H I

{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa

_hmamîQ´>

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

gÌ-3 A{Zdm`© ~rOnÌ-10

""^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ VWm qhXr AmcmoMZm''
gÌ-4 A{Zdm`© ~rOnÌ-14

""nmíMmË` H$mì`emñÌ''
E_. E. ^mJ-2 qhXr

K J
 gÌ-3 : BH$mB©-1
g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó
H$mì` cjU, H$mì` hoVw, H$mì` à`moOZ, H$mì` Ho$ àH$ma Am¡a ag {gX²Ym§V :
ag H$m ñdê$n, ag {Zîn{Îm, ag Ho$ A§J, ag Ho$ àH$ma, ag H$s {deofVmE±&

AZwH«$_
1.1 CX²>Xoí`
1.2 àñVmdZm
1.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
1.3.1 H$mì` (gm{hË`) : cjU (n[a^mfm)
1.3.1.1 g§ñH¥$V H$mì`-cjU
1.3.1.2 qhXr H$mì`-cjU
1.3.1.3 A§J«oOr H$mì`-cjU
1.3.1.4 {ZîH$f©
1.3.2 H$mì` : hoVw (àoaUm/H$maU)
1.3.2.1 g§ñH¥$V-AmMm`m] Ho$ _V
1.3.2.2 nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| Ho$ _V
1.3.2.3 _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ _V
1.3.2.4 {ZîH$f©
1.3.3 H$mì` à`moOZ
1.3.3.1 g§ñH¥$V-AmMm`m] X²dmam d{U©V H$mì`-à`moOZ
1.3.3.2 qhXr-{dX²dmZm| X²dmam d{U©V H$mì`-à`moOZ
1.3.3.3 nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| X²dmam d{U©V H$mì`-à`moOZ
1.3.3.4 {ZîH$f©

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 1.3.4 H$mì` Ho$ àH$ma
1.3.4.1 _hmH$mì`
1.3.4.2 IÊS>H$mì`
1.3.4.3 Jr{VH$mì`
1.3.4.4 {ZîH$f©
1.3.5 eãXe{ŠV, eãXe{ŠV Ho$ ^oX
1.3.6 ag H$m ñdê$n
1.3.7 ag {Zîn{Îm
1.3.8 ag Ho$ A§J
1.3.9 ag Ho$ àH$ma
1.3.10 ag - gmYmaUrH$aU
1.3.11 ag H$s {deofVmE±
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ
1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7 gmam§e
1.8 ñdmÜ`m`
1.9 joÌr` H$m`©
1.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&
1.0 CX²>Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn-
1. H$mì` (gm{hË`) eãX Ho$ AW© Am¡a ñdê$n go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
2. ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| X²dmam ~VmE JE H$mì` (gm{hË`) cjUm| H$mo g_PZo _| gj_
hm|Jo&
3. H$mì`-hoVwAm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
4. H$mì`-à`moOZm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
2
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 5. H$mì` (nX²`) àH$mam| H$mo g_P gH|$Jo&
6. eãX H$s ep³V go AdJV hmo OmE±Jo&
7. eãX ep³V Ho$ ^oX go AdJV hmo OmE±Jo&
8. eãX H$m à¶moJ H$aZm grI OmE±Jo&
9. ag Ho$ AW© ñdê$n Am¡a {Zîn{Îm go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
10. ag Ho$ A§J Am¡a àH$ma g_P gH|$Jo&
11. gmYmaUrH$aU H$m AW© OmZ b|Jo&
12. gmYmaUrH$aU na {d{^Þ AmMm¶m] Ho$ {dMmam| go AdJV hm|Jo&
13. gmYmaUrH$aU H$m AZw^d H$aZm OmZ OmE±Jo&
14. ag H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo g_PZo _| gj_ hm|Jo&
1.2 àñVmdZm
H$mì` Am¡a gm{hË` EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ n`m©`dmMr eãX h¡& H$mì` H$m EH$ AW© H${dVm `m nX²` ^r
{c`m OmVm h¡, co{H$Z gm{hË` eãX JX²`, nX²` Am¡a Ñí` aMZmAm| H$m ~moYH$ _mZm OmVm h¡&
àmMrZ ^maVr` J«§Wm| _| H$mì` Ho$ {cE "dmL²>_`' eãX H$m à`moJ nm`m OmVm h¡& "H$mì`' eãX "H${d'
go àM{cV hþAm h¡& Hw$N> cmoJ Bgo A§J«oOr eãX 'Poetry' H$m AZwdmX _mZVo h¢& co{H$Z dmñV{dH$Vm
`h h¡ {H$ JX²` Ho$ à^md Ho$ nyd© ^maVr` aMZmH$ma nX²`~X²Y aMZmE± H$aVo Wo, Am¡a nX²` aMZmE±
H$aZodmcm| H$mo "H${d' H$hm OmZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$s aMZmAm| H$mo "H$mì`' H$hm OmVm Wm& AmJo McH$a
^maVr` aMZmH$ma JX²` H$m ^r coIZ H$aZo cJo Vmo "H$mì`'eãX XmoZm| (JX²`-nX²`) H$m à{V{Z{Y ~Z
J`m& cJ^J AmR>dt eVmãXr go "H$mì`' Ho$ {cE "gm{hË`' eãX H$m ^r à`moJ hmoZo cJm& gm{hË`
A§J«oOr eãX 'Literature' H$m ^r n`m©`dmMr _mZm OmVm h¡& AmO gm{hË` eãX ~hwàM{cV Am¡a
ì`mnH$ ~Z J`m h¡& `hm± h_ H$mì` eãX H$m AW© gm{hË` H$s g^r {dYmAm| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Ho$ ê$n
_| co aho h¢& Bg àH$ma Omo "gm{hË`' H$m cjU h¡ dhr "H$mì`' H$m cjU ^r _mZm Om`oJm&
AmO ‘mZd OrdZ H$m ha H$m¶© {H$gr-Z-{H$gr ep³V X²dmam g§nÞ hmo OmVm h¡& eãX ep³V ^r
BgHo$ {bE AndmX Zht h¡& eãX AnZm H$m¶© ¶m ~moY {Og ep³V Ho$ X²dmam H$amVo h¢ Cgo eãX ep³V
H$hm OmVm h¡& ‘Zwî¶ {dMmam| Am¡a ^mdmo§ H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Og gmYZ H$m à¶moJ H$aVm
h¡; dh h¡ ^mfm& ^mfm ‘| eãX Am¡a AW© H$m K{ZîR> g§~§Y hmoVm h¡; {Ogo AbJ H$aZm ~hþV hr ‘wpíH$b
h¡& dUm] Ho$ gmW©H$ g‘yh H$mo eãX H$hm OmVm h¡, ‘Ja eãX H$m AW© CgHo$ à¶moJ na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡&
eãX ‘| A§V{Z©{hV AW© H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo dmbo ì¶mnma H$mo eãX ep³V H$hm OmVm h¡& eãX H$m AW© ~moY
H$amZo dmbr ep³V H$mo eãX ep³V H$hm OmVm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
3
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 "ag' eãX ~hþV ì`mnH$ h¡& BgH$m à`moJ Mma AWm] _| {H$`m OmVm h¢& (1) nXmWm] H$m ag,
(2) Am`wd}X H$m ag, (3) gm{hË` H$m ag Am¡a (4) ^pŠV ag& AmO ^r `o Mmam| AW© AnZo-
AnZo ñWmZ na {dX²`_mZ h¢& `hm± h_mam g§~§Y "gm{hË` Ho$ ag' go h¡& H$mì`emó _| "ag' EH$
A{Zd©MZr` gm{hpË`H$ AmZ§X Ho$ ê$n _| à`wŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& gm{hË`-O{ZV-agmZ§X ~«h²_mñdmX
ghmoXa _mZm OmVm h¡& Bg{cE "ag' H$mo gm{hË` H$m àmU VËd {ZpíMV {H$`m J`m h¡& agmñdmX àmßV
H$aZo Ho$ {cE hr nmR>H$ gm{hË` H$m nR>Z H$aVm h¡&
^maVr¶ H$mì¶emñÌ ‘| g~go ‘hÎdnyU© {gÕm§V Ho$ ê$n ‘| ag H$mo ‘mZm OmVm h¡& g§ñH¥$V Ed§ qhXr
Ho$ H$B© AmMm¶m] Zo ag H$mo hr H$mì¶ H$s AmË‘m ‘mZm h¡ Am¡a H$mì¶ g‘rjm H$m ‘w»¶ ‘mZH$ ^r& ZmQ>H$
Am¡a H$mì¶ ‘| {Z{hV nmÌ göX¶ H$mo AZw^yV hmoH$a AmZ§X H$m AmñdmX H¡$go àXmZ H$aVm h¡; BgH$m
g‘mYmZ ^maVr¶ AmMm¶m] Zo gmYmaUrH$aU Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go {H$¶m& XaAgb gmYmaUrH$aU ag {gÕm§V go
g§~§{YV EH$ Eogr à{H«$¶m h¡ Omo agmñdmXZ Ho$ {bE ghm¶H$ {gÕ hmoVr h¡&
1.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
A~ h_ H$mì`-cjU, H$mì`-hoVw, H$mì`-à`moOZ, H$mì` Ho$ àH$ma, ag H$m ñdê$n, ag
{Zîn{Îm, ag Ho$ A§J, ag Ho$ àH$ma Am¡a ag H$s {deofVmAm| H$m {dñVma go AÜ``Z H$a|Jo& eãX
Am¡a AW© H$m AQy>Q> g§~§Y h¡& {Og àH$ma Ob Am¡a ‘N>br Ho$ OrdZ H$m g§~§Y h¡ Cgr àH$ma eãX
Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y h¡& {Og Vah Ob Ho$ {~Zm ‘N>br H$s H$ënZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Cgr àH$ma
eãX {dhrZ AW© Am¡a AW© hrZ eãX H$s H$ënZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr& H${d H$m{bXmg Zo {ed-nmd©Vr
Ho$ gmhM¶© Ho$ g‘mZ eãX Am¡a AW© H$m gmhM¶© ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡&
1.3.1 H$mì` (gm{hË`) : cjU (n[a^mfm)
H$mì` AWdm gm{hË` Ho$ AZoH$ cjU ^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm|, H${d`m| VWm göX`m|
Zo {XE h¢& H$mì` H$m ñdê$n `X²`{n BZ cjUm| _| ~±Y Zht nmVm, {\$a ^r BZ cjUm| Ho$ AÜ``Z
go h_ CgHo$ {d{dY ê$nm| Am¡a VËdm| H$mo g_P gH$Vo h¢& h_ Hw$N> _hÎdnyU© cjUm| Ho$ {dícofU
Am¡a {ddoMZ X²dmam H$mì` Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnîQ> H$a gH$Vo h¢&
1.3.1.1 g§ñH¥$V H$mì`-cjU -
g§ñH¥$V Ho$ {dX²dmZ -
1. AmMm`© ^aV_w{Z :
^aV_w{Z H$m "ZmQ²>`emó' g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó H$m àW_ J«§W _mZm OmVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo Bg J«§W _|
ZmQ>H$ _| H$mì` H$s pñW{V H$m ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""_¥Xþc{cVnXmT²>`§ JyT>eãXmW©hrZ_² &
OZnX§gwI~moÜ`§ `wpŠV_Z¥Ë``moÁ`_²&&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
4
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 ~hþagH¥$V_mJª g§{YgÝYmZ`wŠV_² &
g ^d{V ew^ H$mì`§ ZmQ>H$àojH$mZm_²&&''
AWm©V ZmQ>H$ XoIZo dmcm| Ho$ {cE ew^ H$mì` dh hmoVm h¡, {OgH$s aMZm H$mo_c Am¡a c{cV
nXm| go H$s JB© hmo, {Og_| eãX Am¡a AW© JyT> Z hmo, {Ogo OZ gmYmaU gacVm go g_P gHo$,
Omo VH©$g§JV hmo, {Og_| Z¥Ë` H$s `moOZm H$s Om gHo$, {Og_| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ ag ñdrH$ma {H$E
JE hmo Am¡a {Og_| H$WmZH$ g§{Y`m| H$m {Zdm©h {H$`m J`m hm|&
ZmQ>H$ Ho$ AmYma na H$mì` cjU àñVwV H$aZo H$m `h àW_ à`mg gamhZr` h¡& co{H$Z Bg_|
Ho$dc ZmQ>H$ Ho$ A§VJ©V àmßV H$mì` Ho$ VËdm| H$m {Zê$nU h¡& A§V: Bgo n[anyU© H$mì`-cjU Zht
_mZm Om gH$Vm&
2. Ap½ZnwamU :
S>m°. ^JraW {_l "H$mì`emó' _| "Ap½ZnwamU' H$s n[a^mfm H$mo g~go àmMrZ n[a^mfm _mZVo h¢&
""g§jonmX²dmŠ`{_îQ>mW©ì`dpÀN>ÝZm nXmdcr&
H$mì`§ ñ\w$aXc§H$ma§ JwUdX²Xmofd{O©V_²&&''
AWm©V BîQ> AW© H$mo àH$Q> H$aZodmcr nXmdcr go `wŠV Eogm dmŠ` H$mì` h¡, {Og_| Ac§H$ma
àH$Q> hm| Am¡a Omo Xmofa{hV Am¡a JwU`wŠV hmo&
Bg n[a^mfm _| nm±M ~mV| ñnîQ> h¢- BîQ>mW©, g§{jßV dmŠ`, Ac§H$ma, JwU Am¡a Xmof& Bg_|
H$mì` H$s àm`: ~mh²` ê$n aoIm ñnîQ> hmo OmVr h¡& g§{jßV dmŠ` ñ_aUr`Vm H$m X²>`moVH$ h¡& BîQ>
AW© H$s A{^ì`pŠV Vmo Amdí`H$ hmoVr h¡, co{H$Z H$hZo H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm Zht Wr; BîQ> AW©
Vmo g^r H${d ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢& Ac§H$ma H$s Am^m go `wŠV hmoZm Ac§H$ma g§àXm` H$m à^md àH$Q>
H$aVm h¡& JwU`wŠV hmoZm CÎm_ H$mì` H$m cjU h¡, na JwU eãX AZoH$mWu h¡& Bg n[a^mfm Ho$ X²dmam
H$mì` H$mo ~mh²` gr_mAm| _| ~m±YZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m J`m h¡, na CgH$m _w»` à^mdH$mar ñdê$n ñnîQ>
Zht hmo nmVm&
3. Am. ^m_h :
^m_h Zo "H$mì`mc§H$ma' J«§W _| H$mì`-cjU XoVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""eãXmWm£ g{hVm¡ H$mì`_² &''
AWm©V eãX Am¡a AW© H$m ghr _oc hr "H$mì`' h¡&
`h n[a^mfm AË`§V ì`mnH$ h¡, Š`m|{H$ BgHo$ joÌ _| H$mì` Ho$ A{V[aŠV emó, B{Vhmg,
dmVm©cmn Am{X g^t Am OmV| h¢& AV: Bg_| A{Vì`mpßV Xmof h¡& `h cjU H$mì` Ho$ AË`§V
ì`mnH$ Am¡a ~mh` ñdê$n H$m hr ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVm h¡&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
5
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 4. Am. XÊS>r :
"H$mì`mXe©' _| XÊS>r Zo {cIm h¡-
""eara§ Vmd{XîQ>mWª ì`dpÀN>ÝZmnXmdcr&'
AWm©V BîQ> AW© H$mo àH$Q> H$aZodmcr nXmdcr Vmo eara _mÌ h¡&
Ap½ZnwamU H$s n[a^mfm H$s Vah Bg_| ^r BîQ> AW© Ano{jV h¡, Omo AñnîQ> Am¡a ì`m»`mgmnoj
h¡& AV: `h n[a^mfm ^r AñnîQ> h¡&
5. Am. éÐQ> :
éÐQ> Zo H$mì`-cjU àñVwV H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""ZZw eãXmWm£ H$mì`_²&''
AWm©V eãX Am¡a AW© Ho$ g§~§Y H$mo hr H$mì` H$hVo h¢&
Am. ^m_h H$s n[a^mfm H$s Vah Bg_| ^r A{Vì`mpßV Xmof h¡& AV: `h cjU AñnîQ> h¡&
6. Am. Hw§$VH$ :
Hw§$VH$ Zo "dH«$mopŠVOr{dV_²' J«§W _| H$mì` H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""eãXmWm£ g{hVm¡ dH«$H${dì`mnmaem{cZr&
~§Yo ì`dpñWVm¡ H$mì`§ V{ÛXmh²cmXH$m[a{U&&''
AWm©V H${d Ho$ dH«$ ì`mnma go `wŠV gÑe Amh²cmX g§~§Y eãXmW© H$m Zm_ "H$mì`' h¡&
Am. Hw§$VH$ H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ H$mì` _| M_ËH$ma Mmê$Vm H$m g§nmXZ dH«$mopŠV X²dmamhr hmoVm h¡&
do dH«$mopŠV H$mo H$mì` H$m OrdZ ~VmVo hþE hrZ H$mì` H$mo {Z{O©d _mZVo h¢&
dmñVd _| dH«$mopŠV EH$ Ac§H$ma h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {~Zm ^r gw§Xa H$mì` H$m g¥OZ hmoVm h¡& AV:
Bg cjU _| Aì`mpßV Xmof h¡ Am¡a `h AñnîQ> ^r h¡&
7. Am. dm_Z :
dm_Z Zo "H$mì`mc§H$ma gyÌd¥{Îm' _| ar{V H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZm h¡ Am¡a JwU Ed§ Ac§H$ma
go `wŠV eãXmW© H$mo H$mì` H$hm h¡-
""g XmofJwUmc§H$mahmZmXmZmä`m_²&''
dm_Z Zo XÊS>r H$s ^m±{V H$mì` H$s emo^m H$aZodmco Y_© H$mo Ac§H$ma Z _mZH$a JwU _mZm h¡
Am¡a H$hm h¡ {H$ Ac§H$ma JwU Ho$ CËH$f© Ho$ H$maU ñdê$n h¡&
H$mì` _| Ac§H$ma Amdí`H$ ~Vm`m h¡& AV: Bg_| Aì`mpßV Xmof h¡&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
6
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 8. Am. _å_Q> :
Ap½ZnwamU H$m AmYma J«hU H$aVo hþE AnZo J«§W "H$mì` àH$me' _| H$mì`-cjU Bg àH$ma
{X`m h¡-
"VX²Xmofm¡ eãXmWm£ gJwUmdc§H¥$Vr nwZ: Šdm{n&''
`hm± na H$mì` XmofhrZ, JwU`wŠV Am¡a H$^r-H$^r Ac§H$ma go a{hV eãXmW© H$mì` h¡, Eogm H$hm
J`m h¡&
Bg cjU _| Xmo {deofVmE± Vmo {ZfoYmË_H$ h¢ Am¡a CZ_| ^r EH$ A{ZpíMV& AXmof eãXmW© Š`m
h¡? nhco Vmo `hr àíZ h¡, {\$a H$mì` em`X hr H$moB© Eogm hmo {Og_| H$moB©-Z-H$moB© Xmof Z {ZH$mcm
Om gHo$& Vmo Š`m AZoH$ JwUm| go `wŠV H$mì` _| H$moB© EH$ Xmof {ZH$c Am`m, Vmo Cgo H$mì` Ho$ joÌ
go hQ>m {X`m Om`oJm& Eogo hr H$ht-H$ht Ac§H$ma go a{hV hmoZm, cjU H$s ÑpîQ> go H$moB© {deofVm
àH$Q> Zht H$aVm, Š`m|{H$ JwU ~S>m ì`mnH$ AW© XoZodmcm eãX h¡& H$mì` H$mo EH$ {ZpíMV joÌ _|
~m±YVr hþB© ^r `h n[a^mfm H$mì` H$m H$moB© VmpËdH$ Am¡a _m{_©H$ ñdê$n ñnîQ> Zht H$a nmVr&
9. Am. {dídZmW :
agdmXr AmMm`© {dídZmW Zo H$mì` _| ag H$mo {deof _hËd XoVo hþE AnZo J«§W "gm{hË`Xn©U'
_| H$mì` H$m cjU Bg àH$ma {X`m h¡-
""dmŠ`§ agmË_H§$ H$mì`_²''
AWm©V "ag`wŠV dmŠ` H$mì`' h¡&
Bg cjU _| EH$ AW© Vmo `h hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {d^mdmZw^md-ì`{^Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go
{Z{_©V ag go `wŠV dmŠ` H$mì` h¡& Eogr Xem _| ag H$s H$mì` _| A{Zdm`©Vm {gX²Y hmoVr h¡& co{H$Z
{Og dmŠ` _| ag gånmXZ hþAm hmo Cgo hr H$mì` _mZ|Jo, Vmo H$mì` H$m joÌ AË`§V N>moQ>m hmo Om`oJm
Am¡a AZoH$ H$mì`-n§pŠV`m± BgHo$ joÌ go {ZH$c Om`|Jr& `{X h_ ag H$m AW© gagVm, _mYw`© Am{X
coVo h¢, V~ h_ {Og_| _Z H$mo [aPmZodmcr {deofVm hmo, {Og_| h_mam _Z ag co gHo$, dh dmŠ`
H$mì` h¡& Bg AW© _| `h cjU ì`mnH$ Am¡a gd©OZ gwc^ h¡&
10. npÊS>VamO OJÝZmW :
"agJ§JmYa' _| BÝhm|Zo H$mì`-cjU Bg àH$ma {X`m h¡-
""a_Ur`mW© à{VnmXH$: eãX: H$mì`_²&''
AWm©V a_Ur` AW© H$m à{VnmXZ H$aZodmcm eãX "H$mì`' h¡&
Bg cjU _| Hw$N> cmoJ Amn{Îm CR>mVo h¢ {H$ H$mì` Ho$ A§VJ©V eãX _| gX¡d AW© H$s a_Ur`Vm
Zht hmoVr, nyao dmŠ` go a_Ur`Vm à{Vnm{XV hmoVr h¡& AV: a_Ur` AW© XoZodmcm dmŠ`, H$mì` hmoZm
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
7
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Mm{hE& na§Vw `hm± eãX dmŠ` H$s g~go N>moQ>r BH$mB© h¡, AVEd§ dmŠ` Ho$ ñWmZ na eãX {X`m J`m
h¡& H$^r-H$^r EH$ eãX H$s Cn`wŠVVm {gX²Y H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, na§Vw nyUm©W©X²`moVH$ dmŠ` hr hmoVm
h¡& AV: {dídZmW H$s ^m±{V "a_Ur`mW© à{VnmXH§$ dmŠ`§ H$mì`§' A{YH$ Cn`wŠV cjU hmoVm& Bg_|
AW© H$s a_Ur`Vm H$mo _hËd {X`m h¡, co{H$Z H$^r-H$^r a_Ur`Vm eãX _| ^r hmoVr h¡& Bgr ~mV
H$m Ü`mZ aIH$a S>m°. ^JraW {_l Zo Bg cjU H$mo {ZåZ ê$n_| {X`m h¡-
""eãX AW© AWdm XmoZm| H$s a_Ur`Vm go `wŠV dmŠ` aMZm H$mo "H$mì`' H$hVo h¢&''
1.3.1.2 qhXr H$mì`-cjU
qhXr Ho$ A{YH$m§e H$mì` cjUm| _| _m¡{cH$Vm H$_ {XImB© XoVr h¡& nyd©dVu qhXr H$mì` _| àmßV
cjUm| _| Vmo A{YH$m§e cjU g§ñH¥$V Ho$ cjUm| na AmYm[aV h¢ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ cjUm| na
A{YH$m§e à^md A§J«oOr H$m h¡, {\$a ^r Hw$N> cjU _hËdnyU© h¢&
àmMrZ AmMm`© -
1. AmMm`© Ho$edXmg :
`o Ac§H$madmXr AmMm`© Wo& Ac§H$ma{dhrZ H${dVm H$mo do emo^ma{hV Zmar Ho$ g_mZ _mZVo Wo&
BÝhm|Zo {cIm h¡-
""`X²`{n Om{V gwcÀN>Zr; gw~aZ gag gwd¥Îm&
^yfZ {~Zm Z gmohB©, H${dVm ~{ZVm {_Îm&&''
AWm©V CÎm_ Om{V, AÀN>o cjUm|, gw§Xa dU© (a§J Am¡a Aja) ag`wŠV Am¡a AÀN>o d¥Îm (N>§X
Am¡a M[aÌ) dmcr hmoZo na ^r H${dVm Am¡a d{ZVm ^yfU (Ac§H$ma, JhZo) {~Zm gwemo{^V Zht hmoVr&
Ho$ed Ho$ {dMma go ag, N>§X Am¡a eãX-gm¢X`© Ho$ gmW Ac§H$ma H$m hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡& Bgna
^m_h, XÊS>r Am{X Ac§H$madmXr AmMm`m] H$m à^md h¡& BZH$s n[a^mfm Aì`mpßV Xmof go `wŠV h¡&
2. Am. lrn{V :
AnZo "H$mì`-gamoO'_| ag na Omoa XoVo hþE CÝhmoZ| {cIm h¡-
""`X²`{n Xmof {~Zw JwU g{hV, Ac§H$ma gmo crZ
H${dVm ~{ZVm N>{~ Zht, ag {~Z VX²{n àdrZ&&''
AWm©V Xmofa{hV Am¡a JwU VWm Ac§H$mam| go `wŠV hmoZo na ^r H${dVmê$nr Zmar V~ VH$ gw§Xa
Zht cJVr O~VH$ Cg_| ag H$m _mYw`© Zht hmoVm&
Eogm cJVm h¡ {H$, AmMm`© lrn{V Zo AmMm`© Ho$edXmg Ho$ _V H$m CÝht eãXm| _| I§S>Z {H$`m
h¡& Bg cjU _| à`wŠV "Xmof {~Zw' eãX {ZfoYmË_H$ h¡& "JwU' eãX ^r H$mì` H$s H$moB© _hÎdnyU©

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
8
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
{deofVm àH$Q> Zht H$aVm& JwU ~S>m ì`mnH$ AW© XoZo dmcm eãX h¡& BZ na agdmXr AmMm`m] H$m
à^md h¡& `h cjU AñnîQ> h¡&
3. Am. qMVm_{U :
AnZo J«§W "H${dHw$cH$ënVé' _| "H$mì`àH$me' Ho$ AmYma na H${dVm H$m cjU Bg àH$ma {X`m
h¡-
""gJwZ Ac§H$maZ g{hV, Xmofa{hV Omo hmoB&
gãX AW© dmam¡ H${dV, {~~wY H$hV g~ H$moB&&''
AWm©V JwU Ed§ Ac§H$ma go `wŠV Am¡a Xmof go _wŠV AW©nyU© eãX-aMZm H$mo "H${dVm' H$hVo
h¢&
Am. _å_Q> Zo "H$mì`àH$me' _| Ac§H$ma H$s A{Zdm`©Vm Zht _mZr, na Bg_| Ac§H$ma A{Zdm`©
H$a {XE JE h¢& AV: `h cjU ho_M§Ð Ho$ cjU go A{YH$ gmå` aIVm h¡& H$mì` gd©Wm
"Xmofa{hV' Zht hmo gH$Vm& AV: `h cjU Ag§JV h¡&
4. AmMm`© Hw$cn{V {_l :
AnZo J«§W "ag-J«hU' _| Xr JB© n[a^mfm Am¡a "dmŠ`§ agmË_H$ H$mì`§' H$s AmcmoMZm H$aHo$
AnZm {ZOr H$mì` cjU {X`m h¡-
""OJ Vo AX²^wV gwI gXZ, eãXê$ AW© H${dÎm&&''
AWm©V, g§gma go {dcjU AmZ§X XoZodmcm eãXmW© H$mì` h¡&
Hw$cn{V Zo Ho$dc eãX Am¡a AW© Ho$ `moJ H$mo H$mì` Z H$hH$a {dcjU AmZ§X `m gwI XoZodmcr
aMZm H$mo H$mì` H$hm h¡& co{H$Z g§gma go {dcjU AmZ§X H¡$go g_Pm Om`? `h àíZ h¡& AV:
`h cjU AñnîQ> h¡&
5. _hmH${d Xod :
AnZo J«§W "H$mì` agm`Z' _| H$mì` H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""gãX Ord {V{h AaW _Z, ag_` gwOg gara&
McV dh¡ OwJ N>§X J{V, Ac§H$ma J§^ra&&''
Bg_| H$mì` nwéf ê$nH$ H$m ñnîQ>rH$aU h¡& eãX Ord h¡, AW© _Z h¡, ag go `wŠV `eñdr
CgH$m eara h¡& XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ AWm©V² _m{ÌH$ Am¡a d{U©H$ N>§X CgH$s J{V h¢ Am¡a Ac§H$ma Cg
J{V H$s J§^raVm h¡&
Xod H$s YmaUm {dcjU h¡ {Og_| eãX H$mo eara Z _mZH$a ag H$mo eara _mZm h¡& J{V H$s
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
9
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
J§^raVm ^mdm| na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡, Ac§H$mam| na Zht& AV: J§^raVm H$mo Ac§H$ma na Am{lV H$aZm
^r `wpŠVg§JV Zht& AV: cjU H$s ÑpîQ> go `h Cn`wŠV Zht&
AmYw{ZH$ {dX²dmZ -
6. AmMm`© _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr :
""_Zmo^md eãXm| H$m ê$n YmaU H$aVo h¢, dhr H${dVm h¡, Mmho dh nX²`mË_H$ hmo Mmho
JX²`mË_H$&''
Bggo ñnîQ> h¡ g_ñV _Zmo^mdm| H$m àH$meZ H${dVm _| hmo OmVm h¡, Mmho Omo ^r Cgo {Og àH$ma
^r àH$Q> H$ao, AV: `h cjU Cn`wŠV Zht&
7. Am. am_M§Ð ewŠc :
ewŠcOr Zo Xmo H$mì` cjU {XE h¢-
A) "H${dVm OrdZ Am¡a OJV² H$s A{^ì`pŠV h¢&'
Am) ""gËdmoÐoH$ `m öX` H$s _wŠVmdñWm Ho$ {cE {H$`m hþAm eãX {dYmZ H$mì` h¡&''
nhco cjU _| H${dVm H$s gXm ahZodmcr Zì`Vm Am¡a {d{dYVm H$m g§Ho$V {_cVm h¡, Omo {H$
a_Ur`Vm H$m ê$n h¡& na cjU H$s ÑpîQ> go `h g_rMrZ Zht, BgH$m _hËd CX²Xoí` H$s ÑpîQ> go
Adí` h¡& OrdZ Am¡a OJV² H$s g_ñV A{^ì`pŠV H$mì` Zht, AV: `h A{Vì`mpßV Xmof go _wŠV
h¡& Xÿgam cjU ag H$mo A{Zdm`© _mZH$a McZodmco H$mì` Ho$ {cE hr Cn`wŠV hmo gH$Vm h¡& Š`m|{H$
M_ËH$manyU© H$mì` _| _Z H$mo M_ËH¥$V Am¡a H$ënZm H$mo àgÝZ H$aZo H$s {deofVm hmoVr h¡ O~{H$
^mdmË_H$ H$mì` _| öX` H$s _wŠVmdñWm Ho$ gånmXZ H$s {deofVm h¡, Eogr Xem _| H$mì` H$m `h
cjU nyU© Am¡a ì`mnH$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&
8. O`e§H$a àgmX :
N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| g~go _hËdnyU© YmaUm àgmX Or H$s h¡-
""H$mì` AmË_m H$s g§H$ënZmË_H$ AZw^y{V h¡ {OgH$m g§~§Y {dícofU, {dH$ën `m {dkmZ go
Zht h¡& dh EH$ lo`_`r ào` aMZmË_H$ kmZYmam h¡&''
Bg cjU _| H$B© Xmof h¢& nhcm Xmof h¡, AñnîQ>Vm, AmË_m H$s g§H$ënmË_H$ AZw^y{V, nX ñnîQ>
Zht& Š`m|{H$ g§H$ën-{dH$ën _Z Ho$ JwU h¢& {dkmZ go g§~§Y Z ~VmVo hþE ^r AmJo àgmX Or Zo
H$mì` H$mo AZw^y{V hr _mZm, O~{H$ dmñVd _| dh A{^ì`pŠV h¡&
cjU H$s ÑpîQ> go ÌwQ>rnyU© hmoVo hþE ^r Bg_| _m¡{cH$ Am¡a VmpËdH$ YmaUm H$m g§Ho$V {_cVm
h¡, Omo _hËdnyU© h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
10
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
9. _hmXodr d_m© :
""H${dVm H${d {deof H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m {MÌU h¡ Am¡a dh {MÌU BVZm R>rH$ h¡ {H$ Cggo d¡gr
hr ^mdZmE± {H$gr Xÿgao Ho$ öX` _| A{d^y©V hmoVr h¢&''
`h cjU H$mì` Ho$ nyao joÌ na cmJy Zht hmo gH$Vm& `h Ho$dc Jr{VH$mì` H$s {deofVm hmo
gH$Vr h¡ {H$ Cg_| H${d {deof H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m {MÌU hmo& Bg {MÌU go d¡gr hr ^mdZmE± Xÿgao
Ho$ öX` _| CR>| `h ^r Amdí`H$ Zht& {dg§dmXr ^mdZmE± ^r CR> gH$Vr h¢& Bg_| a_Ur`Vm Ho$ AÝ`
A§J, Üd{Z, dH«$mopŠV, Ac§H$ma Am{X H$m H$ht g§Ho$V Zht& à~§Y H$mì` H$s {deofVmAm| H$m Bg_|
g_mdoe Zht hþAm h¡, {Og_| XþíM[aÌm| H$m ^r dU©Z hmoVm h¡& AV: `h gr{_V cjU h¡&
10. gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V :
""H${dVm h_mao n[anyU© jUm| H$s dmUr h¡&''
`h n[a^mfm AñnîQ> h¡, Š`m|{H$ n[anyU© jU {H$go H$hm Om`? àË`oH$ ì`pŠV H$m H$moB© Z H$moB©
n[anyU© jU hmoJm, AV: CgH$s ^r dmUr H${dVm H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡& V~ Vmo àË`oH$ ì`pŠV H$mo H${d
H$hZm Mm{hE& AV: `h cjU gd©_mÝ` Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&
1.3.1.3 A§J«oOr H$mì`-cjU -
nmíMmË` AmMm`m] Zo H$mì` Ho$ {cE H$ënZm, ~wX²{Y, ^md Am¡a e¡cr VËd H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo
ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ H$mì` `m gm{hË` Ho$ cjU {ZYm©[aV {H$`o h¢& à_wI A§J«oOr (nmíMmË`) H$mì`cjU
{ZåZ àH$ma h¢-
1. EZgmBŠcmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

"Poetry is art work of the poet."

AWm©V, H${d H$m H$m`©, H$cm, H$mì` h¡&

`h cjU AñnîQ> h¡& nhco H${d H$mo g_Pm Om`, V~ CgHo$ H$m`© H$mo H$mì` H$hm Om`& H${d
Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H${dVm H$s n[a^mfm C{MV Am¡a ñnîQ> Zht&
2. S´>mBS>Z (Dryden)

"Poetry is articulate music."

AWm©V, H${dVm gwñnîQ> g§JrV h¡&

`h n[a^mfm gd©Ì gË` Zht& g§JrV H${dVm H$m EH$ nj h¡, na§Vw g§JrV VËd H$mì` H$m
A{Zdm`© A§J Zht& g§JrV Ho$dc gwZZo H$s dñVw h¡, na H${dVm AÜ``Z, nR>Z Am¡a _ZZ go ^r
AmZ§X XoVr h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV g^r H${dVmAm| _| g§JrV Zht ahVm& Bg cjU Ho$ ñdrH$ma H$aZo
na CÝh| H$mì` Ho$ joÌ go ~{hîH¥$V H$aZm hmoJm& AV: `h cjU Cn`wŠV Zht&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
11
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
3. H$m°c[aO (Coleridge)

"Poetry is the best words in their best order."

AWm©V, ""gdm}Îm_ eãX AnZo gdm}Îm_ H«$_ _| H${dVm hmoVr h¡&''

Bg n[a^mfm _| Hw$N> eãX ì`m»`mgmnoj h¢& gdm}Îm_ eãX H$m¡Zgo h¢ Am¡a CZH$m gdm}Îm_ H«$_
H$m¡Zgm h¡? ñdJ©, gmoZm, nwîn, gm¢X`©, A_¥V Am{X eãX CÎm_ hmoZo Mm{hE& Eogr Xem _| _¥Ë`w,
H$sMS>, ZaH$ Am{X eãX ~wao hm|Jo Am¡a H$mì` Ho$ joÌ go CÝh| {ZH$c OmZm n‹S>oJm& na, BZ eãXm|
Am¡a BZHo$ n`m©`m| H$m CÎm_ H$mì` _| Iy~ ì`dhma hmoVm h¡& AV: `h n[a^mfm Cn`wŠV Zht h¡& Xÿgar
~mV eãXm| Ho$ H«$_ H$s& eãXm| H$m H$^r EH$ H«$_ Am¡a H$^r Xÿgam H«$_ H$mì` H$s n§pŠV`m± ~Z OmVm
h¡& Bg{cE `h cjU AñnîQ> Am¡a ^«m_H$ h¡&
4. dS²>©gdW© (Wordsworth)

A§J«oOr Ho$ à{gX²Y H${d dS>©gdW© H$m {dMma h¡ {H$, "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow
of powerful feelings, it takes its origin from emotions recollected in tranquillity."
AWm©V, ""H${dVm à~c AZw^y{V`m| H$m ghO CÐoH$ h¡, {OgH$m ómoV em§{V Ho$ g_` _| ñ_¥V
_ZmodoJm| go \y$Q>Vm h¡&''
dS²>©gdW© H$s n[a^mfm VÏ`nyU© h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h ^mdmZw^y{V Am¡a A{^ì`pŠV H$s à{H«$`m H$mo ñnîQ>
H$aVr h¡& Bg cjU _| ^r Amn{Îm CR>mB© Om gH$Vr h¡& em§{V Ho$ g_` _| g^r AnZo _ZmodoJm| H$m
ñ_aU H$aVo h¢ Am¡a AnZo à~c ^mdm| H$mo àH$Q> ^r H$aVo h¢, Š`m dh g~ H$mì` hmo OmVm h¡?
`hm± na A{^ì`pŠV- H$cm Am¡a CgHo$ à^md H$m CëcoI Zht h¡& h_ AnZo gwI-Xþ:InyU© jUm| H$m
ñ_aU H$a h±gVo Am¡a amoVo h¢, na g^r H$m dh Cëcmg Am¡a {dcmn gX¡d H${dVm Zht ~Z OmVm&
H${dVm Ho$ {cE Cg ghO A{^ì`pŠV _| gm¢X`©, g§`_ Am¡a à^md H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& na§Vw Bg_|
g§Xoh Zht {H$ à{V^m Am¡a A{^ì`pŠV H$m¡ec go `wŠV H${d`m| H$s H$mì`m{^ì`pŠV H$s à{H«$`m `hm±
na Adí` ñnîQ> hþB© h¡&
5. eocr (Shelley)
"Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best
minds."

AWm©V, ""gd©gwIr Am¡a gdm}Îm_ _Zm| Ho$ gdm}Îm_ Am¡a gdm©{YH$ gwInyU© jUm| H$m coIm H${dVm
h¡&''
`hm± na `h gdmc CR>Vm h¡ {H$ g~go gwIr Am¡a g~go CÎm_ _Zm| H$mo naIZo H$s H$gm¡Q>r Š`m
h¡? Xÿgao CZHo$ gdm}Îm_ Am¡a g~go gwIr jU H$m¡Zgo h¢? CZH$m coIm gX¡d H${dVm hmoJr, `h g§{X½Y
h¡& gwInyU© jUm| go A{YH$, H$mì` Ho$ ~rO Vmo {dfmXnyU© jUm| _| CJVo h¢, O¡go {H$ ñd`§ eocr

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
12
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$m hr {dMma h¡ {H$ h_mao g~go _Ywa JmZ do h¢ {OZ_| {dfmXnyU© ^md ì`ŠV {H$`o OmVo h¢& AV:
`h n[a^mfm ^mdwH$VmnyU© hr h¡& H$mì` H$mo coIm H$hZm C{MV Zht, Š`m|{H$ Bggo H$ënZm Am¡a
^mdZm H$s nyU© A{^ì`pŠV hmoVr h¡, VQ>ñW coIm Zht&
6. _°Ï`y AmaZm°ëS> (Mathew Arnold)

"Poetry is at bottom, a criticism of life."

AWm©V, ""H${dVm AnZo _yc ê$n _| OrdZ H$s AmcmoMZm h¡&''

Bg cjU _| CÎm_ H$mì` H$s {deofVm ñnîQ> hþB© h¡& na§Vw, `h H$moB© {d{eîQ> cjU Zht _mZm
Om gH$Vm& OrdZ H$s g_rjm gm{hË` Ho$ AÝ` ê$nm§| _| ^r hmo gH$Vr h¡, Ho$dc H${dVm _| hr Zht,
AV: `h AmaZm°ëS> Ho$ {ZOr H$mì`mXe© H$m g§Ho$V H$aZodmcr CpŠV h¡, H${dVm H$s n[a^mfm Zht&
7. S>m°ŠQ>a Om°ZgZ (Dr. Johnson)
"Poetry is the art of uniting pleasure with truth by calling imagination to the help
of reason."

