ESE - 2020 Mains Test Series: Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

1 TEST CODE: 610
Hyderabad | Delhi | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Lucknow | Bengaluru | Chennai | Vijayawada | Vizag | Tirupati | Kukatpally| Kolkata | Ahmedabad | Kothapet
ESE - 2020 Mains Test Series

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Test – 10 on Analog & Digital Communication Systems + Electro Magnetics +
Advanced Communication Topics (Paper – II)
Solutions
01. (a)
 S 
Sol: Given that    20dB
N 
 q  dB
 S 
Then    100
N 
 q
Quantizer step size,
2A peak

L
Where L = 2n, n is number of bits
The average quantization power of PCM is
2
Nq 
12
2
 2A 
 
Nq   2 

4 A2

A2
12 12L2 3L2
 S 
   Average signal power
 N  average quantizing power
 q
40  103
100 
A 2 / 3L2
40  103
100 
3.42 / 3L2
3L2  40  10–3 = 100 (3.4)2
ACE Engineering Academy Hyderabad | Delhi | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Lucknow | Bengaluru | Chennai | Vijayawada | Vizag | Tirupati | Kukatpally| Kolkata | Ahmedabad | Kothapet
: 2 : ESE 2020 Mains Test Series
100  3.4 
2
L2 
3  40  10 3
100  11.56
L2 
120  10 3
1156 103
L2 
120
1156 103
L 
120
 L = 98.1
2n = 98.1
n  7.
01. (b)
Sol:
(i) Given that, Q = 100, fi = 455 kHz and fs = 1100 kHz
 The image frequency fsi = fs+ 2fi
fsi = 1100 k + 2  455 k
fsi = 2010 kHz.
f f
  si  s
f s f si
2010 1100
 
1100 2010
= 1.827 – 0.547
= 1.28
 The image rejection ratio is given by
  1  Q22
 1  100 1.28
2 2
 = 128
(ii) Given that fs = 25 MHz fi = 455 kHz and Q = 100
fsi = fs + 2fi
= 25 M + 2  455 k
= 25.91 MHz
f f 25.91 25
  si  s  
f s f si 25 25.91
= 0.0715
Image rejection ratio   1  Q22  1 100 0.0715
2 2
= 7.22
Conclusion:- Thus rejection is very poor for practical receivers in the high frequency (HF) band
keeping IF is same.
: 3 : Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
01. (c)
Sol:

(i) Given: E  25 cost   z â x V / m
We have E0 = 25V/m
â k  â z
Pave 
E 02
â z 
25 â  625 â W / m2
2
20 2  120 240

z z
given plane is xy plane, so â n  â z

S = r2 =  (3)2 = 9m2
Hence the total power is
  
Pave   Pave . ds  Pave .Sâ n
625
 â z .9â z
240
625
  9  23.43Watt
240
C 3  108
(ii)     30m
f 107
I d
| E s | 0 sin 
4r

At (100,0,0), r = 100m,  
2
2
120  10   20  102
| E s | 20  0.1256
4  100
01. (d)
Sol: Since  = m cosn 
So maximum radiation intensity is m.
Total power radiated is
2  / 2
Prad   
 
0 0
m cosn  sin dd
2  /2
 m  d  cos  sin d
n
 0 0
/2
 2m  cosn  sin d
0
Let cos = t
 – sind = dt  sind = –dt
for  = 0,  t = 1, for  = /2  t = 0

1
/ 2 0
 t n 1 
1
So,  cos  sin d   t  dt    t dt  
1 1
n n n
  0
0 1 0  n  1 0 n  1 n 1
2m 4U max 4  m
So, Prad  , So, D    n  1 = 2 (n+1)
n 1 Prad 2m
01. (e)
Sol: Both Sender and Receiver agree on same generator polynomial function G(X).
G(X) =Xn + ----- +1
* Coefficients are either zero or one
* Find divisor (n+1) bits = 1-------1
(n+1) bits
If degree of (G(x)) = n
Sender
DATA 00---0
n bits
Modulus 2 divisions
n zero
DATA CRC
Divisor
(n+1) bits
Remainder
n bits
Receiver CRC
DATA CRC
Modulus 2 divisions
n bits
Divisor DATA CRC
(n+1) bits
Remainder If zero, no error detected

