

P VDS <Vpo
G ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ G ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ 

EF E F 
G ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ 

P
S‫א‬ n D ‫א‬ 
ID
P VDS > Vpo 
G ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺏﺔ‬ 

EF

 .VDS VGS = 0‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F 
VDS >VpoEF VDS =VpoEF VDS <Vpo EF 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٧
 JFET Characteristics and Parameters
 The Drain CharacteristicCurve‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣J ٧
،nJ ‫א‬‫א‬،ID‫א‬VDS ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٧F
VDS‫א‬‫א‬KVDSVGS = 0

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬VDS‫א‬KVDS‫א‬ID‫א‬،‫א‬
ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

ID‫א‬VPo‫א‬VDS‫א‬ VDS
‫א‬ VDS‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIDSS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ F‫א‬
 K(ohmic region)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VPo‫א‬VDS‫א‬
VPo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ID‫א‬
 K(saturation region)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ F‫א‬
ID 

RD
VGS = 0

‫ب‬
IDSS 

ID
D 
G 
VDS VDD

VGS = 0 S ‫א‬ 

‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 VPo (VGS = 0  ‫א‬) V DS
EF EF  
 VGS = 0nJ ‫א‬JFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٧F
VGS = 0JFET‫א‬ E F ‫א‬‫א‬ EF

(Vp)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VGS‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، VDS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ VDS‫א‬‫א‬ID‫א‬
 KE٦J ٧FVGS

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬VP‫א‬‫א‬WPinch-off voltage VP‫א‬ •
 .ID‫א‬‫א‬VDS
‫א‬VGS‫א‬VGs(off)‫א‬ :Cutoff voltage VGs(off)‫א‬ •
 K   ID ‫א‬

ID 

RD
IDSS  VGS = 0

ID  VGS = -1V
D
 VGS = -2V
G
VDD 
VGS = -3V
VDS
 VGS = -4V
VGG
VGS  VGS = VGS(off)
S VDS
 VP (VGS = 0 ‫)ﻋﻨﺪ‬
VP (VGS = -1V ‫)ﻋﻨﺪ‬

EF  E F
nJ ‫א‬JFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ٧F
 .VGS  
VGSJFET‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF


 The Transfer CharacteristicCurve‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٣J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VGS‫א‬‫א‬ VDS‫א‬ID‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،VGS‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٧F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬VGS‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


ID 

IDSS




-VGS 
VGS(off) 0

JFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٧F 
 JFET Parameters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣J ٧
VDS‫א‬ :Drain resistance rd‫א‬ •
.1MΩ100kΩ‫א‬‫א‬KVGS‫א‬ID‫א‬

ID‫א‬:Transconductance gm ‫• א‬
 KL20 0.1‫א‬‫א‬،VDS‫א‬VGS‫א‬
VDS‫א‬ :The amplification factorµ‫א‬ •
.ID‫א‬VGS ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
µ= gm rd

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
 Metal OxideSemiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
(MOSFET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIGFET

K(Integrated Circuits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(1010Ω - 1015Ω)
‫א‬(Enhancement type)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K(Depletion type)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The EnhancementMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬ (Substrate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (nJ  ‫א‬Fp J  ‫א‬ (PJ  ‫א‬ F nJ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Source)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(SiO2)‫א‬‫א‬(Drain)
 .(Gate)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(Gate) (Gate) 
G G
‫ א‬S D
‫א‬ ‫ א‬S D
‫א‬ 
(Source) (Drain)  (Source) (Drain)

(metal)
n+ n+ p+ p+

‫א‬ 
PJ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Silicon dioxide) nJ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ep-substrate) SiO2 En-substrate)


EF E F

MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٧F

nJ ‫א‬ EFpJ ‫א‬ EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


MOSFET ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٤J ٧

 The Enhancement MOSFET Operation
‫א‬‫א‬nJ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F
K(VDS = 0) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ p- ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Threshold voltage)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
nJ  ‫א‬pJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،VT
 K‫א‬‫א‬(induced channel)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VT‫א‬‫א‬VGS‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،E٩J ٧F،VDS‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬VDS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ID‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ID‫א‬VDS‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