AWm©V, ""H${dVm dh H$cm h¡, Omo H$ënZm H$s ghm`Vm go `wpŠV Ho$ X²dmam gË` H$mo AmZ§X
go g_pÝdV H$aVr h¡&
Bg n[a^mfm _| S>m°ŠQ>a Om°ZgZ Zo H$mì` H$m àYmZ ñdê$n ñnîQ> {H$`m h¡& gË` Ho$ àH$meZ _|
AmZ§X H$m g_mdoe, a_Ur`Vm Am¡a amoMH$Vm Ho$ JwU H$m g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ Am¡a H$ënZm H$m Vmo Bg
àH$ma Ho$ H$m`© _| à_wI hmW ahVm hr h¡& `wpŠVg§JV hmoZm, gË` Ho$ ñdê$n H$m AmYma h¡&
dmñV{dH$Vm H$m Am^mg Am¡a {dídgZr`Vm, H${dVm Ho$ à^mdemcr hmoZo Ho$ {cE AË`§V Amdí`H$
h¡& Eogr Xem _| S>m°ŠQ>a Om°ZgZ H$s YmaUm AË`§V _hËdnyU© h¡; na§Vw Bg_| H${dVm Ho$ H$cmË_H$ nj
na A{YH$ Omoa h¡&
8. M¡å~g© H$moe (Chambers Dictionary)

"Poetry is the art of expressing in melodious words thoughts which are the
creations of imagination and feelings."

AWm©V, H$ënZm Am¡a AZw^y{V go CËnÝZ {dMmam| H$mo _Ywa eãXm| _| A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo H$s H$cm
H${dVm h¡& Bg n[a^mfm _| H$mì` Ho$ g_ñV VËdm| H$m CëcoI hþAm h¡& H$mì` Ho$ ^rVa A{^ì`§OZm
H$m¡ec ahVm hr h¡& gmW hr H$ënZm Am¡a AZw^y{V VWm {dMma VËd ^r H$mì` _| Amdí`H$ h¡&
Ho$dc Bg n[a^mfm _| EH$ Xmof h¡ Aì`mpßV H$m& H$mì` Ho$ {cE Amdí`H$ Zht {H$ dh gX¡d
g§JrV_` _Ywa eãXm| Ho$ ê$n _| hr hmo& H$mì` _| draVm, H«$moY, ^` Am{X Ho$ ^md ^r àH$Q> hmoVo
h¢& AV: S>m°. ^JraW {_l Zo Bg n[a^mfm H$mo {Zå_ eãXm| _| n[ad{V©V {H$`m h¡-
""H$mì`, H$ënZm Am¡a AZw^y{V go J¥hrV gË` H$s a_Ur` eãXm| _| A{^ì`pŠV h¡&''

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
13
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1.3.1.4 {ZîH$f© -
g§ñH¥$V, qhXr Am¡a A§J«oOr Ho$ H${d`m|, H$mì`em{ó`m| Ed§ AmMm`m] Ho$ H$mì`-cjUm| na {dMma
H$aZo Ho$ ~mX `h ~mV ñnîQ> hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ H$mì` H$s g^r {deofVmAm| go `wŠV n[anyU© H$mì`
cjU A~ VH$ V¡`ma Zht hþAm h¡& {\$a ^r g§ñH¥$V Am¡a A§J«oOr Ho$ {dX²dmZm| X²dmam àñVwV H$mì`-
cjU H$mì` H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aZo _| _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ Am¡a n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW Ho$ cjU {deof
_hËdnyU© h¢& nmíMmË` AmMm`m] _| ^r _°Ï`y Am°aZm°ëS> Am¡a dS>©gdW© H$m _V _hËdnyU© h¡& dS>©gdW©
H$m cjU A§J«oOr _| gd©loîR> h¡& qhXr Ho$ àmMrZ {dX²dmZ g§ñH¥$V AmMm`m] na VWm AmYw{ZH$ {dX²dmZ
nmíMmË` AmMm`m] na Adc§{~V h¢& AmO lmoVm, nmR>H$ Ed§ Xe©H$ H$mì` `m gm{hË` H$m ldU, nR>Z
Ed§ Xe©Z V~ H$aVo h¢, O~ CÝh| Cg_| ag `m AmZ§X {_cVm h¡& Bgr AmYma na h_ H$h gH$Vo
h¢ {H$, "ag_` Am¡a a_Ur` AW© go `wŠV à~c AZw^y{V`m| H$s ghO A{^ì`pŠV H${dVm h¡&'
1.3.2 H$mì` : hoVw (àoaUm/H$maU)
H$mì` `m gm{hË` Ho$ hoVw H$m grYm AW© h¡- H$mì`-{Z{_©{V Ho$ H$maU& BÝh| hr gm{hË` Ho$
"àoaUm ómoV' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& OrdZ H$s ^m±{V H$mì` H$s _yc^yV àoaUmAm| H$mo {ZpíMV H$a gH$Zm
H${R>Z h¡& {Og àH$ma OrdZ H$s _yc àoaUmAm| Ho$ {df` _| AË`§V àmMrZ H$mc go {dMma hmoVm Am
ahm h¡, Cgr àH$ma H$mì` H$s àoaUmAm| H$s {ddoMZm ^r Amdí`H$ hþB© h¡& Bg {df` _| EH$ _V H$s
g§^mdZm Zht hmo gH$Vr& Š`m|{H$ àoaUm H$s ÑpîQ> go ñd`§ H${d`m| Ho$ ÑpîQ>H$moU _| ~hþV A§Va h¡&
Hw$N> H${d gm¢X`m}nmgZm go H$mì`-H$_© _| àd¥Îm hmoVo h¢, Vmo Hw$N> àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`© Ho$ AZwn_ CnH$aUm|
go& {H$Ýht H$mo g§JrV H$s ñdachar `m {h_mÀN>m{XV e¡c-l¥§J Am¡a PaVo hþE PaZo H$mì` H$s àoaUm
àXmZ H$aVo h¢, Am¡a Hw$N> Eogo H${d ^r h¢ {OÝh| ñÌr Xe©Z Ho$ {~Zm H$mì` ñ\w$aU hmoVm hr Zht&
nmíMmË` H$cmH$mam| _| A{YH$m§e Eogo h¢ {OÝhm|Zo AnZr H$mì` àoaUm Ad¡Y ào_ VWm _{Xam go àmßV
H$s, Am¡a AnZr H$mì`-àd¥{Îm H$s ajm Ho$ {cE Hw$N> Zo Vmo {Zñg§H$moM ê$ngo BZ gmYZm| H$mo AnZm`m&
^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ _| BZ hoVwAm| H$m AË`§V d¡km{ZH$ {ddoMZ hþAm h¡& Hw$N> nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm|
VWm AmYw{ZH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| H$m _V ^r Bg ÑpîQ> go _hÎdnyU© h¡& ^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm|
Ho$ Hw$N> _hËdnyU© H$mì`-hoVw {ZåZ àH$ma h¢-
1.3.2.1 g§ñH¥$V-AmMm`m] Ho$ _V -
1. Am. ^m_h :
"H$mì`mc§H$ma' _| ^m_h Zo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ {H$ Jwê$ Ho$ CnXoe go O‹S> ~wX²{Y ^r emóm| H$m
AÜ``Z H$aZo _| g_W© hmo gH$Vm h¡, na H$mì` Vmo {H$gr à{V^memcr ì`pŠV _| `Xm-H$Xm hr ñ\w$[aV
hmoVm h¡& do `h ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ {H$ H$mì` aMZm Ho$ {cE ì`mH$aU, N>§X, H$moe, AW©, B{Vhmg,
cmoH$-ì`dhma, VH©$emñÌ VWm H$cmAm| H$m _ZZ H$aZm Mm{hE& CÝhm|Zo H$mì`-hoVw Ho$ VrZ gmYZ _mZo
h¢- à{V^m, ì`wËn{Îm Am¡a Aä`mg& na do à{V^m H$mo _hËdnyU© Am¡a A{Zdm`© VËd ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
14
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 2. Am. XÊS>r :
AnZo "H$mì`mXe©' _| H$mì` hoVw Ho$ ~mao _| Omo _V àH$Q> {H$`m h¡, CgH$m Ame` Bg àH$ma
h¡ {H$, nyd©dVu g§ñH$mam| Ho$ ê$n _| AX²^wV à{V^m Ho$ {dX²`_mZ Z ahZo na ^r `ËZ, gËg§J Am¡a
AÜ``Z go dmUr {ZíM` hr {H$gr-{H$gr na H¥$nm H$aVr h¡& XÊS>r Zo Xmo àH$ma H$s H$mì`-H$mo{Q>`m±
ñdrH$ma H$s¨-
(H$) CÎm_ : Bg_| à{V^m, à`ËZ Am¡a AÜ``Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm ñdrH$ma H$s h¡&
(I) gm_mÝ` : `h H$mì`à{V^m Ho$ A^md _| ^r AÜ``Z, gËg§J Am¡a à`ËZ X²dmam {Z{_©{V
H$a gH$Vm h¡&
3. AmMm`© dm_Z :
AnZo "H$mì`mc§H$ma gyÌ'_| H$mì` hoVw na àH$me S>mcVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""H${dËd~rO§ à{V^mZ_²'' AWm©V, à{V^m hr H${dËd H$m H$maU h¡& à{V^m H$mo _w»` hoVw
ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ gmWhr CÝhm|Zo cmoH$-ì`dhma. emñÌ, eãXH$moe VWm EH$mJ«Vm `m AdYmZ H$m ^r
CëcoI {H$`m h¡&
4. Am. O`Xod :
AmMm`© dm_Z Ho$ _V H$m g_W©Z H$aVo hþE BÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ {H$, kmZ Am¡a Aä`mg à{V^m-ê$n
~rO H$mo A§Hw$[aV H$aZo Ho$ {cE {_Å>r Am¡a Oc Ho$ Vwë` h¢& AV: à_wI H$maU à{V^m h¡&
5. Am. éÐQ> :
H$mì`-hoVw Ho$ ê$n _| à{V^m, ì`wËn{Îm VWm Aä`mg VrZm| H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
à{V^m Ho$ ñWmZ na do "epŠV' H$mo H$mì` H$m àYmZ hoVw _mZVo h¢& EH$mJ«{MÎm hmoZo na AWm]
H$m AZoH$ àH$ma go {dñ\w$aU hmoVm h¡ VWm H$_Zr` nX ñd`§ H${d Ho$ gm_Zo à{V^m{gV hmoVo h¢& {Og
nXmW© Ho$ X²dmam `h Anyd© KQ>Zm K{Q>V hmoVr h¡ Cgr H$m Zm_ epŠV h¡&
6. Am. AmZ§XdY©Z :
à{V^m H$mo hr à_wI hoVw ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& BZH$s ÑpîQ> go à{V^m a{hV H${d AZoH$ Xmofm| H$m
CÎmaXm`r hmoVm h¡&
7. Am. amOeoIa :
"epŠV' H$mo à_wI H$mì` hoVw _mZm h¡& g_m{Y VWm Aä`mg H$mo CgH$m ghm`H$ _mZVo h¢&
amOeoIa Zo à{V^m H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡- H$ma{`Ìr Am¡a ^md{`Ìr& H${d H$mo
H$mì`H$_© _| CnH$ma H$aZodmcr à{V^m H$ma{`Ìr Am¡a H$mì`mñdmX coZo VWm CgHo$ JwU-Xmofm| H$mo

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
15
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
g_PZo H$s epŠV ^md{`Ìr à{V^m&
8. Am. _å_Q> :
H$mì` hoVw Ho$ ê$n _| epŠV, {ZnwUVm Am¡a Aä`mg H$m gpå_{cV ê$n ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& epŠV
H$mo à{V^m H$m Xÿgam ê$n H$hm h¡& H$mì`, emñÌ VWm AÝ` {dYmAm| Ho$ AZwercZ go CËnÝZ MmVwar
H$mo "{ZnwUVm' H$hm h¡& Am¡a gX²Jwê$ H$s {ejm go H$mì` H$m AÜ``Z Aä`mg h¡&
Am. _å_Q> H$m `h _V g_rjH$m| H$mo _§Oya Zht& Š`m|{H$ H$mì`-{Z{_©{V Ho$ {cE VrZm| H$m
gpå_{cV ê$n Amdí`H$ hmoVm, Vmo Am{X H${d dmë_r{H$ Ho$ _w±h go {~Zm Aä`mg Am¡a {ZnwUVm Ho$
H$m__mo{hV H«$m¢M Ho$ OmoS>o H$mo XoIH$a ícmoH$ {Z:g¥V hr Z hmoVm Omo "am_m`U' H$m àoaUm ómoV ~Zm&
H$mì` hoVwAm| H$m ^mdmW© :
à{V^m : à{V^m H$m AW© ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE ^Å>Vm¡V Zo {cIm h¡, ""àkm ZdZdmoÝ_ofem{cZr à{V^m
_Vm&'' AWm©V, Z`o-Z`o {dMmam| H$m CÝ_ycZ H$aZodmcr epŠV (àkm) hr à{V^m h¡& éÐQ> Ho$ AZwgma
pñWa {MÎm _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ`mWm] H$m ñ\w$aU H$aZodmcm JwU hr à{V^m h¡& Hw§$VH$ Zo Bgo nyd©
OÝ_ H$m g§ñH$ma H$hm h¡, Vmo _{h_^Å> Zo H${d H$m V¥Vr` ZoÌ _mZm h¡&
ì`wËn{Îm `m {ZnwUVm : Am. éÐQ> Zo ì`wËn{Îm H$m AW© ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡, ""N>§X, ì`mH$aU,
H$cm, cmoH$ H$s pñW{V, nX VWm nXmWm] Ho$ {d{eîQ> kmZ go C{MVmZw{MV {ddoH$nyU© kmZ H$s àmpßV
hr ì`wËn{Îm h¡&'' Am. _å_Q> Zo Bgo {ZnwUVm H$hm h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma cmoH$ Am¡a emñÌ Ho$ AÜ``Z
Am¡a AZwercZ go Omo MVwaVm àmßV hmoVr h¡, dhr "{ZnwUVm' h¡&
Aä`mg : {H$gr H$m`© H$mo öX`§J_ H$aZo VWm Cg_| àdrUVm hm{gc H$aZo Ho$ {cE {H$`m
OmZodmcm {Za§Va à`mg hr Aä`mg h¡&
g_m{Y AWdm AdYmZ : pñWa {MÎm go {H$gr H$m`© H$mo g§nÝZ H$aZm `m _Z Ho$ EH$mJ«Vm H$s
pñW{V hr g_m{Y h¡&
1.3.2.2 nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| Ho$ _V -
1. H$moc[aO (Coleridge)

Esemplastic Power (Bgo_²ßcmpñQ>H$ nmda) `m "_yV©{dYm{`Zr epŠV' H$mo H$mì` hoVw Ho$ ê$n
_| ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& ßcmpñQ>H$ nmda H$m AW© h¡- AZJQ> dñVwAm| H$mo gwJ‹T> ~ZmZo H$s H$cm AWdm
A_yV© nXmWm] H$mo _yV© ê$n XoZo H$s epŠV& B©ída _| Bg {d{MÌ epŠV H$s gÎmm H$moc[aO ñdrH$ma H$aVo
h¢& H${d ^r àOmn{V Ho$ g_mZ g¥îQ>m h¡& B©ídar` g¥pîQ> Ho$ g_mZ hr H${dg¥pîQ> A_yV© nXmWm] H$mo _yV©
ê$n àXmZ H$aVr h¡& BgHo$ {cE H${d Ho$ nmg àYmZ gmYZ à{V^m h¡& Bgr{cE H$moc[aO Zo AZoH$
ñWcm| na H${d à{V^m H$s VwcZm g¥pîQ> Ho$ B©ídar` H$m`© go H$s h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
16
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 2. eocr (Shelley)

BÝhm|Zo Imagination (B_°{OZoeZ) AWm©V à{V^m H$mo hr H$mì` hoVw _mZm h¡& à{V^m H$mo hr
CÝhm|Zo "{dYm{`H$s epŠV' H$hm h¡, {OgHo$ ~c na H${d gwX§a gm{hË` H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡&
3. ßcoQ>mo :
ßcoQ>mo Zo H${d Ho$ {cE ñ\y${V©, àoaUm `m à{V^m H$s {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm ~VmB© h¡& ßcoQ>mo H$m
H$hZm h¡ {H$ "X¡dr nmJcnZ' Ho$ H$maU H${d gw§Xa JrVm| H$s aMZm H$aVo h¢& do H${dVm H$mo ~wX²{Y
ì`mnma H$s CnO Z _mZH$a à{V^m H$s àgy{V _mZVo h¢& ßcoQ>mo Ho$ AZwgma _Z H$s Xmo d¥{Îm`m| h¢-
~wX²{Y ì`mnma VWm ñ\y${V© ì`mnma& àW_ _| _Z {ZVm§V gOJ ahVm h¡¡ Am¡a Xÿgao _| gwßV Xem H$m
AZw^d H$aVm h¡& ~wX²{Y ì`mnma H$m M_ËH$ma h¡ emñÌ VWm ñ\y${V© ì`mnma H$m {dcmg H$mì` h¡&
4. AañVy (Aristotle)

AañVy Zo à{V^m Am¡a AÜ``Z Ho$ gmW "AZwH$aU H$s ghO àd¥{Îm' na {deof ~c {X`m h¡&
Bgo H$mì` H$s _yc àoaUm ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡ {H$, ""Omo àd¥{Îm ~mcH$ H$mo AnZo _mVm-{nVm
Ho$ ^mfm ì`dhma Am{X H$m AZwH$aU H$aZo H$mo ào[aV H$aVr h¡, dhr àd¥{Îm _mZd H$mo gm{hË` aMZm
Ho$ {cE ^r àoaUm àXmZ H$aVr h¡&''
1.3.2.3 _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ _V -
1. \«$m`S> :
BÝhmoZo "AV¥ßV H$m_dmgZmAm| Ho$ X_Z H$s ñdñW àd¥{Îm' H$mo H$mì` hoVw ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& \«$m`S>
H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$, H$m_dmgZm Ho$ àH$meZ H$m X_Z {H$`m OmVm h¡, V~ _mZd OrdZ H$s à^mdemcr
KQ>ZmAm| H$m Am{dîH$ma hmoVm h¡& H$m_dmgZm Ho$ {ZamoY _| VWm CXmÎmrH$aU _| hr H$cm H$s
A{^ì`pŠV hmoVr h¡& \«$m`S> Ho$ AZwgma h_mao öX` H$s X~r hþB© dmgZmE± AnZo {dH$mg H$m _mJ©
ImoOVr hþB© H$mì`, H$cm Ed§ ñdßZ Am{X H$s g¥pîQ> H$aVr h¢& H$cm Am¡a H$mì` Ho$ _yc _|
gm¢X`m}nmgZm Ho$ ^md H$s {dX²`_mZVm ^r BgH$m g_W©Z H$aVr h¡& gm_m{OH$ {Z`_m| Ho$ H$maU _mZd
AnZr AV¥ßV H$m_oÀN>m H$mo ì`ŠV Zht H$a nmVm& V~ dh A§V_©Z _| X~r ahVr h¡& H$mì` Eogr
AV¥ßV BÀN>mAm| H$s ~mh²`m{^ì`pŠV H$m EH$ H$cmË_H$ _mJ© h¡&
2. ES>ca :
ES>ca Zo "hrZVm Ho$ ^md' H$mo H$mì` hoVw ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& àË`oH$ _Zwî` _| H$moB© Z H$moB©
ì`mnH$ Xmof hmoVm h¡, Omo Cgo g_mO _| hrZ ~Zm XoVm h¡& Bg hrZVm H$s J«§Wr go CgH$m _Z BVZm
CcPm ahVm h¡ {H$ dh gVV Cgo X~mH$a `m CgHo$ D$na AmdaU S>mcH$a Cg Xmof Ho$ {déX²Y loîR>
H$m`© X²dmam AnZo ì`pŠVËd H$mo CÁdc ~ZmZm MmhVm h¡& H${d CËH¥$îQ> H$mì` H$s {Z{_©{V H$aHo$ AnZo
hrZ VWm AYyao ì`pŠVËd H$s j{Vny{V© H$aVm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
17
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 3. `w§J :
`w§J Zo "OrdZoÀN>m' H$mo H$mì` hoVw ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& BÝhm|Zo _Zmo{dkmZ H$s ÑpîQ> go _Zwî`m| H$mo
Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^ŠV {H$`m h¡- ~{h_w©I Am¡a A§V_w©I& ~{h_w©I d¥{Îmdmco cmoJm| H$s ÑpîQ> g§gma Ho$
^moJ{dcmg H$s Amoa cJr ahVr h¡& OJV _| à{VîR>m VWm `e nmZm, gm{W`m| H$s ÑpîQ> go _hËdnyU©
~ZZm BZH$m gmÜ` hmoVm h¡& A§V_w©I ì`pŠV AnZr ÑpîQ> h_oem ~mhar {df`m| go hQ>mH$a ^rVa H$s
Amoa co OmVm h¡& Am¡a _mZ{gH$ em§{V H$s ImoO _| ahVm h¢& BZH$m AMoVZ _Z MoVZ _Z Ho$ {dnarV
hmoVm h¡& MoVZ _Z AJa Xþ:Ir, CXmg {XImB© XoVm h¡, Vmo AMoVZ _Z em§V VWm AmZ§{XV hmoVm h¡&
Bg pñW{V H$mo `w§J Zo Zm_ {X`m h¡- Mental compensation AWm©V, _mZ{gH$ g_rH$aU& _mZd
OrdZ H$mo nyU©Vm H$s Amoa co OmZm h_mam A§{V_ cú` h¡& AV: Bgr OrdZoÀN>m H$s àoaUm CËH¥$îQ>
H$mì` H$m g¥OZ H$aZo Ho$ {cE àd¥Îm H$aVr h¡&
1.3.2.4 {ZîH$f©
g§ñH¥$V VWm A§J«oOr ^mfm Ho$ {dX²dmZm| Zo "à{V^m' H$mo hr à_wI H$mì` hoVw Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma
{H$`m h¡& ì`wËn{Îm Am¡a Aä`mg Ho$ gh`moJ go à{V^m _| {ZIma Am OmVm h¡& ì`wËn{Îm H$mo hr Hw$N>
AmMm`m] Zo {ZnwUVm VWm "emñÌkmZ' H$hm h¡& g_m{Y Ed§ EH$mJ«Vm H$s pñW{V ^r H$mì` H$maU Ho$
ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$s h¡& AañVy Zo "AZwH$aU H$s ghO àd¥{Îm' H$mo H$mì` hoVw ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ _V ^r Bg ÑpîQ> go _hÎdnyU© h¢, H$m_dmgZm, hrZVm ^md VWm OrdZoÀN>m
H$mo CÝhm|Zo H$mì` àoaUm ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË` _Vm| H$s VwcZm H$ao Vmo ^maVr` {dX²dmZm| Zo H$mì` hoVwAm| na {dñVma go
{dMma {H$`m h¡& A~ VH$ H$mì` H$maUm| na BVZm {dñV¥V {ddoMZ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r AÝ` ~hþV-
gr àoaUmE± ~Mr ah OmVr h¢& à{V^m _w»` àoaUm ^co hr hmo, co{H$Z Cgo OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ {cE
AÝ`m`, AmË_m{^ì`pŠV. AV¥ßV H$m_ ^mdZmE±, AMoVZ _Z H$s J«§{W`m± O¡go AZoH$ H$maU hmo gH$Vo
h¢& AmYw{ZH$ ZmardmXr gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z go BgH$m nVm McVm h¡& _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| X²dmam Am¡a A{YH$
H$m`© H$s Bg joÌ _| Anojm h¡&
1.3.3 H$mì` à`moOZ
_mZd OrdZ H$m g§nyU© H$m`© ì`mnma gmoX²Xoí` hmoVm h¡& _mZd H$s àË`oH$ H¥${V àoaUm H$m n[aUm_
VWm {H$gr à`moOZ H$m daXmZ hþAm H$aVr h¡& H$mì` CgH$s gd©loîR> H¥${V h¡& H$mì` H$mo "~«÷mZ§X
ghmoXa' H$hm J`m h¡& AV: BgH$s gO©Zm Ho$ _yc _| Hw$N> à`moOZm| H$m hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡& {H$gr
aMZm H$s àoaUm Mmho Hw$N> ^r hmo qH$Vw CgH$s gO©Zm H$m à`moOZ àm`: ì`ŠV Am¡a ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡&
à`moOZ H$mo hr gm{hË` H$m "CX²Xoí`' `m "à{VnmX²`' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& ^maVr` (g§ñH¥$V-qhXr) Am¡a
nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| Zo gm{hË` Ho$ à`moOZm| na {dñVma go {dMma {H$`m h¡& `hm± _hËdnyU© à`moOZm| H$m
n[aM` àñVwV {H$`m Om ahm h¡-

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
18
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1.3.3.1 g§ñH¥$V-AmMm`m] X²dmam d{U©V H$mì`-à`moOZ -
1. AmMm`© ^aV_w{Z :
Am. ^aV_w{Z Zo AnZo "ZmQ²>`emñÌ' _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ N>: à`moOZm| H$m CëcoI h¡, Omo H$mì` na ^r
cmJy hmoVo h¢&
""Yå`© `eñ`_m`wî`§ {hV§ ~wX²{Y{ddY©Z_²&
cmoH$monXoeOZZ§ ZmQ²>`_oVX² ^{dî`{V&&''
AWm©V `h ZmQ²>` Y_©, `e, Am`w, {hV Am¡a ~wX²{Y H$s d¥X²{Y H$aZodmcm VWm cmoH$monXoe H$m
OZH$ hmoJm&
BZ N>h à`moOZm| _| go VrZ-Y_©d¥X²{Y, Am`w VWm ~wX²{Y H$m {dH$mg àojH$ `m nmR>H$ H$mo cú`
H$aHo$ {cI| JE h¢, `e H$m g§~§Y H${d go h¡ VWm {hVgmYZ Am¡a cmoH$monXoe H$m g_mO go&
2. AmMm`© ^m_h :
^m_hZo "H$mì`mc§H$ma' _| H$mì` Ho$ gmV à`moOZ ~VmE JE h¢& ^m_h Zo {cIm h¡-
""Y_m©W©H$m__mojofw d¡MjÊ`§ H$cmgw M&
H$amo{V H$s{V©, àr{V M gmYwH$mì`{ZfodU_²&&''
AWm©V, gV²H$mì` H$m AÜ``Z Y_©, AW©, H$m_ Am¡a _moj H$s àmpßV, H$cmAm| _| {ZnwUVm,
H$s{V© Am¡a àr{V àXmZ H$aVm h¡&
^m_Z Zo nhcr ~ma MVwd©J© \$càmpßV H$mo H$mì`à`moOZm| _| ñWmZ àXmZ {H$`m, {Ogo AmJo
McH$a àm`: g^r AmMm`m] Zo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
3. Am. dm_Z :
BÝhm|Zo H$mì` Ho$ Xmo hr à`moOZ ~VmE h¢- H$s{V© Am¡a àr{V& dm_Z H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ H$mì`
aMZmH$ma H$mo `e (H$s{V©) XoVm h¡ Am¡a nmR>H$ H$mo AmZ§X (àr{V)&
4. Am. _å_Q> :
BÝhm|Zo AnZo J«§W "H$mì`àH$me' _| àm`: g^r nyd©dVu _mÝ`VmAm| H$m A§V^m©d H$aHo$ AnZo
à`moOZm| H$mo àñVwV {H$`m h¡& _å_Q> H$s H$mì` à`moOZ {df`H$ YmaUm gdm}Îm_ Am¡a n[anyU© _mZr
OmVr h¡& _å_Q> Ho$ H$mì` à`moOZ Bg àH$ma h¢-
""H$mì`§ `ego AW©H¥$Vo ì`dhma{dXo {edoVajV`o&
gX²` n[a{Zd¥©Îm`o H$m§Vmgpå_VV`monXoe`wOo&&''

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
19
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 AWm©V, H$mì` `eàmpßV, ì`dhma kmZ, A_§Jc Zme, VËH$mc cmoH$moÎma AmZ§X H$s àmpßV Am¡a
H$m§Vm Ho$ g_mZ _Ywa CnXoe Ho$ {cE hmoVm h¡& BZ H$mì` à`moOZm| na h_ g§jon _| {dMma H$a|Jo&
A) `eàmpßV :
`e `m H$s{V© àmßV H$aZo H$s BÀN>m àË`oH$ _mZd Ho$ _Z _| hmoVr h¡& A§J«oOr H${d {_ëQ>Z Zo
`e H$mo _mZd H$s A§{V_ Am¡a CXmÎm_ H$m_Zm H$hH$a Bgr _Zmod¡km{ZH$ VÏ` H$m {ZXe©Z {H$`m h¡&
éÐQ> Zo {cIm h¡- ""_hmH${d gag H$mì` H$s aMZm H$aVm hþAm, AnZo VWm Zm`H$ Ho$ àË`j `wJm§V
VH$ ahZodmco OJX²ì`mnr `e H$m {dMma H$aVm h¡&''
`e à`moOZ Ho$ Xmo nj h¢& EH$ ñd.nj Am¡a Xÿgam na nj& H$mì` aMZm H$aHo$ H$^r Vmo H${d
AnZo `e H$m {dñVma H$aVm h¡; O¡go, H$m{cXmg, ^d^y{V Am{X H$mì`m| go {H$`m Am¡a H$^r dh
H$mì` aMH$a Xÿgam| H$m H$s{V©-{dñVma H$aVm h¡; O¡go ~mU Zo hf© Am{X AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$m
`eJmZ {H$`m& na-nj H$mo coH$a g¡H$S>m| H${d`m| Zo A~ VH$ H$mì` g¥pîQ> H$s h¡&
~) AW©àmpßV :
H$mì` aMZm H$m EH$ CX²Xoí` AW©àm{ßV ^r ~Vm`m J`m h¡& cJ^J g^r g§ñH¥$V AmMm`m] Zo Bg
à`moOZ H$mo _hËdnyU© H$mì` à`moOZ ~Vm`m h¡& H$hVo h¢ ~mU Zo AW© Ho$ {cE, hf© Ho$ Zm_ go,
"aËZmdcr', "{à` X{e©H$m' Am¡a "ZmJmZ§X' H$s aMZm H$s Wr& qhXr _| {~hmar Ho$ ~mao _| `h à{gX²Y
h¡ {H$ CÝho amOm O`qgh Zo EH$-EH$ Xmoho Ho$ {cE EH$-EH$ Ae\$s© {X Wr& Xa~mar H${d`m| H$m
gm{hË` Bgr à`moOZ go ~Zm& A§J«oOr CnÝ`mgH$ma ñH$m°Q> Zo ^r F$U MwH$mZo Ho$ {cE CnÝ`mg {cI|&
CnÝ`mg g_«mQ> ào_M§X ^r Bgr CX²Xoí` go {\$ë_ B§S>ñQ´>r _| nhþ±Mo Wo, co{H$Z dhm± H$m _mhm¡c CÝh|
ng§X Zht Am`m& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| Vmo `h EH$ àYmZ à`moOZ h¡&
H$) ì`dhmakmZ :
_å_Q> Zo ì`dhmakmZ H$s {ejm H$mo ^r H$mì` H$m EH$ à`moOZ _mZm h¡& AÝ` g§ñH¥$V AmMm`m]
Zo ^r Bg à`moOZ H$m g_W©Z {H$`m h¡& Bg g§X^© _| Am. Hw§$VH$ Zo {cIm h¡- ""gV²H$mì` _| Am¡{MË`
go `wŠV ì`dhma MoîQ>m H$m {ZXe©Z àYmZ ahVm h¡&'' g§ñH¥$V _| Bgr à`moOZ H$s ÑpîQ> go ~hþV-gm
gm{hË` aMm J`m Wm& "n§MV§Ì', "{hVmonXoe' Am{X H$s aMZm H$m `hr à`moOZ Wm& ^JdmZ lrH¥$îU
Zo "JrVm' H$m g¥OZ YZwY©a AOw©Z H$mo ì`dhmakmZ H$amZo Ho$ {cE hr {H$`m& Am`© MmUŠ` Zo M§ÐJwßV
H$mo ì`dhma kmZ H$amZo Ho$ à`moOZ go hr "AW©emó' {cIm&
AnZo go N>moQ>o VWm ~S>m| Ho$ à{V C{MVmZw{MV ì`dhma H$m kmZ H$aZm hr gm{hË` H$m H$m`© h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mc _| Vmo gm{hË` H$m `h EH$ _w»` CX²Xoí` ~Z J`m h¡&
S>) {edoVajV`o/A_§Jc H$m {dZme :
gm{hË` `m H$mì` ^maV _| Ho$dc AmZ§X H$s dñVw H$^r Zht ahm& ~pëH$ cmoH${hV CgH$m àYmZ
cú` ahm h¡& A§V: {edoVajV`o `m A{ZîQ> {ZdmaU Ho$ {cE ^r gm{hË` {cIm OmVm ahm h¡& g§ñH¥$V
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
20
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
_| ~hþV-gm gm{hË` Bgr à`moOZ go {cIm J`m h¡& _`ya H${d H$mo AnZr ~oQ>r Ho$ emn go Vmo
n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW H$mo cd§Jr Zm_H$ `dZ-H$Ý`m go {ddmh H$aZo go Hw$îR>amoJ hþAm Wm& AV: Bg
A{ZîQ> Ho$ {ZdmaU hoVw XmoZm| Zo H«$_e: "gy`©eVH$' VWm "J§Jmchar' H$s aMZm H$s& _hmË_m VwcgrXmg
Zo ^r ~mhw H$s nr‹S>m go _wpŠV Ho$ {cE "hZw_mZ ~mhþH$' H$s aMZm H$s Wr&
qhXr ^pŠVH$mc _| H$~ra Zo Om{V-nm±{V H$s A_§Jc àWm H$m {damoY {H$`m& ar{VH$mc _| ^yfU
Zo _wJcm| Ho$ A{ZîQ> emgZ Ho$ X_Z Ho$ {cE aMZmE± {cIr& A§J«Or emgZ Ho$ AÝ`m` go _wpŠV Ho$
{cE H«$m§{VH$mar H$mì` H$m g¥OZ hþAm& X{cV gm{hË` VWm ZmardmXr gm{hË` Vmo A{ZîQ> àWmAm| Ho$
{ZdmaU H$m CÎm_ CXmhaU h¡&
B) gX²`: n[a{Zd¥Îm`o :
BgH$m AW© h¡ CÀMH$mo{Q> Ho$ AmZ§X H$s àmpßV& Bg à`moOZ H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ H$mì` Ho$
AmñdmXZ go ag-ê$n A{Zd©MZr` VWm cmoH$moÎma AmZ§X H$s àmpßV hmoVr h¡& Bgr dOh go H$mì` Ho$
g^r à`moOZm| _| Bgo _w»` VWm gdm}ËH¥$îQ> _mZm OmVm h¡& Bg AmZ§X H$mo "~h²_mZ§X ghmoXa' ^r H$hm
J`m h¡& BgH$s àmpßV hmoVo hr _mZd AnZo nr‹S>m Am¡a H$îQ>m| go ^ao OrdZ _| AmZ§X nmVm h¡ Am¡a
em§{VOÝ` AmZ§X H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡&
B©) H$m§Vmgpå_V CnXoe :
àmMrZ AmMm`m] Zo CnXoe H$mo ^r EH$ H$mì`-à`moOZ _mZm h¡& CnXoe H$s VrZ e¡{c`m± hmoVr
h¢- à^w gpå_V, gwöX` gpå_V Am¡a H$m§Vm gpå_V& H$mì` _| H$m§Vmgpå_V CnXoe g_m{hV ahVm h¡&
{Og àH$ma H$m§Vm (nËZr) _Ywa hmd-^mdm| go nwéf H$mo _w½Y H$aHo$ Cgo AnZr BÀN>mZwgma Zr{V-_mJ©
na co OmVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma H$mì` ^r _Ywa H$Wm Am¡a Üd{Z Ho$ ghmao _Zwî` H$mo CÀM AmXem} H$s
{ejm XoVm h¡& AWm©V H$m§Vm `m {à`m {Og àH$ma AnZo n{V go _Ywa dmUr go H${R>Z H$m`© ^r H$adm
coVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma gm{hË` H$s ì`§OZm epŠV X²dmam nmR>H$m| _| ghO n[adV©Z {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&
H${d {~hmar H$m {ZåZ Xmohm Bg à`moOZ H$m CÎm_ CXmhaU h¡, {OgZo amOm O`qgh na à^md
S>mcm Wm&
""Zqh namJ, Zqh _Ywa _Yw, Zqh {dH$mg B{h H$mc&
A{c, H$cr hr gm¢ q~Ü`mo, AmJo H$dZ hdmc&&''
_å_Q> Ho$ `eàmpßV, AW©àmpßV VWm {edoVajV`o à`moOZ H${d `m aMZmH$ma Ho$ {cE h¢ Am¡a
ì`dhmakmZ, gX²`: n[a{Zd¥Îm`o VWm H$m§Vmgpå_V CnXoe Am{X göX` nmR>H$ Ho$ {cE h¢&
1.3.3.2 qhXr-{dX²dmZm| X²dmam d{U©V H$mì`-à`moOZ -
qhXr Ho$ Hw$N> àmMrZ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo H$mì` à`moOZ àñVwV {H$E h¢& CZ_| go Hw$N>
_hËdnyU© Bg àH$ma h¡••
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
21
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
_hmH${d VwcgrXmg :
BÝhm|Zo AnZo à{gX²Y _hmH$mì` "am_M[aV _mZg' _| EH$ CpŠV X²dmam H$mì` H$m à`moOZ ñnîQ>
H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""H$sa{V ^{Z{V ^y{V ^c gmoB©&
gwag[a g_ g~ H$h± {hV hmoB©&&''
AWm©V H$s{V©, H${dVm Am¡a Eoíd`©-d¡^d dhr loîR> h¡ Omo J§Jm ZXr Ho$ g_mZ g~ H$m {hV H$aZo
dmcm hmo& ^mdmW© `h h¡ {H$ VwcgrXmgOr Zo J§Jm ZXr H$s n{dÌVm VWm CnH$mar ^mdZm go Omo‹S>H$a
cmoH$ _§Jc H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm hr H$mì` H$m à`moOZ {gX²Y {H$`m h¡&
Am. am_M§Ð ewŠc :
BÝhm|Zo H$mì`-à`moOZ na ~‹S>o {dñVma go {dMma {H$`m h¡& "öX` H$mo _wŠVmdñWm _| cmZm' H$mì`
H$m _w»` à`moOZ _mZVo Wo& Bgo ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡- ""H$mì` H$m cú` h¡ OJV² Am¡a OrdZ
Ho$ _m{_©H$ nj H$mo JmoMa ê$n _| cmH$a gm_Zo aIZm {Oggo _Zwî` AnZo ì`pŠVJV g§Hw${MV Koao go
AnZo öX` H$mo {ZH$mcH$a Cgo {dídì`m{nZr Am¡a {ÌH$mcX{e©Zr AZw^y{V _| crZ H$ao& Bgr cú` Ho$
^rVa OrdZ Ho$ D±$Mo go D±$Mo cú` Am OmVo h¡& Bgr cú` Ho$ gmYZ go _Zwî` H$m öX` O~ {díd-
öX` ^JdmZ Ho$ cmoH$ajH$ Am¡a cmoH$a§OH$ ê$ngo Om {_cVm h¡, V~ dh ^pŠV _| crZ hmo OmVm
h¡&''
_hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr :
BÝhm|Zo "kmZ H$m {dñVma Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ' H$mo hr H$mì`-à`moOZ ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
`o "_mZd-{hV' H$mo ^r H$mì`-à`moOZ _mZVo h¢& CÝhm|Zo {cIm h¡- ""_¢ gm{hË` H$mo _Zwî` H$s
ÑpîQ> go XoIZo H$m njnmVr hÿ±& Omo dm½Omc _Zwî` H$mo XþJ©{VhrZVm Am¡a na_wImno{jVm go ~Mm Z gHo$,
Omo CgH$s AmË_m H$mo VoOmo{XßV Z H$a gHo$, Omo CgHo$ öX` H$mo na-Xþ:IH$mVa Am¡a na-Xþ:I
g§doXZerc Z ~Zm gHo$, Cgo gm{hË` H$hZo _| _wPo g§H$moM hmoVm h¡&''
Z§XXþcmao dmOno`r :
dmOno`rOr "AmË_m{^ì`pŠV' H$mo H$mì` à`moOZ _mZVo h¢& CÝhm|Zo {cIm h¡- ""dh aMZm H$mì`
Zht, {Og_| dmñV{dH$ AZw^y{V H$m A^md hmo&''
S>m°. Jwcm~am` :
BÝhm|Zo "AmË_{hV' H$mo H$mì` à`moOZ _mZm h¡& à_wI à`moOZm| H$mo Bgr _| g_m{hV H$aVo hþE
{cIm h¡- ""^maVr` ÑpîQ> go AmË_m H$m AW© g§Hw${MV ì`pŠVËd _| Zht, {dñVma _| hr AmË_m H$s
nyU©Vm h¡& cmoH${hV ^r EH$mË_dmX H$s Ñ‹T> {ecm na I‹S>m hmo gH$Vm h¡& `e, AW©, `m¡Z g§~§Y,