Else error detected
02. (a)
Sol:
1. Unlike AM, where there are only three frequencies (carrier, and two side bands), FM has an infinite
number of side bands, as well as the carrier. They are separated from the carrier by fm, 2fm, 3fm, ….
And thus have a recurrence frequency interval of fm.
2. The Jn coefficient eventually decreases in value as n increases, but not in any simple manner. Each
J coefficient represents the amplitude of a particular pair of side bands; these also eventually
decrease, but only past a certain value of n. The modulation index thus determines how many
sideband components have significant amplitudes.
The sidebands at equals distances from „fc‟ have equal amplitudes i.e the sideband distribution is
symmetrical about the carrier frequency.
3. As mf (modulation index) increases, so does the value of a particular J coefficient, m f is inversely
proportional to the modulating frequency, the relative amplitude of distant sidebands increases
when modulating frequency is lowered.
4. In AM, increased depth of modulation increases the sideband power, and therefore the total
transmitted power.In FM, the total transmitted power always remains constant, but with increased
depth of modulation the required bandwidth increases.
5. An evident from the FM signal equation, the theoretical bandwidth required by FM is infinite. In
practice, the BW used is one that has been calculated to allow for all significant amplitudes of
sideband components under the most exacting conditions.
6. In FM, unlike the AM, the amplitude of the carrier components does not remain constant. Its J
coefficient is Jo, which of course is a function of mf.
7. It is possible for the carrier component of the frequency modulated wave to disappear completely.
This happens for certain values called eigen value of the modulation index.
Advantages of FM:-
1. The amplitude of the FM is independent of the depth of modulation, whereas in AM is dependent
on this parameter.
2. There is a large decrease in noise and hence an increase in the S/N ratio in FM.
3. It is possible to reduce noise still further by increasing deviation. This is a feature that AM does
not have.
4. Because of the frequency allocation, there is less channel interference than AM.
5. The FM transmitters operate in the upper VHF and UHF ranges, and at these frequencies the
space wave is used for propagation, so that the radius of reception is limited. It is thus possible to
operate several independent transmitters an the same frequency with less considerable
interference.
Disadvantages of FM:-
1. A much wider channel is required by FM.
2. FM transmitting and receiving equipment tends to be more complex and hence it is more
expensive.
02. (b)
Sol:
(i) For a > b, dominant mode is TE 10
c 3  108
f CTE  
10
2a 2a
From the given condition
1.25  3 108
26.5GHz 
2a
1.25  3  108
 26.5  109 
2a
1.25  3 108
 a  7.075103 m = 7.075mm
2  26.5 109
Now, it is required that bandwidth over which the dominant mode propagate should be maximum.
To get maximum possible bandwidth, the next possible order mode should be TE 20 mode.
It is required that the cut off frequency of all other higher order mode should be greater than that of
TE20. This is only achieved when a  2b.
So a  2b
a
 b
2
7.075
 b  3.537mm
2
So a  b = 7.075mm  3.537mm
Here theoretically b can also attain value less than a/2 satisfying the above criterion. But any
decrease in b would decrease the power handling capability of waveguide.
Given fhighest = 0.95  f CTE 20
c 0.95  3  108
 f highest  0.95 
 = 40.28 GHz
a 7.075  103
So the waveguide work in the frequency range of 26.5 GHz – 40GHz.
c 3  1010
(ii) f CTE10    3.75  109 Hz = 3.75 GHz
2a 2 4
As a = 2b, the next higher order mode will be either TE 20 or TE01 because they have same cut off
frequency.
c 3 1010
f CTE 01    15GHz  f CTE
2b 2 1 20
Thus the operating frequency range over which the guide will be single mode is
7.5GHz < f < 15GHz.
02. (c)
Sol: There are seven OSI layers. Each layer has different functions. A list of seven layers are given
below:
1. Physical layer
2. Data-link layer
3. Network layer
4. Transport layer
5. Session layer
6. Presentation layer
7. Application layer
Functions of physical layer:
Line configuration
Data transmission
Topology
Signals
Functions of Data-link layer
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control
Functions of Network layer:
Internetworking
Addressing
Routing
Packetizing
Functions of Transport layer:
Service-point addressing
Connection control
Flow control
Error control
Functions of session layer:
Dialog control
Synchronization
Functions of presentation layer:
Translation
Encryption
Compression
Functions of application layer:
(FTAM) file transfer, access & management
03. (a)
Sol:
(i) f = 60Hz
 2  60
   1.9  106 rad / m
vp 2
 3  108
3
So ℓ= (1.910–6)  (80) = 1.510–4 << 1. (very small distance)
So line is considered lumped circuit  Zin = ZL
12
+
80
120V Vout
–
 80 
So, Vout   120V =104.35V
 12  80 
(ii) f = 500kHz
2  500  103
  1.57  102 rad / sec
2
 3  108
3
So ℓ= 1.57  10–2  80 = 1.26 rad > 1. (very small distance).So line is considered distributed
circuit
 Z cos   jZ 0 sin  
So, Z in  Z 0  L 
 Z 0 cos   jZ L sin  
 80 cos1.26  j 50 sin1.26 
= 50 
 50 cos1.26  j80 sin1.26 
 24.46  j47.5 
= 50 
 15.39  j 76 
= 34.45 1.09 – 1.37
= 34.45 –0.28
Zin = 33.11 – j 9.52
Equivalent circuit:
12
120V Zin
Vin
 Z in   33.11  j9.52 
Vin   120 = 120 
 Z in  12   33.11  j9.52  12 
 33.11  j 9.52 
= 120 
 45.11  j 9.52 
Vin = (89.5 – j 6.27) Volt
Now
+
Vin ZL
120V
–
Z = 80 Z=0
ℓ = 80m
Vin  V0 e  jz  V0 e jz