B S G (+) D (+) S G (+) D

SiO2

n+ n+ n+ n+ 

PJ ‫א‬‫א‬ PJ ‫א‬‫א‬

 Ep-substrate) Ep-substrate) 
EF E F 
nJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F 
 VDS > 0EFVDS = 0EF 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،pJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٤J ٧
Enhancement MOSFET Characteristics

KnJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F
‫א‬E١٠J ٧FKVDS ID‫א‬VGS
 F‫א‬ID‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
ID, mA
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
ID, mA
(Ohmic region) (Saturation region) 
6.0
300 300

5.5 
250 250
200 200
5.0 
150 150 4.5 
4.0
100 100 
3.5
50 VT 50 30 VGS = 2 V
0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 VGS, V 0 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 
VDS, V
EF E F 
J ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F 
 n 
 (Drain or Output characteristics)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

pJ  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٠J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The DepletionMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬pJ  ‫א‬‫א‬ nJ  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،pJ ‫א‬
‫א‬E١١J ٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KnJ ‫א‬

B S G (-) D (+) B S G D (+)


SiO2
n+ n+ n+ n+ 
(n-channel)nJ  (n-channel)nJ  
PJ ‫א‬‫א‬ PJ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ep-substrate)  Ep-substrate) 

EF E F

MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٧F

nJ ‫א‬

MOSFET ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤J ٧

 The Depletion MOSFET Operation
‫א‬‫א‬،E١١J ٧F‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(Threshold ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬voltage) VT

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،pJ  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤J ٧
 Depletion MOSFET Characteristics
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KnJ  ‫א‬
 MOSFET
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬
ID, mA
ID, mA

‫א‬‫א‬  VGS = +2.0V

300 +1.5
300 
250
250 +1.0   
200
200 (Enhancement)
VDS = 5 V +0.5 
150
150

100 0
100
IDSS -0.5  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
50
50
VT
VGS = -1.0 (Depletion) 
0
0 
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 VGS, V 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 VDS, V

EF E F

nJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧F

(Drain or Output characteristics)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 (Transfer characteristic)‫א‬‫א‬EF


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


pJ  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MOSFET Circuit SymbolsMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٧

 MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬nJ  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
(Drain) 
D D


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
G B G 
(Gate) (Substrate)

S S 
 ‫א‬
(Source) 
EF EF 


D D 

G B G 


S S

EFEF 

 .nJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٧F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬

 K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧
 K(JFET) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
 KJFET‫א‬VGS(off)‫א‬VP‫א‬٤J ٧
 nJ ‫א‬JFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧
‫א‬،µ‫א‬EFgm‫א‬EFrd‫א‬EFW ٦J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 " JFET‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬"٧J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٧
 .PJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٧
 .nJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٧
 .nJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٧
 .nJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٧
 .pJ ‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣J ٧
 MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٧
 KMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٧


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Introduction ١J ٨
(Thyristor)‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Diac)‫א‬(Triac)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (power control)‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 (Thyristor)‫א‬٢J ٨
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٥٧
‫א‬KSCR(Silicon Controlled Rectifier)‫א‬‫א‬
Anode ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬p-n-p-n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Gate (G)‫א‬‫א‬ Cathode (K)‫א‬‫א‬،(A)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨FK‫א‬
(Anode) ‫א‬ 
A 

A p
J1 
n
J2 
G p
(Gate)‫א‬‫א‬ J3 
G n

K 
K
(Cathode) ‫א‬ 

 EF EF

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬E١J ٨F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 States of a Thyristor ‫א‬١J ٢J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬(Forward biased state)‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Reverse biased state)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Characteristic Curve of a Thyristor ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
J3J1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J2‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Forward leakage current)‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٢J ٨F‫א‬0A‫א‬F(Forward off state)

E‫א‬F IA

C


IG2 > IG1> 0
‫א‬‫א‬

IG2 IG1 IG=0 IG<0 
 E‫א‬F IH B

E‫א‬‫א‬F VRB A 
0 VH VFBo VAK 
D  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
IG = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E

‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،J2‫א‬،VFB(Forward breakdown voltage)‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٢J ٨F‫א‬ BC‫א‬F(On state)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E٢J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ (on state)‫א‬(off state)
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Holding voltage) VH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K(Holding current)IH‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J3J1‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J3J1
0D‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (Reverse leakage current)
 KEE٢J ٨F‫א‬
VRB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Reverse breakdown voltage)
 KEE٢J ٨F‫א‬DE‫א‬F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 IdealCharacteristic Curve of a Thyristor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٣J ٨F‫א‬0A‫א‬F
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EE٣J ٨F‫א‬0C‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٣J ٨F‫א‬0B‫א‬F

IA

A





B 0 C VAK


{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٨F 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Toff‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 .(On time)Ton‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Off time)

 Triac ‫א‬٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T2T1‫א‬T2‫א‬T1‫א‬ •
 KT2‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T1T2‫א‬T1‫א‬T2‫א‬ •
 KT1‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬
G 
G1 G T1


A1 K1

T2
n n
T1
G2
p


K2 A2 n

EF
p 
G
n 

T1 T2
T2 
E F 
EF

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬E٤J ٨F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ٨F

I

C


IG2 > IG1 > IGo 
IG2 IG1 IGo= 0

 E‫א‬F IH

-VB 
0 VH VB V 
‫ﺝﻬﺪ‬
‫اﻹﻣﺴﺎك‬ ‫א‬ 





K‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F 

Diac‫א‬٤J ٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T2‫א‬T1‫א‬T2‫א‬T1‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

T1‫א‬T2‫א‬T1‫א‬T2‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٨F

n 
T1 T2 T1 p n p T2
n 

 EFEF 
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫ א‬EF ‫ א‬E٦J ٨F  
‫א‬‫א‬ E٧J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬IG‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I 






-VB 
0 VB V
‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬١J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬٤J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٨
 ‫؟‬T2‫א‬T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٨
 ‫؟‬T1‫א‬T2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١٢J ٨
 K‫א‬١٣J ٨



 
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 ‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ ١J ١
 ٢  p-n‫א‬٢J ١
 ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬p-n‫א‬٣J ١
 ٥ ‫א‬p-n‫א‬٤J ١
 ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١
 ٧ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١
 ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
 ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١
 ١٢ ‫א‬٦J ١
 ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١
 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١
 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١
 ١٥  Ge‫א‬ Si‫א‬٨J ١
 ١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨ ١J ٢
 ١٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 ١٨ ‫א‬٣J ٢
 ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢

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 ‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 ٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
 ٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٢
 ٢٤  ‫א‬٤J ٣J ٢
 ٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 ٢٨  ١J ٤J ٢
 ٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
 ٣٤ ‫א‬٥J ٢
 ٣٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٥J ٢
 ٤٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥ ١J ٣
 ٤٥ ٢J ٣
 ٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
 ٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ٤٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 ٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
 ٥١ EF٧J ٣
 ٥١ ‫א‬١J ٧J ٣
 ٥٣ ‫א‬٢J ٧J ٣
 ٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ٣
 ٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠ ١-٤
 ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
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 

 ٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
 ٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 ٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٤
 ٦٤  αdcβdc‫א‬٢J ٤J ٤
 ٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٤
 ٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ٤
 ٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ٤
 ٧٣  ‫א‬١J ٥J ٤J ٤
 ٧٤  ‫א‬٢J ٥J ٤J ٤
 ٧٥  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٤J ٤
 ٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬βdc‫א‬٦J ٣J ٤
 ٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠  ١J ٥
 ٨٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 ٨٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 ٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٠  ١J ٦
 ٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
 ٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
 ٩٥  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦
 ٩٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦
١٠٤  ‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٦
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 ‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 

١٠٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٦
١١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٦
١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٦
١١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٠  ١J ٧
١٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
١٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٧
١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٧
١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣J ٧
١٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٣J ٧
١٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣J ٧
١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٧
١٢٩ MOSFET ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٤J ٧
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٤J ٧
١٣٠
 MOSFET
١٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٧
١٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤J ٧
١٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤J ٧
١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٧
١٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬   ١٤٦ ‫א‬
 

١٣٦  ١J ٨
١٣٦  ‫א‬٢J ٨
١٣٧  ‫א‬١J ٢J ٨
١٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٨
١٣٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٨
١٤٠  ‫א‬٣J ٨
١٤١  ‫א‬٤J ٨
١٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬

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