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
22
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
cmoH${hV g^r AmË_ {hV Ho$ ZrMo Am¡a CZHo$ ê$n h¢&''
_wÝer ào_M§X :
ào_M§XOr Zo "{ddoH$ OmJ¥{V Am¡a AmË_m H$s CÁdcVm' H$mo H$mì` à`moOZ _mZm h¡& Bg g§X^©
_| CÝhm|Zo {cIm h¡- ""gm{hË` H$m CX²Xoí` h_mam _Zmoa§OZ H$aZm Zht h¡& `h H$m_ Vmo ^mQ>m|,
_Xm[a`m|, {dXÿfH$m| Am¡a _gIam| H$m h¡& gm{hË`H$ma H$m nX BZgo ~hþV C±Mm h¡& dh h_mao {ddoH$ H$mo
OmJ¥V H$aVm h¡, h_mar AmË_m H$mo VoOmoXrßV ~ZmVm h¡&''
1.3.3.3 nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| X²dmam d{U©V H$mì`-à`moOZ -
nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| Zo H$mì` `m gm{hË` Ho$ à`moOZm| H$s ñdV§Ì MMm© Zht H$s h¡& CÝhm|Zo c{cV
H$cmAm| Ho$ A§VJ©V H$mì`H$cm H$mo aIH$a Cgo erf©ñW H$cm _mZm h¡& H$cm Ho$ à`moOZ H$mo coH$a
nmíMmË` gm{hË` _| AZoH$ _VdmX àM{cV hþE h¢& {OZ_| go à_wI à`moOZm| na h_ `hm± {dMma
H$a|Jo&
1. H$cm H$cm Ho$ {cE (Art For Arts Sake)

H$mì` Am¡a H$cm Ho$ AË`{YH$ Z¡{VH$, Ym{_©H$, àMmadmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU Zo Bg dmX H$mo OÝ_ {X`m&
H$mì` CnXoeàYmZ hmo Am¡a OrdZ _| Cn`moJr ~mVm| H$mo hr A{^ì`ŠV H$ao `m Ym{_©H$ àMma H$m
gmYZ ~Zo, Bg YmaUm Ho$ {dê$X²Y Hw$N> ñdÀN>§X ào_ Am¡a l¥§Jma H$m {MÌU H$aZodmcr, Hw$N> Aícrc
H$hr OmZodmcr Am¡a H$R>moa Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ {dn[aV {dÐmoh OJmZodmcr H${dVm Ho$ g_W©Z Ho$ {cE, H$cm
H$cmHo$ {cE AWdm H${dVm Ho$ {cE h¡, Z¡{VH$Vm `m Ym{_©H$ CnXoe Ho$ {cE Zht Am¡a Cn`mo{JVm
H$s ñWyc H$gm¡Q>r na dh H$gr Zht OmZr Mm{hE, Bg ÑpîQ>H$moU H$m OÝ_ Am¡a àMma hþAm& Am°ñH$a
dmBëS> Am¡a CZHo$ gmWr VWm S>m°ŠQ>a ~«¡S>co Zo Bg _V H$m g_W©Z {H$`m& g¡X²Ym§{VH$ ÑpîQ> go XoIm
Om`, Vmo BgHo$ Xmo nj ñnîQ> hmoVo h¢, EH$ nj H${d `m H$cmH$ma H$m h¡ Am¡a Xÿgam g_mO, nmR>H$
`m lmoVm H$m&
H$cm H$cmHo$ {cE h¡ Bg _V H$s g¡X²Ym§{VH$ n¥îR>^y{_ `h h¡ {H$ H${d `m H$cmH$ma H${dVm
`m H$cmH¥${V H$s aMZm H$aVo g_`, H$moB© {ZpíMV àMmadmXr `m CnXoemË_H$ CX²Xoí` H$mo coH$a Zht
~¡R>Vm& CgH$s à{V^m Ho$ ñdÀN>§X àñ\w$Q>Z Ho$ {cE à`moOZ Am¡a CX²Xoí` H$m H$moB© ~§YZ Zht hmoZm
Mm{hE, AÝ`Wm CgH$m nyU© {dH$mg Z hmo gHo$Jm& H${d `m H$cmH$ma H$m à_wI CX²Xoí` H$mì` `m
H$cm H$s g¥pîQ> hr h¡& AV: CgH$s ÑpîQ> go H$cm H$cm Ho$ {cE hr h¡, Am¡a {H$gr à`moOZ Ho$ {cE
Zht& na§Vw Bg _V H$m Cn`moJ Hw$é{MnyU©, Aícrc, Xÿ{fV AWdm ~r^Ëg gm{hË` Ho$ g_W©Z Am¡a
àMma Ho$ {cE H$aZm AZw{MV h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh Vmo _ycV: H$cm `m H$mì` Ho$ ñd^md Ho$ {déX²Y h¡&
Cggo gm_y{hH$ `m CËH¥$îQ> AmZ§X àmßV Zht hmo gH$Vm&
H${d `m H$cmH$ma H$s ÑpîQ> go H$cm H$cm Ho$ {cE h¡, `h _V _mZVo hþE ^r nmR>H$ `m lmoVm
H$s ÑpîQ> go Xÿgao à`moOZ ñdV: Am OmVo h¡& O~ H$moB© aMZm H$m nmR> H$aVm h¡ `m H$cm H¥${V H$m
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
23
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AdcmoH$Z H$aVm h¡, Vmo Cgo AmZ§X àmßV hmoVm h¡& hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Cggo Cgo OrdZ _| H$moB© àoaUm
^r àmßV hmo, H$moB© {ejm {_co AWdm WmoS>r Xoa Ho$ {cE dh qMVmJ«ñV n[apñW{V`m|_| go {ZH$cH$a
H$cmH$ma Ho$ H$mën{ZH$ g§gma _| {dMaU H$aZo cJo& Eogr Xem _| {Ogo H$cmH$ma Zo Ho$dc H$cm Ho$
ÑpîQ>H$moU go aMm h¡, dhr nmR>H$ Ho$ {cE AZoH$ à`moOZm| go `wŠV hmo OmVr h¡& AV: Cn`w©ŠV _V
AÝ` _Vm| H$m {damoYr Zht h¡&
2. H$cm OrdZ Ho$ {cE (Art For Life Sake)

H$mì` Am¡a H$cm OrdZ Ho$ {cE h¡, Bgo H$moB© ^r AñdrH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vm& OrdZ Ho$ {dH$mg
Am¡a CËH$f© Ho$ gmW H$cm H$m ñWmZ _hÎdnyU© hmoVm Om ahm h¡, CgH$s ì`mnH$Vm ~‹T>Vr Om ahr
h¡& `{X H$mì` Am¡a H$cmAm| H$mo OrdZ go {ZH$mc {X`m Om`, Vmo OrdZ H$m Omo ê$n hmoJm CgH$s
h_ H$ënZm ^r Zht H$a gH$Vo& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV H$mì` OrdZ H$mo àoaUm àXmZ H$aVm h¡, Cg_| EH$
gagVm Am¡a CËgmh H$m g§Mma H$aVm h¡& CXmgr Am¡a qMVm Ho$ jUm| _| _Z H$mo àgÝZ H$aZo H$s Cg_|
epŠV h¡& AmXe© Am¡a `WmW© OrdZ Ho$ XmoZm| njm| H$m {MÌU H$mì` H$aVm h¡& `WmW© Ho$ AmYma na
h_ AmXe© H$s Amoa AJ«oga hmoVo h¢& AV: Am{X go A§V VH$ H$mì` Am¡a H$cm _| OrdZ H$s Pm±H$s
ahVr h¡& OrdZ H$mo H$mì` EH$ {deof gw§Xa, ñdñW Am¡a CXmÎm ÑpîQ>H$moU go àñVwV H$aVm h¡& h_
EH$ gmW Wmo‹S>o hr g_` _| ì`mnH$ Am¡a gånyU© OrdZ H$m Xe©Z H$a kmZ, AmZ§X Am¡a {ejm àmßV
H$aVo h¢& AV: H$cm `{X OrdZ Ho$ {cE Zht, Vmo CgH$m Cn`moJ hr Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡? `h _V
^r H$cm `m H$mì` Ho$ gm_m{OH$ nj go g§~§Y aIVm h¡&
3. H$cm OrdZ go ncm`Z Ho$ {cE (Art as an escape from life)

`h _V ^r Cn`w©ŠV _V H$m hr EH$ A§J h¡& h_ AnZo {ZË`à{V Ho$ H$Qw> Am¡a EH$ag OrdZ
go D$~H$a, A{YH$ ì`mnH$, ~hþa§Jr Am¡a gw§Xa OrdZ H$m Xe©Z H$aZo Ho$ {cE H$mì` Am¡a H$cm H$m
Aml` J«hU H$aVo h¢& `WmW© OrdZ H$s H$Qw>Vm Am¡a A^mdm| Ho$ ~rM ahVo-ahVo O~ X_ KwQ>Zo cJVm
h¡, V~ h_ OrdZ Ho$ Cg ê$n _| àdoe H$aZm MmhVo h¢ {OgH$s H$Qw>Vm Am¡a A^md `m Vmo h_| J«ñV
Z H$ao AWdm Omo gw§Xa gwIX OrdZ H$s Pm±H$s àñVwV H$ao& A^md Am¡a H$Qw>VmnyU© _Ü``wJrZ OrdZ
Ho$ {cE Jmoñdm_r VwcgrXmg Ho$ X²dmam àñVwV am_ H$s OrdZH$Wm, Bgr àH$ma H$m ncm`Z h¡&
"hmcmdmXr' H$mì` H$m Vmo _w»` à`moOZ `hr h¡& `h _V H${d Am¡a nmR>H$ XmoZm| hr Ho$ {cE `WmW©
h¡&
4. H$cm OrdZ _| àdoe Ho$ {cE (Art as an escape in to life)

Bg _V Ho$ AZwgma H$mì` H$m CX²Xoí` OrdZ H$mo nrR> {XImH$a ^mJZm Zht, daZ² CgHo$ X²dmam
OrdZ Ho$ JhZ H$mVma _| àdoe H$a Cg_| gm¢X`© Ho$ Xe©Z H$amZm h¡& H${dda n§V Zo AnZr "`wJdmUr'
_| {cIm h¡-
""Bg YaVr Ho$ amo_-amo_ _| ^ar ghO gw§XaVm&
BgH$s aO _| Ny> àH$me ~Z _Ywa {dZ_« {~IaVm&&''
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
24
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 Bg _V H$m ÑpîQ>H$moU àd¥{ÎmnaH$ h¡& Bg_| H$cmH$ma OrdZ Ho$ gm¢X`© nj H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$a, h_|
Cg_| AZwapŠV àXmZ H$a CgHo$ à{V à`ËZerc ~ZmVm h¡&
5. H$cm _Zmoa§OZ AWdm AmZ§X Ho$ {cE (Art for Joy)

H$mì` Am¡a H$cm H$m à_wI Ü`o` _Zmoa§OZ Am¡a AmZ§X _mZm OmVm ahm h¡& H$mì` go _Zmoa§OZ
hmoVm h¡, CgHo$ _ZZ go AmZ§X {_cVm h¡, Bg_| g§Xoh Zht& BgH$s AmZ§XXm{`Zr epŠV Ho$ H$maU hr
H$mì` H$mo "~h²_mñdmX-ghmoXa'^r H$hm J`m h¡& H$mì` H$m AmZ§X cmoH$m{VV h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg_|
A§Vd¥©{Îm`m| H$s nyU© VÝ_`Vm ahVr h¡ Am¡a Bggo _mZ{gH$ àgÝZVm Am¡a AmpË_H$ {dH$mg ^r hmoVm
h¡& H$mì` AWdm H$cm Ho$ Bg CX²Xoí` Ho$ g§~§Y _| _V^oX Zht& Bgo g^r ñdrH$maVo h¢&
6. H$cm godm Ho$ {cE (Art For Services Sake)

H$mì`-H$cm go _mZdVm H$s godm H$aZm Am¡a gX²^mdZmAm| H$m àMma H$aZm, `h àMmadmXr Am¡a
Z¡{VH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU hr h¡& H$mì` AWdm H$cm go Vmo godm hmoVr hr h¡& {H$gr ~r_ma `m WHo$ hþE ì`pŠV
H$mo JrV gwZH$a gHw$Z {_cVm h¡ `m {H$gr {d_ZñH$ _mZd H$mo J«§W n‹T>H$a COm© àmßV hmoVr h¡, Vmo
`h H$mì` H$m godmnj hr h¡& na§Vw Ho$dc godm H$m CX²Xoí` coH$a ~¡R>Zo go H$cm H$s CËH¥$îQ>Vm _|
~mYm n‹S>oJr&
7. H$cm AmË_gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {cE -
H${dVm Am¡a H$cm _| H${d AmË_gmjmËH$ma H$aVm h¡, AnZr AZw^y{V`m| Am¡a AmH$m§jmAm| H$mo
nH$S>Vm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| A{^ì`pŠV àXmZ H$aVm h¡& {díd Am¡a OrdZ H$m Omo à{Vq~~ CgHo$ _mZg-
nQ>c na A§{H$V hþAm h¡ Cgo g_PZm Am¡a Cgr àH$ma {M{ÌV H$aZm H$cmH$ma H$m Ü`o` h¡& Bg AmË_
gmjmËH$ma H$s Xem _| CËH¥$îQ> H$cmH$ma cmoH$mË_m H$m ^r gmjmËH$ma H$aVm h¡& AV: O~ dh AnZo
AZw^d H$m àH$meZ H$aVm h¡, V~ ^r Cg_| cmoH$ AnZr {ZOr AZw^y{V`m| H$s A{^ì`pŠV nmVm h¡&
{H$gr-{H$gr AdñWm _| CgH$m AZw^d {dcjU hmoVm h¡, ZdrZ hmoVm h¡; Eogr Xem _| AmíM`©nyU©
AmZ§X H$s AZw^y{V H$cmH¥${V Ho$ nmR>H$ `m Xe©H$ H$mo hmoVr h¡& AV: AmË_ gmjmËH$ma H$s¨ à{H«$`m
à_wIV`m ^mdwH$ H$cmH$ma Am¡a JrVH$ma H$s {deofVm h¡&
8. H$cm EH$ g¥OZmË_H$ Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ {cE (Art as a creative Necessity)

H$mì` `m H$cm Ho$ g§~§Y _| VÏ`dmXr Am¡a Xme©{ZH$ _yc^yV ÑpîQ>H$moU `hr h¡& {Og àH$ma B©ída
H$s g¥pîQ> H$m Š`m à`moOZ h¡? `h ~VmZm H$R>rU h¡, na g¥pîQ> ~am~a McVr OmVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma
`h H$mì`-aMZm EH$ g¥OZmË_H$ Amdí`H$Vm h¡ {OgH$mo nyam {H$`o {~Zm gO©ZH$mar à{V^m go `wŠV
ì`pŠV ah Zhr gH$Vm& H$cm H$cm Ho$ {cE h¡, `h ÑpîQ>H$moU ^r Bgr n¥îR>^y{_ na AmYm[aV h¡&
H$mì` AWdm H$cm Ho$ AÝ` à`moOZ Bg à_wI à`moOZ Ho$ Cnam§V hr àH$Q> hmoVo h¢& `h Vmo EH$
ñd`§{gX²>Y à`moOZ h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
25
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1.3.3.4 {ZîH$f©
g§ñH¥$V-AmMm`m] X²dmam àñVwV H$mì`-à`moOZ {dñV¥V Am¡a gyú_ h¢& Am. _å_Q> H$m à`moOZ
H$mì` Ho$ g^r A§Jm| na àH$me S>mcVm h¡& nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| X²dmam H$cm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go àñVwV H$mì`
à`moOZ EH$m§Jr cJVo h¢, co{H$Z CZH$m g_pÝdV ê$n _hËdnyU© h¡& qhXr {dX²dmZm| X²dmam àñVwV Hw$N>
H$mì`-à`moOZ ^r _hÎdnyU© h¢, co{H$Z CZna g§ñH¥$V Am¡a nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| H$m à^md h¡&
g§jon _| H$mì` Ho$ {OZ à`moOZm| H$m CëcoI D$na {H$`m J`m h¡, do EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ nyaH$ h¢&
{damoYr Zht Am¡a {H$gr ^r H$mì`H¥${V _| do EH$ gmW XoIo OmVo h¢& Bg Vah ^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË`
AmMm`m] Zo gm{hË` AWdm H$mì` Ho$ Omo {d{dY à`moOZ ~VmE h¢, CZH$m g_pÝdV ê$n hr H$mì`
H¥${V _| XoIm OmVm h¡&
1.3.4 H$mì` Ho$ àH$ma
^maVr` ÑpîQ> go H$mì` H$m EH$ AW© gm{hË` (JX²`, nX²`, {_l, Ñí`) h¡, Vmo Xÿgam AW©
H${dVm& `hm± h_| nX²` `m H${dVm H$s ÑpîQ> go hr H$mì` Ho$ àH$mam| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm h¡& nX²` `m
H$mì` (H${dVm) Ho$ na§namJV ê$n go ~§Y Ho$ AmYma na à~§Y Am¡a _wŠVH$, Xmo ^oX _mZo OmVo h¢&
à~§Y Ho$ ^r _hmH$mì` Am¡a I§S>H$mì` Xmo ^oX h¢& _hmH$mì` Am¡a I§S>H$mì` H$m nX²` _o {deof _hËd
h¡& _wŠVH$ Ho$ ^r Xmo ^oX {H$`o OmVo h¢- (1) nmR>`_wŠVH$ Am¡a (2) Jo`_wŠVH$& Bg_| Jo_ _wŠVH$
`m Jr{VH$mì` H$m hr {deof _hÎd h¡&
H$mì` (nX²`)

à~§Y H$mì` _wŠVH$ H$mì`

_hmH$mì` I§S>H$mì` nmR>ç_wŠVH$ Jr{V_wŠVH$

A~ h_ H$mì` Ho$ ^oXm| Ed§ àH$mam| H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` XoI|Jo-
1.3.4.1 _hmH$mì`
_hmH$mì` eãX "_hV²' Am¡a "H$mì`' Xmo eãXm| go {_cH$a ~Zm h¡& BZ_| nhcm eãX {deofU
Am¡a Xÿgam {deoî` h¡& `hm± {deoî` H$m A{YH$ _hËd h¡& XmoZm| eãXm| H$m AW© hmoVm h¡- "~‹S>m
H$mì`', Š`m|{H$ "_hV²' go "{demc', "CËH¥$îQ>' H$m ^r ^md àH$Q> hmoVm h¡& Bgo `m| ^r H$hm Om
gH$Vm h¡ {H$ _hmH$mì` OrdZ Ho$ _hV² H$m {ddoMZ hmoVm h¡& _hmH$mì` _| OrdZ H$s g_J« ê$n _|
A{^ì`pŠV H$s OmVr h¡& H$Wm H$s XrK©Vm Ho$ gmW _hmH$mì` _| AmH$ma H$s {demcVm Am¡a ^mdm|
H$s ~hþcVm {dX²`_mZ ahVr h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
26
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
_hmH$mì` H$m ñdê$n :
_hmH$mì` Ho$ ñdê$n na ^maVr` AmMm`m] Zo {dñVma go {dMma {H$`m h¡& `hm± g§jon _| CZHo$
_mVm| H$mo XoI|Jo-
AmMm`© ^m_h :
g§ñH¥$V _| _hmH$mì` Ho$ ñdê$n na {dMma H$aZodmco gd©àW_ AmMm`© ^m_h Wo& CÝhm|Zo CgH$m
ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aZo Ho$ {cE {ZåZ{c{IV {deofVmE± _mZr h¢-
1. _hmH$mì` _| H$B© gJ© hmoZo Mm{hE&
2. Cg_| CXmÎm M[aÌdmco {H$gr _hmnwéf H$m Zm`H$ Ho$ ê$n _| dU©Z ahZm Mm{hE&
3. Cg_| {H$gr _hV² H$m`© H$m dU©Z hmoZm Mm{hE&
4. Cg_| pícîQ> Ed§ ZmJa à`moJ VWm Ac§H$mam| H$s `moOZm ahZr Mm{hE&
5. OrdZ H$s {d{dY ê$n Pm±H$s, àñVwV H$s OmZr Mm{hE&
6. Cg_| n§M g§{Y`m| Am{X H$s `moOZm ahZr Mm{hE&
7. H$WmZH$ H$m Cn`wŠV g§KQ>Z {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&
8. Cg_| gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_¥X²YVm hmoZr Mm{hE&
Am. éÐQ> :
BÝhm|Zo "H$mì`mc§H$ma' _| nyd©dVu AmMm`m] Ho$ _Vm| H$m ñdrH$ma H$a Hw$N> ZE VÏ` ^r {XE h¢-
1. Zm`H$ Ho$ JwUm| H$m {dñVma {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma Cgo {ÌdJ©-àmpßV (Y_©, AW©, H$m_)
_| g§c½Z, epŠV-Ì` go g§nÝZ (à^wËd epŠV, _§Ì-epŠV VWm CËgmh epŠV), g§nyU© amÁ` H$m
{d{YdV² nmcZH$Vm©, gd©JwU g§nÝZ, na{hV-{ZaV, Y_©nam`U hmoZm Mm{hE&
2. Cg_| à{VZm`H$ Am¡a CgHo$ d§em{X H$m ^r dU©Z ahVm h¡&
3. _hmH$mì` _| Hw$N> A{VàmH¥${VH$ VËd ^r ahVo h¢& Hw$N> Eogr KQ>ZmE± Am¡a {MÌ {Z`mo{OV {H$E
OmVo h¢ {OZgo _hmH$mì` _| {Xì`Vm H$m g§Mma hmoVm h¡&
4. àmH¥${VH$ n[adoe, JrV, Z¥Ë`, l¥§Jma-MMm© Am{X H$m dU©Z hmo&
5. _hmH$mì` _| _mZd OrdZ H$s Eogr KQ>ZmAm| H$m dU©Z Zht {H$`m OmVm Omo Añdm^m{dH$
àVrV hmo&
Am. XÊS>r :
CZHo$ "H$mì`mXe©' _| {XE JE cjU _| {ZåZ {deofVmE±, ZE VÏ` àñVwV {H$E h¢-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
27
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 1. àma§^ _| Amerd©MZ, ñVw{V `m H$WmdñVw H$m g§Ho$V hmoZm Mm{hE&
2. _hmH$mì` H$mo {d{dY d¥Îmm§Vm| go `wŠV cmoH$a§OH$ hmoZm Mm{hE&
3. Cg_| àñVwV H$mì`, `wJm| Am¡a H$mcm| VH$ A_a hmoZm Mm{hE&
{d{^ÝZ {dX²dmZm| X²dmam àñVwV {deofVmE± _hmH$mì` Ho$ CÀM Jm¡¡ad, CgHo$ gm_m{OH$ _yë` Am¡a
ì`mnH$ à^md H$mo ñnîQ> H$aZodmcr h¢& _hmH$mì` _| H$pënV d¥Îmm§V H$m {ZfoY h¡& X§S>r Zo Zm`H$ Ho$
M[aÌmoËH$f© Ho$ {cE Am¡a ^r Cnm` ~Vm`o h¢& Zm`H$ Ho$ JwUm| H$m nhco {Zê$nU H$aHo$ {\$a AË`mMmar
à{VZm`H$ Ho$ H$m`m] H$m {ZamH$aU H$aZm g~go ghO _mJ© h¡& _hmH$mì` _| eÌw Ho$ ^r CÀMd§e,
dr`©~c, {dX²`m Am{X H$s _hmZVm H$m dU©Z H$aZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ Bggo CgHo$ D$na {dO` àmßV
H$aZodmco Zm`H$ H$m CËH$f© hmo OmVm h¡&
gJm] H$s g§»`m Ho$ g§~§Y _| Wmo‹S>m ~hþV _V^oX h¡, O¡go B©emZ g§{hVm _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$-
""_hmH$mì` AmR> gJ© go H$_ Z hmo Am¡a Vrg gJm] go A{YH$ Z hmo Am¡a CgHo$ ^rVa {H$gr _hmnwéf
H$s H$s{V© H$m dU©Z hmoZm Mm{hE&'' AV: à_wIV`m H$Wm H$m EH$ à^mdemcr Am¡a AÀN>m {dñVma
Am¡a Zm`H$ H$s _hÎmm H$m g§Ho$V cJ^J g_ñV cjUm| _| {H$`m J`m h¡&
1.3.4.2 IÊS>H$mì`
g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emñÌ _| "IÊS>H$mì`' na _hmH$mì` Ho$ g_mZ {dñVma go {dMma Zht h¡& _hmH$mì`
H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo Am§{eH$ ê$n _| Bg_| ñdrH$mam h¡& I§S>H$mì` `m I§S>à~§Y à~§YH$mì` H$m hr
Xÿgam ^oX h¡& co{H$Z Bg_| H$WmdñVw _hmH$mì` H$s Vah g§nyU© Z hmoH$a CgH$m EH$ A§e hmoVr h¡&
àm`: OrdZ H$s EH$ _hËdnyU© KQ>Zm `m Ñí` H$m _m{_©H$ CX²KmQ>Z hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AÝ` àg§J g§jon
_| ahVo h¢& gm{hË`Xn©UH$ma Am. {dídZmW Zo I§S>H$mì` H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""I§S>H$mì`§ ^doVH$mì`ñ`¡H$XoemZwgm[a M&''
AWm©V, H$mì` Ho$ EH$ Xoe Am¡a EH$ A§e H$m AZwgaU H$aZodmcm IÊS>H$mì` h¡& CXm. "_oKXÿV'
Bg_| H$Wm g§JR>Z Amdí`H$ h¡, gJ©~X²YVm Zht& Bg_| ^r dñVw dU©Z, ^md-dU©Z Ed§ M[aÌ H$m
{MÌU {H$`m OmVm h¡, na H$Wm {dñV¥V Zht hmoVr& H$Wm H$mo AmR> go H$_ gJm} _| hr g_oQ>Zm
Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡& nmÌm| H$s g§»`m ^r gr{_V hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CX²Xoí` Y_©, AW©, H$m_, _moj _| go
{H$gr EH$ \$c H$s àmpßV H$aZm hmoVm h¡&
{dX²dmZm| Zo I§S>H$mì` Ho$ Xmo ^oX {H$E h¢- g§KmV `m EH$mW©& {Og_| EH$ àH$ma Ho$ N>§X _| hr
EH$ KQ>Zm `m Ñí` H$m dU©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ Cgo "g§KmV I§S>H$mì`' Am¡a {Og_| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ N>§Xm|
_| {d{dY ^mdm| Ho$ gmW OrdZ Ho$ EH$ A§e H$m {MÌU hmoVm h¡ Cgo "AZoH$mW© I§S>H$mì`' H$hm OmVm
h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| JX²` Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU H$Wm H$mì` H$m èhmg hmoVm J`m h¡& n[aUm_V:

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
28
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
I§S>H$mì` H$s na§nam H$m {dH$mg ê$H$-gm J`m h¡& {\$a ^r S>m°. Y_©dra ^maVr H$s "H$Zw{à`m', Za|Ð
e_m© H$s "Ðm¡nXr' VWm ZmJmOw©Z H$s "^y{_Om' CëcoIZr` aMZmE± h¢&
1.3.4.3 Jr{VH$mì`
_wŠVH$ H$mì` : {Og H$mì` _| {H$gr OrdZ-H$Wm `m KQ>Zm H$s ApÝd{V H$m ~§YZ Z hmo Cgo
"_wŠVH$' `m "ñdV§Ì' H$mì` H$hVo h¢& _wŠVH$ H$m àË`oH$ nX ñdV§Ì hmoVm h¡& àË`oH$ AnZo Amn _|
nyU© hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ Xmo _w»` ^oX _mZo OmVo h¢- Jo` _wŠVH$ `m Jr{VH$mì` Am¡a nmR²>`_wŠVH$ `m
AJr{VH$mì`& BZ Xmo ^oXm| _| go àJrV `m Jr{VH$mì` H$m {deof _hËd h¡&
àJrV `m Jr{VH$mì` H$m ñdê$n :
{Og JrV H$mo Jm`m Om gHo$ AWm©V {Og_| Jo`-VËd àYmZ hmo Cgo "àJrV' `m "Jr{V H$mì`'
H$s g§km Xr OmVr h¡& Jr{VH$mì` A§J«oOr Ho$ "cr[aH$' eãX H$m n`m©`dmMr h¡& "cm[aH$' (Lyric) eãX
"cmBa' go ~Zm h¡ Am¡a "cmBa' EH$ àH$ma H$m gma§Jr `m dm`cZ Ho$ g_mZ dmX²` `§Ì hmoVm h¡&
dmX²``§Ì H$m g§~§Y g§JrV Ho$ gmW h¡& AV: {Og JrV H$mo dmX²` `§Ìm| AWdm _m¡{IH$ ê$n go Jm`m
Om gHo$ Cgo Jr{V H$mì` Ho$ A§VJ©V {c`m Om gH$Vm h¡&
n[a^mfm :
hadQ>© arS> : ""JrV gmYmaUV`m Cg aMZm H$mo H$hVo h¢, {Og_| gyú_ AZw^y{V hmo, AWdm BZ
AZw^y{V`m| H$s do à{V{H«$`mE± hmo Omo EH$m§V AmZ§X go OmJ¥V hmoVr h¢&''
í`m_gw§Xa Xmg : ""Jr{VH$mì` _| H${d AnZr A§VamË_m _| àdoe H$aVm h¡ Am¡a dmh²` OJV² H$mo
AnZo A§V:H$aU _| co OmH$a Cgo AnZo ^mdm| go a§{OV H$aVm h¡&''
BZ n[a^mfmAm| go ñnîQ> h¡ {H$, H$cmH$ma H$s ì`pŠVJV AZw^y{V H$mo àJrV H$mì` ì`ŠV H$aVm
h¡& AV: Jr{VH$mì` H$s {ZåZ {deofVmE± (cjU) h¢-
1. d¡`pŠVH$ AZw^y{V -
Jr{VH$mì` _| ì`pŠV Ho$ {ZOr gwI-Xþ:I H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m Jm`Z AWdm ghO CÀN>cZ hmoVm
h¡& àJrV _| EH$ hr ^md `m AZw^y{V hmoVr h¡& AZw^y{V H$s Vrd«Vm go JrV H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡&
2. g§JrVmË_H$Vm -
àJrV _| H$mì`_`Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW g§JrVmË_H$Vm H$m g§Mma ahVm h¡& ^mfm e¡cr~X²Y hmoVr h¡,
{OgHo$ H$maU AnZo Amn g§JrVmË_H$Vm CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡&
3. Jo`Vm -
Jr{VH$mì` Jm`o OmZo `mo½` hmoZm Mm{hE& `h BgH$m _yc^yV AmYma h¡& {d{^ÝZ amJm| _| àJrV
Jm`o OmVo h¢&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
29
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 4. ^mfm H$s H$mo_cVm -
àJrV Ho$ {cE _Ywa VWm H$mo_c ^mfm Amdí`H$ hmoVr h¡& Bg H$maU àJrV _| H$mo_cH$m§V
nXmdcr H$m hr à`moJ hmoVm h¡& c`mË_H$Vm BgH$m à_wI JwU h¡&
5. g§{jßVVm -
àJrV _| EH$ hr ^md `m AZw^y{V hmoVr h¡& AV: g§{jßVVm AnZo Amn Am OmVr h¡& à^md
H$s ÑpîQ> go ^r g§{jßVVm Amdí`H$ h¡&
1.3.4.4 {ZîH$f©
H$mì` `m H${dVm Ho$ àH$mam| na {dMma H$aZo Ho$ ~mX nVm McVm h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AmMm`m]
Zo _hmH$mì` Am¡a I§S>H$mì` {dYmAm| H$m gyú_ AÜ``Z H$aHo$ cjU àñVwV {H$E h¢& co{H$Z
I§S>H$mì` _| _hmH$mì` Ho$ hr cjUm| H$mo Am§{eH$ ê$n go ñdrH$mam h¡& Jr{VH$mì` H$s n[a^mfmE±
CgHo$ EH$-EH$ cjU H$mo coH$a ^cohr {cIr JB© hmo, co{H$Z CgH$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aZo _| gj_
h¢&
1.3.5 eãXep³V, eãXep³V Ho$ ^oX&
1.3.1 eãXep³V :
eãX H$m ApñVËd CgHo$ AW© na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡& eãX Ho$ CƒmaU Am¡a CgHo$ AW© Ho$ ~rM EH$
Aà˶j {H«$¶m hmoVr h¡ dhr eãXep³V h¡& eãXep³V H$mo ep³V, d¥{Îm ¶m ì¶mnma H$hm OmVm h¡& O¡go
B©‘br H$m Zm‘ boVo hr ‘±wh ‘| nmZr AmVm h¡ Am¡a ^yV H$m Zm‘ boVo hr ^¶ H$m g§Mma hmo OmVm h¡&
Bggo H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ha eãX Ho$ gmW CgH$m AW© Ow‹S>m hmoVm h¡& {Og ep³V Ho$ X²dmam eãX
H$m AW©JV à^md n‹S>Vm h¡ dh eãXep³V h¡& H${dVm ‘| eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y {Z{hV hmoVm h¡&
gmW©H$ eãXm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go gm{h˶H$ma AnZo ^mdm|, {dMmam|, H$ënZmAm|, AZw^y{V¶m| H$mo A{^춳V H$aVm
h¡& AmJ Am¡a CîUVm H$m g§~§Y {Og àH$ma H$m h¡ R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma H$m g§~§Y eãX Am¡a AW© Ho$ ~rM
H$m h¡& H$mì¶ ‘| ag H$s {Zîn{Îm eãX-ep³V Ho$ X²dmam hr hmoVr h¡& h‘mao ‘Z ‘| CËnÞ ^md eãX Ho$
‘mܶ‘ go A{^춳V hmoVo h¢&
XaAgb eãX ‘| EH$ go A{YH$ AW© {N>no hmoVo h¢; Omo g‘¶, pñW{V, àg§J Ho$ AZwê$n 춳V
hmoVo h¢& {Og H$maU ¶m {Og ì¶dhma go ‘Zwî¶ eãX Ho$ AW© J«hU H$aVm h¢ Cgo hr eãXep³V H$hm
OmVm h¡& H${d H$mì¶ ^mfm H$s dm³¶ aMZm ‘| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| H$m à¶moJ Ame¶-{df¶ Ho$ AZwgma
H$aVm h¡& eãX H$s ep³V eãX ‘| A§V{Z©{hV AW© H$mo 춳V H$aZo H$m ì¶mnma h¡& g§ñH¥$V AmMm¶© Ho$
AZwgma "eãXmW©-g§~§Y: ep³V:' AWm©V² eãX Am¡a AW© Ho$ nañna g§¶moJ go eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢ AWm©V²
eãX Ho$ {Og ì¶mnma go CgHo$ AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Cgo eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢& ha eãX {H$gr-Z-
{H$gr AW© H$m dmMH$ hmoVm h¡ Vmo H$B© ~ma eãX EH$ go A{YH$ AW© H$m X²¶moVH$ hmoVm h¡, g‘¶, pñW{V
Ed§ àg§J Ho$ AZwgma dh {deof AW© H$mo 춳V H$aVm h¡&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
30
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 {Og ep³V go eãX H$m AW©JV à^md n‹S>Vm h¡ Agb ‘| dhr eãXm| H$s ep³V hmoVr h¡ AWm©V²
eãX H$m AW©~moY H$amZo dmbr ep³V hr eãXep³V h¡& ar{VH$mbrZ AmMm¶© qMVm‘{U Zo Bg g§X^© ‘|
R>rH$ hr {bIm h¡-"Omo gwZ n‹S>o gmo eãX h¡, g‘{P na¡ gmo AW©' AWm©V² Omo gwZmB© n‹S>o dh eãX h¡ Am¡a
Omo gwZH$a g‘P ‘| AmE ¶m AdJV hmo dhr CgH$m AW© h¡ ¶mZr Omo Üd{Z gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡ dh eãX
Am¡a Cg Üd{Z go Omo g§Ho$V {‘bVm h¡ ¶m AW© g‘P ‘| AmVm h¡ dhr CgH$m AW© h¡& XaAgb eãX
go AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡&
Bg à{H«$¶m ‘| eãX ~moYH$ ¶mZr ~moY H$amZo dmbm h¡ Am¡a BgH$m AW© hþAm ~moܶ AWm©V² {OgH$m
~moY H$am¶m OmE& {OVZo àH$ma Ho$ eãX hm|Jo CVZr àH$ma H$s eãX ep³V¶m± hm|Jr& eãX VrZ àH$ma hmoVo
h¢-dmMH$, bjH$, 춧OH$& R>rH$ Bgr Ho$ AZwê$n eãX Ho$ VrZ AW© hmoVo h¢-dmÀ¶mW©, bú¶mW© Am¡a
춧½¶mW©& eãX Am¡a AW© Ho$ AZwê$n eãX H$s VrZ ep³V¶m± ~Zr h¡ A{^Ym, bjUm Am¡ 춧OZm&
dmMH$ eãX ¶mZr dmÀ¶mW© (‘w»¶mW©) H$m g§~§Y A{^Ym eãX ep³V go, bjH$ ¶mZr bú¶mW© H$m
g§~§Y bjUm eãX ep³V go Am¡a 춧OZm ¶mZr 춽¶mW© H$m g§~§Y 춧OZm eãX ep³V go hmoVm h¡& Bgo
{ZåZ{b{IV ê$n go AÀN>r Vah go g‘Pm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡-
AZw.H«$. ep³V eãX AW©
1. A{^Ym dmMH$/A{^Yo¶ dmÀ¶mW©/A{^Yo¶mW©/‘w»¶mW©
2. bjUm bjH$/bmj{UH$ bú¶mW©
3. 춧OZm 춧OH$ 춧½¶mW©/춧OZmW©
dmÀ¶mW© ‘w»¶mW© hmoVm h¡ O~{H$ bú¶mW© b{jV Am¡a 춧½¶mW© 춧{OV, gy{MV, àVrV ¶m Üd{ZV
hmoVm h¡& eãX Ho$ VrZ ^oX h¡-1) dmMH$ eãX, 2) bjH$ eãX, 3) 춧OH$ eãX& BZH$m {ddoMZ-
{díbofU {ZåZ{b{IV ê$n go àñVwV h¡-
1) dmMH$ eãX :
Omo eãX gmjmV AW© H$s àVr{V XoVm h¡ Cgo dmMH$ eãX H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶o eãX ‘w»¶ AW© ¶m
gm§Ho${VH$ AW© H$m ~moY H$amVo h¢ AWm©V² {Og eãX H$m AW© A{^Ym eãXep³V X²dmam OmZm OmVm h¡
Cgo dmMH$ eãX H$hVo h¢& BgHo$ Mma ^oX ‘mZo OmVo h¢; O¡go-Om{VdmMH$, JwUdmMH$, {H«$¶mdmMH$ Am¡a
Ðì¶dmMH$& dmMH$ eãX go dmÀ¶mW© H$s àmpßV hmoVr h¡& dmÀ¶mW©: {H$gr eãX H$m A{^Ym eãXep³V
X²dmam àmßV AW© dmÀ¶mW© H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cgo ‘w»¶mW© ^r H$hm OmVm h¡&
2) bjH$ eãX:
Omo eãX ‘w»¶ AW© go {^Þ ¶m Aݶ AW© H$mo Üd{ZV H$aVm h¡ CÝh| bjH$ eãX H$hVo h¢& Á¶mo
eãX bjUm eãX ep³V X²dmam bú¶ AW© H$mo X²¶mo{VV H$aVm h¡ Cgo bjH$ eãX H$hm OmVm h¡& bjH$