V0
& L 
V0
 Z  Z 0    80  50  
So, V0  L V0   L V0   V0
 L
Z  Z 0   80  50 
3
= V0
13
 
At Z = –80m, Vin  V0 e  j 1.5710 80   e j 1.5710 80  
2 3 2
 13 
 3 
Vin  V0 e j 1.26  e  j 1.26 
 13 
V 89.5  j 6.27
So, V0  in

 j1.26 3  j1.26  0.31  j 0.95  0.07  j 0.22
e  e 
 13 
89.5  j 6.27 89.7  0.07
= 
0.38  j 0.73 0.8231.1
= 108.99 1.17
= 42.52 – j100.3 volt
Now Vout  V0  V0
= V0 1   
 3
= 42.2  j 100.31  
 13 
= 1.23 (42.52 – j 100.3)
= 52.3 – j 123.37
So, Vout = 52.3 – j123.37 volt
03. (b)
Sol:
(i) Given that
P(x1) = 0.5, P(x2) = 0.25 and P(x3) = 0.25
We know that H(X) is entropy of inputs, is given by
H  X   P x1  log  P x2  log  P x3  log
1 1 1
P x1  P  x2  P x3 
1 1 1
 0.5 log2  0.25 log2  0.25 log2
0.5 0.25 0.2
= 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5
= 1.5 bits/symbol
Y
The given figure shows conditional probability matrix in the form of p as
X
y1 y2 y3
x1 0.8 0.2 0
Y
P   x2 0 1 0
X
x3 0 0.3 0.7
P(X) = [0.5 0.25 0.25]
Then P(X, Y) is obtained by multiplying P(Y/X) and P(X) as under:

0.40 0.1 0 

 PX, Y    0 0.25 0 
 0 0.075 0.175
P(y1), P(y2) and P(y3) and obtained by adding column of P(X,Y)
 We have P(y1) = 0.40 + 0 + 0 = 0.40
P(y2) = 0.1 + 0.25 + 0.07 = 0.425
P(y3) = 0 + 0 + 0.175 = 0.175
 Now, the value of H(Y) –output entropy is obtained as:
1 1 1
H(Y) = P(y1) log2 + P(y2) log2 + P(y3) log
P  y1  P y 2  P y 3 
1 1 1
 0.40 log  0.425log  0.175log
0.4 0.425 0.175
= 0.40  1.321 + 0.425  1.2344 + 0.175  2.514
= 0.5287 + 0.5246 + 0.43995 = 1.493 bits/symbol.
(ii) Given that, pt = 1000W and  = 100%   = 1.
The total power of AM consists of the power of carrier frequency, upper sideband and lower
sideband frequencies.
i.e., pt = Pc + PUSB + PLSB
From the equation of total power, we have
 2pc  2pc
p t  pc  
4 4
 pc
2
p t  pc 
2
1000  Pc 
1 p c
2
2
= Pc + 0.5 pc = 1.5 pc
1000
 pc   666.67W
1 .5
Then the sideband power,
PSB = Pt – Pc
PSB = 1000 – 666.67
PUSB + PLSB = 333.33W
2 PLSB = 333.33W
[But PUSB = PLSB]
2 PLSB = 333.33W
333.33
 PLSB  PUSB   166.66W
2
03. (c)
Sol:
(i) Normalized frequency is given by,
Given that a = 25m,
 = 820nm
= 0.82 m
2a
V

n12  n 22 
2  25  106
=
0.82  10 6
 1.482  1.462 
= 46.5
(ii) The total number of modes at 820nm is given by
V 2 2 2 a 2 2
M
2


2

n 1  n 22
2    25m 
 
2 2
=  1.482  1.462
0.82 2
M = 1081
(iii) Number of modes at 1320nm,
2 2  25m 
 
2
M 1.482  1.462
1.320m 2
 M = 417
(iv) The total average cladding power is given by
 Pclad 
1
4 2
   M
 P  total 3
4
=
3 M
For 820nm. Case i.e., M = 1081
 Pclad  4
   100  100  4.1%
 P  total 3 1081
For 1320nm case i.e., M = 417
 Pclad  4
  100  100
 P  total 3 417
= 6.6%
04. (a)
Sol:
(i) In a binary phase shift keying (BPSK), the binary symbols „1‟ and „0‟ modulate the phase of the
carrier.
The carrier signal is given as s(t) = ACcos(2fct) where „Ac‟ represents peak value of sinusoidal
carrier for the standard 1  load resistor, the energy dissipated would be,
1
E  AC2 Tb
2
Consider Tb = 1 sec
AC  2 E
Now, when the symbol is changed, then the phase of the carrier will also be changed by an amount
of 180 degrees. (i.e  radians)
For example, for symbol „1‟
s1 t   2 E cos2f c t 
If symbol is „0‟, then s 2 t   2E cos2f c t   
We know that cos( + ) = –cos
 s 2 t    2 E cos2f c t 
From the previous equations, then the BPSK signal combinely written as,
st   bt  2 E cos2f c t 
Where b(t) = +1 when binary „1‟ is to be transmitted.
= –1 when binary „0‟ is to be transmitted.
Generation circuit of BPSK:-
Bipolar binary signal Product BPSK-wave

Vm(t) modulator
VPSK(t) = S(t) = Vm(t)ACcos(2fct)
AC cos(2fct)
Carrier wave
Power spectral density of BPSK