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
31
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
eãX go bú¶mW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡& bú¶mW©: bjUm eãXep³V X²dmam kmV eãXmW© H$mo bú¶mW© H$hm
OmVm h¡&
3) 춧OH$ eãX :
{OZ eãXm| go 춧½¶ AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ CÝh| 춧OH$ eãX H$hVo h¢ Am¡a Cg AW© H$mo 춧½¶mW©
H$hm OmVm h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| ‘| {Og eãX go 춧OZm ep³V X²dmam 춧½¶mW© àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ Cgo 춧OH$
eãX H$hVo h¢& 춧½¶mW©: 춧OZm ep³V X²dmam àmßV AW© H$mo 춧½¶mW© H$hVo h¢&
dmMH$, bjH$ Am¡a 춧OH$ eãXm| Ho$ AmYma na dmÀ¶mW©, bú¶mW© Am¡a 춧½¶mW© H$s àmpßV hmoVr
h¡ Am¡a Bgr AW© Ho$ AmYma na eãX H$s VrZ ep³V¶m± ~Zr hþB© h¡-1) A{^Ym 2) bjUm Am¡a 춧OZm&
1.3.2 eãXep³V Ho$ ^oX :
eãX Ho$ {d{dY AWm] Ho$ AmYma na eãX ep³V Ho$ àH$mam| H$m {ZYm©aU {H$¶m OmVm h¡& eãX Ho$
{OVZo àH$ma Ho$ AW© hmoVo h¢ ^mfm ‘| CVZo hr àH$ma H$s eãX ep³V¶m± hmoVr h¡& eãXm| go hr AW© H$m
~moY hmoVm h¡§& à{H«$¶m ¶m nÕ{V Ho$ AmYma ha ^mfm ‘| eãX ep³V Ho$ A§VJ©V VrZ àH$ma Ho$ eãX hmoVo
h¢& 1) A{^Ym 2) bjUm 3) 춧OZm& bo{H$Z Hw$N> AmMm¶m] Zo dm³¶ H$m dmñV{dH$ ‘§Vì¶ ~moY H$amZo
dmbr Mm¡Wr VmËn¶m© eãX ep³V ‘mZr h¡& A{^{hVmÝd¶dmXr ‘r‘m§gH$m| H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ eãXm| ‘|
dmÀ¶mW© ¶m bú¶mW© H$mo kmV H$amZo dmbr ep³V {Z{hV hmoVr h¡, qH$Vw dm³¶ ‘| CZHo$ EH$-Xÿgao go
ApÝdV hmoZo na hr do d³Vm Ho$ dmñV{dH$ VmËn¶© H$mo J«hU H$a nmVo h¢& CZHo$ AZwgma dm³¶, ¶mo½¶Vm,
g{Þ{Y Am¡a AmH$m§jm go ¶w³V nX g‘yh Am¡a CZH$m VH©$ g§JV g§~§Y kmZ hmo OmZo na hr dm³¶ H$m
kmZ AdJV hmoVm h¡& Bgo VmËn¶m©d¥{Îm (Mm¡Wr) eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢& Bg g§X^© ‘| S>m°. ^mobme§H$a ì¶mg
AnZr “Üd{Z g§àXm¶ Am¡a CgHo$ {gÕm§V’ {H$Vm~ ‘| {bIVo h¢ “VmËn¶© Zm‘H$ Mm¡Wr ep³V (d¥{Îm)
dñVwV: eãX H$s ep³V Z hmoH$a dm³¶ H$s ep³V h¡, AV… CgH$m g‘mdoe eãX ep³V¶m| ‘| CnMma
ê$n go hr {H$¶m OmVm h¡&’ Bggo ñnîQ> hmoZo ‘| Xoa Zht bJVr {H$ eãXm| ‘| VrZ hr ep³V¶m± hmoVr h¡
Am¡a dh h¡ A{^Ym, bjUm Am¡a 춧OZm& BZ VrZm| eãX ep³V¶m| H$m {ddoMZ {ZåZ{b{IV ê$n ‘| àñVwV
h¡-
1.3.2.1 A{^Ym :
{Og eãX ep³V Ho$ X²dmam eãX Ho$ ‘w»¶/nhbm/à{gÕ/àM{bV/nyd©{d{XV/A{^Yo¶ AW© H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡ Cgo A{^Ym eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢& Bg ep³V go eãX Ho$ gm‘mݶ, àM{bV ¶m ‘w»¶ AW© H$m
~moY hmoVm h¡& ¶o eãX ‘w»¶ ¶m àW‘ AW© H$m ~moY H$amVo h¢ Bgr H$maU Cgo A{J«‘m, àW‘m, ‘w»¶m,
A{^Ym eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢& ¶h eãX ep³V gmYmaU Am¡a ì¶mdhm[aH$ AW© H$mo àH$Q> H$aVr h¡& Bg
eãX ep³V go eãX H$m H$moeJV AW© {b¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& Zm‘ Om{V, JwU, Ðì¶ ¶m {H«$¶m H$m hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a ¶o gmao gmjmV g§Ho${VV hmoVo h¢& ¶o dmMH$ eãX JwUdmMH$, Om{VdmMH$, Ðì¶dmMH$ VWm

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
32
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
{H«$¶mdmMH$ Mma àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢& gma ¶h {H$ gm§Ho${VH$ ¶m ‘w»¶ AW© H$m ~moY H$amZo dmbr eãX
ep³V H$mo A{^Ym eãX e{³V H$hVo h¢&
A{^Ym eãX dm³¶ Ho$ A§VJ©V ‘w»¶ ¶m gm§Ho${VH$ AW© H$mo hr àH$Q> H$aVo h¢& g§Ho$V J«h g§Ho${VH$
AW© J«hU ¶m AW© kmZ go hmo OmVm h¡& dmMH$ eãX Am¡a A{^àoV AW© -BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM; Omo g§~§Y
hmoVm h¡; CgH$m J«hU ¶m kmZ hr g§Ho$V J«h h¡& g§Ho$V J«h {ZåZ{b{IV gmYZm| go hmoVm h¡-ì¶mH$aU,
Cn‘mZ nX, H$moe, AmßV dm³¶, ì¶dhma, {gÕ nX H$m gm{Þܶ, dm³¶eof Am¡a {dd¥{Îm ¶m Q>rH$m& Bg‘|
AWm] H$m ~moY Zm‘ ¶m gyMZm go hr {‘b OmVm h¡; O¡go ~¡b, JYm, J§Jm, nd©V, hmWr Am{X dmMH$
eãX h¡& BZHo$ CƒmaU go ‘yb AW© H$m ~moY hmo OmVm h¡& CXm. ~¡b I‹S>m h¡& ¶h dm³¶ gwZVo hr ~¡b
Zm‘H$ EH$ {deof àH$ma H$m Ord h‘ OmZ boVo h¢& ~¡b eãX go AmX‘r ¶m {H$Vm~ H$m ~moY Zht hmoVm&
~¡b dmMH$ eãX h¡, {OgH$m ‘w»¶mW© {deof Ord h¡& dmMH$ eãX go grYo AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡&
A{^Ym eãX ep³V go VrZ àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| H$m AW©~moY hmo OmVm h¡& 1) ê$T> eãX 2) ¶m¡{JH$ eãX
3) ¶moJ ê$‹T> eãX&
1.3.2.1.1 ê$‹T> eãX :
¶o do eãX hmoVo h¢, Omo I§{S>V Zht {H$E Om gH$Vo& I§{S>V H$aZo na BZH$m AW© {~Ia OmVm h¡&
¶o eãX Om{VdmMH$ hmoVo h¢& BZ eãXm| H$s ì¶wËn{Îm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr; O¡go- no‹S>, M§Ð, Kmo‹S>m, J‹T>,
amOm, ‘Zwî¶ Am{X&
1.3.2.1.2 ¶m¡{JH$ eãX :
¶o do eãX h¢ {OZH$m AW© ~moY Ad¶dm| (àH¥${V Am¡a à˶¶m|) ¶m Xmo eãXm| Ho$ n¥WH²$-n¥WH²$ ¶m
EH$ gmW hmoZo na hmoVm h¡& BZ ¶m¡{JH$ eãXm| H$s ì¶wËn{Îm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& O¡go-^yn{V, Zan{V, nmMH$,
{XdmH$a, gwYm§ew Am{X& "^y' H$m AW© h¡ - n¥Ïdr Am¡a "n{V' H$m AW© h¡ -ñdm‘r& BZ XmoZm| Ho$ {‘bZ
go n¥Ïdr H$m ñdm‘r AW© àVrV hmoVm h¡& Bg Vah go Aݶ eãXm| H$s ì¶Ën{Îm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡&
1.3.2.1.3 ¶moJ ê$‹T> :
¶o do eãX h¢ {OZH$m AW©~moY g‘wXm¶ ¶m Ad¶dm| H$s ep³V go hmoVm h¡& XaAgb ¶o eãX ¶m¡{JH$
hr hmoVo hþE ^r AW© {deof ‘| ê$‹T> hmoVo h¡§; CXm: ObO AWm©V² Ob ‘| CËnÞ hmoZo dmbr H$moB© dñVw
¶m dZñnVr& bo{H$Z ObO$ H$m AW© H$‘b Ho$ {bE ê$‹T> hmo J¶m h¡& AmO ¶h AW©~moY ¶moJê$‹T> ~Z
J¶m h¡& Cgr àH$ma n§H$O h¡ {OgH$m AW© n§H$ ¶m H$sM‹S> ‘| CËnÞ hmoZo dmbr dñVw, bo{H$Z n§H$O H$m
AW© AmO H$‘b Ho$ {bE ê$‹T> hmo MwH$m h¡ AWm©V² ¶h AW©~moY ¶moJ ê$‹T> hmo MwH$m h¡&
1.3.2.2 bjUm :
Ohm± ep³V Ho$ X²dmam eãX H$m ‘w»¶ AW© g‘PZo ‘| ~mYm Am OmVr h¡ Am¡a ê${‹T> ¶m à¶moOZ Ho$
AmYma na ‘w»¶mW© go {^Þ ¶m Aݶ AW© H$mo bú¶ {H$¶m OmVm h¡ dhm± bjUm eãX ep³V hmoVr h¢&
bjUm eãX ep³V Ho$ X²dmam kmV H$amZo dmbo AW© H$mo bú¶mW© ¶m bjH$ H$hVo h¢& Bg eãX ep³V
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
33
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
‘| ‘w»¶ AW© Ho$ J«hU ‘| ~mYm Am OmVr h¡& ê${‹T> ¶m à¶moOZ H$m AmYma ~ZmH$a ‘w»¶ AW© go g§~§{YV
Aݶ AW© b{jV hmoVm h¡, dhr bjUm eãX ep³V h¡& Bg‘| bjH$ Am¡a bú¶ ‘hÎdnyU© hmoVm h¡& CXm:
gwaoe JYm h¡& ¶hm± JYo H$m bú¶mW© ‘wI© h¡, {H$gr OmZda go Zht& ¶hm± JYo H$m ‘w»¶mW© Z boH$a JYo
H$s ^m±{V "‘wI©' {b¶m J¶m h¡ ¶mZo gwaoe JYo Ho$ g‘mZ ‘wI© h¡& bjUm eãX ep³V go ^mfm ‘| à^md
¶m M‘ËH$ma CËnÞ hmo OmVm h¡&
bjUm

ê${‹T> bjUm à¶moOZdVr bjUm

Jm¡Ur bjUm ewÕm bjUm

gmamonm Jm¡Ur gmܶdgmZm Jm¡Ur

CnmXmZ bjUm bjU bjUm

gmamonm gmܶdgZm gmamonm gmܶdgZm

CnmXmZ CnmXmZ bjU bjU
bjUm bjUm bjUm bjUm
Ø bú¶mW© Ho$ AmYma na bjUm eãX ep³V Ho$ Xmo ^oX h¡-
1.3.2.2.1 ê$‹T>m bjUm :
Ohm± ê${‹T> Ho$ H$maU ‘w»¶ AW© Ho$ ~Om¶ b{jV AW© H$mo J«hU {H$¶m OmVm h¡, dhm± ê$‹T>m bjUm
eãX ep³V hmoVr h¡& Xÿgao eãXmo§ ‘|-Ohm± ‘w»¶ AW© J«hU H$aZo ‘| ~mYm Am OmVr h¡, dhm± ê${‹T> Ho$
AmYma na AW© J«hU {H$¶m OmVm h¡, Cg ep³V H$mo ê$‹T>m bjUm eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢& CXm. n§Om~
dra h¢-Bg dm³¶ ‘| n§Om~ H$m bú¶mW© h¡ - n§Om~ Ho$ {Zdmgr& ¶h AW© ê${‹T> Ho$ AmYma na J«hU
{H$¶m J¶m h¡& AV: ê$‹T>m bjUm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
34
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1.3.2.2.2 à¶moOZdVr bjUm :
Ohm± ‘w»¶ AW© J«hU H$aZo ‘| ~mYm Am OmVr h¡, dhm± {H$gr {deof à¶moOZ Ho$ b{jV AW© H$m
~moY {H$¶m OmVm h¡, Cg ep³V H$mo à¶moOZdVr bjUm eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢& ¶hm± ‘w»¶ AW© H$m ~moY
hmo OmVm h¡, ‘Ja {H$gr {deof à¶moOZ Ho$ H$maU ‘w»¶ AW© go g§~§Y aIZo dmbm bú¶mW© J«hU {H$¶m
OmVm h¡, Cgo à¶moOZdVr bjUm H$hm OmVm h¡& gm{h˶Xn©UH$ma Zo BgHo$ 80 ^oX ‘mZo h¢& CXm. gmohZ
Cëby h¡& Bg dm³¶ ‘| Cëby H$m bú¶mW© ‘wI© {b¶m J¶m h¡ Am¡a ¶h gmohZ H$s ‘wI©Vm H$mo 춳V H$aZo
Ho$ à¶moOZ go {b¶m J¶m h¡& CXm. Vw‘ Vmo nyao ~¡b hmo& Bg dm³¶ ‘| ‘w»¶mW© ~mY h¡& ¶hm± ~¡b H$hZo
H$m à¶moOZ ‘wI©Vm H$mo à^mdr T>§J go 춳V H$aZm h¡& à¶moOZdVr bjUm Ho$ Xmo ^oX ‘mZo OmVo h¢-
1.3.2.2.2.1 Jm¡Ur bjUm :
gmÑí¶ g§~§Y ¶m g‘mZ JwU{deof ¶m JwUY‘© Ho$ MbVo bú¶mW© H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡ dhm± Jm¡Ur
bjUm hmoVr h¡& O¡go ‘wI H$‘b& ¶hm± ‘w»¶ AW© ‘| ~mYm Am OmVr h¡ ³¶m|{H$ ‘wI H$‘b Zht hmo
gH$Vm, ‘Ja Jm¡Ur bjUm Ho$ X²dmam H$‘b O¡gm g§wXa, H$mo‘b ‘wI h¡& ¶hm± g§wXaVm ¶m H$mo‘bVm CgH$m
JwU h¡& BZ JwUm| Ho$ H$maU dh Jm¡Ur bjUm h¡& Xÿgam CXm. AmnH$m Jm±d nmZr ‘| ~gm h¡& XaAgb
nmZr ‘| Jm±d Zht ~gVm& nmZr H$m AW© ObYmam H$m VQ> h¡& AWm©V² VQ> na ~go Jm±d ‘| nmZr g‘mZ
erVbVm ¶m n{dÌVm h¡& Jm¡Ur bjUm Ho$ Xmo ^oX ~VmE OmVo h¢-
1.3.2.2.2.1.1 gmamonm Jm¡Ur bjUm :
{H$gr nX ‘| Cn‘o¶ Am¡a Cn‘mZ XmoZm| H$mo eãX Ho$ X²dmam {ZX}e {X¶m OmVm h¡ Am¡a A^oX ^r H$hm
OmVm h¡, dhm± gmamonm bjUm hmoVr h¡ AWm©V² {Og bjUm ‘| Amamo߶ ^md ({df¶) Am¡a Amamon H$m
{df¶ BZ XmoZm| H$s eãX X²dmam Cp³V hmo OmVr h¡, dhm± gmamonm Jm¡Ur bjUm hmoVr h¡& AmO ^wO§Jm| go
~¡R>o h¢ do H§$MZ Ho$ K‹S>o X~mE& do (n±yOrn{V¶m|) {df¶r Am¡a {df¶ XmoZm| hr eãXm| X²dmam C³V h¡&
1.3.2.2.2.1.2 gmܶdgmZm Jm¡Ur bjUm :
Ohm± {g’©$ Cn‘mZ H$m H$WZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a bú¶mW© H$s àVr{V hoVw Cn‘o¶ nyar Vah go bwßV hmo
OmVm h¡, dhm± gmܶdgZm bjUm hmoVr h¡& Bg‘| Amamon H$m {df¶ bwßV ahVm h¡, eãXm| Ho$ X²dmam àH$Q>
Zht {H$¶m OmVm O~{H$ {df¶r X²dmam hr CgH$m H$WZ hmo OmVm h¡& CXm. O~ eoa Am¶m Vmo ¶wÕ joÌ
go JrX‹S> ^mJ JE& ¶hm± eoa H$m AW© dra nwéf go h¡ Am¡a JrX‹S> H$m AW© H$m¶a {b¶m J¶m h¡& Cn‘o¶
H$mo nyar Vah go {N>nm XoZo Ho$ H$maU hr ¶hm± gmܶdgZm bjUm h¡&
1.3.2.2.2.2 ewÕm bjUm :
bjUm Ho$ {Og ê$n go ‘w»¶mW© ¶m bú¶mW© ‘| H$moB© g‘mZVm 춳V Zht hmoVr ~pëH$ gmÑí¶ go
{^Þ g§~§Y ñWm{nV {H$E OmVo h§¡& gmÑí¶ g§~§Y Ho$ {dnarV {H$gr Aݶ g§~§Y go bú¶mW© H$s àVr{V
hmoVr h¡, dhm± ewÕm bjUm hmoVr h¡& Bg bjUm ‘| JwU H$m ghmam Zht {b¶m OmVm ~pëH$ Aݶ g§~§Y

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
35
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
go AW© H$m ghmam {b¶m OmVm h¡& Bg‘| gmÑí¶ Ho$ A{V[a³V Aݶ g§~§Y ¶mZr VmËH$嶩 g§~§Y ¶m
AmYmamYo¶ ^md g§~§Y go b{jV AW© H$m ~moY hmo OmVm h¡& CXm.
A~bm OrdZ hm¶ Vwåhmar ¶hr H$hmZr
Am±Mb ‘| h¡ XÿY Am¡a Am±Im| ‘| nmZr&
Bg‘| ‘w»¶ AW© ‘| ~mYm Am OmVr h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Am±Mb ‘| XÿY Zht h¡ O~{H$ Am±Mb Ho$ gm‘r߶
Ho$ H$maU ñVZ ‘| XÿY H$m hmoZm AW© J«hU {H$¶m h¡& XaAgb ‘mV¥Ëd H$m ~moY H$amZm bjUm H$m à¶moOZ
h¡& g‘mZ JwUY‘© Ho$ ~Om¶ Xÿgao ZOXrH$s g§~§Y go bú¶mW© H$s àVr{V hmo ahr h¡, Bg{bE ¶h ewÕm
bjUm h¡&
1.3.2.2.2.2.1 CnmXmZ bjUm :
{Og ep³V ‘| ‘w»¶mW© ~Zm ahVm h¡ Am¡a bú¶mW© H$m ~moY ‘w»¶mW© Ho$ gmW hr hmo OmVm h¡; dhm±
CnmXmZ bjUm hmoVr h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| ‘| à¶moOZ àmßV AW© H$s {g{Õ hoVw Aݶ H$mo J«hU {H$E OmZo na
‘w»¶ AW© H$m ~Zo ahZm ¶mZr CnmXmZ bjUm h¡& Bg eãX ep³V H$mo AOhañdmWu ^r H$hVo h¢& Bg‘|
‘w»¶ AW© H$mo ˶mJ Zht {X¶m OmVm O~{H$ Cgo J«hU {H$¶m OmVm h¡& AmMm¶© {dídZmW Ho$ AZwgma
"dm³¶mW© ‘| A§J Ho$ ê$n go AnZo AÝd¶ H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bE Ohm± ‘w»¶ AW© Aݶ AW© H$m Amjon H$aVm
h¡, dhm± AmË‘m AWm©V² ‘w»¶mW© Ho$ ~Zo ahZo go, Cg bjUm H$mo CnmXmZ bjUm H$hVo h¢&' CXm. bmb
nJ‹S>r Am ahr h¡& Bg dm³¶ ‘| bmb nJ‹S>r ^r Am ahr h¡ Am¡a bmb nJ‹S>r nhZm hþAm {gnmhr ^r
Am ahm h¡& Bg‘| bmb nJ‹S>r-‘w»¶mW© Ho$ gmW bú¶mW©-{gnmhr H$m ^r ~moY hmo OmVm h¡-¶hr CnmXmZ
bjUm h¡& BgHo$ Xmo ^oX h¢-1) gmamonm CnmXmZ bjUm, 2) gmܶdgmZm CnmXmZ bjUm&
1.3.2.2.2.2.2 bjU bjUm :
Bgo OQ>ËñdmWu ^r H$hVo h¢& Ohm± ‘w»¶ AW© H$s ~mYm hmo OmZo na àg§JmZwê$n ‘w»¶mW© H$mo ˶mJ
{X¶m OmVm h¡ Am¡a b{jV AW© J«hU {H$¶m OmVm h¡; {Og‘| ‘w»¶mW© IË‘ hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a bú¶mW©
H$m ~moY hmo OmVm h¡, Cg ep³V H$mo bjU bjUm H$hm OmVm h¡& O¡go-‘mohZ J¶m h¡& ¶h bjU
bjUm H$m CXmhaU h¡& BgHo$ Xmo ^oX h¡-1) gmamonm bjU bjUm, 2) gmܶ bjU bjUm&
1.3.2.3 춧OZm :
{d + A§OZm = Xmo eãXm| Ho$ ¶moJ go 춧OZm eãX ~ZVm h¡& 춧OZm H$m grYm AW© h¡ {deof àH$ma
H$m A§OZ& O¡go A§OZ bJmZo go ZoÌm| H$s Á¶mo{V ~‹T> OmVr h¡ Am¡a naoj dñVw {XImB© XoZo bJVr h¡&
춧OZm eãX ep³V Ho$ X²dmam AàH$Q> AW© àH$Q> hmoVo h¢& Ohm± A{^Ym Am¡a 춧OZm eãX ep³V AW©
춳V H$aZo ¶m ~VbmZo ‘| Ag‘W© hmo OmVr h¡ dhm± 춧OZm eãX ep³V hmoVr h¡& ¶h eãX ep³V H$mì¶
‘| {N>no Jw‹T> AW© H$mo 춳V H$aVr h¡& Ohm± A{^Ym Am¡a bjUm eãX ep³V eãX H$m AW© ñnîQ> H$aZo
‘| Ag‘W© hmo OmVr h¡ dhm± 춧OZm eãX ep³V 춧{OV AW© H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡ Cgo 춧OZm eãX ep³V
H$hm OmVm h¡&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
36
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 춧OZm eãX ep³V ‘| ‘w»¶ AW© Am¡a bú¶ AW© go {^Þ AW© H$m ~moY hmo, Eogo eãXm| H$mo
(춧OH$ Am¡a AW© H$mo) 춧½¶mW© H$hVo h¡§& H$^r-H$^ma A{^Ym ¶m 춧OZm go AW© H$m ~moY Zht hmo
nmVm V~ A{^àoV AW© VH$ nh±þMmZo Ho$ {bE 춧OZm eãX ep³V H$m Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& eãX H$m
AW© {deof ê$n go ImobZo ¶m {deof ê$n go ñnîQ> H$aZo ¶m {dH${gV H$aZo H$m H$m¶© 춧OZm eãX ep³V
H$aVr h¡& CXm. gy¶© H$m AñV hþAm& BgH$m ‘w»¶ AW© h¡-gy¶© Sy>~ J¶m Am¡a bú¶mW© hþAm-g§Ü¶m hmo
JB©& qH$Vw 춧½¶mW© àg§J ¶m n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwê$n H$B© hmo gH$Vo h¢; O¡go-g§Ü¶mongZm H$m g‘¶ hmo J¶m&
½dmbo Ho$ {bE BgH$m A{^àm¶ h¡-newAm| H$mo Ka bo OmZo H$m g‘¶ hmo J¶m h¡& l{‘H$m| Ho$ {bE BgH$m
AW© hmoJm-"H$m‘ IË‘ H$a Ka OmZo H$m g‘¶ hmo J¶m& Mmoa Ho$ {bE “A~ Mmoar Ho$ {bE OmZo H$s V¡¶mar
H$aZr Mm{hE& Zd{ddm{hVm Ho$ {bE n{V Ho$ AmZo H$m g‘¶ hmo J¶m h¡& 춧OZm eãX ep³V Ho$ Xmo ^oX
‘mZo JE h¢& 1) emãXr 춧OZm 2) AmWu 춧OZm&
1.3.2.3.1 emãXr 춧OZm :
emãXr 춧OZm ‘| eãX {deof Ho$ H$maU 춧½¶mW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡& ¶{X dh eãX hQ>m {X¶m OmE
Vmo 춧½¶mW© IË‘ hmo OmVm h¡& Bg‘| eãXm| H$m àmYmݶ ¶m ‘hÎd hmoVm h¡& H${d X²dmam à¶w³V eãX
Ho$ ñWmZ na g‘mZmW©H$ eãX ¶m n¶m©¶dmMr eãX aIm OmE Vmo 춧½¶mW© g‘mßV hmo OmVm h¡& ¶hm± 춧½¶mW©
{H$gr eãX {deof na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡& 춧OH$ eãX Ho$ ñWmZ na Xÿgam g‘mZmWu eãX aIZo na 춧½¶mW©
H$s àVr{V Zht hmo nmVr&
CXm. {MaOrdm¡ Omoar Owa¡ ³¶m| Z gZoh J§^ra&
H$mo K{Q> E d¥f^mZwOm do hbYa Ho$ dra&&
AJa BZ‘| go d¥f^mZwOm ¶m hbYa Ho$ dra BZ eãXm| Ho$ H$maU hr 춧OZm gm¢X¶© h¡& ¶o Eogo
eãX h¢ {OgHo$ ñWmZ na g‘mZmWu ¶m n¶m©¶dmMr eãX H$m à¶moJ g§^d Zht h¡& BÝht eãXm| na hr g§nyU©
춧½¶mW© Am{lV h¡& Bg ep³V ‘| eãX H$m hr ‘hÎd hmoVm h¡; Bg{bE Cgo emãXr 춧OZm H$hm OmVm
h¡&
1.3.2.3.1.1 A{^Ym‘ybm emãXr 춧OZm :
{Og ep³V X²dmam AZoH$mWu eãXm| Ho$ g§¶moJ go EH$ AW© {ZpíMV hmo OmZo na 춧½¶mW© H$s àVr{V
hmo OmVr h¡, Cgo A{^Ym‘ybm emãXr 춧OZm H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶o emãXr 춧OZm eãXm| na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡&
Ohm± EH$ hr eãX Ho$ AZoH$ AW© hmoVo h¢; dhm± àH¥$Vmon¶moJr EH$mW© H$m g§¶moJm{X X²dmam {ZpíMV hmoH$a
A{^àoV AW© 춧{OV hmo CR>Vm h¡, Cgo A{^Ym‘ybm emãXr 춧OZm H$hm OmVm h¡& CXm. gmohV ZmJ Z
‘X {~Zm, VmZ {~Zm Zht amJ& Bg CXmhaU ‘| ZmJ Am¡a amJ XmoZm| AZoH$mWu eãX h¢, qH$Vw {d¶moJ Ho$
H$maU BZH$m AW© {Z¶§{ÌV hmo J¶m h¡& Bg‘| ZmJ H$m AW© hmWr Am¡a amJ H$m AW© am{JZr h¡& ZmJ H$m
n¶m©¶dmMr ^wO§J aI {X¶m OmE Vmo 춧½¶mWr© hmo OmEJm&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
37
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1.3.2.3.1.2 bjUm‘ybm emãXr 춧OZm :
{Og à¶moOZ Ho$ {bE bmj{UH$ eãX H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cg à¶moOZ H$s àVr{V H$amZo
dmbr eãX ep³V H$mo bjUm‘ybm emãXr 춧OZm H$hVo h¢& Ohm± eãXm| na AmYm[aV 춧OZm Ho$ {bE
bjUm H$s Oê$aV n‹S>Vr h¡ dhm± bjUm‘ybm emãXr 춧OZm H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg‘| CX²Xoí¶ ny{V© Ho$ {bE
bjUm H$m Aml¶ {b¶m OmVm h¡& Aݶ eãX aI XoZo na 춧OZm IË‘ hmo OmVr h¡& {Og eãX ep³V
Ho$ X²dmam b{jV AW© go 춧½¶mW© CËnÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Cgo bjUm‘ybm emãXr 춧OZm H$hVo h¡§& CXm. Amn
Vmo {Za¡ {demIZ§XZ h¢& ¶hm± bjUm h¡ ‘wI©Vm, ‘Ja d¡emIZ§XZ eãX 춧½¶mW© VH$ nh±þMmVm h¡& ¶hm±
d¡emIZ§XZ eãX H$s OJh na Aݶ eãX aI {X¶m OmE Vmo 춧OZm H$m IË‘ hmo OmVr h¡& CXm. dh
‘Zwî¶ Zht {Zam Cëby h¡& ¶hm± Cëby eãX go ‘hm‘wI© 춧{OV h¡ Am¡a ¶h eãX JwUH¥$V gmY嶩 Ho$ AmYma
na bmj{UH$ h¡&
1.3.2.3.2 AmWu 춧OZm :
Ohm°§ 춧OZm {H$gr eãX {deof na Am{lV Z hmoH$a AW© na Am{lV hmoVr h¡ dhm± AmWu 춧OZm
hmoVr h¡& BgHo$ Zm‘ go hr ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ 춧½¶mW© ¶m ÜdݶmW© {H$gr {deof eãX na {Z^©a Zht
hmoVm ~pëH$ AW© na {Z^©a hmoVm h¡& Bg‘| 춧½¶mW© g§nyU© dm³¶mW© na {Z{hV hmoVm h¡& CXm. {H$gr YyV©
ì¶p³V X²dmam bmoJm| go R>JVo XoIH$a H$moB© H$ho {H$ Amn ~‹S>o ‘hmË‘m h¡& Bg dm³¶ ‘| ‘hmË‘m go 춧½¶mW©
Üd{ZV hmoVm h¡& Xþï> ì¶p³V Eogm AW© {ZH$mbVo h¢& ¶hm± ‘hmË‘m Ho$ ñWmZ na gmYw, n§{S>V, g‚mZ eãX
Ho$ BñVo‘mb na ^r 춧OZm ~Zr ahoJr&
1.3.6 ag H$m ñdê$n
Am. ^aV ag-{gX²Ym§V Ho$ Am{X Am¡a gd©loîR> AmMm`© h¢& ag {gX²Ym§V Ho$ AZwgma ag hr H$mì`
H$m EH$_mÌ _w»` VËd h¡& ^aV Zo ag H$mo "ZmQ²>` ag' H$s g§km Xr h¡& co{H$Z ag g§nyU© gm{hË`
H$m àmU h¡& ag a{hV H$mì` H$mì` Zht hmoVm& AmMm`© ^aV Ho$ AZwgma Vmo ag Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr H$mì`
_| AW© H$s àd¥{Îm ^r Zht hmoVr-
""Zqh agmÑVo H$píMXW©: àdV©Vo&''
ag H$s à{VîR>m Ho$dc agdm{X`m| _| hr Zht ahr h¡, Ac§H$madm{X`m|, dH«$mopŠVdm{X`m| VWm
ar{Vdm{X`m| Zo ^r àË`j-AàË`j ê$n go CgH$s loîR>Vm à{Vnm{XV H$s h¡&
ag eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm VWm AW© -
g§ñH¥$V _| "ag' eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm "agñ`Vo@gm¡ B{V ag:' Bg àH$ma Xr JB© h¡& AWm©V {Oggo
AmñdmX {_co dhr ag h¡& ag ^maVr` dmL²>_` Ho$ àmMrZV_ eãXm| _| go h¡& gm_mÝ` ì`dhma _|
BgH$m Mma AWm] _| à`moJ hmoVm h¡- (1) nXmWm] H$m ag (2) Am`wd}X H$m ag (3) gm{hË` H$m
ag Am¡a (4) _moj `m ^pŠV ag&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
38
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 h_mar ÑpîQ> go `hm± "gm{hË` H$m ag' _hËdnyU© h¡& gm{hË` O{ZV agmZ§X Cn{ZfXm| Ho$ ~«h²_ê$n
agmZ§X Ho$ g_H$j _mZm J`m h¡& ag a{hV H$moB© ^r eãXmW© gm{hË` H$m {dYmZ Zht H$a gH$Vm,
Bgr{cE ag gm{hË` H$m àmU {ZpíMV {H$`m J`m h¡&
^aV_w{Z H$m ag gyÌ -
ag gåàXm` H$m _yc^yV gyÌ h¡-
""{d^mdmZw^mdì`{^Mm[ag§`moJmÐg{Zîn{Îm:&''
AWm©V² {d^md, AZw^md VWm ì`{^Mmar ^md Ho$ g§`moJ go ag H$s {Zîn{Îm hmoVr h¡& XoIZo _|
`h gyÌ {OVZm N>moQ>m h¡ {dMma H$aZo _| `h CVZm hr gmaJ{^©V h¡& ^aV Zo Bg gyÌ na Omo ^mî`
{cIm h¡ dh ~‹S>m hr gac Am¡a gw~moY h¡& {H$gr H$_Zr` H$mì` Ho$ n‹T>Zo go VWm a_Ur` ZmQ²>`
Ho$ XoIZo go {MÎm _| Omo Acm¡{H$H$ AmZ§X CÝ_r{cV hmoVm h¡ dhr ag h¡&
ag Ho$ ñdê$n H$m {dícofU H$aVo hþE Am. {dídZmW Zo {cIm h¡-
""{d^mJ, AZw^md Ed§ g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go ì`ŠV hmoH$a, göX` Ho$ öX` _| pñWV "a{V'
Am{X ñWm`r ^md hr "agËd' àmßV H$a coVo h¢& "gËd' Ho$ CÐoH$ Ho$ H$maU `h ag AI§S>, A{ÛVr`
ñd`§ àH$me ñdê$n, AmZ§X_` Ed§ {MÝ_` hmoVm h¡& Bg ag Ho$ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ g_` Xÿgao kmVì`
{df`m| H$m ñne© VH$ Zht hmoVm Am¡a Bgr{cE `h ~h²_mZ§X ghmoXa hmoVm h¡& Bg ag H$m àmU EH$
Eogm Acm¡{H$H$ M_ËH$ma hmoVm h¡, {OgH$s CncpãY Hw$N> (göX`) ì`pŠV`m| H$mo hr hmo gH$Vr h¡&
Bg ag Ho$ AmñdmXZ Ho$ g_` ag ^moŠVm H$m Bggo n¥WH²$ ì`pŠVËd Zht ah nmVm&
^Q²>Q>Zm`H$ Zo Vmo ag H$mo ~«h²_mñdmX go ^r loîR> {gX²Y {H$`m h¡& ñnîQ> h¡ ^maVr` AmMm`© ag
H$mo H$mì` H$m àmU _mZVo h¢ Am¡a dhr H$mì` H$mo amoMH$ ~ZmVm h¡&
1.3.7 ag {Zîn{Îm
ag {Zîn{Îm ^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ H$m AË`§V _hÎdnyU© {df` h¡& dmñVd _| ag H$m {ddoMZ ag
H$s {Zîn{Îm go hr Ama§^ hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ ^aV Zo _ycV: ag Ho$ ñdê$n H$m Zht ag H$s {Zîn{Îm
H$m hr ì`m»`mZ {H$`m h¡-
""{d^mdmZw^md ì`{^Mm[ag§`moJmV ag {Zîn{Îm:''
AWm©V² {d^md, AZw^md VWm ì`{^Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go ag {Zîn{Îm hmoVr h¡&
Bg gyÌ _| "g§`moJ' VWm "{Zîn{Îm' eãXm| H$m AW© AñnîQ> h¡ Am¡a BÝht H$mo coH$a nadVu
AmMm`m] _| JhZ emñÌmW© hþAm h¡, {OZ_| ^Q²>Q>cmoëcQ>, e§Hw$H$, ^Q²>Q>Zm`H$ Am¡a A{^Zd JwßV à_wI
h¢& BZHo$ ag {Zîn{Îm {df`H$ {gX²Ym§V H«$_e: CËn{ÎmdmX, AZw{_{VdmX, ^wpŠVdmX VWm A{^ì`pŠVdmX
Ho$ Zm_ go à{gX²Y h¢& BZ Mmam| dmXm| _| ^aVgyÌ _| à`wŠV "g§`moJ' VWm "{Zîn{Îm' H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a
AcJ-AcJ ì`m»`mE± H$s J`r h¢& h_ BZ dmXm| H$mo g§jon _| XoI|Jo-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
39
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. CËn{ÎmdmX (^Q²>Q>cmoëcQ>) :
Bgo hr "AmamondmX' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& ^Q²>Q>cmoëcQ> Zo ^aV Ho$ ag-gyÌ H$s ì`m»`m AnZo T>§Jgo
H$s& CZHo$ AZwgma g§`moJmV² H$m AW© {Ì_wIr h¡- {d^mdm{X Am¡a ñWm`r^md _| CËnmXH$ Am¡a CËnmX²`
g§~§Y, VWm AZw^dm{X Am¡a ñWm`r ^md _| AZw_mnH$ AZw_mß` g§§~§Y VWm ì`{^Mmar ^md Am¡a
ñWm`r ^md _| nmofH$-nmoî` g§~§Y h¡& AWm©V {d^mdm{X go CËnÝZ hþE, AZw^mdm{X go àVr{V Ho$ `mo½`
{cE JE VWm ì`{^Mm[a`m| go nwîQ> {H$`m OmZo na ñWm`r ^md H$s ag ê$n _| {Zîn{Îm hmoVr h¡&
^Q²>Q>cmoëcQ> Zo {Zîn{Îm H$m AW© CËn{Îm {c`m h¡& CZH$m _V h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma aÁOy _| gn©
H$s àVr{V ^«_ OÝ` hmoZo na ^r gË`-gr àVrV hmoVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma A{^Z`m{X _| Xe©H$, ZQ> _|
am_m{X H$m Amamon H$a ~¡R>Vm h¡& ZQ> _| {d^mdm{X Ho$ g§`moJ go ag H$s CËn{Îm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo
CËn{ÎmdmX ^r H$hVo h¢&
g_rjm-
1. CËn{Îm _| H$m`©-H$maU g§~§Y ahVm h¡& `h g§~§Y àË`j dñVwAm| _| hr g§^d h¡& qH$Vw
A{^Z` Ho$ g_` {d^mdm{X, Omo H$maU ê$n h¢, àË`j Zht hmoVo& H$maU Ho$ àË`j Z hmoZo na H$m`©
H$s CËn{Îm H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡?
2. {d^mdm{X Am¡a ñWm`r^md Ho$ CËnmXH$ CËnmX²` g§~§Y _mZ coZo na CËnmXH$ gm_J«r H$s Ý`yZVm
`m àMwaVm na CËnmX²` gm_J«r H$s Ý`yZVm `m àMwaVm {Z^©a ahoJr qH$Vw ag AI§S> dñVw h¡& Cgo h_
Z Vmo Ý`yZ H$h gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a Z àMwa&
3. `{X ^md H$s CX²XrßVmdñWm H$s ag Xem _mZ| Vmo {\$a emoH$m{X H$s CX²XrßVmdñWm
H$ê$UmOZH$ hmoJr, ag ê$n Zht&
4. CËnmXH$-CËnmX²` g§~§Y _mZZo na H$ê$U ag Ho$ àg§J _| emoH$ ñWm`r go AmZ§X ê$n H$ê$U
ag H$s CËn{Îm H¡$go ñdrH$ma H$a|J|, Š`m|{H$ H$m`© Vmo H$maU Ho$ AZwHy$c hr hmoVm h¡&
2. AZw{_{VdmX (e§Hw$H$) :
Bgohr "AZw_mZdmX' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& e§Hw$H$ ag H$mo AZw_mZ H$m {df` _mZVo h¢& a§J_§M Ho$
D$na A{^Z` H$s H$cm _| MVwa VWm H$mì`-ZmQ>H$ _| ì`wËn{Îm aIZodmcm A{^ZoVm ZmQ>H$ Ho$ _yc
nmÌm| H$m A{^Z` BVZr ñdm^m{dH$Vm VWm amoMH$Vm go H$aVm h¡ {H$ Xe©H$ AmZ§X _| {d^moa hmo OmVo
h¢ Am¡a do Cg ZQ> H$mo hr am_go A{^ÝZ g_PZo cJVo h¢& `h A{^ÝZVm "{MÌVwa§JÝ`m`' H$s Vah
hmoVr h¡& AWm©V {Og Vah ~ÀMm {MÌ _| {XImB© XoZodmco KmoS>o H$mo hr gÀMm KmoS>m g_PZo cJVm
h¡, Cgr àH$ma {H$gr nmÌ H$m A{^Z` H$aZodmco ZQ> H$mo hr Xe©H$ _yc nmÌ g_PVm h¡& Xe©H$ `h
AZw_mZ Ho$ AmYma na H$aVm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
40
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
g_rjm-
1. {d^mdm{X Omo àË`j Zht hmoVo, CZgo ag H$s {Zîn{Îm H¡$go {gX²Y H$s Om`?
2. ~hþV-go Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m Ho$ à{V h_mar ^mdZm gX¡d n{dÌ ahVr h¡, AV: CZH$s a{V ^mdZm
_| H¡$go AnZËd H$m AZw^d H$ao?
3. {MÌ-Vwa§J Ý`m` hmñ`mñnX h¡, Š`m|{H$ Xe©H$ ~ÀMm Zht hmoVm&
4. H$ê$U, {OgH$m ñWm`r^md emoH$ h¡ ag H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡?
3. ^wpŠVdmX `m ^moJdmX (^Q²>Q>Zm`H$) :
^Q²>Q>Zm`H$ Zo cmoëcQ> Am¡a e§Hw$H$ Ho$ _Vm| H$m {damoY H$aHo$ ^wpŠVdmX H$m àdV©Z {H$`m& BÝhm|Zo
"g§`moJmX²' eãX H$m AW© ^moÁ`-^moOH$ g§~§Y {c`m h¡& CZHo$ _V _| ag ^moÁ` h¡ Am¡a {d^mdm{X
^moOH$ h¢& {Zîn{Îm H$m AW© do ^wpŠV coVo h¢& BÝhm|Zo Xe©H$ Ho$ _hËd H$mo ^cr ^m±{V AnZm`m h¡&
BZH$s ÑpîQ> go H$mì` _| ì`mnma hr _w»` hmoVm h¡& Bg ì`mnma Ho$ VrZ ê$n h¢- (1) A{^Ym (2)
^mdH$Ëd (3) ^moOH$Ëd& A{^Ym Ho$ X²dmam eãX AW© H$s àVr{V H$aVm h¡& ^mdH$Ëd H$m AW© h¡
gmYmaUrH$aU& Bg ì`mnma Ho$ ~c na ZmQ²>` _| A{^ZrV nmÌ AnZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ VWm ì`pŠVJV {ZX}e
H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a gm_mÝ` ì`pŠV Ho$ ê$n _| hr J«hU {H$`m OmVm h¡& A{^kmZ-emHw§$Vc ZmQ>H$ H$m Zm_H$
Xþî`§V hpñVZmnwa H$m M§Ðd§er amOm Z hmoH$a gm_mÝ` ê$n go EH$ em¡`©-_pÊS>V ZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| hr
ñdrH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡& ^moOH$Ëd ì`mnma Ho$ X²dmam Xe©H$ ag H$m ^moJ H$aVm h¡ VWm Bg Adga
na CgHo$ öX` _| amOg VWm Vm_g ^mdm| H$mo gd©Wm X~mH$a gmpËdH$ ^md H$m EoH$m§{VH$ CX` hmoVm
h¡& gmpËdH$ ^md Ho$ CX` hmoZo na hr ag^wpŠV H$s Xem CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡&
g_rjm-
1. ZB© eãX epŠV`m| H$s H$ënZm AnZo _| ñd`§ EH$ g_ñ`m ~Z JB© h¡& Bg H$ënZm H$m H$moB©
AmYma Zht h¡&
2. ag Am§ZX ê$n hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ^moJ gwI ê$n, AV: ag Ho$ ^moJ H$s ~mV AÀN>r Zht cJVr&
3. ^mdH$Ëd Am¡a ^moOH$Ëd H$s H$ënZm H$m H$moB© AmYma Zht h¡& ñdoÀN>`m eãXì`mnma H$s
H$ënZm AZw{MV cJVr h¡&
4. A{^ì`§OZmdmX (A{^Zd JwßV) :
A{^ZdJwßV ag Ho$ {df` _| A{^ì`§OZmdmXr h¢& BZHo$ _V go ^aV gyÌ "{d^mdmZw^md' _| g§`moJ
H$m AW© h¡ ì`§½`ì`§OH$^md VWm ag{Zîn{Îm H$m AW© h¡ ag H$s A{^ì`pŠV `m ag H$s ì`§OZm& BZHo$
AZwgma àË`oH$ lmoVm `m dŠVm _| ñWm`r^md- ào_, emoH$, H«$moYm{X dmgZmê$n _| {dX²`_mZ ahVm h¡&
`h dmgZm nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ g§ñH$mam| go CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ `m Bgr OÝ_ Ho$ H$mì`m{X Ho$ godZ go àmXþ^y©V
hmoVr h¡& na§Vw g§ñH$ma ê$n go `h ahVr h¡ Adí` àË`oH$ ÐîQ>m `m lmoVm Ho$ öX` _|& {d^md, AZw^md
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
41
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Am¡a g§Mmar ^md Ho$ X²dmam Bg ñWm`r^md H$s A{^ì`§OZm hmoVr h¡& `o ^md gm_mÝ` ê$n _| hr J¥hrV
hmoVo h¢& c{cV dñVwAmo§ Ho$ JwUJ«hU Ho$ Adga na àË`oH$ nXmW© gmYmaU ê$n go hr VWm g§~§Y-
a{hV hmoH$a hr ñdrH¥$V {H$`m OmVm h¡& {H$gr dm{Q>H$m _| cJo hþE Jwcm~ Ho$ \y$c H$mo Xo{IE& CgH$s
emo^m XoIVo hþE O~ AmnH$m {MÎm àgÝZ hmoVm h¡ V~ AmnH$s CgHo$ à{V H$m¡Zgr ^mdZm hmoVr h¡?
Cgo `{X Amn AnZm g_PVo Vmo Cgo VmoS>Zo Ho$ {cE AmJo ~T>Vo& eÌw H$m g_PVo Vmo Cggo Ûof CËnÝZ
hmoVm& `{X {H$gr VQ>ñW ì`pŠV H$m g_PVo Vmo Cggo {dapŠV CËnÝZ hmoVr& \$cV: `h Jwcm~ H$m
gw§Xa \y$c Z Vmo AmnH$m h¡, Z Vmo AmnHo$ eÌy H$m h¡, Am¡a Z {H$gr CXmgrZ ì`pŠV H$m h¡& Bg
{df` _| g§~§Y Ho$ J«hU VWm n[aË`mJ H$s H$moB© ~mV hr Zht CR>Vr& Jwcm~ EH$ gw§Xa \y$c h¡& dh
gw§Xa dñVw H$m à{V{Z{Y h¡& c{cV H$cm Ho$ {df` _| gmYmaUrH$aU H$m `hr ^md gd©Ì OmJê$H$
ahVm h¡& A{^ZdJwßV Zo Bg gm_mÝ` {Z`_ H$m à`moJ ag H$s {__m§gm Ho$ Adga na {H$`m h¡& ag
Ho$ CX²~moYH$ {OVZo ^md h¢, do gm_mÝ` ê$n _| hr J¥hrV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a V^r ag H$s A{^ì`pŠV g§^d
h¡& ag H$s A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ g_` ^r AZw^dH$Vm© AnZo AmnH$mo ^r gm_mÝ` ê$n _| hr J««hU H$aVm
h¡& AZw^d Ho$ g_` dh g_PVm h¡ {H$ {OVZo göX` h¢ CZHo$ öX` _| Cg ag H$s AZw^y{V g_mZ
ê$n go hmoVr h¡&
ag AmZ§X ê$n h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r g§Xoh Zht& Omo dñVw g§gma _| ^` `m emoH$ ^r CËnÞ H$aVr
h¡ `m H«$moY H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¡ dhr dñVw H$mì` _| d{U©V hmoVo hr Acm¡{H$H$ ê$n YmaU H$a coVr
h¡&
ag-{Zîn{Îmg§~§Yr Bg {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na Am. Z§XXþcmao dmOno`r Ho$ eãXm| _| h_ H$h gH$Vo
h¢-
""`o Mmam| _V H«$_e: H$mì` H$s àofUr`Vm Am¡a H$mì` ag Ho$ AmñdmXZ H$s g_ñ`m H$mo g_PmZo
H$m à`ËZ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a CZ_| go àË`oH$ _V g_ñ`m Ho$ EH$-EH$ nhcy H$mo coH$a AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡&
H${d-H$pënV Zm`H$ go coH$a-A{^ZoVm Ho$ ZmQ²>` àXe©Z, göX` Ho$ ^md Am¡a H$mì` H$s
ÜdÝ`mË_H$Vm Ho$ njm| H$s ì`m»`m H$aZodmco `o _V h_mar ÑpîQ> _| H$mì` H$s EH$ AË`§V Amdí`H$
g_ñ`m Ho$ CX²KmQ>Z H$s EH$ H«$_~X²Y `moOZm Ho$ ê$n _| CnpñWV {H$E JE h¢- `h ~mV Xÿgar h¡
{H$ I§S>Z-_§S>Z Ho$ dm½Omc _| n‹S> OmZo go CZH$m _ycdVu Ame` `m à`moOZ ^ycm {X`m J`m hmo&
na§nam gwa{jV h¡ qH$Vw CgH$m ñdê$n {dH¥$V hmo J`m h¡&''
1.3.8 ag Ho$ A§J
ag Ho$ A§Jm| H$mo hr CnH$aU, Ad`d VWm gm_J«r H$hm OmVm h¡& ^aV_w{Z H$m ag Ho$ àg§J
_| {X`m J`m cjU (aggyÌ) hr ^md-{ddoMZ H$m à_wI AmYma h¡& ^aV_w{Z Ho$ AZwgma O~ ñWm`r
^md H$m {d^md, AZw^md Am¡a ì`{^Mmar ^md Ho$ gmW g§`moJ hmoVm h¡ V~ ag H$s {Zîn{Îm hmoVr
h¡& Bg gyÌ go ag Ho$ Mma Ad`d {ZpíMV hmoVo h¢-
(1) {d^md (2) AZw^md (3) ñWm`r^md (4) ì`{^Mmar ^md `m g§Mmar ^md.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
42
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. {d^md :
_mZd AnZo öX` _| pñWV H$m_, H«$moY, ^` Am{X ^mdm| H$m AZw^d {deof H$maU go H$aVm h¡
Omo H$maU BZ ^mdm| H$mo OmJ¥V H$aVo h¢ do "{d^md' H$hcmVo h¢& {d^md Ho$ Xmo ^oX {H$E OmVo h¢-
Amc§~Z Am¡a CX²XrnZ&
1. Amc§~Z {d^md : {OZH$m Adc§~ (ghmam) coH$a öX` _| pñWV ^mdm| H$s OmJ¥{V hmoVr
h¡ CÝh| "Amc§~Z {d^md' H$hVo h¢& CXm. {H$gr ^`mZH$ eoa H$mo XoIH$a amHo$e Ho$ öX` _| pñWV
^md ^` H$s OmJ¥{V hmoVr h¡& AV: `hm± ^`mZH$ eoa Amc§~Z h¡ {Ogo XoIH$a amHo$e H$mo ^` H$s
àVr{V hmoVr h¡& {Og ì`pŠV Ho$ öX` _| ^md H$s OmJ¥{V hmoVr h¡ dh Aml`r H$hcmVm h¡, AV:
amHo$e Aml`r h¡&
2. CX²XrnZ {d^md : do CnH$aU, dñVwE± AWdm dmVmdaU {OZgo CËnÝZ ^md H$mo Am¡a ^r
A{YH$ CËH$f© {_co do CX²XrnZ {d^md Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢& CXm. ^`mZH$ eoa H$mo XoIH$a amHo$e Ho$
öX` _| CËnÝZ ^` H$m ^md Cg g_` Am¡a ^r A{YH$ C{XßV hmo OmVm h¡, O~ dh AnZo H$mo
gwZgmZ ^`mZH$ O§Jc _| XoIVm h¡& `hm± gwZgmZ ^`mZH$ O§Jc CX²XrnZ Ho$ A§VJ©V Am`|Jo&
2. AZw^md :
"AZw' H$m AW© h¡ "nrN>o' AWm©V ñWm`r ^md Ho$ níMmV² àH$Q> hmoZodmco _Zmo{dH$ma Am¡a Aml`
H$s MoîQ>mE± AZw^md H$hcmVr h¢& AZw^md ñWm`r ^mdm| Am¡a {d^mdm| Ho$ níMmV àH$Q> hmoVo h¢ Am¡a
Aml` _| àH$Q> hmoVo h¢& AV: AZw^md nyU©V: Aml`JV hmoVo h¢& AmMm`m] Zo AZw^md Ho$ XmoZ ^oX
~VmE h¢- gmpËdH$ `m A`ËZO² Am¡a H$m{`H$ `m `ËZO&
(A) gmpËdH$ : "ñdËd' H$m AW© h¡ A§V:H$aU& A§V:H$aU _| CX²~wX²Y ñWm`r ^md Ho$ {dH$ma
O~ àË`j hmoVo h¢, V~ CÝh| "gmpËdH$ AZw^md' H$hm OmVm h¡& BZHo$ àH$Q>Z Ho$ {cE `ËZ H$s
Oê$aV Zht hmoVr, Bg{cE BÝh| "A`ËZO' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& {dX²dmZm| Zo BgHo$ AmR> ^oX {H$E h¢-
1. ñV§^ : ào_, emoH$, ^`, H«$moY Am{X Ho$ H$maU eara H$s J{V H$m ê$H$ OmZm "ñV§^'
H$hcmVm h¡&
2. ñdoX : ào_, ^`, cÁOm Am{X Ho$ H$maU eara na ngrZm Am OmZm "ñdoX' H$hcmVm h¡&
3. amo_m§M : ào_, hf©, ^` Am{X Ho$ H$maU eara na am|JQ>m| H$m I‹S>m hmo OmZm "amo_m§M'
H$hcmVm h¡&
4. ñda^§J : ào_, emoH$, ^` Am{X Ho$ H$maU _wI go dmUr H$m ñdm^m{dH$ J{V go Z {ZH$cZm
"ñda^§J' hmoVm h¡&
5. H$ån : ào_m{YŠ`, H«$moY d ^` Ho$ H$maU eara H$m±nZo cJZm H$ån H$hcmVm h¡&
6. d¡dÊ`© : ^`, emoH$, e§H$m Am{X Ho$ H$maU _wI_§S>c H$m H$m§{VhrZ hmo OmZm "d¡dÊ`©'
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
43
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$hcmVm h¡&
7. Alw : hfm©{VaoH$ `m emoH$ Ho$ H$maU Am±Im| _| nmZr Am OmZm hr "Alw' h¡&
8. àc` : {dah, Xþ:I, emoH$, ^`, H«$moY Ho$ H$maU B§{Ð`m| H$m MoVZm eyÝ` hmo OmZm "àc`'
H$hcmVm h¡&
(~) H$m{`H$ AZw^md : H$m{`H$ AZw^md AZ§V hmoVo h¢& BgH$m g§~§Y Aml` H$s H$m{`H$
MoîQ>mAm| go hmoVm h¡& BZH$mo H$aZo Ho$ {cE Aml` H$mo `ËZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& CXm. H«$moY _| WßnS>
_maZm, nËWa \¢$H$Zm, Jmocr McmZm, Xm±V nrgZm Am{X g`ËZ hmoVo h¢& ì`pŠV, ñWmZ Am¡a g_` Ho$
AZwgma `o AZoH$ àH$ma go ì`ŠV hmoVo h¢&
3. ñWm`r^md :
ñWm`r^md göX` gm_m{OH$ Ho$ öX` _| dmgZm ê$n_| (OÝ_OmV) pñWV do AZw^y{V`m± h¢, Omo
ñWm`r ê$n go {dX²`_mZ ahVr h¢& _mZd öX` Ho$ `o _yc ^md h¢, Am¡a BZgo H$moB© ^r göX` _mZd
ANy>Vm Zht ahVm&
`o ñWm`r ^md ñWm`r ê$n _| {MÎm _| pñWa ahVo h¢& BZH$mo H$moB© ^r {damoYr ^md Nw>nm Zht
gH$Vm& Bgr H$maU BÝh| AmMm`m] Zo "ñWm`r ^md' H$hm h¡& BZH$s g§»`m H$ht Zm¡ Vmo H$ht Xg _mZr
JB© h¢& A~ `h g§»`m ½`mah VH$ nhþ±M JB© h¡& ñWm`r ^md {ZåZ h¢-
(1) a{V (2) hmg (3) emoH$ (4) CËgmh (5) H«$moY (6) ^` (7) OwJwßgm (8) {dñ_`
(9) {Zd}X (10) dËgc (11) ^JdV² ào_.
4. ì`{^Mmar ^md `m g§Mmar ^md :
g§Mmar ^md `o _ZmodoJ `m emar[aH$ à{V{H«$`mE± h¢, Omo ñWm`r ^mdm| H$s nwpîQ> Ho$ {cE
g§MaUerc hmoVo h¢& EH$hr g§Mmar ^md AZoH$ agm| H$s nwpîQ> Ho$ {cE àH$Q> hmo OmVm h¡; AV: EH$
^md Ho$ gmW BZH$m {Z`V g§~§Y Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU ^aV Zo BÝh| "ì`{^Mmar ^md' H$hm h¡& BZH$s
g§MaUerc àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU BÝh| g§Mmar VWm ApñWa ^md ^r H$hVo h¢& agdmXr AmMm`m] Zo BZH$s
VrZ {deofVmE± ~VmB© h¢-
1. `o ñWm`r ^md Ho$ CnH$maH$ Y_© h¢&
2. ñWm`r ^mdm| Ho$ gmW BZH$m g§~§Y gmJa Ed§ Va§Jm| Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm h¡&
3. j{UH$Vm hr BZH$m cjU h¡&
AmMm`m] Zo g§Mmar ^mdm| H$s g§»`m à_wI ê$n go 33 _mZr h¡-
(1) {Zd}X (2) AmdoJ (3) X¡Ý` (4) l_ (5) _X (6) OS>Vm (7) CJ«Vm (8) _moh (9)
{d~moY (10) ñdßZ (11) Anñ_ma (12) Jd© (13) _aU (14) Amcñ` (15) A_f© (16)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
44
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
{ZÐm (17) Ad{hËW (18) Am¡ËgwŠ` (19) CÝ_mX (20) e§H$m (21) ñ_¥{V (22) _{V (23)
ì`m{Y (24) Ìmg (25) d«rS>m (26) hf© (27) Agy`m (28) {dfmX (29) Y¥{V (30) MncVm
(31) ½cm{Z (32) qMVm Am¡a (33) {dVH©$&
1.3.9 ag Ho$ àH$ma/^oX
AmMm`© ^aV _w{Z Zo ZmQ>H$ _| AmR>hr ag ñdrH$ma {H$E W|& AmJo {dX²dmZm| Zo agm| H$s g§»`m
Zm¡ ñdrH$ma H$s& dmËgë` Am¡a ^pŠV H$mo ^r AcJ ag ñdrH$ma H$aZo go AmO BZH$s g§»`m ½`mah
hþB© h¡&
(1) l¥§Jma (2) dra (3) H$ê$U (4) hmñ` (5) am¡Ð (6) ^`mZH$ (7) ~r^Ëg (8) AX²^wV
(9) em§V (10) dmËgë` Am¡a (11) ^pŠV& BZH$m g§{jßV n[aM` {ZåZ àH$ma h¡-
1. l¥§Jma ag : l¥§Jma H$mo "agamO' H$hm J`m h¡, {OgH$m à_wI H$maU `h h¡ {H$ BgHo$ ^rVa
A{YH$m§e g§Mmar ^md VWm g^r ag ^r g§Mmar ê$n _| g_m{dîQ> hmo OmVo h¢& ^moOamO Ho$ {dMma
go `hr EH$_mÌ ag h¡&
{d^mdmZw^md Ed§ g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go n[anŠd AdñWm _| nhþ±Mm hþAm a{V ñWm`r ^md
l¥§Jma ag _| n[aUV hmoVm h¡& l§¥Jma H$m à^md Vwa§V nS>Vm h¡& Bg_| g_ñV g§Mmar, {d^md, AZw^md
Am gH$Vo h¢& BgHo$ Amc§~Z Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m Am¡a CX²XrnZ F$Vw gm¢X`© Am{X h¢& l¥§Jma H$m dU© í`m_
Am¡a XodVm {dîUw _mZo JE h¢&
BgHo$ Xmo ^oX h¢- g§`moJ l¥§Jma Am¡a {d`moJ `m {dàc§^ l¥§Jma&
g§`moJ l¥§Jma dhm± hmoVm h¡, Ohm± Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m H$s {_cZ AdñWm H$m dU©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡&
Bg_| Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m Ho$ nañna hmg-{dcmg, AmqcJZ, ñne©, Mw§~Z Am{X H$m dU©Z ahVm h¡&
{d`moJ l¥§Jma dhm± hmoVm h¡, Ohm± Zm`H$ Am¡a Zm{`H$m _| nañna CËH$Q> ào_ hmoZo na ^r CZH$m
{_cZ Zht hmo nmVm&
2. dra ag : göX` gm_m{OH$ Ho$ öX` _| pñWV CËgmh ñWm`r^md {d^md, AZw^md-ì`{^Mmar
^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go CX²~wX²Y hmoH$a agmdñWm _| nhþ±MVm h¡ Vmo dh "dra ag' H$hcmVm h¡&
`h àYmZ agm| _| go EH$ h¡& BgH$m XodVm _h|Ð _mZm OmVm h¡ Am¡a BgH$m dU© gmoZo Ho$ g_mZ
Jm¡a h¡& Amc§~Z-eÌw, Eoíd`©, gmh{gH$ H$m`© Am{X; CX²XrnZ-MoîQ>m, àXe©Z, ccH$ma, AZw^md-
Am±Im| H$m cmc hmoZm, ^wOmAm| H$m g§MmcZ; g§Mmar ^md- Jd©, CJ«Vm, Y¡`©, Agy`m, _{V Am{X&
BgHo$ Mma ^oX h¢- `wX²Ydra, XmZdra, X`mdra Am¡a Y_©dra&
3. H$ê$U ag : gå~X²Y {d^mdmZw^md Am¡a ì`{^Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go göX` gm_m{OH$m| Ho$
öX` _| dmgZm ê$n go pñWV emoH$ ñWm`r^md n[anŠd AdñWm _| nhþ±MH$a H$ê$U ag _| n[aUV hmo
OmVm h¡& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AmMm`m] Zo BîQ> Ho$ Zme Am¡a A{ZîQ> H$s àmpßV H$mo H$ê$U ag H$m H$maU _mZm
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
45
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
h¡&
H$ê$U ag AË`§V à^mdemcr hmoVm h¡& Bg ag _| g^r H$mo Vwa§V Ð{dV H$aZo H$s epŠV hmoVr
h¡& ^moOamO Zo {Og àH$ma l¥§Jma H$mo hr EH$_mÌ ag Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m Wm, ^d^y{V Cgr
àH$ma "H$ê$U' H$mo hr EH$_mÌ ag _mZVo Wo& CÝhm|Zo H$hm ^r h¡- ""EH$mo ag: H$ê$U Ed§
{Z{_Îm^oXmV²&'' AWm©V H$ê$U hr EH$_mÌ ag h¡, AÝ` ag Vmo BgHo$ ^oX h¢&
H$ê$U ag H$m dU© H$nmoVdV² Am¡a XodVm `_ _mZo JE h¢& Bg ag H$m ñWm`r^md "emoH$' h¡&
H$ê$U ag H$m Amc§~Z{à` ì`pŠV `m dñVw H$m A{ZîQ>, hm{Z `m {dZme h¡& CX²XrnZ-Xþ:InyU©
AñV-ì`ñV Xem H$m dU©Z `m ldU h¡& AZw^md-éXZ, d¡dÊ`©, {dcmn, ^m½` `m X¡d H$mo H$mogZm,
eara H$m {e{Wc hmo OmZm Am{X h¢& g§Mmar ^md-qMVm, ½cm{Z, {dfmX, ñ_¥{V, OS>Vm, ì`m{Y,
{Zd}X, _aU Am{X h¢&
4. hmñ` ag : gmYmaU AZmoIr {d{MÌ dñVw `m ì`pŠV H$mo XoIH$a, {H$gr H$s {d{MÌ doe^yfm
Ho$ H$maU, {d{MÌ MoîQ>mE± `m {d{MÌ ~mVm| go hmñ` ag H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡&
hmñ` ag H$m dU© ídoV Am¡a XodVm àW_ (e§H$a Ho$ JU) _mZo OmVo h¢& BgH$m ñWm`r^md h¡-
"hmg'& BgH$m Amc§~Z-{dH¥$V ê$n, AmH$ma, dof^yfm, {d{MÌ A§VJ©c dMZ, {dcjU MoîQ>mE± h¢&
CX²XrnZ- {d{MÌ A§J-^§{JZm, {H«$`m-H$cmn Am{X h¢& AZw^md-Am±Im| Am¡a _wI H$m {dH${gV hmoZm,
{Ic{IcmZm Am{X h¢& g§Mmar ^md-MncVm, hf©, Jd© Am{X h¢&
AZw^mdm| Ho$ AmYma na hmñ` ag Ho$ AZoH$ ^oX {H$E OmVo h¢, {OZ_| N>h à_wI h¢- (1) pñ_V,
(2) h{gV (3) {dh{gV (4) Adh{gV (5) Anh{gV (6) A{Vh{gV Am{X&
5. am¡Ð ag : {d^md, AZw^md Am¡a g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ öX` _| dmgZm
ê$n go pñWV "H«$moY' ñWm`r^md Amñdm{XV hmoVm hþAm am¡Ð ag _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡& eÌw H$s
MoîQ>m, An_mZ, AnH$ma VWm {à` Jwê$OZm| H$s qZXm gwZH$a am¡Ð ag H$s {Z{_©{V hmoVr h¡&
am¡Ð ag H$m dU© cmc Am¡a XodVm ê$Ð _mZo OmVo h¢& BgH$m ñWm`r^md h¡- H«$moY& Amcå~Z-
eÌw. H$nQ>r VWm XþamMmar ì`pŠV `m XoeÐmohr ì`pŠV hmoVm h¡& CX²XrnZ- Jm{c`m±, An_mZ Am¡a qZXm
go ^ao dMZ hmoVo h¢& AZw^md- ^m¢ho VmZZm, Xm±V nrgZm, ccH$maZm, H$m±nZm, _w±h cmc hmo OmZm,
hmW McmZm, h{W`ma CR>mZm Am{X h¢& g§Mmar ^md- Jd©, A_f©, MncVm, Amdoe, _moh, _X Am{X
h¢&
6. ^`mZH$ ag : {d^md, AZw^md Am¡a g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go O~ göX` gm_m{OH$m| Ho$
öX` _| dmgZm ê$n go {dX²`_mZ "^`' ñWm`r^md, CX²~wX²Y hmoH$a ag ê$n _| n[aUV hmoVm h¡, V~
dhm± ^`mZH$ ag hmoVm h¡& {H$gr ^`mdh dñVw `m ì`pŠV H$mo XoIZo na AWdm Kmoa AnamY hmoZo na
X§S> H$s H$ënZm go O~ _Z ì`mHw$c hmoVm h¡, V~ ^`mZH$ ag H$s {Z{_©{V hmoVr h¡&
BgH$m dU© H¥$îU `m í`m_ Am¡a XodVm H$mcXod _mZo OmVo h¢& ^`mZH$ ag H$m ñWm`r^md "^`'
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
46
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ Amc§~Z-qhó ñd^md dmco Ord VWm CJ« ñd^md Am¡a AmMaU dmco ì`pŠV VWm
Mmoa, S>mHy$ Am{X h¢& CX²XrnZ-{dH¥$V Am¡a CJ« Üd{Z VWm ^`mdh MoîQ>mE±, {ZO©ZVm Am{X h¢&
AZw^md-hmW-n¡a H$m H$m±nZm, Am±Im| H$m \$m‹S>Zm, am|JQ>o I‹S>o hmo OmZm, {ddU©Vm, H§$R>mdamoY,
{MëcmZm, ^mJZm, {JS>{JS>mZm Am{X h¢& g§Mmar ^md-e§H$m, _moh, X¡Ý`, AmdoJ, qMVm, Ìmg,
MncVm, _aU, OwJwßgm Am{X h¢&
7. ~r^Ëg : K¥{UV dñVwAm| H$mo XoIH$a AWdm gwZH$a "OwJwßgm' ñWm`r^md CX²~wX²Y hmoVm h¡,
Omo gå~X²Y {d^md, AZw^md Ed§ g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go n[anŠd AdñWm _| nhþ±M H$a "~r^Ëg
ag' _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡&
~r^Ëg ag H$m dU© ZrcdU© Am¡a XodVm _hmH$mc _mZo OmVo h¢& BgH$m ñWm`r^md OwJwßgm `m
K¥Um h¡& BgHo$ Amc§~Z-K¥UmñnX ì`pŠV AWdm dñVw, ñ_emZ, _yc_yÌ, ê${Ya, _m§g, \y$hS>nZ,
gS>r-Jcr VWm XþJª{Y_` dñVwE± h¢& CX²XrnZ-CnamoŠV dñVwAm| H$s MMm© H$aZm, XoIZm Am{X h¢&
AZw ^ md-Wy § H $Zm `m
Wy-Wy H$aZm, _w±h \o$aZm, ZmH$ {gH$moS>Zm, H$ån Am{X h¢& g§Mmar ^md-^`, AmdoJ, ì`m{Y, Anñ_ma,
OS>Vm, qMVm Am{X h¢&
BgHo$ Xmo ^oX {H$E h¢- (1) jmo^O² `m ewX²Y (2) CX²doJr `m AewX²Y&
8. AX²^wV ag : AmíM`©OZH$ ì`pŠV`m|, dñVwAm|, {d{MÌ Ñí`m| Ed§ Acm¡{H$H$ dñVwAm| `m
KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ X²>dmam AX²^wV ag H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡& gå~X²Y {d^md, AZw^md Am¡a g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$
g§`moJ go göX` gm_m{OH$ Ho$ öX` _| dmgZm ê$n go pñWV "{dñ_`' ñWm`r^md O~ AmñdmX H$m
ê$n YmaU H$aVm h¡, V~ AX²^yV ag H$s {Zîn{Îm hmoVr h¡&
AX²^wV ag H$m dU© {nV Am¡a XodVm ~«h²_m _mZo OmVo h¢& BgH$m ñWm`r^md "{dñ_` `m AmíM`©'
h¡& Bg ag H$m Amcå~Z-Acm¡{H$H$ M[aÌ, Ñí` AWdm {d{MÌ dñVw h¡& CX²XrnZ-Eogo M[aÌ, Ñí`
AWdm dñVw Ho$ g§~§Y _| gwZZm `m CZ na ~ma-~ma {dMma H$aZm h¡& AZw^md- Am±I| \$m‹S>H$a XoIZm,
amo_m§M, ñVãY hmo OmZm, AdmH²$ hmo OmZm Am{X h¢& g§Mmar ^md-^«_, hf©, Am¡ËgwŠ`, M§McVm,
àVmn, hf©, {Zd}X Am{X h¢&
9. em§V ag : em§V ag H$mo emór` _mÝ`Vm {XcmZo H$m lo` AmMm`© CX²^Q> H$mo {X`m OmVm h¡&
Am. CX²^Q> go nyd© em§V ag H$mo ag Zht _mZm OmVm Wm, qH$Vw nadVu g_ñV AmMm`m] Zo em§V ag
H$mo nyU©V`m AnZr ñdrH¥${V àXmZ H$s h¡& AmO l¥§Jma, dra Am¡a em§V ag H$s JUZm àYmZ agm| _|
hmoVr h¡& Š`m|{H$ `o ag CXmÎm d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ àoaH$ h¢ Am¡a _hmH$mì` _| BZ_| go EH$ àYmZ `m A§Jr
ag Ho$ ê$n _| à{VpîR>V hmoVm h¡&
gå~X²Y {d^mdmZw^md Am¡a g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go O~ göX` gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ öX` _| dmgZm
ê$n go pñWV "{Zd}X' ñWm`r^md CX²~wX²Y hmoH$a ag ê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡, V~ dhm± em§V ag

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
47
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
hmoVm h¡& VËdkmZ `m d¡am½` go em§V ag H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡&
em§V ag H$m dU© Hw§$X nwîn `m M§Ð_m Ho$ g_mZ ewŠc _mZm J`m h¡ VWm BgHo$ XodVm {dîUw _mZo
JE h¢& Bg ag H$m ñWm`r^md "{Zd}X' h¡& BgHo$ Amcå~Z-g§gma H$s AgmaVm Am¡a jU^§JwaVm VWm
AmÜ`mpË_H$ kmZ Am{X h¢& CX²XrnZ-gËg§J, ñ_emZ, VrW©Xe©Z, _¥VH$, F${f`m| Ho$ Aml` Am{X h¢&
AZw^md-amo_m§M, Alw, ½cm{Z, níMmVmn, gmYwd¥{Îm, VëcrZVm Am{X h¢& g§Mmar ^md-hf©, ñ_¥{V,
_{V, ñ_aU, {d~moY Am{X h¢&
10. dmËgë` ag : gå~X²Y {d^mdmZw^md Am¡a ì`{^Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go göX` gm_m{OH$m|
Ho$ öX` _| dmgZm ê$n go pñWV "dËgc' ñWm`r^md CX²~wÕ hmoH$a ag ê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡,
V~ dhm± dmËgë` ag hmoVm h¡& ~ÀMm| H$s VwVcr ~mocr, CZH$s Ka Ho$ Am±JZ _| ^ar OmZodmcr
{H$cH$m[a`m± Ed§ A~moYOÝ` {H«$`m-H$cmn, dmËgë` ag Ho$ CËnmXH$ H$maU hmoVo h¢& gyaXmg Am¡a
VwcgrXmg H$s aMZmAm| _| dmËgë` ag Ho$ gw§Xa CXmhaU {_cVo h¢&
dmËgë` ag Ho$ Amc§~Z h¢- ~mcH$ `m {eew, new-n§{N>`m| Ho$ N>moQ>o ~ÀMo Am{X& CX²XrnZ-
~ÀMm| H$s ^mocr-^mcr MoîQ>mE± VWm {dX²`m-X`m Am{X& AZw^md-à\w${„V hmoZm, {ga My_Zm, JmoX _|
coZm Am{X& g§Mmar ^md- hf©, Am¡ËgwŠ`, _{V Am{X g§`moJ _| Am¡a {dfmX, qMVm, e§H$m Am{X
{d`moJ _|&
BgHo$ Xmo ^oX h¢- (1) g§`moJ Am¡a (2) {d`moJ&
11. ^pŠV ag : ^pŠV H$mo em§V Ho$ ^rVa Zht aIm Om gH$Vm; Š`m|{H$ em§V {Zd}X `m d¡am½`
na Am{lV h¡ Am¡a ^pŠV AZwamJ na& n§. OJÝZmW Zo Bgo ñdV§Ì ag ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
göX` gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ öX` _| dmgZm ê$n _| {dam{OV "^JdV²ào_' ñWm`r^md gå~X²Y {d^md,
AZw^md Am¡a g§Mmar ^mdm| Ho$ g§`moJ go ^pŠV ag _| n[aUV hmoVm h¡&
ñWm`r^md- ^JdV²ào_, Amc§~Z-B©ída `m CgH$m H$moB© ê$n, CX²XrnZ-nwamUm{X H$m ldU;
AZw^md-amo_m§Mm{X, ì`{^Mmar ^md- hf©, X¡Ý`&
1.3.10 ag - gmYmaUrH$aU :
gmYmaUrH$aU H$m {ddoMZ ^Å> Zm¶H$, A{^Zd JwßV, H${damO {dídZmW Am¡a n§{S>VamO OJÞmW
Am{X g§ñH¥$V AmMm¶m] Zo {H$¶m h¡& H$B© {dÛmZ ^aV‘w{Z Ho$ "ZmQ²>¶emñÌ' Ho$ "Eä¶íM gm‘mݶ JwU¶moJoZ
agm {ZînÚÝVo&' H$WZ H$mo gmYmaUrH$aU H$m ~rO ê$n ‘mZVo h¡& O~ ^mdm| H$m gm‘ݶ ê$n go
àñVwVrH$aU hmoVm h¡ Vmo dhm± agm| H$s {Zîn{Îm hmo OmVr h¡& dñVwV: AgmYmaU ~mV H$mo gmYmaU ê$n
go n[aUV H$aZm hr gmYmaUrH$aU h¡& gmYaUrH$aU Ho$ {~Zm agmñdmX Ag§^d h¡& H$mì¶OZm| H$mo
AZw^y{V, AmZ§XmZw^y{V Am¡a ag Xem ‘| n[a{MV H$amZo hoVw ag H$m gmYmaUrH$aU Oê$ar h¡& gmYmaUrH$aU
eãX "gmYmaU+pÀd+H$aU = gmYmaUrH$aU' Bg Vah go ~Zm h¡& Bg‘| g§ñH¥${V ì¶mH$aU H$m à˶¶