PSD of BPSK
–fc 0 fc
–fc–fb –fc+fb fc–fb fc+fb
BWpsk = fc + fb – (fc – fb) = 2fb
(ii) The following figures gives the basic elements required for PCM transmitter, transmission path
and receiver.
Message Low
Signal Pass Sampler Quantizer Encodor
source filter PCM signal
Distorted Regenerative Regenerated

Regenerative
PCM repeater
repeater PCM signal
signal
Distorted Reconstruction
Regeneration Decoder
PCM filter Destination
circuit
Signal
Fig: Basic elements of PCM system
Initially, the incoming message signal is sampled with a train of narrow rectangular pulled after
passing the low pass filter where low pass filter blocks all the frequencies above the f m Hz. That
means the message signal is band limited to fm Hz. For sampling process, the sampling frequency
is selected sufficiently above nyquist rate to avoid aliasing –i.e fs  2fm.
 Next, quantizer converts the sampled signal into complete discrete signal i.e quantized signal. A
q-level quantizer compares input samples with fixed digital levels. It assigned any one of the
nearest fixed digital level.
 After that, the quantized signal level is coded by encoder, this encoder converts input signal to
„n‟ digits binary word.
 In transmission path, so many regenerative repeaters are used to control the effects of distortion
and noise produced by transmitting a PCM wave through a channel.
The regenerative repeater produces a clean pulse wave using a process of decision making
device.
 In Receiver, the first block is regenerative circuit that produce again a clean pulse signal if any
distortion occurs in input of the receiver signal. This digital signal is converted in a analog
signal by decoder i.e analog sample values.
This sampled signal is approximated into stair case signal and it is smoothened by a reconstruction
filter i.e LPF. Finally desired message signal reached to destination.
04. (b)
Sol:
(i) Impedance of first medium i.e., air is
0
1  0   120
0
2 0 r 2 1
2    120 = 64.45
2  0 r 2 3.5
Reflection co-efficient is
  1 64.14  120 175.489
 2   = –0.303  0.303ej
2  1 64.14  120 578.492
Since the phase of reflection co-efficient is equal to „‟, the first electric field minimum would
occur directly at the interface z = 0.

The location of first electric field maximum would be at a distance of 1 from the interface which
4
is
 0.4
Z1max   1    0.1m
4 4
(ii) Standing wave ratio
1   1  0.303
S   1.869
1   1  0.303
(iii) The fraction of incident power transmitted into the dielectric medium is
Pt = (1–||2) Pi = (1–(0.303)2) Pi = 0.9082Pi
04. (c)
Sol:
16 bits 16 bits
Source port Destination port

Sequence Number
Acknowledgement No.
Header Reserved U A P E S F Window size
length bits R C S S Y I (Advertisement)
(4bits) (6bits) G K H T N N Window
Check sum urgent pointer
Options
(0-40 bytes)
Data (optional)
The header of a TCP segment can range from 20-60 bytes. 40 bytes are for options. If there are no
options, header is 20 byte else it can be of upmost 60 bytes.
Header fields:
Source port Address:
16 bits field that holds the port address of the application that is sending the data segment
Destination port address:

16 bit field that holds the port address of the application in host that is receiving the data segment
Sequence number: 32 bit field that holds the sequence no. i.e. the byte no. of the first byte that is
sent in that particulars segment. It is used to reassemble the message at the receiving end if the
segments are received out of order.
Acknowledgement number:
32 bit field that holds the acknowledgement number, i.e., the byte number that the receiver expects
to receive next. It is an acknowledgement for the previous bytes being received successfully.
Header length (HLEN):
This is a 4 bit field that indicates the length of the TCP header by number of 4-byte words in the
header i.e, if the header is of 20 byte (min length of TCP header), then this filed will hold 5
(because 5  4 = 20) and the maximum length: 60 bytes, then it‟ll hold the value 15
(because 154 = 60). Hence, the value of this field is always between 5 and 15.
Control flags:
These are 61-bit control bits that control connection establishment, connection termination,
connection abortion, flow control, mode of transfer etc.
Their function is:
URG- urgent pointer is valid
ACK-Acknowledgement number is valid (used in case of cumulative acknowledgement)
PSH- request for push
RST-Reset the connection
SYN-Synchronize sequence numbers
FIN- Terminate the connection
Window size:
This field tells the windows size of the sending TCP in bytes.
Checksum:
This field holds the checksum for error control.
It is mandatory in TCP as opposed to UDP
Urgent pointer:
This field (valid only if the URG control flag is set) is used to point to data that is urgently required
that needs to reach the receiving process at the earliest, the value of this field is added to the
sequence number to get the byte number of the last urgent byte
05. (a)
Sol:
(i) Channel Bandwidth B = 3.4 kHz
Received signal-to-noise ratio SNR = 1000 = 30 dB.
Hence the channel capacity is
C = Blog2(1 + SNR)
= 3400log2(1 + 1000)
C = 33.88103 bits/second.
9600
(ii) Channel capacity is given as C   4800b / s
2
 4800  3.4  103 log2 1  SNR 
Solving for SNR,
 SNR = 1.66
(SNR)dB = 2.2 dB.
05. (b)
Sol: Here f = 6.4 kHz
fm = 500 Hz
A m1  3.2V
f1 6.4k
kf    2kHz / V.
Am 3 .2
For A m 2  8.4V
f2 = kfAm2
= 28.4 k
= 16.8 kHz
For Am3 = 20 V
f3 = kf Am3
= 220
= 40 kHz.
We observe that the change in modulating frequency made no difference to the deviation since it is
independent of the modulating frequency. The modulation indices can be calculate as follows
f 6.4k
m1  1   12.8
f m1 0.5k
f 2 16.8k
m2   = 33.6
f m2 0.5k
f 3 40k
m3   = 200
f m3 0 .2 k
05. (c)
Sol:
Category Circuit Switching Packet Switching
1. Resource  Need to establish connection  No need to reserve the path
Reservation (path reservation) between end
communication points before
communication start
2. Congestion  Congestion may occur during  Congestion may occur during
path reservation routing only
 No congestion will occur during
Transmission
3. Routing  Every packets of same session  Packets of same session may be
Path follow each other in fixed routing routed through different paths
path
4. End to  Packets of same session must have  Packets of same session may
end delay same end to end delay have different end to end delay
5. Processing  Very less processing overhead at  Every packet is treated
Overhead intermediate switches independently at every
intermediate router in routing path
 More processing overhead
6. Under of  Provide connection oriented  Provide connection less services
Packets services like voice call like internet
7. Resource  Poor resource utilization because  Better resource utilization in
Utilization path is reserved sharing mode
8. Cost  More costly due to reservation  Less costly due to sharing
9. Speed  Relatively slow due to poor  Relatively faster due to better
utilization utilization
05. (d)
Sol: Difference between E1 carrier and T1 carrier
E1 and T1 are digital telecommunication carrier standards; in other words, multi-channel
telecommunication systems, which are time multiplexed into a single carrier to transmit and
receive. Both standards use two pairs of wires for transmit and receive paths to achieve full duplex
communication. Initially, both methods are developed in order to send voice channels over copper
wires simultaneously, which leads to less transmission cost.
 Data rate of E1 is 2048kbps as per the recommendations of ITU-T, while the data rate of T1 is
1.544Mbps as per the ANSI recommendations.
 E1 comprises of 32 simultaneous channels, while T1 consists of 24 simultaneous channels, which
has 64kbps data rate in each channel.
 Since both systems initially designed to transmit PCM voice, frame rate of both carriers are
designed as 8000 frames per second to support 8kHz sampling rate of PCM.
 Even though both E1 and T1 have same 125µS frame interval, E1 transmit 256 bits, while T1
transmit 193 bits within the same period.
 Both E1 and T1 carrier methods are initially developed to transmit and receive pulse
code modulated voice signals over time multiplexed copper wires.
05. (e)
Sol: Given Ez, t   1000sin6  108 t  z â y

So, E0 = 1000V/m
 = 6  108rad/sec
2
We have  
T
Since in one time period T, the wave advances '', so

when it advances , the time taken would be
4
T 1 2 1 2
t1     
4 4  4 6  108

  2.61 10 9 s  2.61ns
2  6  108
c c 2c
We have    
f  
2
2  3  108
   meter.
6  108
2 2
   2rad / meter
 
1000 
2
0  3

4 4
t=0 t=t1 =2r/sec
05. (f)
L
Sol: (i) Z 0 
C
L 0.5  106
 C 2   9.6  1011 F / m
Z0 722
= 96 PF/m
1 1
(ii) p  
LC 
0.5 106 9.6 1011  
1
=
4.8  1017
= 0.1449  109
= 1.449  108 m/sec
 
(iii)    LC  2  80 106 0.5 106  9.6 1011   
= 3.48 rad/m
(iv) ZL = 60
Z  Z 0 60  72  12
 L    0.09
Z L  Z 0 60  72 132
1  1  0.09 1.09
S    1.19
1  1  0.09 0.91
06. (a)
Sol:
(i) The output signal-to-noise ratio of an AM receiver using envelope detection is,
2 2 2 2 2
SNR o  A c k a P  A c k a A m
2 WN o 4 WNo
A c2 m 2
 m = kaAm is modulation index.
4 WN o
 The carrier-to-noise ratio is defined as
A2 / 2
 c
2WNo
A c2
Where  carrierpower
2
2WNo = Noise power
A 2 m 2 A c2 / 2m 2
 SNR o  c   m 2
4WNo 2WNo
Given values are, output signal-to-ratio of 30 dB
(SNR)o = 1000
And modulation factor m = 0.8 [given 80%]
(SNR)o = m2
1000 = (0.8)2
 = 1563
 carrier-to-noise = 31.9 dB.
(ii) With a carrier-to-noise ratio of 6.6 dB, the envelope detector is expects to operate satisfactorily.
Therefore by reducing the carrier-to-noise ratio by 25.3 dB from case(i) to operate the above
threshold.
06. (b)
Sol: We have dQ = sds

s is lies in z=0 plane, to which â z is perpendicular. So ds  dxdy â z
or ds  dxdy
So, dQ = s dxdy

The point at which E is desired i.e., point 1 = (0,0,2).
Point 1 is the general point on the surface charge density (z=0 plane), = (x, y, 0).