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
48
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
"pÀd' A^yV VX²^d ‘| hmoVm h¡ {OgH$m AW© h¡; Omo dñVw nhbo d¡gr Zht Wr, ‘Ja ~mX ‘| d¡go hmo
OmZm AWm©V² gmYmaUrH$aU H$m AW© AgmYmaU H$m gmYmaU ~Z OmZm h¡& H$mì¶JV AZw^y{V¶m± ì¶p³V-
{deof VH$ gr{‘V Z ahVo hþE gd©gmYmaU VH$ nh±þM OmZm hr gmYmaUrH$aU h¡& gmYmaUrH$aU H$mo
gm‘mOrH$aU ¶m gm‘mݶrH$aU ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& CXm. am‘ brbm ‘| bú‘U ep³V Ho$ àg§J ‘|
am‘ H$mo AnZo ^mB© Ho$ ‘ypÀN>V hmo OmZo go emoH$nyU© pñW{V ‘| {XImB© XoVo h¢& H${d am‘ Ho$ emoH$ H$m {MÌU
H$aVm h¡, nmR>H$ ¶m lmoVmAm| H$m Zht& BgHo$ ~mdOyX am‘ Ho$ emoH$ ‘o§ nmR>H$ ¶m Xe©H$ Sy>~ OmVo h¢& H$mì¶
‘| 춳V emoH$ {H$gr EH$ ì¶p³V H$m emoH$ Zht ahVm O~{H$ dh g‘J« ‘mZd g‘mO H$m emoH$ ~Z OmVm
h¡& Bg àg§J ‘| {M{ÌV am‘ H$m emoH$ hmoVm h¡, ‘Ja nmR>H$ Cg emoH$ go g‘ag hmo OmVm h¡& ¶h g‘ag
hmoZm hr gmYmaUrH$aU h¡&
^aV‘w{Z Ho$ aggyÌ Ho$ ì¶m»¶mH$ma ^Å>Zm¶H$ Zo "gmYmaUrH$aU' eãX H$m à¶moJ g~go nhbo {H$¶m&
^Å>Zm¶H$ Ho$ AZwgma "{d^mdm{X gmYmUrH$aUmË‘Zm... ^mdH$Ëd ì¶mnmaoU ^m춑mZmo ag ... ^moJoZ na§
^wÁ¶V B{V&' ^Å>Zm¶H$ H$s ì¶m»¶m Ho$ {díbofU go {d{XV hmoVm h¡ {H$ gmYaUrH$aU {d^mdm{X H$m hmoVm
h¡& ¶h dmñVd ‘| ^mdH$Ëd ì¶mnma H$m àmU h¡& XmoZm| ‘| EH$ hr ag hmoVm h¡& ^mdH$Ëd ì¶mnma X²dmam
^m춑mZ ñWm¶r ^md hr ag ê$n ‘| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡& ¶h agmñdmX Ho$ nhbo H$s dh à{H«$¶m h¡ Omo
ag Ho$ {d{^Þ Ad¶dm| H$mo AnZo {deof ^md go AmñdmÚ ê$n ‘| àñVw{V XoVm h¡&
A{^Zd JwßV Zo ^Å>Zm¶H$ Ho$ ‘V H$mo g§emo{YV H$aVo hþE gmYmaUrH$aU Ho$ àg§J ‘| {bIm h¡-"Vñ¶m§
M ¶mo ‘¥JnmoVH$m{X^m©{V Vñ¶ {deof ê$nËdm^mdmX²^rV B{V, ÌmgH$ñ¶mnma-‘m{W©H$ËdmX² ^¶‘od na§
XoeH$mbmÚZm{bp½S>V‘²&’ Bggo ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ gmYmaUrH$aU {d^mdm{X H$m Zht O~{H$ ñWm¶r
^md H$m hmoVm h¡& {Og Vah ñWm¶r ^md Ho$ H$maU {d^mdm{X hmoVo h¢ Cgr àH$ma ñWm¶r ^md Ho$
gmYmaUrH$aU go gmYmaUrH$aU hmo OmVm h¡& H$bm Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^mdm| H$m gmYmaUrH$aU {ZOr Z hmoH$a
gm‘y{hH$ hmoVm h¡& {g’©$ EH$ à‘mVm ^md ‘w³V Zht hmoVm, g‘J« gm‘m{OH$ EH${MÎm ‘| ^md H$m gm‘y{hH$
ê$n go AZw^d H$aVo h¢& Ohm± ^Å>Zm¶H$ Zo AZwH$m¶© Ho$ ^md H$m gmYmaUrH$aU ‘mݶ {H$¶m h¡, O~{H$
A{^Zd JwßV Zo ^md H$m g§~§Y nmR>H$ ¶m Xe©H$ Ho$ öX¶ Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Zo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& AZwH$m¶©
Ho$ {Og ^md H$m gmYmaUrH$aU hmo OmVm h¡ dhr ^md a{gH$ àojH$ Ho$ öX¶ ‘| EH$ ^md C{ÔßV hmo
OmVm h¡& Bg‘| AZwH$m¶© Am¡a Xe©H$ ¶m nmR>H$ Ho$ öX¶ ‘| EH$ hr ^md H$m VmXmå¶ hmo OmVm h¡& A{^Zd
JwßV Ho$ AZwgma ¶hr gmYmaUrH$aU h¡&
H${damO {dídZmW Ho$ ‘VmZwgma gm‘m{OH$ H$mì¶ Am¡a ZmQ²>¶ ‘| {M{ÌV am‘m{X Ho$ gmW A{^ÞVm
hr gmYmaUrH$aU h¡& gm‘m{OH$ (lmoVm ¶m nmR>H$) Ho$ öX¶ ‘| dra H$‘m] H$s Vah a˶m{X^md CËnÞ hmo
OmVm h¡& n§{S>VamO OJÞmW H$mì¶ Am¡a ZmQ>ç ‘| {M{ÌV XþVm{X nmÌm| Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$m| H$s A{^ÞVm
Am¡a VmXmËå¶ Ho$ Abmdm "^mdZm Xmof' H$mo gmYmaUrH$aU ‘mZVo h¢& CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ H$mì¶ ¶m ZmQ>H$
‘| H${d ¶m ZQ> Ho$ X²dmam {d^md, AZw^md Am¡a g§Mmar ^md CËnÞ hmoVo h¢& ~mX ‘| 춧OZm ì¶mnma Ho$
H$maU XþV H$s eH§w$Vbm Ho$ à{V Amgp³V n¡Xm hmoVr h¡& göX¶Vm Ho$ H$maU XþVm{X Ho$ {df¶ ‘| {’$a
g§emoYZ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ^mdZm Xmof Ho$ H$maU h‘mar AmË‘m H$pënV Xþî¶m§Vm{X à^m{dV hmo OmVr h¡& ñnîQ>
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
49
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
h¡ {H$ AmMm¶© {dídZmW Zo ag g‘J« Ad¶dm| H$m gmYmaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo Aml¶ Ho$ gmW
Xe©H$ Ho$ VmXmå¶ H$mo ^r ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡ AWm©V² CÝhm|Zo AZwH$m¶© Ho$ ^md H$m gmYaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma
H$a {b¶m h¡&
gmYmaUrH$aU Ho$ {ddoMZ ‘| qhXr AmMm¶m] ‘| AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b, Jwbm~am¶, S>m°. ZJ|Ð Am¡a
AmMm¶© dmOno¶r H$m Zm‘ {deof ê$n go {b¶m OmVm h¡& H$mì¶ ‘| àñVwV Amb§~Z Y‘© H$m gmYmaUrH$aU
ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b H$hVo h¢ {H$ “gmYmaUrH$aU H$m A{^àm¶ ¶h h¡ {H$ {H$gr
H$mì¶ ‘| d{U©V Amb§~Z Ho$db ^md H$s 춧OZm H$aZo dmbo nmÌ (Aml¶) H$m hr Amb§~Z Zht ahVm
~pëH$ nmR>H$ ¶m lmoVm H$m ^r EH$ hr Zht AZoH$ nmR>H$m| Am¡a lmoVmAm| H$m ^r Amb§~Z hmo OmVm h¡&
AV: Cg Amb§~Z Ho$ à{V 춧{OV ^md ‘| nmR>H$m| ¶m lmoVmAm| H$m ^r öX¶ ¶moJ XoVm hþAm Cgr ^md
H$m agmË‘H$ AZw^d H$aVm h¡&’ AmMm¶© ew³b ^md Am¡a {d^md H$m gm‘§Oñ¶ Oê$ar ‘mZmVo hþE Amb§~Z
Y‘© H$m gmYaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§& gmYmaUrH$aU Amb§~Z Y‘© H$m hmoVm h¡& Bg ~mao ‘| do {bIVo
h¢-"H$ënZm ‘| ‘y{V© Vmo {deof hr H$s hmoJr, na dh ‘yy{V© Eogr hmoJr, Omo Cgr ^md H$mo nmR>H$ ¶m lmoVm
Ho$ ‘Z ‘| ^r OJmE {OgH$s 춧OZm Aml¶ AWdm H${d H$aVm h¡& Bggo {gÕ hþAm {H$ gmYmaUrH$aU
Amb§~Z Y‘© H$m hmoVm h¡& ì¶p³V Vmo {deof ahVm h¡, na Cg‘| à{VîR>m Eogo gm‘mݶ Y‘© H$s ahVr h¡,
{OgHo$ gmjmËH$ma go lmoVmAm| ¶m nmR>H$m| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| EH$ hr ^md H$m CX¶ Wmo‹S>m ¶m ~hþV hmoVm h¡&' Am.
ew³b Or A{^Zd JwßV H$s ^m±{V Amb§~Z Y‘© H$m gmYmaUrH$aU Am¡a H${damO {dídZmW H$s ^m±{V
{d^mdm{X g{hV H$mì¶ {Z~Õ nmÌm| Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$m| Ho$ VmXmËå¶ H$m gmYmaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢&
Am. ew³b gmYmaUrH$aU H$s g~go A{YH$ {deofVm Amb§~Z Y‘© H$s ‘mZVo h¢&
~m~y Jwbm~am¶ H${d Ho$ g§~§Ym| H$m gmYaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢& CZHo$ AZwgma-"gmYmaUrH$aU
ì¶p³V H$m Zht daZ² CZHo$ g§~§Ym| H$m hmoVm h¡& H${d ^r AnZo {ZOr ì¶p³VËd go D±$Mm CR>H$a
gmYmaUrH¥$V hmo OmVm h¡& dh bmoH$à{V{Z{Y hmoH$a ^mdm{^ì¶p³V H$aVm h¡& nmR>H$ H$m gmYmaUrH$aU
Bg AW© ‘| hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh AnZo ì¶p³VËd Ho$ jwÐ ~§YZm| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a bmoH$ gm‘mݶ H$s ^md-^y{‘
‘| Am OmVm h¡& CgH$m öX¶ H${d Am¡a bmoH$ öX¶ Ho$ gmW à{Vñn§{XV hmoZo bJVm h¡& ... ^mdm| H$m
gmYmaUrH$aU Bg AW© ‘| hmoVm h¡ {H$ CZgo ^r "A¶§ {ZO… nadmo' H$s ^mdZm VmOr ahVr h¡&’ ñnîQ>
h¡ {H$ Jwbm~am¶ H${dVm ‘| 춳V ^mdm| Ho$ gmW nmR>H$ ¶m gm‘m{OH$ VmXmËå¶ H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢&
Zm¶H$ Ho$ ^md Ho$ gmW Xe©H$ H$m gmYaUrH¥$V ^md VmXmå¶ ‘mݶ H$aVo hþE à{gÕ agdmXr
AmbmoMH$ S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV Zo {bIm h¡-"dñVwV: gmYmaUrH$aU Ed§ VmXmå¶ Xmo {^Þ {H«$¶m ì¶mnma
Zht h¡, A{nVw EH$ hr H$m¶© Ho$ Xmo nj h¢& Ohm± dñVw H$s ÑpîQ> go dh gmYmaUrH$aU h¡ dhm± nmR>H$
¶m gm‘m{OH$ H$s ÑpîQ> go dh VmXmå¶ H$s à{H«$¶m h¡&' nmR>H$ H$m ^md Ho$ gmW VmXmå¶ hmoZm hr
gmYmaUrH$aU h¡& gM‘wM ^md gmYmaUrH$aU hr ^md VmXmå¶ h¡& gmYmaUrH$aU Z Amb§~Z H$m hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a Amb§~Z Y‘© H$m Am¡a Z göX¶ MoVZm H$m& Am. dmOno¶r Ho$ eãXm| ‘|-"gmYaUrH$aU H$m AW©
aM{¶Vm Am¡a Cn^mo³Vm (H${d Am¡a Xe©H$) Ho$ ~rM ^mdZm H$s g‘ê$nVm hr h¡&' ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ H${d Ed§
göX¶ H$m ^md VmXmËå¶ hr gmYmaUrH$aU h¡&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
50
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 H${d H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m gmYaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE S>m°. ZJ|Ð {bIVo h¢-"gmYmaUrH$aU H${d
H$s AZw^y{V H$m hmoVm h¡ AWm©V² O~ H$moB© ì¶p³V AnZr AZw^y{V H$s Bg àH$ma A{^ì¶p³V H$a gH$Vm
h¡ {H$ dh g^r Ho$ öX¶ ‘| g‘mZ AZw^y{V OJm gHo$&' XaAgb H${d dhr h¡, Omo AnZr AZw^y{V H$m
gmYmaUrH$aU H$a gHo$ Am¡a {Ogo bmoH$ öX¶ H$s nhMmZ hmo& Bg‘| Aml¶ H$m ì¶p³VËd K¥Um ¶m H«$moY
H$m {df¶ ~Z OmVm h¡& ¶{X Aml¶ Zm¶H$ H$s ^Ëg©Zm H$aVm h¡, AdhobZm H$aVm h¡ Vmo ^r agmZw^y{V
‘| ~mYm Zht Am OmVr ³¶m|{H$ h‘mao A§Xa dhr AZw^y{V OmJ CR>oJr, Omo§{H$ H${d àVrH$ X²dmam 춳V
hmo MwH$s h¡& g§jon ‘| S>m°. ZJ|Ð Ho$ AZwgma gmYmaUrH$aU ^mfm ¶m H$mì¶ ^mfm H$m Y‘© h¡& gmYmaUrH$aU
H$m ‘yb AmYma ‘mZd H$s ghmZw^y{V h¡; Omo g^r Ho$ öX¶ ‘| EH$ O¡gr CËnÞ hmoVr h¡& gma ¶h {H$
H${d öX¶ ¶m nmR>H$ Ho$ öX¶ H$m EH$mH$ma hmoZm ¶m H${d öX¶ ‘| CËnÞ ^md H${dVm n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX nmR>H$
Ho$ öX¶ ‘| CËnÞ hmoZm hr gmYmaUrH$aU h¡&
1.3.11 ag H$s {deofVmE±
Am. ^aV, A{^Zd JwßV Am¡a AmMm`© {dídZmW Zo ag Ho$ ñdê$n na ~‹S>o {dñVma go {dMma
{H$`m h¡& CZHo$ X²dmam àñVwV ag-n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYma na ag H$s {ZåZ {deofVmE± ñnîQ> hmo OmVr
h¢-
1. ag H$m g§~§Y Ho$dc gVmoJwU go hmoVm h¡& agmZw^y{V H$s AdñWm _| aOmoJwU Am¡a V_moJwU
H$m n[ahma hmo OmVm h¡&
2. ag AmñdmX ê$n h¡& dh AmñdmX ^r _mYw`©ê$n hmoVm h¡& BgH$m AmñdmXZ Ho$dc göX`m|
H$mo hr hmo gH$Vm h¡, gm_mÝ` _mZdm| H$mo Zht&
3. BgH$m CX` AIÊS> Am¡a AÛ¡Vê$n _| hmoVm h¡& Bg_| {d^md, AZw^md, ñWm`r, g§Mmar Am{X
H$s ^r n¥WH$-n¥WH$ pñW{V Zht hmoVr& `h g_ñV {_cH$a AIÊS> Am¡a AÛ¡V ag ê$n _| à{V^m{gV
hmoVo h¢& AÛ¡Vê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AÝ` cm¡{H$H$ Am¡a Acm¡{H$H$ AZw^y{V`m| H$m {Vamo^md hmo OmVm
h¡&
4. `h AI§S> Am¡a AÛ¡Vê${nUr AZw^y{V {MÝ_` hmoVr h¡& Cg_| kmZ H$s à{VîR>m ahVr h¡& dh
O‹S>ê$n Zht hmoVr- dh kmZ àH$me ê$n hmoVr h¡&
5. Bg àH$ma Ho$ ag go CX²^yV hmoZodmcm AmZ§X EH$ {deof cmoH$moÎma M_ËH$ma go M_ËH¥$V ahVm
h¡& `h M_ËH$ma hr CgH$s A{^ì`pŠV _| EH$ {d{MÌ AmH$f©U ^a XoVm h¡& dmñVd _| agmZw^y{V
ñWyc Am¡a ^m¡{VH$ Z hmoH$a gyú_ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ hmoVr h¡& qH$Vw `h AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm gÀMm
AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$m à{V{~å~ _mÌ hmoVr h¡& Bgr{cE Cgo "~«h²_mñdmXghmoXa' H$hm J`m h¡&
6. ag Z Vmo kmß` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z H$m`©& CgH$m gmjmV² AZw^d ^r Zht hmoVm& cm¡{H$H$ eãXm|
_| CgH$s ì`§OZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr& Bgr{cE Cgo A{Zd©MZr` Am¡a Acm¡{H$H$ _mZVo h¢&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
51
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ
àíZ 1 : {ZåZ{c{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go
{c{IE&
1. g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emñÌ H$m àW_ J«§W ............ _mZm OmVm h¡?
(H$) ZmQ²>`emñÌ (I) H$mì`àH$me (J) H$mì`emó (K) H$mì`mXe©&
2. ""eãXmWm£ g{hVm¡ H$mì`_²'' ............. H$m H$mì`cjU h¡?
(H$) ^m_h (I) XÊS>r (J) ^aV_w{Z (K) dm_Z&
3. "gm{hË`Xn©U' Ho$ aMZmH$ma ............ h¢?
(H$) Am. {dídZmW (I) Am. ^m_h (J) ^aV_w{Z (K) Am. _å_Q>&
4. Am. ^m_h Zo ............ H$mo à_wI H$mì` hoVw _mZm h¡?
(H$) à{V^m (I) ì`wËn{Îm (J) Aä`mg (K) emñÌkmZ&
5. OrdZoÀN>m H$mo H$mì` hoVw ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡?
(H$) `w§J (I) ES>ca (J) \«$m`S> (K) AañVy&
6. "H$m§Vmgpå_V CnXoe' H$mì` à`moOZ {X`m h¡?
(H$) _å_Q> (I) ^m_h (J) XÊS>r (K) ê$ÐQ>&
7. _hmH$mì` Am¡a I§S>H$mì` ........... Ho$ ^oX h¢?
(H$) à~§YH$mì` (I) {Z~§YH$mì` (J) _wŠVH$ (K) Jr{VH$mì`&
8. Jo`Vm ............ H$s {deofVm h¡?
(H$) àJrVH$mì` (I) I§S>H$mì` (J) _hmH$mì` (K) JX²`H$mì`&
9. aggyÌ Ho$ OZH$ ........... h¢?
(H$) ^aV_w{Z (I) {dídZmW (J) ZJ|Ð (K) éÐQ>&
10. ............. Zo CËn{ÎmdmX H$m {gX²Ym§V àñVwV {H$`m?
(H$) ^Q²>Q>cmoëcQ> (I) e§Hw$H$ (J) ^Q²>Q>Zm`H$ (K) JwßV&
11. "a_Ur`mW© à{VnmXH$: eãX: H$mì`§' `h ............ H$m H$mì` cjU h¡&
(H$) ^aV (I) n§. OJÝZmW (J) ho_M§Ð (K) ^m_h&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
52
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 12. H${dVm gwñnîQ> g§JrV h¡ ............ Zo H$hm h¡&
(H$) H$mcm©Bc (I) S´>mBS>Z (J) AañVy (K) dS>©gdW©&
13. eocr Zo H$mì` hoVw ............. H$mo _mZm h¡&
(H$) à{V^m (I) àVrH$ (J) ào_ (K) à_mU&
14. ag Ho$ .............. ^oX h¢&
(H$) nm±M (I) Xmo (J) Zm¡ (K) ½`mah&
15. ag Ho$ A§J ........... h¢&
(H$) nm±M (I) Xmo (J) Mma (K) VrZ&
16. {d^md Ho$ ^oX ........... h¢?
(H$) Xmo (I) VrZ (J) Mma (K) nm±M&
17. dra ag H$s XodVm ............ h¡&
(H$) e§H$a (I) {dîUw (J) _h|Ð (K) B§Ð&
18. am¡Ð ag H$m ñWm`r^md .......... h¡&
(H$) H«$moY (I) ^` (J) hmñ` (K) {Z©doX&
19. bjUm eãX ep³V ‘| .......... AW© bJVm h¡&
H$) ‘w»¶mW© I) 춧½¶mW© J) bú¶mW© K) dmÀ¶mW©
20. A{^Ym eãX ep³V ‘| H$m¡Z gm AW© Zht {b¶m OmVm ..........
H$) ‘w»¶mW© I) dmÀ¶mW© J) à¶moOZmW© K) H$moeJV AW©
21. bmb nJ‹S>r Am ahr h¡-dm³¶ ‘| .......... eãX ep³V h¡&
H$) CnmXmZ bjUm I) bjU bjUm J) gmamonm Jm¡Ur bjUm K>) ê$T>m bjUm
22. "{Og eãX ep³V Ho$ X²dmam eãX Ho$ ‘w»¶mW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Cgo .......... eãX ep³V H$hVo
h¢&'
H$) A{^Ym I) 춧OZm J) bjUm K) ê$T>m bjUm
23. "gmYmaUrH$aU' eãX H$m g~go nhbo à¶moJ .......... Zo {H$¶m&
A) ^Å>Zm¶H$ ~) A{^Zd JwßV H$) {dídZmW S>) n§{S>VamO OJÞmW
24. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b .......... H$m gmYaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
53
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 A) Amb§~Z Y‘© ~) ^mfm ¶m H$mì¶ ^mfm Y‘©
H$) ^md VmXmå¶ S>) H${d H$s AZw^y{V
25. ..........H$s ÑpîQ> ‘| gmYmaUrH$aU ^mfm ¶m H$mì¶ ^mfm H$m Y‘© h¡&
A) S>m°. ZJ|Ð ~) Am. ew³b
H$) S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV S>) ~m~y Jwbm~am¶
26. ag-gyÌ Ho$ ໶mV ì¶m»¶mH$ma .......... Zo ^Å> Zm¶H$ Ho$ ag-gyÌ H$s ì¶m»¶m ‘|
g§emo{YV H$aVo hþE AnZo T>§J go gmYmaUrH$aU H$s {dñV¥V ì¶m»¶m H$s h¡&
A) ^aV‘w{Z ~) A{^Zd JwßV H$) n§{S>VamO OJÞmW S>) H${damO {dídZmW
27. A{^Zd JwßV Zo .......... H$m gmYmaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡&
A) Amb§~Z Y‘© ~) ñWm¶r ^md H$) ^md VmXmå¶ S>) H${d H$s AZw^y{V
1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1. A{Vì`mpßV = {H$gr cjU `m H$WZ Ho$ A§VJ©V cú` Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` dñVw Ho$ Am OmZo
H$mo Ý`m` _| A{Vì`mpßV Xmof H$hVo h¢&
2. ì`m»`m gmnoj = {Og eãX H$s n[a^mfm XoZm A{Zdm`© cJo&
3. {dcmn = Xþ:I, emoH$&
4. `ËZ = à`ËZ&
5. à{V^m{gV = àH$me_`, ^«_`wŠV&
6. {Z:g¥V = {ZH$cm hþAm&
7. gpÝZ{hV = g_m{dîQ>&
8. H$m§Vma = ^`mZH$ dZ&
9. ApÝd{V = nañna g§~§Y&
10. a§{OV = AZwaŠV, àgÝZ&
11. CÀN>cZ = Cna CR>Zo H$s {H«$`m&
12. AZw_mnH$-AZw_mß` = Jå`-J_H$&
13. aÁOw = S>moa&
14. C{XßV = Vrd«&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
54
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 15. {Vamo^md = A§VYm©Z, JmonZ&
16. {MÝ_` = kmZ_`, na_mË_m&
17. kmß` = dh nÌ {Ogna ñ_¥{V Ho$ {Z{_Îm H$moB© ~mV {cIr hmo&
18. A{^Ym-Zm‘, g§km, ñnîQ> Cp³V, {ZX}e, dmÀ¶mW© àH$Q> H$aZo dmbr eãXep³V&
19. bjUm-gm‘ݶ AW© go {^Þ AW© XoZo dmbr ep³V, CX²Xoí¶, bú¶&
20 춧OZm-^md àH$Q> H$aZo H$s EH$ eãX ep³V&
21. dmMH$-~mobZodmbm, ~moY H$amZo dmbm, gwZmZo dmbm, H$hZm, ~VmZm, à{VnmXZ&
22. bú¶mW©-b{jVmW©&
23. 춧OH$-춳V H$aZo dmbm, 춧OZm X²dmam AW© àH$Q> H$aZo dmbm eãX, Am§V[aH$ ^md àH$Q>
H$aZo dmbr MoîQ>m ¶m hmd ^md, Am§V[aH$ ^md àXe©Z&
24. gmYmaUrH$aU-gmYmaU ê$n ‘| bmZm, ag H$s {Zîn{Îm H$s VmXmËå¶ naH$ pñW{V&
25. agmZw^y{V-ag H$s AZw^y{V&
26. göX¶-H$mo‘b{MÎm, X¶mbw, gƒm, g‘PXma, a{gH$&
27. VmXmËå¶-VëbrZVm, EH$ hmo OmZm&
28. AmñdmÚ-{OgH$m ñdmX {b¶m Om gHo$&
29. Cn^mo³Vm-Cn^moJ H$aZodmbm&
30. Amb§~Z-ghmam, Ztd, ^md H$m AmYma&
1.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
àíZ 1 :
1. ZmQ²>`emñÌ 2. ^m_h 3. Am. {dídZmW&
4. à{V^m 5. `w§J 6. _å_Q>&
7. à~§YH$mì` 8. àJrVH$mì` 9. ^aV_w{Z&
10. ^Q²>Q>cmoëcQ> 11. n§. OJÞmW 12. S´>mBS>Z&
13. à{V^m 14. ½`mah 15. Mma&
16. Xmo 17. _h|Ð 18. H«$moY&
19. bú¶mW© 20. à¶moOZmW© 21. CnmXmZ bjUm
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
55
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 22. A{^Ym 23. ^Å>Zm¶H$, 24. Amb§~Z Y‘©,
25. S>m°. ZJ|Ð, 26. A{^Zd JwßV, 27. ñWm¶r ^md&
1.7 gmam§e
1. gm{hË` Am¡a H$mì` EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ n`m©`dmMr eãX h¢&
2. ^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| H$s n[a^mfmAm| X²dmam gm{hË` H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡&
^maVr` {dX²dmZm| H$s n[a^mfmAm| _| g§ñH¥$V H$s n[a^mfmE± _m¡{cH$ h¢ Am¡a qhXr {dX²dmZm| H$s
n[a^mfmAm| na g§ñH¥$V Am¡a nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| Ho$ _Vm| H$m à^md h¡&
3. ^maVr` {dX²dmZm| Zo H$mì` hoVwAm| na {dñVma go {dMma {H$`m h¡, nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| _|
_Zmod¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ _V _hËdnyU© h¢&
4. H$mì` Ho$ àH$mam| Ho$ A§VJ©V Ho$dc nX²` `m H${dVm Ho$ ^oXm| na {dMma {H$`m h¡, AWm©V
H$mì` H$m AW© nX²` {c`m h¡& nX²` Ho$ _hmH$mì`, I§S>H$mì` Am¡a Jr{VH$mì` hr _hËdnyU©
^oX h¢&
5. ag {gX²Ym§V ^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ H$s AË`§V _hËdnyU© XoZ h¡& H$mì`mZ§X hr H$mì`ag h¡&
6. eãX ‘| A§V{Z©{hV AW© H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo dmbo ì¶mnma H$mo eãX ep³V H$hm OmVm h¡& eãX
H$m AW© ~moY H$amZo dmbr ep³V H$mo eãXep³V H$hm OmVm h¡&
7. Omo eãX gmjmV AW© H$s àVr{V XoVm h¡ Cgo dmMH$ eãX H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶o eãX ‘w»¶ AW©
¶m gm§Ho${VH$ AW© H$m ~moY H$amVo h¢ AWm©V² {Og eãX H$m AW© A{^Ym eãXep³V X²dmam
OmZm OmVm h¡ Cgo dmMH$ eãX H$hVo h¢&
8. Omo eãX ‘w»¶ AW© go {^Þ ¶m Aݶ AW© H$mo Üd{ZV H$aVm h¡ CÝh| bjH$ eãX H$hVo h¢&
Á¶mo eãX bjUm eãX ep³V X²dmam bú¶ AW© H$mo X²¶mo{VV H$aVm h¡ Cgo bjH$ eãX H$hm
OmVm h¡&
9. {OZ eãXm| go 춧½¶ AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ CÝh| 춧OH$ eãX H$hVo h¢ Am¡a Cg AW© H$mo
춧½¶mW© H$hm OmVm h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| ‘| {Og eãX go 춧OZm ep³V X²dmam 춧½¶mW© àmßV hmo
OmVm h¡ Cgo 춧OH$ eãX H$hVo h¢&
10 {Og eãX ep³V Ho$ X²dmam eãX Ho$ ‘w»¶/nhbm/à{gÕ/àM{bV/nyd©{d{XV/A{^Yo¶ AW© H$m
~moY hmoVm h¡ Cgo A{^Ym eãX ep³V H$hVo h¢& Bg ep³V go eãX Ho$ gm‘mݶ, àM{bV ¶m
‘w»¶ AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡&
11. Ohm± ep³V Ho$ X²dmam eãX H$m ‘w»¶ AW© g‘PZo ‘| ~mYm Am OmVr h¡ Am¡a ê${‹T> ¶m à¶moOZ
Ho$ AmYma na ‘w»¶mW© go {^Þ ¶m Aݶ AW© H$mo bú¶ {H$¶m OmVm h¡ dhm± bjUm eãX
ep³V hmoVr h¢&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
56
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 12. Ohm± A{^Ym Am¡a bjUm eãX ep³V eãX H$m AW© ñnîQ> H$aZo ‘| Ag‘W© hmo OmVr h¡ dhm±
춧OZm eãX ep³V 춧{OV AW© H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡ Cgo 춧OZm eãX ep³V H$hm OmVm h¡&
13. gmYmaUrH$aU agmñdmXZ Ho$ nyd© H$s à{H«$¶m h¡; {OgHo$ à^md go ag H$s {d^mdm{X gm‘J«r
bm¡{H$H$ ê$n H$m ˶mJ H$a AmñdmÚ ê$n H$mo YmaU H$aVr h¡&
14. gmYmaUrH$aU H$m {ddoMZ H$aZo dmbo g§ñH¥$V AmMm¶m] ‘| ^Å> Zm¶H$, A{^Zd JwßV, H${damO
{dídZmW, n§{S>VamO OJÞmW Am{X Ho$ Zm‘ {deof CëboIZr¶ h¡&
15. S>m°. ZJ|Ð Ho$ AZwgma gmYmaUrH$aU ^mfm ¶m H$mì¶ ^mfm H$m Y‘© h¡& gmYmaUrH$aU H$m ‘yb
AmYma ‘mZd H$s ghmZw^y{V h¡; Omo g^r Ho$ öX¶ ‘| EH$ O¡gr CËnÞ hmoVr h¡&
16. AmMm¶© ew³b ^md Am¡a {d^md H$m gm‘§Oñ¶ Oê$ar ‘mZmVo hþE Amb§~Z Y‘© H$m
gmYaUrH$aU ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§&
1.8 ñdmÜ`m`
àíZ 1 : XrKm}Îmar àíZ&
1. ^maVr` {dX²dmZm| H$s H$mì` H$s n[a^mfmAm| na àH$me S>m{cE&
2. nmíMmÎ` {dX²dmZm| Ho$ H$mì`-cjU {dfX H$s{OE&
3. H$mì` H$s àoaUmAm| H$mo {dfX H$s{OE&
4. H$mì` Ho$ à`moOZm| na àH$me S>m{cE&
5. ^maVr` {dX²dmZm| X²dmam àñVwV H$mì` à`moOZ g_PmBE&
6. nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| X²dmam àñVwV H$mì` H$m CX²Xoí` ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
7. H$mì` Ho$ àH$ma {dfX H$s{OE&
8. ag {Zîn{Îm na àH$me S>m{cE&
9. ag Ho$ A§Jm| H$mo {dfX H$s{OE&
10. ag Ho$ ^oX ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
11. eãX ep³V H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&
12. eãX ep³V Ho$ ^oX gmoXmhaU ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
13. bjUm eãX ep³V Ho$ ^oX gmoXmhaU ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
14. 춧OZm eãX ep³V Ho$ ^oX ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
15. gmYmaUrH$aU na {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Ho$ {dMma àñVwV H$s{OE&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
57
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 16. gmYmaUrH$aU H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
àíZ 2 : cKwÎmar àíZ&
1. H$mì` H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
2. _hmH$mì` H$m ñdê$n g_PmBE&
3. IÊS>H$mì` H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
4. àJrVH$mì` H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
5. H$mì` hoVw Ho$ ~mao _| _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| H$s YmaUm {dfX H$s{OE&
1.9 joÌr` H$m`©
1. _amR>r Ho$ {dX²dmZm| X²dmam àñVwV H$mì`-n[a^mfm H$s VwcZm qhXr {dX²dmZm| H$s n[a^mfmAm| go
H$s{OE Am¡a AnZr ZB© n[a^mfm ~ZmBE&
2. AnZo nmg-nS>mog Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| go {_cH$a H$mì`-àoaUm VWm H$mì`-à`moOZ Ho$ ~mao _|
CZHo$ {dMma àmßV H$s{OE&
3. {d{dY H$mì`-àH$mam| H$mo n‹T>H$a CZH$m H$mì` ^oXm| Ho$ AZwgma dJuH$aU H$s{OE&
4. {d{dY JrVm| H$mo gwZH$a cjUm| H$mo AmË_gmV H$s{OE&
5. {d{dY gm{hË` H¥${V`m| H$mo n‹T>H$a Cg_| {Z{hV agm| H$mo g_PZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s{OE&
6. A{^Ym eãXm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&
7. bjUm eãXm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&
8. 춧OH$ eãXm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&
9. gmYmaUrH$aU H$s AdYmaUm na AnZo {dMma àñVwV H$s{OE&
10. {H$gr EH$ ZmQ>H$ ‘| {M{ÌV nmÌm| Ho$ göX¶ ^mdm| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
1.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&
1. H$mì`emñÌ - S>m°. ^JraW {_l& àH$meH$-{díd{dX²`mc` àH$meZ, dmamUgr.
2. emñÌr` g_rjm Ho$ {gX²Ym§V (^mJ 1, 2) - JmoqdX {ÌJwUm`V& àH$meH$-Eg.M§Ð A°ÊS>
H§$nZr {c; ZB© {Xëcr.
3. gm{hË`-{ddoMZ - jo_M§Ð "gw_Z', `moJ|ÐHw$_ma _{ëcH$& àH$meH$-AmË_mam_ EÊS> g§g,
{Xëcr.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
58
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 4. ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` H$mì`emñÌ - S>m°. `VtÐ {Vdmar& àH$meH$-gm{hË` {Zc_, H$mZnya.
5. ^maVr` gm{hË`emñÌ - ~cXod CnmÜ`m`& àH$meH$-H¡$cmeZmW ^mJ©d, Z§X{H$emoa EÊS>
gÝg, dmamUgr.
6. ag-{gX²>Ym§V - S>m°. ZJ|Ð& àH$meH$-ZoeZc npãcqeJ hmD$g, {Xëcr.
7. H$mì¶emñÌ ^maVr¶ Ed§ nmíMm˶-S>m°. H$Ýh¡¶mbmb AdñWr&
8. H$mì¶emñÌ-S>m°. ¶VtÐ {Vdmar&
9. gm{h˶emñÌ-S>m°. g§O¶ Zdbo&
10. H$mì¶emñÌ : {d{dY Am¶m‘-S>m°. ‘Yw IamQ>o&
11. ag {gÕm§V-S>m°. ZJ|Ð&
12. ^maVr¶ Ed§ nmíMm˶ H$mì¶ - {gÕm§V-S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV&
13. H$mì¶emñÌ : ^maVr¶ Ed§ nmíMm˶-S>m°. H$Ýh¡¶mbmb AdñWr&
14. gm{h˶ ê$n : emñÌr¶ {díbofU-kmZamO Jm¶H$dmS>&
15. ^maVr¶ H$mì¶emñÌ-S>m°. g˶Xod Mm¡Yar&
rrr

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
59
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 gÌ-3 : BH$mB©-2
Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V, ar{V {gX²Ym§V Am¡a dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V

AZwH«$_
2.1 CX²>Xoí`
2.2 àñVmdZm
2.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
2.3.1 Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V
2.3.1.1 Ac§H$ma H$s AdYmaUm
2.3.1.2 Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.1.3 Ac§H$mam| H$m dJuH$aU
2.3.1.4 {ZîH$f©
2.3.2 ar{V {gX²Ym§V
2.3.2.1 ar{V H$s AdYmaUm
2.3.2.2 ar{V {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.2.3 H$mì`-JwU Am¡a ar{V, H$mì`Xmof
2.3.2.4 {ZîH$f©
2.3.3 dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V
2.3.3.1 dH«$mopŠV H$s AdYmaUm
2.3.3.2 dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.3.3 dH«$mopŠV Ho$ ^oX
2.3.3.4 {ZîH$f©
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ
2.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
60
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
2.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
2.7 gmam§e
2.8 ñdmÜ`m`
2.9 joÌr` H$m`©
2.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&

2.1 CX²>Xío `
Bg BH$mB© H$mo n‹T>H$a Amn -
1. Ac§H$ma, ar{V Ed§ dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V H$s AdYmaUm go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
2. Ac§H$ma, ar{V Ed§ dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V H$s n[a^mfm VWm ñdê$n go kmV hm|Jo&
3. Ac§H$mam| Ho$ dJuH$aU go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
4. H$mì` Ho$ JwU Am¡a ar{V Ho$ nañna g§~§Y go AdJV hm|Jo&
5. dH«$mopŠV Ho$ ^oXm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo&

2.2 àñVmdZm
Ac§H$ma emñÌ Ho$ J«§Wm| H$m AZwercZ H$aZo go `h ñnîQ> àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$, Cg_| AZoH$
gåàXm` {dX²`_mZ Wo& Ac§H$m[aH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo àYmZ {df` Wm H$mì` H$s AmË_m H$m {ddoMZ& dh
H$m¡Z-gr dñVw h¡ {OgH$s gÎmm ahZo na H$mì` _| H$mì`Ëd {dX²`_mZ ahVm h¡? dh H$m¡Zgm nXmW© h¡
Omo H$mì` Ho$ A§Jm| _| g~go A{YH$ CnmoX` VWm _hËdnyU© h¡? Bg àíZ Ho$ CÎma _| ZmZm g§àXm`m|
H$s CËn{Îm hþB©& Hw$N> cmoJ Ac§H$ma H$mo hr H$mì` H$m àmU^yV VËd _mZVo h¢, Hw$N> JwU `m ar{V
H$mo, Xÿgao cmoJ Üd{Z H$mo& Bg àH$ma H$mì` H$s AmË_m Ho$ g_rjU _| ^oX hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {^ÝZ-
{^ÝZ eVmpãX`m| _| Z`o-Z`o gåàXm`m| H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr JB©& BZ_| go Ac§H$ma, ar{V VWm dH«$mopŠV
g§àXm` `m {gX²Ym§V na h_ `hm± {dMma H$a|Jo&

2.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
A~ h_ H«$_e: Ac§H$ma, ar{V Am¡a dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V na {dMma H$a|Jo&

2.3.1 Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V

^maVr` gm{hË`emñÌ _| Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V AnZm {d{eîQ> ñWmZ Am¡a _hËd aIVm h¢& gm{hË`
H$mo gw§Xa ~ZmZo dmco gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| Vmo Ac§H$mam| H$s MMm© AË`§V àmMrZ H$mc go hr hmoVr Am`r
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
61
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
h¡& na Hw$N> AmMm`m] Zo BÝh| H$mì` Ho$ àmU^yV VËd Ho$ ê$n _| à{VpîR>V H$aHo$ Ac§H$ma gåàXm`
H$s ñWmnZm H$s h¡& Bg gåàXm` Ho$ à{VîR>mnH$ Am¡a AZwdVu AmMm`m] H$m Ac§H$ma {ddoMZ
{ddmXmñnX hmoVo hþE ^r amoMH$ h¡&
2.3.1.1 Ac§H$ma H$s AdYmaUm
AmOH$c qhXr _| "AdYmaUm' eãX H$m A§J«oOr Ho$ Conception (H$ÝgoßeZ) eãX Ho$ n`m©`
Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& A§J«oOr Ho$ eãX Conception H$m AW© {X_mJ _| AmZm, g_PZm
Am{X h¡& Bg àH$ma Ac§H$ma H$s AdYmaUm go VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ Amn Ac§H$ma go Š`m g_PVo h¢?
Ac§H$ma H$m gd©àW_ {Zê$nU {H$gZo {H$`m? `h {ZíM`nyd©H$ H$hZm H${R>Z h¡, Š`m|{H$ Hw$N> cmoJm|Zo
doXm| H$s g§{hVmAm| _| go ^r Ac§H$mam| H$mo Ty>±T> {ZH$mcm h¡& na§Vw ^aV Ho$ ~mX AmMm`© ^m_h hr
Ac§H$ma _V Ho$ à_wI AmMm`© h¢& CÝhm|Zo Ac§H$maemñÌ H$mo ZmQ²>`emñÌ H$s naV§ÌVm go _wŠV H$aHo$
EH$ ñdV§Ì emñÌ Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m& A§V: ^m_h H$mo Ac§H$ma-{gX²Ym§V H$m àdV©H$ AmMm`©
_mZm OmVm h¡& Am. CX²^Q>, XÊS>r, ê$ÐQ> Ed§ à{Vhma|XþamO ^r Bgr _V Ho$ AZw`m`r AmMm`© h¢&
Ac§H$ma-{gX²Ym§V Ho$ A§VJ©V Ac§H$ma H$mo hr H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZm h¡& AmMm`© ^m_h Zo
Ac§H$ma H$mo H$mì` H$m Amdí`H$ VËd _mZVo hþE {cIm h¡-

""Z H$mÝV_{n {Z^y©f§ {d^m{V d{ZVmZZ_²&''

AWm©V² àH¥$V ê$n go H$m§V hmoZo na ^r d{ZVm Ho$ _wI na ^yfU Ho$ {~Zm {Og àH$ma Am^m Zht
AmVr, Cgr àH$ma {ZVm§V àH¥$V ê$n go dmUr _| Mmê$Vm Zht AmVr&