So, R12  0  x â x  0  y â y  2  0â z
 xâ x  yâ y  2â z

R 12  x 2  y 2  4
 
3
 x 2  y 2  4 2  10 9 dxdy  xâ x  yâ y  2â z
So, dE  
40
 
3
x 2  y2  4 2
 dxdy  xâ x  yâ y  2â z  109
 dE 
40
As w.r.t point (0,0,2), the surface charge is symmetrically located, x-component and y-component
 
of E get cancelled, and only z-component of E is present.
dxdy  2â z  109
 2 3
 E   dE   
 2 3
40
2â z  109 2
 x  2 y33
40
2â z  36  109
 2  23  3
4  10 9
 432â z V / m .
06. (c)
Sol:
(i) Given: E1  10â x  6â y  12â z V / m
y
(1)
E 1t
E 1n E1
1
x
(2) 2
E2 E 2n
ACE Engineering AcademyE 2 t Hyderabad | Delhi | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Lucknow | Bengaluru | Chennai | Vijayawada | Vizag | Tirupati | Kukatpally| Kolkata | Ahmedabad | Kothapet
Given: r1 = 3 & r2 = 4.5

E1  10â x  6â y  12â z V / m
E1n = E1.â n  10â x  6â y  12â z .â y
= –6
E1n  6â y
E1t  E1   6â y 
= 10â x  6â y  12â z  6â y
= 10â x  12â z
D1n  1  6â y  3 0  6â y  18 0 â y
From boundary condition
D1n  D 2 n

 D 2 n  18 0 â y
 18 0 â y
 E 2n    4â y
4.5 0
& E1t  E 2 t  E 2 t  10â x  12â z
So, E 2  E 2n  E 2 t  10â x  12â z  4â y
V
 E 2  10â x  4â y  12â z
m
E 2n 4
& Cos 2  
E2 102   42  122
4  4 
 Cos 2    2  cos1    75.63
16.12  16.12 
So, we got E 2  10â x  4â y  12â z V / m
& we have E1  10â x  6â y  12â z V / m
(ii) So, the energy density in region (1) is

1 2
WE1  1 E1
2
109  2
  10   6  12 
1
=  3
2 2 2
2 36  
 
9
1 10
=  3  102  6 2  122
2 36
1 109
=  3  280  3.712 nJ / m 3
2 36
The energy density in region (2) is

1 2
WE 2   2 E 2
2
109  2
  10   4  12 
1
=  4.5 
2 2 2
2 36  
 
9
1 10
=  4.5   102  4 2  122
2 36
= 5.172 nJ/m3
06. (d)
Sol: Under normal conditions, all materials absorb light rather than emit it. The absorption process can
be understood by referring to Figure shown below, where the energy levels E 1 and E2 correspond to
the ground state and the excited state of atoms of the absorbing medium. If the photon energy hv of
the incident light of frequency v is about the same as the energy difference E g = E2 – E1, the photon
is absorbed by the atom, which ends up in the excited state. Incident light is attenuated as a result
of many such absorption events occurring inside the medium.
E2 E2 E2
hv
hv hv hv
hv
E1 E1 E1
(a) (b) (c)
Figure : Three fundamental processes occurring between the two energy states of an atom:
(a) absorption; (b) spontaneous emission; and (c) stimulated emission.
The excited atoms eventually return to their normal “ground” state and emit light in the process.
Light emission can occur through two fundamental processes known as spontaneous emission and
stimulated emission. In the case of spontaneous emission, photons are emitted in random directions
with no phase relationship among them. Stimulated emission, by contrast, is initiated by an existing
photon. The remarkable feature of stimulated emission is that the emitted photon matches the
original photon not only in energy (or in frequency), but also in its other characteristics, such as the
direction of propagation. All lasers, including semiconductor lasers, emit light through the process
of stimulated emission and are said to emit coherent light. In contrast, LEDs emit light through the
incoherent process of spontaneous emission.
07. (a)
Sol: Network Topology:
 Arrangement of hosts in a communication network
 Network topology are of two types:
(i) Point to Point topology
(ii) Point to Multipoint topology
i) Point to Point topology:

 Direct link, no any channel access protocol is required
 Point to point (PPP) is used for communication.
 Types of point to point topology:
(a) Point to point link

(b) Mesh topology
(c) Star topology
(a) Point to point link:
HA HB
 Single communication link between two equal communication points for serial
communication
(b) Mesh topology: A mesh topology is of two types:
I. Fully Mesh topology
II. Partial Mesh topology
I. Fully Mesh topology:
 Separate communication link between every pair of hosts
N * ( N  1)
 If N number of hosts then links are required
2
Advantages:
HA HB
HC HD
1. Fastest communication among all topologies

2. Secure communication
3. Parallel communication
Disadvantages:
1. Installation cost is very high due to too many links
2. Poor link utilization
(c) Star Topology:
HA HB
HC HD
 Multiple hosts are connected to centralized server

 Centralized server can be Hub, Switch or Router
Advantages:
1. Insertion and Removal of hosts are too easy
2. Star topology can be extended in daisy chain manner
Disadvantages:
1. If centralized server fail then topology will not work
2. More processing overhead at centralized server
ii) Point to Multipoint topology:
 Multiple hosts are connected to common broadcast media
 One sender and all are receiver
 Channel access mechanism required
Types of Point to Multipoint topology:

a) Bus Topology
b) Ring Topology
a) Bus Topology:
HA HC
HB HD
 Multiple hosts are connected to common coaxial cable(backbone media)

 Different channel access protocols are ALOHA, CSMA and Token bus.
Advantages:
1. Installation cost is very less among all topology
2. Preferred for large area networks
Disadvantages:
1. If common channel fail then topology will not wor
2. Limited number of hosts per segment
3. Chance of collision
b) Ring Topology:
HA
HG HB
HF
HC
HE
HD
 Multiple hosts are connected to circular ring
 Channel access mechanism are token ring
 Data is moving only in one direction
Advantages:
1. Gives better performance over bus topology
2. No chance of collision
Disadvantages:
1. If ring fail then topology will not work
2. Need network monitor for network maintenance
07. (b)
Sol:
(i) To find the number of modes propagating inside the guide at 15GHz, we have to find the cut off
frequency of some higher order mode.
m
For TEm mode in parallel plate waveguide, f c 
2d 
1 c
So f cTE1  f cTM1  
2d  2d  r
3 108
=  5.175 GHz
2  2 102  2.1
2 c 3 108
f cTE  f cTM    = 10.35 GHz
2 2
2d  d  r 2 102  2.1
3 3 c
f cTE  f cTM  
3 3
2d  2  d   r
3  3  108
  15.526GHz
2  2  102  2.1
4 2 c 2  3 108
f cTE  f cTM     20.7GHz
4 4
2d  d   r 2 102  2.1
So, from the above it is cleared that the cut off frequency of third waveguide mode is higher than
15GHz (the operating frequency).
For the propagation of waveguide mode inside the waveguide, the condition is f > f c
So from the above, it is concluded that only the first two mode of TE , TM and TEM mode will
propagate inside the wave guide.
So total number of mode is 5.
i.e. TE1, TM1, TE2, TM2, TEM
(ii) To ensure that only TEM mode propagate inside the waveguide, the maximum operating frequency
should be greater than the cut off frequency of the first waveguide mode.
So here the maximum operating frequency which allow only the TEM mode propagation inside the
waveguide can be taken as 5 GHz i.e. less than 5.17 GHz.
07. (c)
Sol:
(i) Demodulation of PAM:-
Received A Low Pass

PAM Holding Filter
Demodulated
Signal Circuit (LPF)
Signal
Fig (a)
Signal Holding Circuit:-
s Sample held
PAM Output
C
Signal
Fig (b) Fig (c) t
Holding
Circuit
Output
LPF Output
Fig (d) t
The PAM demodulation is done by a holding circuit and a low pas filter (LPF).
The holding circuit is illustrated in fig(b), which consists of a simple switch and a capacitor.
Hence, the switch 'S' is closed after arrival of the pulse and it is opened at the end of the pulse.
In this way the capacitor is charged to the pulse amplitude value and it holds this value during the
internal between the two pulses. Hence the sampled values are held as shown in fig(c) and fig(d).
This stair case output of holding circuit is smoothened by low pass filter. i.e. demodulated signal.
(ii) We know that the sampling frequency fs and sampling period are related as
1 1
TS   seconds.
f s 10  103
= 0.1  10–3 seconds
TS = 100 seconds.
Given that  = 0.1 Ts
 = 0.1  100s = 10s
Bandwidth of PAM signal is expressed as
1
BW 
2
1
 BW 
2  10s
1

2  10  106
 0.05  10+6
 50  103
BW  50kHz
08. (a)
Sol: PAM PWM PPM
 Pulse amplitude modulation  Pulse width modulation  Pulse position modulation
  
 Amplitude of the  Width of the pulse is  The relative position

pulse proportional to proportional to amplitude of the pulse is proportional
amplitude of modulating of modulating signal to the amplitude of
signal modulating signal
 The instantaneous power  The instantaneous power  The instantaneous power of the
of the transmitter varies of the transmitter varies transmitter remains constant
 The BW of the transmission
 BW of transmission
channel depends  BW of the transmission channel
channel depends on
on width of the pulse depends rising time of the pulse
rise time of the pulse
 Noise interference is high  Noise interference is minimum  Noise interference is minimum
 Similar to AM technique  Similar to FM  Similar to PM
08. (b) Air : n = 1