Ac§H$mam| H$m {dH$mg H«$_-

g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` Ho$ gd©àW_ emñÌr` J«§W "ZmQ²>`emñÌ' _| ^aV _w{Z Zo Ho$dc Mma Ac§H$mam| H$m
{ZX}e {H$`m h¡& Bg J«§W Ho$ ~mX H$m àm_m{UH$ J«§W "Ap½ZnwamU'h¡& Bg_| Ac§H$mam| H$s g§»`m 16 Xr
JB© h¡& Ap½ZnwamU Ho$ ~mX B©gm H$s N>Q>r eVmãXr VH$ H$m H$moB© J«§W CncãY Zht qH$Vw Bg H$mc
_| ^r Ac§H$mam| H$s g§»`m H$m H«${_H$ {dH$mg hmoVm ahm& BgH$m à_mU ^m_h Am¡a X§S>r Ho$ J«§Wm| go
{_c OmVm h¡& ^m_h Zo "H$mì`mc§H$ma' _| 38 Ac§H$mam| H$m CëcoI {H$`m h¡& `o Ac§H$ma ^m_h H$s
AnZr ZdrZ CX²^mdZmE± Zht h¢ ~pëH$ Bg_| ^m_h Zo AnZo nyd©dVu H$B© AmMm`m] Ho$ _Vm| H$mo ñnîQ>
{H$`m h¡, {Oggo ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$ BZ Ac§H$mam| H$m ^m_h go nyd© hr {dH$mg hmo MwH$m Wm& B©gm H$s
AmR>dr eVmãXr VH$ Ac§H$mam| H$s g§»`m 52 hmo JB© Wr& XÊS>r, CX²^Q>, dm_Z Am{X AmMm`m] Zo
BZH$m CëcoI {H$`m h¡& B©gm H$s Zm¡dt eVmãXr _| _å_Q>, ê$æ`H$, ê$ÐQ>, ^moO Am{X Ho$ g_` _|
103 Ac§H$mam| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm& `h `wJ Ac§H$ma {dH$mg H$m _Ü` `wJ _mZm J`m h¡& O`Xod,
{dídZmW Am¡a n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW Ho$ g_` VH$ (B©. 18 dt eVmãXt) `h g§»`m 191 VH$ n[ad{Y©V
hmo JB©&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
62
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
2.3.1.2 Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
Ac§H$ma eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm -
Ac§H$ma gåàXm` Ho$ àYmZ àdV©H$ "^m_h' Zo "gm¢X`©_²c§H$ma:' H$hH$a Ac§H$ma H$mo gm¢X`© H$m
n`m©`dmMr _mZm h¡& "^m_h' go nyd© Ac§H$ma eãX H$mì` Ho$ ~mh²` Am¡a Am§V[aH$ XmoZm| ê$nm| H$mo Ac§H¥$V
H$aZo dmco g^r CnmXmZm| Ho$ {cE à`wŠV hmoVm Wm& AV: gm{hË`emó Ho$ ñWmZ na ^r Ac§H$maemñÌ eãX
àM{cV Wm& qH$Vw ~mX _| H$mì` H$s AmË_m Ho$ g§~§Y _| AmMm`m] _| _V^oX hmoZo na AZoH$ g§àXm`m| H$m
CX` hþAm& Ac§H$maemó Ho$ ñWmZ na gm{hË`emñÌ eãX à`wŠV {H$`m J`m& Ac§H$ma Ho$ ì`mnH$ AW© H$m
g§H$moM hmo J`m&
Ac§H$ma H$s n[a^mfm VWm ñdê$n -
Ac§H$ma H$m AW© g§H$moM hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r Ac§H$madmXr AmMm`m]Zo Ac§H$ma H$mo hr H$mì` H$s
AmË_m _mZm h¡& BZ_| à_wI h¢- Am. ^m_h, XÊS>r, CX²^Q>, dm_Z Am¡a ê$ÐQ>& BZHo$ X²dmam àñVwV Ac§H$ma
H$s n[a^mfmE± {ZåZ àH$ma h¢-
1. Am. ^m_h -
""dH«$m{^Yo_eãXmopŠV[aîQ>mdmMm_c§H$¥ {V:&''
AWm©V² eãX Am¡a AW© H$m d¡{MÍ` hr Ac§H$ma h¡&
2. Am. XÊS>r -
""H$mì`emo^mH$amZ² Y_m©Zc§H$mamZ² àMjVo&''
AWm©V² Ac§H$ma H$mì` H$mo gm¢X`© àXmZ H$aZo dmcm Y_© h¢&
3. Am. dm_Z -
""H$mì`§ J«mh`_c§H$mamV² gm¢X`©_c§H$ma:&''
AWm©V² Ac§H$ma X²dmam hr H$mì` J««mh²` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a gm¢X`© hr Ac§H$ma h¡&
4. Am. {dídZmW -
""eãXmW©`moapñWam `o Y_m©: emo^m{Vem{`Z:&
agmXrZwnHw$d©ÝVmo@c§H$mamñVoAJ§ Xm{XdV²&&''
AWm©V² Ac§H$ma H$mì`-emo^m H$mo ~‹T>mZo dmco, ag, ^md Am{X Ho$ CËH$f© _| ghm`H$ eãX Am¡a
AW© Ho$ ApñWa Y_© h¢& A§JX Am{X Am^yfUm| Ho$ g_mZ hr `o ApñWa Y_© ^r H$mì` Ho$ Am^yfU
`m Ac§H$ma H$hcmVo h¢&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
63
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 5. n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW -
""H$mì`mË_Zmo ì`§½`ñ` a_Ur`Vmà`moOH$m: Ac§H$mam:&''
AWm©V² H$mì` H$s AmË_m, Omo ì`§OZmJå` AW© h¡, Cgo a_Ur`Vm àXmZ H$aZodmco VËd Ac§H$ma
H$hcmVo h¢&
6. Am. ewŠc -
qhXr Ho$ à{gX²Y {dX²dmZ AmMm`© ewŠc ^r agdmXr Wo, CZH$s n[a^mfm h¡-
""^mdm| H$m CËH$f© {XImZo Am¡a dñVwAm| Ho$ ê$n, JwU Am¡a {H«$`m H$m A{YH$ Vrd« AZw^d H$aZo _|
H$^r-H$^r ghm`H$ hmoZodmcr `wpŠV Ac§H$ma h¡&''
Ac§H$ma H$m ñdê$n
Cn`w©ŠV n[a^mfmAm| go `h ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ Ac§H$ma Ho$ ñdê$n Ho$ g§~§Y _| Xmo _V h¢& EH$
_V Ac§H$madm{X`m| H$m h¡, Omo Ac§H$ma H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZVo h¢& CZH$s ÑpîQ> _| Ac§H$ma hr Mmê$Ëd
h¡ Am¡a ag, Üd{Z Am{X g~ VËd Ac§H$ma Ho$ ^oX h¢& BZ AmMm`m] Zo agm| H$m A§V^m©d agdV² Am{X
Ac§H$mam| _| VWm Üd{Z H$m A§V^m©d g_mgmopŠV Am{X Ac§H$mam| _| H$a {c`m h¡& dH«$mopŠV H$mo `o ñd`§
"Ac§H$ma ê$nm' _mZVo h¢, ar{V Ho$ KQ>H$ JwU ^r BZ AmMm`m] Ho$ _V _| Ac§H$mam| go {^ÝZ Zht h¡&
Ac§H$ma Ho$ cjUH$mam| _| Xÿgam dJ© Ac§H$maoÎma gåàXm`m| Ho$ AmMm`m] H$m h¡& do Ac§H$mam| H$mo
Ho$dc H$mì` Ho$ CnH$maH$ A{ZË` Y_© _mZVo h¢ {OZH$m H$mì` _| CVZm hr _hËd h¡ {OVZm _mZd
gm¢X`© _| Am^yfUm| H$m& AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc Zo {cIm h¡- ""dñVw `m ì`mnma H$s ^mdZm MQ>H$scr
H$aZo Am¡a ^md H$mo A{YH$ CËH$f© na nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {cE H$^r-H$^r dñVw H$m AmH$ma `m JwU ~hþV ~‹T>mH$a
{XImZm n‹S>Vm h¡& H$^r CgHo$ ê$n a§J `m JwU H$s ^mdZm H$mo Cg àH$ma Ho$ Am¡a ê$n a§J {_cmH$a Vrd«
H$aZo Ho$ {cE g_mZ ê$n Am¡a Y_© dmcr dñVwAm| H$mo gm_Zo H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& H$^r-H$^r ~mV H$mo Kw_m-
{\$amH$a ^r H$hZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Bg Vah Ho$ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ {dYmZ Am¡a H$WZ Ho$ T>§J Ac§H$ma H$hcmVo h¢&''
H$mì` _| Ac§H$mam| H$m _hËd Ag§{X½Y h¡, na§Vw CÝh| H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZZm g§^d Zht& CÝh| Cgr
AW© _| J«hU H$aZm R>rH$ h¡, {Og AW© _| agdmXr `m Üd{ZdmXr H$aVo h¢&
2.3.1.3 Ac§H$mam| H$m dJuH$aU
Ac§H$mam| H$m {Z_m©U _Zmod¡km{ZH$ AmYma na hþAm h¡& AVEd§ àË`oH$ Ac§H$ma _| ñdê$n Am¡a ^md-
d¡{MÍ` hmoVo hþE ^r CZHo$ _yc VËdm| _| gmå` ahVm h¡& Hw$N> Ac§H$mam| Ho$ _ycVËd EH$ hr AmYma
na AmYm[aV h¢& _ycVËd H$s Bgr EH$mË_Vm Ho$ AmYma na Ac§H$mam| H$m dJuH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡&
{d{^ÝZ {dX²dmZm| X²dmam Ac§H$mam| H$m dJuH$aU {ZåZ ê$n_| {H$`m J`m h¡-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
64
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
^m_h Am¡a XÊS>r -
Ac§H$mam| Ho$ dJuH$aU H$m H«$_ Ac§H$ma g§àXm` Ho$ àdV©Z Ho$ gmW hr àma§^ hmo J`m Wm& ^m_h
Zo g§nyU© dmL²>_` H$mo "dH«$mopŠV Am¡a dmVm©' Zm_H$ Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Wm& CÝhm|Zo àH$mam§Va go
ñd^mdmopŠV H$mo "AZc§H$¥ V H$WZ `m dmVm©' H$hm Wm, {Og_| gm{hË`oVa dmL²>_` H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡, qH$Vw
AmJo McH$a AmMm`© XÊS>r Zo ñd^mdmopŠV H$mo ^r gm{hË` _| gpå_{cV H$a {c`m Am¡a gm{hË` Ho$ Xmo
^oX {H$E- dH«$mopŠV Am¡a ñd^mdmopŠV&
CX²^Q> -
Ac§H$mam| Ho$ ì`mnH$ dJuH$aU H$m àW_ à`mg CX²^Q> Zo "H$mì`mc§H$ma g§J«h' _| {H$`m& na§Vw `h
dJuH$aU {H$gr d¡km{ZH$ _mZX§S> na AmYm[aV Zht Wm& CÝhm|Zo g~ Ac§H$mam| H$mo 6 dJm} _| ~m±Q>m Wm&
ê$ÐQ> -
BgHo$ ~mX ê$ÐQ> H$m dJuH$aU Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo g~ AWm©c§H$mam| H$mo Mma dJv _|
{d^m{OV {H$`m h¡, dmñVd, Am¡nå`, A{Ve` Am¡a ícof& BZH$m ñdê$n {ZåZ àH$ma h¡-
1. dmñVd : `h ñdê$n H$m H$WZ H$aZo dmco Ac§H$mam| H$m dJ© h¡, {OgHo$ A§VJ©V g_wÀM`,
`Wmg§»` Am{X Ac§H$ma AmVo h¢&
2. Am¡nå` : Bg dJ© _| Cn_mY_u Ac§H$mam| H$s JUZm H$s OmVr h¡, O¡go Cn_m, ê$nH$, CËàojm
Am{X&
3. A{Ve` : Bg dJ© _| ê$ÐQ> Zo "{Z`_{dn`©`' dmco Ac§H$mam| H$mo g_m{dîQ> {H$`m h¡, {Og_|
{d^mdZm, {deofmopŠV Am{X H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡&
4. ícof : ícof H$m AW© AZoH$mW©H$Vm h¡& Bg_| {damoY Am{X Ac§H$mam| H$m ^r g_mdoe hmoVm h¡&
ê$æ`H$ H$m dJuH$aU -
Ac§H$mam| Ho$ dJuH$aU Ho$ joÌ _| g~go _m¡{cH$ `moJXmZ ê$æ`H$ H$m h¡& ê$æ`H$ Zo "Ac§H$ma gd©ñd'
_| Ac§H$mam| H$mo 6 dJm} _| ~m±Q>m h¡-
1. gmÑí`_ycH$ Ac§H$ma : Omo Ac§H$ma gmÑí` na AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡, CÝh| gmÑí`_ycH$
Ac§H$ma H$hVo h¢& BZHo$ Xmo ^oX h¢- ^oXm^oX àYmZ- O¡go Cn_m Am¡a A^oX àYmZ O¡go ê$nH$, CËàojm
Am{X&
A^oXàYmZ gmå`_ycH$ Ac§H$mam| Ho$ nwZ: Xmo Cn^oX {H$E JE h¢- Amamon_ycH$ (ê$nH$, n[aUm_,
g§Xoh Am{X) Am¡a AÜ`dgm`_ycH$ (CËàojm, A{Ve`mopŠV Am{X)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
65
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 2. Am¡nå`J^© Ac§H$ma : {OZ Ac§H$mam| _| M_ËH$ma H$m AmYma àñVwV Am¡a AàñVwV H$s
Cn_m (g_mZVm) hmoVr h¡, CÝh| Am¡nå` J^© Ac§H$ma H$hVo h¢& BgHo$ 6 ^oX h¢-
1. nXmW©JV Am¡nå` : Vwë``mo{JVm, XrnH$&
2. dmŠ`W©JV Am¡nå` : à{VdñVyn_m, ÑîQ>m§V, {ZXe©Zm&
3. ^oX àYmZ : ì`{VaoH$, ghmopŠV, {dZmopŠV&
4. {deofU {dpÀN>{V : g_mgmopŠV, n[aH$a&
5. {deoî`-{dpÀN>{V : n[aH$am§Hw$a&
6. {deofU-{deoî` {dpÀN>{V : ícof&
3. {damoYJ^© Ac§H$ma : {damoY, ^mdZm, {deofmopŠV&
4. l¥§IcmH$ma A§cH$ma : H$maU_mcm, _mcmXrnH$, gma&
5. Ý`m`_ycH$ Ac§H$ma : BgHo$ VrZ Cn^oX h¢-
1. VH©$Ý`m` _ycH$ : H$mì`qcJ, AZw_mZ&
2. dmŠ`Ý`m` _ycH$ : `Wmg§»`, n`m©ß`&
3. cmoH$Ý`m` _ycH$ : àË`ZrH$, àVrn&
6. Jy‹T>mW© àVr{V _ycH$ Ac§H$ma : gyú_, ì`mOmopŠV, dH«$mopŠV&
`h dJuH$aU ê$æ`H$ Am¡a {dX²`mYa H$s g§`wŠV _mÝ`VmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡ VWm AË`§V d¡km{ZH$
h¡& AmYw{ZH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Omo ì`mdhm[aH$ dJuH$aU {H$`m h¡, dh ê$æ`H$ Ho$ Bgr dJuH$aU na
AmYm[aV h¡& CgH$m ñdê$n {ZåZ àH$ma h¡••
AmYw{ZH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Ac§H$mam| H$m dJuH$aU VrZ ^mJm| _| {H$`m h¡- (1) eãXm§cH$ma
(2) AWm©c§H$ma Ed§ (3) C^`mc§H$ma&
1. eãXmc§H$ma : {OZ Ac§H$mam| _| CpŠV H$m M_ËH$ma Cg_| à`wŠV eãXm| na AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡,
CÝh| "eãXmc§H$ma' H$hVo h¢& `{X M_ËH$ma Ho$ H|$Ð eãX H$mo hQ>mH$a CgH$s OJh g_mZmWu eãX S>mc
{X`m OmE, Omo dh M_ËH$ma g_mßV hmo OmVm h¡& AZwàmg, `_H$, ícof Am{X Ac§H$ma Bgr dJ© _|
AmVo h¢&
2. AWm©c§H$ma : {OZ Ac§H$mam| _| CpŠV H$m M_ËH$ma AW© _| {Z{hV ahVm h¡, CÝh|
"AWm©c§H$ma' H$hVo h¢& BZ Ac§H$mam| _| {H$gr eãX H$mo hQ>mZo Am¡a CgHo$ ñWmZ na CgHo$ n`m©`dmMr
eãX H$m à`moJ H$aZo go Ac§H$ma Ho$ gm¢X`© na H$moB© à^md Zht n‹S>Vm& Cn_m, AZÝd`, CËàojm,
{damoYm^mg, g_mgmopŠV Am{X Ac§H$ma Bgr dJ© _| AmVo h¢&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
66
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 3. C^`mc§H$ma : Ohm± H$mì` _| à`wŠV Ac§H$ma _| {Z{hV M_ËH$ma eãX Am¡a AW© XmoZm| Ho$
Am{lV hmoVo h¡ CÝh| C^`mc§H$ma H$hVo h¢& O¡go, `_H$&
AZoH$ {dX²dmZ Bg ^oX H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo& Ohm± M_ËH$ma eãX Am¡a AW© XmoZm| Ho$ gm¢X`©
na AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡, dhm± ^r CgH$m H|$Ð Ho$dc eãX hmoVm h¡& eãX Ho$ ~XcVo hr gm¢X`© g_mßV
hmo OmVm h¡, "H$ZH$, H$ZH$ Vo gm¡ JwZr _mXH$Vm A{YH$m`&' _| M_ËH$ma H$m H|$Ð "H$ZH$' H$s Û`W©Vm
h¡& H$moB© AÝ` eãX BgH$m ñWmZ Zht co gH$Vm&
2.3.1.4 {ZîH$f©
gm{hË`ê$nr gw§Xar Ho$ gm¢X`© _| BOm\$m H$aZo H$m H$m_ Ac§H$ma H$aVo h¢& Ac§H$mam| H$s MMm© doXm|
_| ^r h¡, co{H$Z AmMm`© ^aV Ho$ ~mX Am. ^m_h hr à_wI AmMm`© h¢, {OÝhm|Zo Ac§H$maemñÌ H$mo
ñdV§Ì ApñVËd àXmZ {H$`m& "ZmQ²>`emñÌ' _| Mma hr Ac§H$mam| H$s MMm© Wr; Am. n§{S>VamO
OJÝZmW VH$ AmVo-AmVo CZH$s g§»`m 191 hmo JB© h¡& A{YH$Va {dX²dmZm| Zo Ac§H$ma H$mo H$mì`
Ho$ gm¢X`© _| d¥X²{Y H$aZodmco VËd Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Ac§H$mam| Ho$
dJuH$aU na {dñVma go {dMma {H$`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$ {dX²dmZm| H$m dJuH$aU (eãXmc§H$ma, AWm©c§H$ma,
C^`mc§H$ma) A{YH$ C{MV cJVm h¡&
2.3.2 ar{V {gX²Ym§V
B©gdr gZ 600 go 700 VH$-gm¡ dfm] Ho$ A§Vamc _| ar{V g§àXm` ^maVr` gm{hË` g_rjm H$m
à_wI AmYma Wm& JwU Am¡a Xmof H$s ì`mnH$ à{VîR>m hmo OmZo go ar{V gåàXm` H$mo ~‹S>m ~c {_cm
Am¡a JwU g{hV VWm Xmof a{hV aMZm H$s AmXe© nXmdcr hr ar{V_V Ho$ AZwgma H$mì` H$s AmË_m
~Z JB©& co{H$Z AmJo JwU, Xmof Am¡a Ac§H$mam| H$s {ddoMZm ar{V go ñdV§Ì AmYma na hmoZo cJr,
{OgH$m n[aUm_ `h hþAm {H$ ar{V g§àXm` H$s ì`mnH$Vm KQ>Vr Mcr JB© Am¡a A§V _| Cgo ag
{gX²Ym§V H$s EH$ emIm Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmoZm n‹S>m&
2.3.2.1 ar{V H$s AdYmaUm
ar{V H$s AdYmaUm (H$ÝgoßeZ) H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ Amn ar{V go Š`m g_PVo h¢? ar{V
g§àXm` Ho$ àdV©H$ AmMm`© dm_Z h¢& CÝhm|Zo ar{V H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m Kmo{fV H$aVo hþE Bg gåàXm`
H$s Ztd S>mcr&
""ar{VamË_m H$mì`ñ`&''
Bg_| g§Xoh Zht {H$ dm_Z go nyd© ^r ar{V H$s MMm© hmoVr ahr Wr& ^aV _w{Z Zo "ZmQ²>`emñÌ'_|
ZmQ²>`à`moJ Ho$ g§X^© _| Mma àmXo{eH$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$m CëcoI {H$`m h¢& do H$hVo h¢-
""MVw{d©Ym àd¥{ÎmíM àmoŠVm: ZmQ²>`à`moJmV:&
Ad§Vr X{jUmË`mM nm§Mmcr Mm¡S´>_mJYr&&''
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
67
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 AWm©V ZmQ>çà`moJ _| Mma àH$ma H$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$m CëcoI {H$`m J`m h¢- Amd§Vr, Xm{jUmË`,
nm§Mmcr Am¡a AmoS´>_mJYr& ^aV_w{Z Ho$ ZmQ>`emó H$m AmYma coH$a Ap½ZnwamU _| _h{f© doXì`mg Zo
ar{V`m| H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡ Am¡a nhcr ~ma H$mì` Am¡a ZmQ²>` Ho$ g§~§Y _| ar{V eãX H$m à`moJ
{H$`m h¡-
""dm{dX²`m g_à{V kmZo ar{V: Mm{n MwV{d©Ym:&''
AWm©V ~mocZo Ho$ ‹T>§J H$s nhMmZ go ar{V Mma àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¡- d¡X^u, Jm¡‹S>r, nm§Mmcr Am¡a
cmQ>r&
gmVdt eVmãXr Ho$ H${d ~mU^Å> Zo "hf©M[aV' _| CXrÀ`², àVrÀ`², X{jUmË` Am¡a Jm¡S> Xoe H$s
H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m| H$m ñnîQ> CëcoI {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo "hf©M[aV' _| Mmam| ar{V`m| Ho$ {df` _| {cIm h¡-
"CÎma {Xem Ho$ cmoH$ ícof-~hþc, npíM_ {Xem Ho$ cmoJ AY©_mZ, X{jU {Xem Ho$ cmoJ CËàojm_`
VWm Jm¡S> Xoe Ho$ cmoJ Ajam| Ho$ AmS>å~a dmcr ar{V H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢& `hm± AmS>§~a dU©{dÊ`mg
Ho$ Mmê$Ëd H$m dmMH$ h¡&
ar{V H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZZo dmco AmMm`© dm_Z Zo VrZ ar{V`m| H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡-
d¡X^u, Jm¡S>r Am¡a nm§Mmcr& BZHo$ {ddoMZ H$m AmYma "JwU' h¡, Ac§H$ma Zht& BÝhm|Zo ar{V H$s
n[a^mfm àñVwV H$aHo$ ar{V H$s AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$s h¡-
""{d{eîQ> nX-aMZm ar{V:&''
AWm©V² {d{eîQ> àH$ma Ho$ nXm| H$s aMZm ar{V H$hr OmVr h¡&
nX aMZm {cIZo Am¡a ~mocZo _| à`moJ H$s OmVr h¡& Bg àH$ma ar{V H$m AW© ^mfm H$m à`moJ
hþAm& AmMm`© dm_Z ^r ar{V H$m AW© CpŠV _mZVo h¢& qhXr _| e¡cr eãX {Og AW© _| à`moJ {H$`m
Om ahm h¡, dm_Z Am{X AmMm`m] Zo ar{V eãX H$m à`moJ Cgr AW© _| {H$`m h¡&
ar{V H$s AdYmaUm _| `h ~mV ñnîQ> ê$n go g_P coZr Mm{hE {H$ ar{V H$s AdYmaUm JwU
Ho$ g_mZ h¡& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ H$mì`em{ó`m| Zo JwU Ho$ Omo cjU {XE h¢, do hr ar{V na nyU© ê$n go cmJy
hmoVo h¢& eãX VWm H$mì` XmoZm| Ho$ AmMm`© _å_Q> Zo VrZ JwU _mZo h¢- _mYw`©, AmoO Am¡a àgmX&
BZ JwUm| H$m g§~§Y ^r ^mfm Ho$ à`moJ go hmoVm h¡& ar{V _| JwUm| H$m g_mdoe ahVm h¡, AV: ar{V
JwUm| go ì`mnH$ h¡&
ar{V eãX H$m à`moJ gd©àW_ G$½doX _| ñVw{V Ho$ ê$n _| àmßV hmoVm h¡& "Ap½ZnwamU' _| ar{V
H$m AW© "dŠV¥Ëd H$cm' `m "~mocZo H$m T>§J' h¡& ~mU^Å> Zo ^r Bgr AW© _| ar{V H$s AdYmaUm
H$s h¡& Am. ^m_h Zo ar{V H$m AW© "H$mì`' ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& AmMm`© dm_Z Zo "{d{eîQ> nX aMZm'
H$mo ar{V ~VmH$a ar{V H$s AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$s h¡& dm_Z ar{V H$mo JwUm| Ho$ Am{lV _mZVo h¢ Vmo
AmZ§XdY©Z Cgo agm{^ì`pŠV H$m gmYZ _mZVo h¢, H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZZo go BÝH$ma H$aVo h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
68
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
2.3.2.2 ar{V {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` -
ar{V eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm
ar{V eãX H$s CËn{Îm "arL²>' YmVw go "F$U' àË`` Ho$ `moJ go hþB© h¡& BgH$m AW© h¡ _mJ©, n§W
`m J{V& _hmamOm ^moO Zo "gañdVr H§$R>m^aU' _| BgH$s CËn{Îm Bg àH$ma Xr h¡-
""d¡X^m©{XH¥$V: nÝWm: H$mì`o _mJ© B{V ñ_¥V:
arL²> JVm{d{V YmVmo: gm ì`wËnÎ`m ar{Vê$À`Vo&''
A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ {d{^ÝZ _mJ© hmoVo h¢& coIH$ AnZr ê${M Ho$ AZwgma BZ _mJm] H$m AZwgaU H$aVo
h¢& ar{V eãX Bgr A{^ì`pŠV H$s {d{^ÞVm H$m X²`moVH$ h¡& dm_Z go nyd© ar{V Ho$ ñWmZ na
A{YH$Va _mJ© eãX à`wŠV {H$`m OmVm Wm& AmO H$c qhXr _| BgHo$ {cE e¡cr eãX H$m à`moJ
hmoVm h¡& e¡cr eãX H$s CËn{Îm ^r erc eãX go hþB© h¡& `h ^r coIH$ Ho$ ñd^md H$s Amoa hr
g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡& àmMrZ g§ñH¥$V emñÌ _| e¡cr eãX {H$gr ì`m»`mZ nX²Y{V Ho$ AW© _| à`wŠV {H$`m
OmVm Wm& Hw$ëcyH$ ^Q²>Q> H$s Q>rH$m _| e¡cr H$m à`moJ Bgr AW© _| hþAm h¡&

ar{V H$s n[a^mfm Am¡a ñdê$n -

gd©àW_ Am. dm_Z Zo hr ar{V H$mo n[a^mfm~X²Y H$a CgH$s {dñV¥V ì`m»`m H$s h¡&
"H$mì`mc§H$magyÌ' _| CÝhm|Zo ar{V H$m cjU Bg àH$ma {X`m h¡-
""{d{eîQ> nXaMZm ar{V:& {deofmo JwUmË_m''
AWm©V² _mYw`© Am{X JwUm| go `wŠV aMZm hr ar{V h¡& CÝhm|Zo ar{V _| JwUm| H$mo gdm©{YH$ _hËd
{X`m h¡&
AmMm`© dm_Z Ho$ A{V[aŠV ar{V gåàXm` H$m AÝ` H$moB© à{gX²Y {dX²dmZ Zht h¡ {OgZo ar{V
na {dMma {H$`m hmo& BgH$m H$maU h¡ {H$ _å_Q> Am{X Ho$ agdmXr {gX²Ym§V Ho$ gå_wI ar{V gåàXm`
A{YH$ _mÝ` Z hmo gH$m&
ar{V gåàXm` Ho$ ~{hJ©V Hw$N> AÝ` AmMm`m] Zo ar{V Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnîQ> {H$`m h¡& `h dm_Z
X²dmam {ZX}{eV ar{V Ho$ cjU go gmå` aIVm h¡& dH«$mopŠVdmXr Hw§$VH$ Zo ar{V H$mo "H${d àYmZ hoVw'
`m H${d H$_© H$s {d{Y H$hm h¡&
AmZ§XdY©ZmMm`© Zo Bgo "dmŠ`dmMH$ Mmê$Ëd hoVw' H$hH$a ar{V H$mo eãX Am¡a AW© _| Mmê$Vm
cmZo dmcm CnmXmZ _mZm h¡& CÝhm|Zo ar{V H$m ag go g§~§Y pñWa H$aZo H$m àW_ Am¡a gmaJ{^©V à`mg
H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$, nX aMZm _mYw`© Am{X JwUm| Ho$ AmYma na Am{lV ahVr Am¡a ag H$s
A{^ì`pŠV _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡&
AmMm`© dm_Z Ho$ "{deofmo JwUmË_m' dmco H$WZ H$mo BÝhm|Zo "g§KQ>Zm' eãX X²dmam ì`ŠV {H$`m

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
69
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
h¡& g§KQ>Zm H$m AW© h¡ nXm| H$s gå`H²$ `m emo^Z aMZm&
"gm{hË`Xn©U' Ho$ àUoVm Am. {dídZmW Zo ^r AmZ§XdY©ZmMm`© Ho$ AZwgma ar{V H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ>
{H$`m h¡& do {cIVo h¢-
""nXg§KQ>Zm ar{V: A§Jg§ñWm{deofdV²
CnH$Wu agmXrZm_² ............''
AWm©V {Og àH$ma H$m{_Zr Ho$ A§Jm| H$m EH$ {ZpíMV g§KQ>Z gm¢X`©emcr hmoVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma nXm|
H$s {Z`_~X²Y g§KQ>Zm ^r gw§Xa hmoVr h¡, Cgo "ar{V' H$hVo h¢& Bg àH$ma H$s nXg§KQ>Zm `m ag ar{V
Am{X H$mì` gm¢X`© Ho$ {d{dY VËdm| Ho$ n[adV©Z _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡& _å_Q> Zo ^r g^r aMZmAm| _| àgmX
JwU H$s pñW{V Adí` _mZr h¡& Bg àH$ma Am. dm_Z Ho$ g_mZ g^r AmMm`m] Zo ar{V _| JwUm| H$mo ñdrH$ma
{H$`m h¡&
ar{V H$s J[a_m nmíMmË` AmcmoMH$m| Zo ^r A§JrH¥$V H$s h¡& âcmC~o (Flaubert), dmëQ>a aoco (Walter
Raleight) VWm dmëQ>a noQ>a (Walter Pater) Zo H$mì` _| ar{V H$mo n`m©ßV _hËd {X`m h¡& âcmC~o H$m
H$WZ h¡ {H$ "{Og àH$ma Or{dV àm{U`m| _| aŠV eara H$m nmofU H$aVm h¡ VWm BgHo$ ~mh²` ñdê$n H$m
{ZU©` H$aVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma H$mì` _| OrdZ{dYm`H$ VËd ar{V hr h¡& ar{V {H$gr dñVw H$s g_J« A§Va§JVm
VWm a§JrZVm Ho$ gmW A{^ì`pŠV H$m EH$ {d{eîQ> VWm n[anyU© àH$ma h¡&

2.3.2.3 H$mì`-JwU Am¡a ar{V

JwUm| H$m cjU -
JwUm| H$m {ddoMZ àmMrZV_ cjU J«§Wm| _| ^r {_cVm h¡& ^aV_w{Z Zo AnZo "ZmQ²>`emñÌ'_| JwUm| Ho$
ñWmZ na Xmofm| Ho$ {dn`©` H$m CëcoI {H$`m h¡&
"Ap½ZnwamU' _| ^r JwUm| Ho$ ñdê$n Am¡a H$mì` _| CZHo$ _hËd H$s MMm© H$s JB© h¡& JwU H$m cjU
Bg àH$ma {X`m h¡-
""`: H$mì`o _hVt N>m`m_ZwJ¥h²cmË`gm¡ JwU:''
AWm©V² H$mì` _| _hmZ emo^m H$m g¥OZ H$aZodmcm VËd JwU h¡&
JwUm| H$s g§»`m -
gm{hË`emñÌ _| AmoO, _mYw`© Am¡a àgmX VrZ JwUm| H$m CëcoI {H$`m OmVm h¡ qH$Vw àmMrZ g§ñH¥$V
gm{hË` _| JwUm| H$s g§»`m BZgo A{YH$ Wr& àW_ emñÌr` J«§W "ZmQ²>`emñÌ'_| ícof, àgmX,
g_Vm, g_m{Y, _mYw`©, AmoO, nXgm¡Hw$_m`©, AW©ì`pŠV, CXmaVm Am¡a H$m§{V `o Xg JwU h¢&
"Ap½ZnwamU'_| H$mì` JwUm| H$s g§»`m 19 Xr h¡& Am. dm_Z Zo 10 JwU eãX Ho$ Am¡a 10 JwU AW©
Ho$ {_cmH$a 20 JwU ~VmE h¢& AmMm`© ^m_h Zo BZ g^r JwUm| H$m g_mdoe VrZ JwUm| _| H$aHo$
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
70
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
_mYw`©, AmoO Am¡a àgmX `o VrZ JwU hr ñdrH$ma {H$E h¢& Am. _å_Q> Zo ^r Bgr _V H$mo ñdrH$mam
h¡ Am¡a _å_Q> H$m `h _V gd©_mÝ` ahm h¡&
à_wI JwUm| Ho$ cjU-
1. _mYw`© JwU : _mYw`© JwU Cg aMZm _| _mZm OmVm h¡, {Og_| A§V:H$aU H$mo AmZ§X go Ð{dV
H$aZo H$s j_Vm hmoVr h¡&
Am. {dídZmW : {Og H$mì` H$mo n‹T>H$a (`m gwZH$a) h_mam {MÎm Ð{dV hmo CR>o Cg_| _mYw`© JwU
hmoVm h¡&
Am. _å_Q> : _mYw`© JwU dh Amh²cmX_`r pñW{V h¡, {Og_| lmoVm H$m {MÎm Ð{dV hmoH$a ~h CR>Vm
h¡& dh l¥§Jma, H$ê$U Am¡a em§V ag _| A{Ve`Vm Ho$ gmW CncãY hmoVm h¡&
JwUm| H$m AmYma dU©g§`moOZ hmoVm h¡& _mYw`© JwU _| Q>, R>, S>, T> dUm] H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a eof dU© AnZo
dJ© Ho$ n§M_ dU© go g§`wŠV hmoH$a _mYw`© H$s ì`§OZm H$aVo h¢& a Am¡a ` ^r _mYw`© Ho$ ì`§OH$ dU© h¢&
_mYw`© JwU dmcr aMZm àm`: g_mga{hV hmoVr h¡& "am_M[aV_mZg' H$s `h Mm¡nmB© _mYw`© JwU H$m CÎm_
CXmhaU h¡-
""H§$H$Z qH${H${Z Zwnya Yw{Z gw{Z&
H$hV cIZ gZ am_ öX` Jw{Z&&
_mZhþ _XZ Xþ§Xþ^r XrÝhr&
_Zgm {~ñd {dO` H$h± H$sÝhr&&''
BZ n§pŠV`m| _| "Q>' dJ© H$m H$moB© dU© Zht h¡& "H§$H$Z' "qH${H${Z' Am¡a "Xþ§Xþ^r' _| AZwñdma (Omo n§M_
dU© H$m hr CÀM[aV ê$n h¡) Ho$ à`moJ go H$mì`n§pŠV`m| _| AX²^Vw _YwaVm Am JB© h¡& BZ n§pŠV`m| _| Ho$dc
{~ñd {dO` hr EH$_mÌ gm_m{gH$ nX h¡& `h l¥§Jma H$m àg§J h¡&
2. AmoO JwU : AmoO _| {MÎm H$mo ñ\y${V© go CÎmo{OV H$aZo H$s {deofVm hmoVr h¡& AmoO JwU H$s
à{VîR>m Ho$ {cE {ÛËd dUm], g§`wŠV dUm], "a' H$m g§`moJ, Q²>, R²>, S²>, T²> VWm g_mgm{YŠ`, H$R>moa dUm]
H$s àMwaVm Amdí`H$ hmoVr h¡& AmMm`© qMVm_{U Zo BgHo$ g§~§Y _| {cIm h¡- ""{MÎm Ho$ XrßVËd Ho$ {cE
AmoO JwU Amdí`H$ h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {cE dra, ~r^Ëg Am¡a am¡Ð ag hmoZm _hËdnyU© h¡&'' AWm©V {Og aMZm
H$mo n‹T>H$a {MÎm H$m {dñVma hmo (djñWc VZ OmE) Am¡a _Z _| VoO CËnÝZ hmo Om`o, dhm± AmoOJwU H$s
pñW{V _mZr OmVr h¡, `h dra, ~r^Ëg Am¡a am¡Ð agm| _| A{Ve`Vm go {dX²`_mZ hmoVm h¡&
AmoO JwU H$m gm¢X`© amgmo H$mì`m| _| XoIVo hr ~ZVm h¡& ^yfU H$s draag_`r H${dVm ^r AmoO JwU
_| {H$gr go H$_ Zht h¡& EH$ CXmhaU ÑîQ>ñ` h¡-
""M_H$Vr Mncm Z \o$aV {\$a§J¡ ^Q>

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
71
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 B§Ð H$mo Z Mmn ê$n ~¡aI g_mO H$mo&
YmE Ywadm Z N>m`o Yy[a Ho$ nQ>c _oK
Jm{O~mo Z ~m{O~mo h¡ Xþ§Xþ{^ XamO H$mo&''
3. àgmX JwU : {OgHo$ {MÎm _| CX` hmoVo hr AW© ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, Cgo àgmX JwU H$hVo
h¢& AWm©V O~ H$moB© aMZm n‹T>Zo `m gwZZo go VËH$mc AnZo g§nyU© ^md~moY Ho$ gmW h_mao öX` _|
n¡R> OmVr h¡, Vmo Cgo àgmX JwU H$s pñW{V g_PZm Mm{hE& Am. qMVm_{U Zo BgHo$ ~mao_| {cIm
h¡-
""gwIo BªYZ AmJ Á`m| ñdÀN> Zra H$s ar{V&
PcH¡$ AÀN>a AaW Omo àgmX JwU ZrVr&&''
AWm©V {Og àH$ma gwIo BªYZ _| ghO AmJ \¡$cVr h¡, Am¡a {Z_©c nmZr _| n‹S>r ha MrO ghO
{XImB© XoVr h¡, d¡gohr Ajam| H$mo XoIVo hr AW© g_P _| AmZm àgmX JwU H$s Zr{V h¡&
Bg_| ^mdm| H$s H$R>moaVm `m H$mo_cVm go g§~§Y Zht hmoVm& `h g^r agm| _| hmo gH$Vm h¡& Bg
JwU H$m EH$ CXmhaU ÑîQ>ì` h¡-
""gw§Xa M§Ð_m H$s M§Mc {H$aU| YaVr Am¡a Ocme`m| _| gd©Ì \¡$cr hþB© Wt Am¡a n¥Ïdr Am¡a
AmH$me _| ew^«-ñdÀN> Mm±XZr {~Iar hþB© Wr&
""Mmê$ M§Ð H$s M§Mc {H$aU|
Ioc ahr Wr Oc Wc _|&
ñdÀN> Mm§XZr {~N>r hþB© Wr
AdZr Am¡a Aå~aVc _|&
BZ n§pŠV`m| H$mo n‹T>Vo hr AW© ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡&
à_wI ar{V`m| H$m ñdê$n-
ar{V`m| H$s g§»`m Ho$ g§~§Y _| AmMm`m] _| _V^oX h¢& ^m_h Zo d¡X^u Am¡a Jm¡S>r Xmo hr ar{V`m±
_mZr h¢& XÊS>r Zo ^r BÝht Xmo H$s MMm© H$s h¡& dm_Z Zo ar{V`m| H$s g§»`m Xmo go VrZ H$a Xr& CÝhm|Zo
nm§Mmcr Zm_H$ EH$ ZB© ar{V H$m CëcoI {H$`m& ê$ÐQ> Am¡a amOeoIa _| h_| cmQ>r`m Zm_H$ Mm¡Wr
ar{V H$s ^r MMm© {_cVr h¡& Bg àH$ma d¡X^u, Jm¡S>r, nm§Mmcr Am¡a cmQ>r`m Zm_H$ ar{V`m| H$m
H«$_e: {dH$mg hþAm& h_ BZHo$ ñdê$n na g§jon _| {dMma H$a|Jo&
1. d¡X^u ar{V : d¡X^u ar{V gd©loîR> g_Pr OmVr h¡& {H$gr Zo Cgo JwU ñ\w$Q> ê$n, Hw$N> Zo JwU
gmH$ë`_`r Am¡a Hw$N> Zo g_J«JwUm H$hm h¡& AmMm`© amOeoIa Zo {cIm h¡ {H$, ""d¡X^u ar{V go