Sol:
(i)
33 33
Glass 90
(a) Apply Snell‟s law

n1 cos1 = n2cos2
where n1 = 1, 1 = 33 and
2 = 90 – 33 = 57
cos1 cos 33
n2    1.540
cos 2 cos 57
Refractive index of glass
 n2 = 1.540.
(b) The critical angle is found from

nglass singlass = nair sinair
with air = 90 and nair = 1.0
nglass .Singlass = 1
1
 Critical  Sin 1
or n glass
glass
1
= Sin 1
1.540
critical = 40.5
(ii) Since the attenuations are given in dB/km, first find the power levels in dBm for 100W and
150W.
 100W 
P100W   10 log   10 log0.10
 1.0W 
= –10.0 dBm
 150W 
P150W   10 log   10 log0.15
 1.0W 
= –8.24 dBm
(1) at 8km we have the following power levels:
P1300(8km) = – 8.2 dBm – (0.6dB/km) (8km) = –8.2 dBm – 4.8dBm = –13dBm
P1300 (8km) = 50W
P1550 (8km) = –10.0 dBm – (0.3 dB/km) (8km) = –10.0 dBm – 2.4 dB/km
= –12.4 dBm
P1550 (8km) = 57.5 W
(2) At 20km we have the following power levels:
P1300 (20km) = –8.2 dBm – (0.6 dB/km) (20km)
= –8.2 dBm – 12 dBm
= –20.2 dBm
P1300 = 9.55 W
P1550 (20km) = –10.0 dBm – (0.3 dB/km) (20km)
= –10.0 dBm – 6 dBm
= –16.0 dBm
P1550 = 25.1 W
08. (c)
Sol:
(i) V at 2, 1,3  8  22  1 3  96V
v
(ii) We have from Poisson‟s equation,  2 V  
0
 2V  2V  2V 
  2  2  v
x 2
y z 0
            v
 
x  x

8x 2 yz    
8x 2 yz    
8x 2 yz     
 y  y  z  z  0

 16xyz    8x 2 z    8x 2 y    v
x y z 0

 16yz  0  0   v
0

 16yz   v
0
 v = – 16yz0
 v at 2, 1,3  16  1 30
= 480
109
 48 
36
= 424.4pC/m3
(iii) electric field, E  V
  V V V 
 E    â x  â y 
z 
â z
 x y
   
  
8x 2 yz â x   
8x 2 yz â y  
8x 2 yz â z   
 x y z 

  16xyzâ x  8x zâ y  8x yâ z
2 2


E 
  16  2  1  3â x  8  2  3â y  8  2   1â z .
2 2

at  2 , 1, 3 
 96â x  96â y  32â z V / m

(iv) The potential at M(2, –1, 3) is 96V.
So, the equation of equipotential surface through M is,
8x2 yz = –96
 x2 yz = –12
(v) The equation of stream line is given by
Ex Ey Ez
 
dx dy dz
Ex = – 16xyz, Ey = – 8x2z, Ez = –8x2y

dy E y  8x 2 z
Consider,  
dx E x  16xyz
dy x
 
dx 2 y
 2ydy = xdx
  2ydy   xdx
2y2 x 2
  A
2 2
x2
 y2  A
2
at point (2, –1, 3)
2
 12  2  A  A  1  2  1
2
x2
So, y 2   1 ............(1)
2
dz E z  8x 2 y y
Consider,   
dy E y  8x 2 z z
  zdz   ydy
z 2 y2
  A
2 2
at (2, –1, 3)
32  1
2
 A
2 2
9 1 9 1 8
 A    4
2 2 2 2
2 2
z y
 4
2 2
z2 y2  8
 
2 2
 z = y + 8 _______(2)
2 2
dz E z  8x 2 y x
Consider,   
dx E x  16xyz 2z
  2zdz   xdx
z2 x 2
 2  C
2 2
x2
So, z 
2
C
2
at (2, –1, 3)
2
32  2  C
2
C=9–2=7
x2
So, z 2   7 ..........(3)
2
Any two equation out of 1, 2 and 3 gives equation of stream line.

ESE - 2020 Mains Test Series: Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ESE - 2020 Mains Test Series: Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 TEST CODE: 610

ESE - 2020 Mains Test Series

20 2  120 240

given plane is xy plane, so â n  â z

for  = 0,  t = 1, for  = /2  t = 0

Remainder If zero, no error detected

Vin  V0 e  jz  V0 e jz

P(X) = [0.5 0.25 0.25]

Then P(X, Y) is obtained by multiplying P(Y/X) and P(X) as under:

Bipolar binary signal Product BPSK-wave

Power spectral density of BPSK

Distorted Regenerative Regenerated

Fig: Basic elements of PCM system

Source port Destination port

Destination port address:

t=0 t=t1 =2r/sec

Given: r1 = 3 & r2 = 4.5

(ii) So, the energy density in region (1) is

The energy density in region (2) is

i) Point to Point topology:

(a) Point to point link

(a) Point to point link:

1. Fastest communication among all topologies

 Multiple hosts are connected to centralized server

Types of Point to Multipoint topology:

 Multiple hosts are connected to common coaxial cable(backbone media)

Received A Low Pass

Fig (b) Fig (c) t

 Pulse amplitude modulation  Pulse width modulation  Pulse position modulation

 Amplitude of the  Width of the pulse is  The relative position

 Noise interference is high  Noise interference is minimum  Noise interference is minimum

 Similar to AM technique  Similar to FM  Similar to PM

08. (b) Air : n = 1

(a) Apply Snell‟s law

(b) The critical angle is found from

 96â x  96â y  32â z V / m

Ex = – 16xyz, Ey = – 8x2z, Ez = –8x2y

You might also like