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
72
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$U©-{à` _mYw`© JwU H$m àgdU hmoVm h¡&'' dm_Z d¡X^u H$mo g_J«JwUm _mZVo h¢-
""g_J«JwUm d¡X^u&''
Am. {dídZmW Zo BgH$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡- ""_mYw`© JwU ì`§OH$ dUm] X²dmam d¥{ÎmhrZ
`m Aën d¥{Îm dmcr aMZm d¡X^u hmoVr h¡&
2. Jm¡S>r ar{V : `h àmXo{eH$ ÑpîQ> go Jm¡S> Xoe H$s ar{V h¡& Bg_| _mYw`© Am¡a gm¡Hw$_m`© H$m
A^md XoIm OmVm h¡& `h g_mO~hþVm Am¡a H$R>moa dUm] go `wŠV hmoVr h¡& AmoO Am¡a H$m§{V BgHo$ à_wI
JwU h¢&
3. nm§Mmcr : Bg ar{V _| d¡X^u H$s ^m±{V g~ JwUm| H$s AdpñW{V Vmo Zht hmoVr, na§Vw _mYw`© Am¡a
gwHw$_maVm Am{X JwU Bg_| ^r hmoVo h¢& `h ícof _wŠV, {e{Wc ^mdm| dmcr VWm H$m§{V `wŠV ar{V h¡&
Am. dm_Z Zo BgH$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡-
""_mYw`©gm¡Hw$_m`m}nnÝZm nm§Mmcr&''
AWm©V² nm§Mmcr ar{V _| _mYw`© Am¡a gm¡Hw$_m`© H$m gX²^md ahVm h¡&
4. cmQ>r : gm{hË`-Xn©UH$ma Zo BgH$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma Xr h¡-
""cmQ>r Vw ar{V d¡X^unm§Mmë`moÝVao pñWVm&''
AWm©V d¡X^u Am¡a nm§Mmcr Ho$ _Ü` H$s ar{V H$mo cmQ>r ar{V H$hVo h¢&
H$mì`Xmof :
AmMm`© ^aV Zo O~ _hmZ {ZXm}{fVm H$mo H$mì` JwU H$s g§km Xr Wr, V^r Xmof a{hV H$mì` g¥OZ H$s
nhb H$s WrŸ& AmMm`© ^m_h Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ H$mì` g¥OZ Z H$aZm H$moB© AnamY Zht h¡, bo{H$Z gXmof H$mì`
aMZm H$aZm Vmo gmjmV _¥Ë`w h¡Ÿ&
H$mì` _| Xmofm| H$mo Q>mbZm H${dVm H$s àma§{^H$ A{Zdm`©Vm Ho$ ê$n _| AZoH$ gm{hË`em{ó`m| Zo _mÝ`Vm
Xr h¡Ÿ& _å_Q> Zo Vmo H$mì` H$s n[a^mfm _| hr Xmofm| H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡ -
""VX²Xmofm¡ eãXmWm£ gJwUmdZb§H¥${V: nwZ: Šdm{nŸ&''
AmMm`© ^aV Ed§ dm_Z Zo H$mì` Xmof H$mo H$mì` JwU H$m {dn`© _mZm h¡Ÿ& H$mì` Xmofm| H$s g§»`m na H$m\$s
{dMma{d_e© {d{dY {dX²dmZm| Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AmMm`© {dídZmW Zo Xmof H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE {bIm h¡ -
""agmnH$f©H$m Xmofm:'' _Vb~ "Xmof' do h¢ Omo ag `m H$mì` Ho$ AmË_VÎd Ho$ AnH$f©H$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z g^r
_Vm| H$m gma ê$n ñdrH$ma H$ao Vmo AmO H$mì`Xmof Ho$ VrZ ^oX ñdrH$ma {H$E J`o h¢Ÿ - eãXXmof, AW©Xmof,
agXmofŸ&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
73
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
eãX Xmof (nX Xmof) :
H$mì` _| AmZ§X àXmZ H$aZodmbm àma§{^H$ Ad`d eãX `m nX hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg ZmVo `{X eãXm| Ho$ g§KQ>Zm
_| hr Xmof hmo, Vmo g§nyU© H${dVm H$m à^md VWm AmZ§X g_mßV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr{bE Ohm± eãX `m nX aMZm
Am¡a à`moJ Ho$ H$maU H$mì`mW© H$s àVr{V _| ~mYm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡, dhm± nX²JV Xmof `m nXXmof H$hm OmVm
h¡Ÿ& AmMm`© _å_Q> Zo nXXmof Ho$ 16 àH$ma ~VmE h¢Ÿ& CZ_| go Hw$N> Xmofm| H$m {ddoMZ {ZåZ àH$ma h¡ -
(A) lw{V H$Qw>Ëd : H$mì` aMZm H$aVo g_` gwZZo _| _Ywa eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& ag Ho$ {dn[aV
H$mZm| H$mo IQ>H$Zodmbo H$R>moa dU© à`moJ go lw{V H$Qw>Ëd Xmof hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
CXm. ""R>mQ> h¡ gd©Ì Ka `m KmQ> h¡Ÿ&
bmoH$-bú_r H$s {dbjU hmQ> h¡Ÿ&''
BZ n§{ŠV`m| _| Q>, R> - H$R>moa dU© à`moJ Ho$ H$maU lw{VH$Qw>Ëd Am`m h¡Ÿ&
(~) AíbrbVm : `h Xmof {H$gr Eogo nX Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡, {Oggo A{^àoV AW© {ZH$bZo
Ho$ gmW hr H$moB© b‚mm, K¥Um Am¡a A_§JbH$mar AW© ^r {ZH$bVo h¢Ÿ&
CXm. ""{Ja Om` H$ht `{X {H$gr go _yë`dmZ dñVw
bmo^ go CR>mZm Cgo MmQ>Zm h¡ ZmH$ H$mŸ&''
`hm± "ZmH$ H$m MmQ>Zm' K¥Um ì`§OH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AíbrbVm àH$Q> H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
eãX `m nXXmofm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go `hr gy{MV hmoVm h¡ {H$ H${dVm _| gab, ghO Ed§ ~moY Jå` eãXm|
H$m Cn`moJ hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&
AW©JV Xmof (AW© Xmof) :
H$mì` _| eãXm| H$m AW©-J«hU hr AmZ§X Ed§ à^md CËnÞ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Ohm± AW© J«hU _| ~mYm hmoVr
h¡, dhm± AW© Xmof nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ& AmMm`© _å_Q> Zo 23 àH$ma Ho$ AW© Xmofm| H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AW© g_PZo
_| {H$gr àH$ma H$m H$ï> Zht hmoZo Mm{hEŸ& AW© _| nañna {damoY Zht hmoZo Mm{hEŸ& AW© àH$Q>rH$aU _| ZdrZVm
AmZr Mm{hEŸ& AW© H$mo OmZboZo na {MÎm _| Z Vmo A_§Jb H$s ^mdZm hmoZr Mm{hE Am¡a Z CÛoJ hr CËnÞ
hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&
AmMm`© {dídZmW Ho$ _VmZwgma {H$gr nX Ho$ _w»` AW© Ho$ AZwnH$mar hmoZo na Anwï> Xmof hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Og
nX H$s AZwnpñW{V na ^r AW© H$mo hmZr Zht nhþ±MVr hmoŸ&
CXm. ""gmao CndZ Ho$ {demb dm`w_ÊS>b _|
ào_r n«r{V-g§^d Ho$ _§Jb _ZmVo h¢Ÿ&''
Bg nX _| {demb {deofU {ZaW©H$ h¡, Š`m|{H$ dm`w_§S>b Vmo {demb hmoVm hr h¡Ÿ& Ohm± EH$ hr eãX
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
74
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Am¡a AW© H$s ~ma-~ma Amd¥{Îm hmo, dhm± nwZéŠV AW© Xmof hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bggo H${d Ho$ eãX Xm[aÐç H$m nVm
MbVm h¡Ÿ&
CXm. ""YÝ` h¡ H$b§H$ hrZ OrZm EH$ jU H$m
`wJ-`wJ OrZm gH$b§H$ Yr¸$ma h¡Ÿ&''
ñnï> h¡ {H$ nwZê$ŠV AW©Xmof Ho$ H$maU H${dVm do à^md Am¡a AmZ§X _| ~mYm CnpñWV hþB© h¡Ÿ&
agJV Xmof (ag Xmof) :
ag H${dVm H$m A{Zd©MZr` AmZÝX h¡, bo{H$Z Ohm± agmñdmX _| ~mYm CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ - dhm±
{dX²dmZm| Zo {d{dY ag Xmofm| H$mo ñdrH¥$V {H$`m h¡Ÿ& d¡go XoIm Om` Vmo H${dVm _| ag H$m ñnï> C„oI AnZo
Amn _| EH$ Xmof h¡Ÿ& H$B© H${d`m| Zo ag Ho$ ñWm`r, g§Mmar Am¡a ì`m{^Mmar ^mdm| H$mo ñd`§ d{U©V H$a ag Ho$
ñdm^m{dH$ CÐoH$ H$mo ~m{YV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AmMm`© _å_Q> Zo Voah àH$ma Ho$ ag Xmofm| H$s MMm© H$s h¡Ÿ&
ñdeãXdmÀ`Vm Vmo gd©à_wI ag Xmof h¡Ÿ&
CXm. ""Amh {H$VZm gH$ê$U _wI Wm,
AmЩ gamoO AéU _wI WmŸ&''
BZ n§{ŠV`m| _| H$éU ag H$m H${d ñd`§ C„oI H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
Ohm± ag, ñWm`r^md `m ì`{^Mmar ^md H$s nw{ï> CZgo gå~pÝYV ^mdm| H$m dU©Z {H$E {~Zm hr CZHo$
eãXe: H$WZ go H$s OmE dhm± agXmof hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
CXm. ""Á`m| hr My_m {à` Zo CgH$mo
b‚mm _Z Am`rŸ&''
agm| Ho$ nmañn[aH$ {damoY H$s EH$ n§{ŠV -
CXm. ""Bg nma {à`o Vw_ hmo _Yw h¡
Cg nma Z OmZo Š`m hmoJm?''
Hw$b {_bmH$a XmofnyU© H$mì` qZXm H$m nmÌ hmoVm h¡, Mmho Cg_| eãX, AW© Am¡a agXmof _| go H$moB© ^r
EH$ hmoŸ& H${dVm H$m AnH$f© H$aZodmbo Xmofm| go ~MH$a hr H$moB© loð> H${d hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
2.3.2.4 {ZîH$f©
Am. dm_Z Zo ar{V H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZm h¡& co{H$Z `h {gX²Ym§V nadVu AmMm`m] X²dmam
_mÝ` Z hmo gH$m, Š`m|{H$ Bg_| ag H$s _hÎmm ñdrH$ma Zht H$s J`r& Bgo ar{V H$m EH$ A§J _mZm
J`m, dh ^r H$_ _hËdnyU©& S>m°. ZJ|Ð Ho$ AZwgma, ""ar{V {gX²Ym§V'' Zo ar{V H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
75
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Am¡a ag H$mo EH$ gmYmaU A§J _mÌ _mZH$a àH¥$V H«$_ H$m {dn`©` H$a {X`m Am¡a n[aUm_V: CgH$m
nVZ hþAm&''
{\$a ^r ar{V {gX²Ym§V H$m AnZm _hËd h¡& ar{V _| dMZ-{dÝ`mg-H«$_ H$mo _hËd {X`m OmVm
h¡, Omo H$mì`m{^ì`§OZm H$m EH$ _hZr` VËd h¡& BgHo$ g_mdoe go hr H$mì` AmH$f©H$ ~Z nmVm h¡,
AÝ`Wm BgHo$ A^md _| dh B{Vhmgm{X H$s ^m±{V {df` H$m hr à{VnmXZ _mÌ ~ZH$a ah OmEJm&
`h ~mV Xÿgar h¡ {H$ ar{V H$mì` _| A§J ê$n _| hr ñdrH$ma hmo gH$Vr h¡, A§Jr ê$n _| Zht&

2.3.3 dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V -

gm{hË` _| Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V Ho$ Ñ‹T> ñWmnZ H$mc _| hr dH«$mopŠV gåàXm` H$m OÝ_ hþAm& Bg
gåàXm` Ho$ àñWmnH$ AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ h¢& Hw§$VH$ Ho$ g_` _| AmZ§XdY©ZmMm`© Ho$ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$s
_hÎmm àm`: g^r AmMm`m] Zo ñdrH$ma H$a cr Wr& nydm©Mm`m} X²dmam àñWm{nV Ac§H$ma ar{V, ag
Am¡{MË` Am{X gåàXm`m| H$m A§V^m©d Üd{Z g§àXm` _| hr H$aHo$ AmZ§XdY©ZmMm`© Zo CZ g^r H$mì`
VËdm| H$s {ZpíMV ê$naoIm Am¡a _hËd pñWa H$a {X`m Wm& qH$Vw AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ Zo Üd{Z Ho$ Bg
ì`mnH$ {gX²Ym§V H$m {damoY H$a "dH«$mopŠV: H$mì`Or{dV_²' H$s CX²KmofUm H$s& ^maVr` gm{hË` _|
dH«$mopŠV àmMrZ H$mc go hr {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| à`wŠV Wr& Hw§$VH$ Zo Bgo ì`mnH$ ê$n XoH$a
g§àXm` {deof Ho$ ê$n _| à{VpîR>V {H$`m&
2.3.3.1 dH«$mopŠV H$s AdYmaUm
dH«$mopŠV gåàXm` H$m "dH«$mopŠV' eãX "dH«$' Am¡a "CpŠV' eãXm| Ho$ g§`moJ go ~Zm h¡, {OgH$m
AW© h¡, "dh CpŠV {Og_| dH«$Vm hmo&' "dH«$' eãX Hw${Q>c, Q>o‹T>m Am{X AWm] _| àM{cV h¡, na§Vw
dH«$mopŠV gåàXm` _| `h dhr AW© aIVm h¡, Omo Bggo {dH${gV VX²^d "~m±H$m' eãX& AV:
nm[a^m{fH$ AWm] _| dH«$mopŠV dh gm¢X`©_`r A{^ì`pŠV h¡, Omo gm_mÝ` H$WZ go {^ÝZ hmo& AV:
Hw§$VH$ H$s "dH«$mopŠV' _| H$mì` H$cm Ho$ gånyU© gm¢X`© H$m A§V^m©d hmo OmVm h¡&
AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ Zo "dH«$mopŠV Or{dV_²' _| dH«$mopŠV H$m cjU XoVo hþE {cIm h¡, ""dH«$mopŠV
{dX½YVm Ho$ gm¢X`© go `wŠV H$WZ H$m Zm_ h¡&'' Hw§$VH$ BgH$s ñnîQ> ì`m»`m H$aVo hþE {cIVo h¢-
""à{gX²Y H$WZ go {^ÝZ {d{MÌ A{^Ym AWm©V dU©Z e¡cr hr "dH«$mo{º$' h¡&'' "H¡$gr {dX²½YVm H$s
^§{J_m go `wŠV CpŠV? Bg àíZ H$m g_mYmZ H$aVo hþE dH«$mo{º$H$ma H$hVo h¢- {dX½YVm H$m AW©
h¡ H$mì`H$cm, CgH$s ^§{J_m go `wŠV {d{MÌ H$WZ, dhr "dH«$mo{º$' h¡&
AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ Zo aMZm _| {Z~X²Y Eogo eãX-AW© H$mo H$mì` H$hm h¡ Omo dH«$ H${d ì`mnma
(dH«$mopŠV) go `wŠV VWm H$mì`k nmR>H$m| H$mo Amh²cmX àXmZ H$aZo dmco hm|& CZHo$ eãXm| _|-
""eãXmWm] g{hVm¡ dH«$H${dì`mnmaem{c{Z&
~§Yo ì`dpñWVm¡ H$mì`§ V{ÛÛXmhcmXH$m[aUr&&''
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
76
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 AWm©V² dH«$mopŠV go `wŠV, aMZm _| {Z~X²Y, H$mì` Ho$ __©k göX`m| H$mo AmZ§X àXmZ H$aZodmco
{hVH$maH$ eãX Am¡a AW© hr H$mì` h¢&
BZ n§pŠV`m| go dH«$mopŠV Ho$ g§~§Y _| AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ H$s {ZåZ{c{IV _mÝ`VmE± ñnîQ> hmoVr h¢-
1. dH«$mopŠV gm_mÝ` H$WZ Z hmoH$a dH«$VmnyU© H$WZ h¡&
2. gm_mÝ` H$WZ go Hw§$VH$ H$m VmËn`© cmoH$ Am¡a emó _| àM{cV A{^YmË_H$ H$WZ go h¡&
3. dH«$mopŠV M_ËH$manyU© CpŠV hmoVr h¡& Ac§H$ma `moOZm Am¡a AÝ` M_ËH$manyU© A{^ì`pŠV`m±
dH«$mopŠV Ho$ A§J h¢&
4. dH«$mopŠV _| hr göX` gm_m{OH$m| H$mo Amh²cm{XV H$aZo H$s j_Vm hmoVr h¡& H$cm {da{hV
H$WZ nmR>H$m| H$mo AmZ§X àXmZ Zht H$a gH$Vm&
5. dH«$mopŠV `m H$mì`H$cm à{V^mOÝ` hmoVr h¡& à{V^m Ho$ {~Zm gm_mÝ` H$WZ hr g§^d h¡,
H$mì` aMZm Zht&
Hw§$VH$ dH«$mopŠV H$m joÌ AË`§V ì`mnH$ _mZVo h¢& Cg_| H$mì` Ho$ g_ñV Ad`dm| H$m A§V^m©d
hmo OmVm h¡&
AmJo McH$a dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ Bg AW© _| g§H$moM hþAm h¡& Am. dm_Z Zo Bgo EH$ gm_mÝ` AWm©c§H$ma
_mZm h¡& ê$ÐQ> Zo dH«$mo{º$ H$mo dmH²$N>c na AmYm[aV eãXmc§H$ma VWm AWm©c§H$ma ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
AmZ§XdY©Z Zo dH«$mopŠV H$s ñdV§Ì ì`m»`m Vmo Zht H$s h¢, na§Vw Bgo {d{eîQ> Ac§H$mam| Ho$ ê$n _| J«hU
H$aVo hþE BgHo$ gm_mÝ` VWm ì`mnH$ ê$n H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& AmZ§XdY©Z Zo A{Ve`mopŠV Am¡a dH«$mo{º$
H$mo n`m©` _mZVo hþE g^r Ac§H$mam| H$mo A{Ve`mo{º$ J{^©V _mZm h¡& A{^Zd JwßV Zo dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ gm_mÝ`
ê$n H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma eãX Am¡a AW© H$s dH«$Vm H$m Ame` h¡-² CZH$s cmoH$moÎma
pñW{V Am¡a Bg cmoH$moÎma H$m AW© A{Ve` hr h¡& ^moO Zo dH«$mo{º$ H$mo ñd^mdmo{º$ go CËH¥$îQ>, na§Vw
agmo{º$ go {ZH¥$îQ> _mZm h¡& _å_Q> Zo dH«$mo{º$ H$mo Ac§H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| hr ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ Am¡a ê$ÐQ> Ho$
AmYma na CgH$m H$maH$ Am¡a ^§Jícof ^oX {H$`m h¡& ê$æ`H$ Zo Bgo ì`mnH$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE
^r AWm©c§H$ma {deof hr _mZm h¡& AmJo H$s na§nam _| Xr{jV Zo AWm©c§H$ma Am¡a {dídZmW Zo eãXmc§H$ma
_mZm h¡&
dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V H$m {Og _hmZ² CX²Xoí` H$mo coH$a Ama§^ {H$`m J`m Wm, dh CX²Xoí` ~mX _| g_mßV
hmo J`m& AmMm`© _å_Q>, {dídZmW Am{X Zo Bgo Ac§H$ma-{deof H$m ê$n àXmZ H$aHo$ CpŠV-d¡{MË` H$m
gmYZ {gX²Y H$a {X`m h¡& Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V Ho$ A{V g_rn AmH$a dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V H$m nVZ hþAm Am¡a
dh Ac§H$ma ~ZH$a ah J`m& Hw$§ VH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ {H$gr ^r AmMm`© Zo dH«$mo{º$ H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m H$hZm
C{MV Zht g_Pm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
77
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
2.3.3.2 dH«$mopŠV {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
dH«$mo{º$ g§àXm` H$s ñWmnZm AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ Zo Xgdr-½`mahdt eVmãXr _| H$s& na§Vw ^maVr`
H$mì`emó Ho$ nyd©dVu AmMm`m] Zo ^r dH«$mo{º$ H$mo n`m©ßV _hËd àXmZ {H$`m h¡& CÎmad{V© AmMm`m] Zo
dH«$mo{º$ H$mo Ohm± EH$ Ac§H$ma _mÌ _mZm, dhm± ^m_h, XÊS>r Am{X Bgo H$mì`H$cm Ho$ g§nyU© Mmê$Ëd Ho$
ê$n _| J«hU H$aVo h¢& CZHo$ "dH«$mo{º$ {ddoMZ' go Hw$§ VH$ H$mo n`m©ßV ghmæ`Vm {_cr h¡& g~go nhco ~mU^Å>
Zo "hf©M[aV' _| dH«$mo{º$ H$mo H${d H$m Xþc©^ d¡{ímîQ>ç ~VcmVo hþE {cIm h¡- ""Z`m AW©, J«må`Ëd a{hV
Om{V, gac ícof, ñ\w$Q> (ghO g§doX²`) ag, {dH$Q> (gw§Xa) Ajam| H$m à`moJ- `o g~ JwU EH$ hr H$mì`
_| ghOVm go Zht {_cVo&
Am. ZJ|Ð H$m _V h¡ {H$ H${d ~mU^Å> Zo BZ g~ {deofVmAm| H$m CëcoI "dH«$mo{º$' Ho$ AW©
_| {H$`m h¡& ~mU^Å> H$s H$mX§~ar _|- ""dH«$mo{º$-{ZnwUoZm»`m{`H$m»`mZn[aM`-MVwaoU'' (dH«$mo{º$ _|
{ZnwU Am»`mZ-Am»`m{`H$m go n[a{MV MVwa H${d Ho$ X²dmam) Bg H$WZ _| dH«$mo{º$ eãX H$m {OVZo
ì`mnH$ AW© _| à`moJ hþAm h¡, dh Bg ~mV H$s nw{ï> H$aVm h¡&
Bg H$WZ go H$_ go H$_ `h g§Ho$V Adí` {_cVm h¡ {H$ ~mU^Å> Ho$ g_` (gmVdr eVmãXr
Ho$ _Ü` _|) dH«$mo{º$ H${d à{V^m H$m _hËdnyU© A§J _mZr OmVr Wr Am¡a CgH$m à`moJ Ac§H$ma
{deof Ho$ AW© _| Zht hmoVm Wm& _hmH${d ~mU H$s "H$mX§~ar' _| VWm "A_ê$H$eVH$' _| dH«$mo{º$
eãX H$m AW© H«$sS>m-\$cmf `m n[ahmg Ho$ AW© _| à`wŠV hmoVm Wm&
Am. ^m_h :
^m_h dH«$mo{º$ H$mo A{Ve`mo{º$ H$m n`m©`dmMr _mZVo h¢& CZHo$ AZwgma `h dmJ²-d¡X½Ü` H$m EH$
ê$n h¡ Am¡a g^r Ac§H$mam| H$m _yc ^r& dH«$mo{º$ H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE CÝhm|Zo {cIm h¡-
""cmoH$m{VH«$m§VJmoMa§ dMZ_²''
AWm©V cmoH$ H$s gmYaU H$WZ àUmcr go {^Þ C{º$ hr dH«$mo{º$ h¡& ^m_h `h ^r H$hVo h¢
{H$ Ohm± dH«$mo{º$ Zht dhm± Ac§H$maËd g§^d hr Zht&
Am. XÊS>r :
AnZo "H$mì`mXe©' _| dH«$mo{º$ H$m {ddoMZ Hw$N> A{YH$ ñnîQ> ê$n _| {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo g§nyU©
dmL²>_` H$mo Xmo dJm] _| {d^m{OV {H$`m- ñd^mdmo{º$ Am¡a dH«$mo{º$& CÝhm|Zo _mZm {H$ emó ñd^mdmo{º$
H$m joÌ h¡ Am¡a H$mì` dH«$mo{º$ H$m& BÝhm|Zo dH«$mo{º$ H$mo ñdm^mdmo{º$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ AWm©c§H$mam| H$m
gm_y{hH$ ê$n _mZm h¡& CÝhm|Zo {cIm h¡-
""dH«$mo{º$eãXoZ Cn_mX`: g§H$sU©n`ªVm: Ac§H$mam: CÀ`ÝVo&''

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
78
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 AWm©V² dH«$mo{º$ eãX go Cn_m go coH$a g§H$sU© VH$ g~ Ac§H$mam| H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡& XÊS>r
nXmWm] Ho$ ghO dU©Z H$mo ñd^mdmo{º$ _mZVo h¢ Am¡a Ac§H¥$V dU©Z H$mo "dH«$mo{º$'&
AmMm`© dm_Z :
BÝhm|Zo "H$mì`mc§H$magyÌ' _| dH«$mo{º$ H$mo EH$ AWm©c§H$ma _mZm h¡& BgHo$ cjU XoVo hþE {cIm
h¡-
""gmÑí`ml_mV cjUm dH«$mo{º$:''
AWm©V gmÑí` na Am{lV cjUm "dH«$mo{º$' H$hcmVr h¡&
~mX _| Amc§H$m[aH$m| Zo Bgo Ac§H$ma {deof hr _mZm& qH$Vw Hw$N> Amc§H$m[aH$ Bgo eãXmc§H$ma
_mZVo h¢; O¡go ê$ÐQ>, _å_Q>, dm½^Q>, {dX²`mYa, ho_M§Ð, O`Xod Am{X&
éÐQ> Zo BgHo$ H$mHw$ dH«$mo{º$ Am¡a ícof dH«$mo{º$ Xmo ^oX {H$E h¢&
Am. Hw§$VH$ :
BÝhm|Zo AnZo "dH«$mo{º$Or{dV' Zm_H$ J«§W _| dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ ñdê$n Am¡a _hËd H$s {dfX ì`m»`m
H$s h¡& dH«$mo{º$ H$mo CÝhm|Zo H$mì` H$m àmU VËd _mZm h¡-
""dH«$mo{º$: H$mì`Or{dV_²''
dH«$mo{º$ H$m cjU XoVo hþE CÝhm|Zo {cIm h¡-
""dH«$mo{º$aod d¡X½Y^§Jr^{U{Vê$À`Vo''
AWm©V dmH²$d¡X½Ü`nyU© {d{MÌ C{º$ hr "dH«$mo{º$' h¡& Hw§$VH$ Zo dH«$mo{º$ _| VrZ ~mV| Amdí`H$
_mZr h¢- H${d H$m¡ec `m H${d à{V^m ì`mnma, M_ËH$ma Am¡a C{º$& _{h_^Q²>Q>, A{^ZdJwßV ^r
Hw§$VH$ Ho$ _V H$s nwpîQ> H$aVo h¢&
CÎmad{V© AmMm`m} Zo dH«$mo{º$ H$mo Z Vmo H$mì` H$s AmË_m Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m Am¡a Z Cgo
g~ Ac§H$mam| H$s àmU^yVm hr _mZm Am¡a dH«$mo{º$ g§àXm` H$m à^md Hw§$VH$ Ho$ gmW hr g_mßVàm`
hmo J`m& CZH$s dH«$mo{º$ ê$æ`H$ Am¡a Aßn` Xr{jV Am{X AmMm`v Ho$ J«§Wm| _| AWm©c§H$ma VWm _å_Q>
Am¡a {dídZmW Am{X AmMm`m] H$s ÑpîQ> _| eãXm§cH$ma _mÌ ~ZH$a ah J`r&
2.3.3.3 dH«$mopŠV Ho$ ^oX
Am. Hw§$VH$ Zo à~§Y Ho$ gyú_m{Vgyú_ A§Jm| H$mo Ñ{ï> _| aIH$a dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ {ZåZ{c{IV N>: ^oX {H$E
h¢-
1. dU©-{dÊ`mg dH«$Vm&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
79
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 2. nX-nydm©Y© dH«$Vm&
3. nX-namY© dH«$Vm&
4. dmŠ` dH«$Vm&
5. àH$aU dH«$Vm&
6. à~§Y dH«$Vm&
1. dU©-{dÊ`mg dH«$Vm :
aMZm _| dUm] Ho$ gm¢X`© H$mo AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ Zo "dU©{dÝ`mg dH«$Vm' H$hm h¡& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ Ohm± EH$
Xmo `m AZoH$ g_mZ dU© ~ma-~ma à`wŠV hmoVo h¢, dh dU©{dÊ`mg dH«$Vm H$hr OmVr h¡& CÝhm|Zo Bg
dH«$Vm Ho$ H$B© ê$nm| H$m CëcoI {H$`m h¡, O¡go-EH$ dU© H$s AZoH$ ~ma Amd¥{Îm, Xmo dUm] H$s AZoH$
~ma Amd¥{Îm `m AZoH$ dUm] H$s AZoH$ ~ma Amd¥{Îm& dU©-{dÝ`mg gm¢X`© _| AmMm`m] Zo `_H$ Am¡a
AZwàmg H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡& AZwàmg `moOZm Ho$ g§X^© _| do {cIVo h¢- ""AZwàmg Ho$ gm¢X`© Ho$
{cE H${d H$mo A{V {Z~ªY Z hmoZm Mm{hE& dU© H$U© _Ywa Am¡a gw§Xa hmoZo Mm{hE& CZH$s `moOZm
ñdm^m{dH$ hmoZr Mm{hE&
CXm.: ""H§$H$Z qH${H${Z Zwnya Yw{Z gw{Z
H$hV cIZ gZ am_w öX` Jw{Z&&''
Bg_| n§M_² dU© H$m g§`moJ (H§$H$Z, qH${H${Z&; V, c, Z H$s Amd¥{Îm (H$hV, cIZ, gZ) H$m
gm¢X`© h¡& Bgr àH$ma àgmX JwU (pŠcîQ>Vm go ~MVm), eãX _mYw`© Am¡a Am¡{MË` H$mo `_H$ _| Amdí`H$
_mZm h¡&
2. nX-nydm©Y© dH«$Vm :
g§ñH¥$V ì`mH$aU _| eãXm| Ho$ Xmo A§e _mZo JE h¢- _yc eãX `m {H«$`m (YmVw) Am¡a àË``& BZ XmoZm|
Ho$ g§`moJ go nX ~ZVm h¡& Am. Hw§$VH$ Zo _yc eãX H$mo "nX-nydm©Y©' H$hm h¡ Am¡a àË``m| H$mo "nX-nydm©Y©'&
nXnydm©Y© dH«$Vm _| _yc eãX (àH¥${V) H$m gm¢X`© AmVm h¡& BgHo$ AmR> ^oX {H$`o JE h¢- (1)
ê${‹T>d¡{MË` dH«$Vm (2) n`m©`dH«$Vm (3) CnMma dH«$Vm (4) {deofU dH«$Vm (5) g§d¥{Îm dH«$Vm (6)
d¥{Îm dH«$Vm (7) qcJ-d¡{MË` dH«$Vm VWm (8) {H«$`md¡{MË` dH«$Vm&
3. nX-namY© dH«$Vm :
H$mì` Ho$ gm¢X`© _| {OVZm _yc eãX H$m `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡, CVZm hr Cg_| cJZo dmco
ì`mH$a{UH$ àË``m| Am¡a CngJm] H$m& `o àË`` H$mc, H$maH$, nwéf, dMZ Am{X H$m ~moY H$amVo h¢&
BZHo$ M_ËH$ma nyU© à`moJ H$mo "nX-namY© dH«$Vm' H$hVo h¢& CëcoIZr` h¡ {H$ CngJm] H$s pñW{V eãX
aMZm _| _yc eãX go nyd© hmoVr h¡, na§Vw CgH$s JUZm "namY© dH«$Vm' _| H$s J`r h¡ Š`m|{H$ CngJ©
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
80
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
^r Omo‹S>r OmZo dmcr BH$mB© h¡& BgHo$ 7 ^oX h¢- (1) H$mcd¡{MË` dH«$Vm (2) H$maH$d¡{MË` dH«$Vm
(3) dMZd¡{MË` dH«$Vm (4) nwéfd¡{MË` dH«$Vm (5) CnJ«h dH«$Vm (6) àË`` dH«$Vm Am¡a (7)
CngJ© dH«$Vm&
4. dmŠ` dH«$Vm :
nXm| Ho$ g§`wŠV ê$n go dmŠ` ~ZVm h¡& dmŠ` dH«$Vm H${d à{V^m na Am{lV h¡& AV: à{V^m Ho$
g_mZ `h dH««$Vm ^r {^ÝZ Am¡a {d{dY ê${nUr hmoVr h¡& àYmZ ê$n go BgHo$ A§VJ©V Ac§H$mam| na {dMma
{H$`m J`m h¡& Hw§$VH$ Zo Ac§H$mam| H$m _m{_©H$ {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡& Ac§H$ma _| dh Mmê$Ëd Ho$ A{V[aŠV
d¡{MÍ` Am¡a H${d à{V^m H$mo ^r {deof _hËd XoVo h¢& Ac§H$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW ag d¡{MÍ` H$mo ^r _hËdnyU©
ñWmZ {X`m h¡& dmŠ` dH«$Vm Ho$ A§VJ©V dñVw dH«$Vm ^r AmVr h¡& dñVw H$m ñdê$n Xmo àH$ma H$m
~Vm`m h¡& ñd^md àYmZ Am¡a ag àYmZ& ñd^md àYmZ _| ñd^mdmo{º$ Ac§H$ma H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m
h¡& ag àYmZ _| ag H$m M_ËH$ma
5. àH$aU dH«$Vm :
dmŠ`m| Ho$ gh`moJ go àH$aU ~ZVm h¡& àH$aU à~§Y H$m EH$ A§e_mÌ h¡& AV: à~§Y-gm¡îR>d
Ho$ {cE àH$aU H$s Mmê$Vm (gm¢X`©) na ^r Ü`mZ XoZm Amdí`H$ h¡& AZoH$ cm{cË`-nyU© Am¡a gag
àg§Jm| go àH$aU _| gm¢X`© H$m g_mdoe {H$`m OmVm h¡& Hw§$VH$ Zo Eogo AZoH$ àg§Jm| H$m CëcoI
CXmhaUg{hV {H$`m h¡& O¡go Zm`H$ Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZodmco àg§J, agnyU© àg§J, {d{dY
àH$aUm| _| gm_§Oñ` ñWm{nV H$aZodmco àg§J VWm H$WmZH$ {dñVma _| ghm`H$ àg§J Am{X àH$aU
dH«$Vm Ho$ hr {^Þ àH$aU h¢&
6. à~§Y dH«$Vm :
AmMm`© Hw§$VH$ Zo dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V H$mo AË`§V ì`mnH$ ñdê$n àXmZ {H$`m h¡& do Cgo dUm] go
coH$a à~§Y VH$ co JE h¡§& "à~§Y dH«$Vm' Ho$ A§VJ©V CÝhm|Zo _hmH$mì` ZmQ>H$, IÊS>H$mì`, H$Wm,
Am»`m{`H$m Am{X H$WmË_H$ {dYmAm| Ho$ g_J« gm¢X`© H$mo g_oQ>Zo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ do N>h
^oX H$aVo h¢- (1) _yc H$Wm Ho$ ag _| n[adV©Z (2) Zm`H$ Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo C^maZo Ho$ {cE H$Wm
H$s C{MV _moS> na g_mpßV, (3) òmoV H$Wm H$mo CgHo$ Cng§hma VH$ Z nhþ±MmH$a "H$m`© {gX²Yr'
hmoVohr g_mßV H$a XoZm, (4) _w»` "\$c' Ho$ gmW AÝ` \$cm| H$s àm{á, (5) H¥${V H$m C{MV
Zm_H$aU Am¡a (6) EH$ hr H$Wm na AmYm[aV à~§Ym| _| d¡{dÜ`&
2.3.3.4 {ZîH$f©
AmZ§XdY©ZmMm`© Ho$ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$s _hÎmm O~ g^r AmMm`© ñdrH$ma H$a MwHo$ Wo, V~ Hw§$VH$
Zo dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V H$s ñWmnZm H$s& dH«$mo{º$ _| H$mì`-H$cm Ho$ g§nyU© gm¢X`© H$m A§V^m©d hmo OmVm
h¡& Am. Hw§$VH$ Zo dH«$mo{º$ H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡, co{H$Z {H$gr AÝ` AmMm`© Zo
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
81
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
dH«$mo{º$ H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m Zht _mZm h¡& {Og CX²Xoí` H$mo coH$a BgH$m Ama§^ hþAm Wm, dh
CX²Xoí` ~mX _| g_mßV hmo J`m& Am. _å_Q, {dídZmW Am{X Zo Bgo Ac§H$ma {deof H$m ê$n àXmZ
{H$`m& dH«$mo{º$ gåàXm` H$m à^md Am. Hw§$VH$ Ho$ gmW hr g_mßV hmo J`m& Am. Hw§$VH$ Ho$ ~mX
`h g§àXm` ^r Ac§H$ma Am¡a ar{V g§àXm`m| H$s ^m±{V H$mì` H$m dñVwnaH$ {ddoMZ hr H$aVm ahm
Am¡a H$maU Ho$ AmË_VËd VH$ nhþ±MZo _| Ag\$c ahm h¡&

2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ

àíZ 1 : {ZåZ{c{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go
{c{IE&
1. {d{dY H$mì` {gX²Ym§Vmo H$s {Z{_©{V Ho$ nrN>o ............. H$s ImoO _hËdnyU© ahr h¡?
(H$) H$mì` H$s AmË_m (I) H$mì`-gåàXm` (J) ag g§àXm` (K) H$mì`-gm¢X`©&
2. gm{hË` H$mo gw§Xa ~ZmZodmco gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| ............. H$s MMm© àmMrZ H$mc go ahr h¡&
(H$) Ac§H$ma (I) ag (J) ar{V (K) dH«$mo{º$&
3. gm{hË`emó Ho$ ñWmZ na nhco ............. eãX àM{cV Wm&
(H$) Ac§H$maemó (I) ^mfmemó (J) gm¢X`©emó (K) Zr{Vemó&
4. ar{V gåàXm` Ho$ àdV©H$ ............. h¢?
(H$) Am. dm_Z (I) Am. ^aV_w{Z (J) Am. _å_Q> (K) Am. Hw§$VH$&
5. Am. dm_Z Zo {d{eîQ> àH$ma H$s nXaMZm H$mo ............. H$hm h¡?
(H$) ar{V (I) dH«$mo{º$ (J) Ac§H$ma (K) Jr{V&
6. "Ap½ZnwamU' Ho$ AZwgma H$mì` _| _hmZ emo^m H$m g¥OZ H$aZodmcm VËd ............. h¡&
(H$) JwU (I) Üd{Z (J) Ac§H$ma (K) ar{V&
7. d¡X^u Am¡a nm§Mmcr Ho$ _Ü` H$s ar{V H$mo ............. ar{V H$hVo h¢&
(H$) cmQ>r (I) Jm¡S>r (J) AmoOñdr (K) loîR>&
8. dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V Ho$ àñWmnH$ ............. h¢&
(H$) Hw§$VH$ (I) dm_Z (J) ê$ÐQ> (K) AmZ§XdY©Z&
9. dH«$mo{º$ A§V _| ............. ~ZH$a ah JB©&
(H$) Ac§H$ma (I) ag (J) ar{V (K) JwU&
10. dH«$mo{º$ H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE- ""cmoH$m{VH«$m§VJmoMa§ dMZ_²'' {H$gZo H$hm h¡?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
82
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 (H$) Am. ^m_h (I) Am. XÊS>r (J) Am. dm_Z (K) Am. Hw§$VH$&
11. AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| AcH$mam| H$m dJuH$aU ............. ^mJm|_| {H$`m h¡&
(H$) Xmo (I) VrZ (J) Mma (K) Zm¡&
12. ar{V H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m ............. Zo _mZr&
(H$) dm_Z (I) ^m_h (J) XÊS>r (K) ^aV&
13. "ar{V' eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm ............. YmVw go hþB©&
(H$) arS²> (I) arV² (J) a{V (K) aVr&
14. ZmQ²>`emó _| H$mì` Ho$ ............. JwU ~VmE h¢&
(H$) Xg (I) ~rg (J) nm±M (K) gm¡&
15. ar{V Ho$ à_wI àH$ma ............. h¡&
(H$) Xmo (I) Mma (J) VrZ (K) N>:&
16. "dH«$m{º$ Or{dV_' J«§W Ho$ a{M`oVm ............. h¢&
(H$) Hw§$VH$ (I) dm_Z (J) {dídZmW (K) ^aV&
17. dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ ^oX ............. h¢&
(H$) Mma (I) N>: (J) VrZ (K) nm±M&
18. ^m_h Zo H$mì`mc§H$ma _| ............. Ac§H$ma ~VmE h¡&
(H$) 40 (I) 48 (J) 38 (K) 58&
19. Ac§H$ma g§àXm` Ho$ àdV©H$ ............. h¡&
(H$) dm_Z (I) ^aV (J) ^m_h (K) Hw§$VH$&
20. d¡X^u ar{V H$m ............. JwU h¡&
(H$) VoO (I) H$m§{V (J) _mYw`© (K) Amn&

2.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

1. àmU^¥V = àmU YmaU H$aZodmcm, àmU nmofH$&
2. Mmê$Vm = gm¢X`©&
3. {dn`©` = CcQ>ncQ>, ^«_&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
83
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 4. AZwercZ = qMVZ, _ZZ; gVV Aä`mg&
5. CnmoX` = J«hU H$aZo `mo½`, loîR>&
6. H$m§V = {à`m, g§wXa ór&
2.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
àíZ 1 :
1. H$mì` H$s AmË_m 2. Ac§H$ma 3. Ac§H$maemñÌ 4. Am. dm_Z 5. ar{V&
6. JwU 7. cmQ>r 8. Hw§$VH$ 9. Ac§H$ma 10. Am. ^m_h&
11. VrZ 12. dm_Z 13. arL²> 14. Xg 15. Mma&
16. Hw§$VH$ 17. N>: 18. 38 19. ^m_h 20. _mYw`©&
2.7 gmam§e
1. Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V Ama§^ _| H$mì` H$s AmË_m Ho$ ê$n _| _hËdnyU© ahm, co{H$Z {d{^Þ
{gX²Ym§Vm| H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ H$maU AmO Cgo gm{hË` H$mo gw§Xa ~ZmZo H$m gmYZ _mÌ _mZm OmVm
h¡&
2. ar{VdmXr Am. dm_Z Zo ar{V H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZm Am¡a ag H$mo ar{V H$m EH$ A§J,
n[aUm_V: ar{V, {gX²Ym§V H$m nVZ hþAm& {\$a ^r Bgo H$mì`{^ì`§OZm EH$ _hZr` VËd
ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
3. dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V H$mo ^r Am. Hw§$VH$ Zo H$mì` H$s AmË_m Ho$ ê$n _| ñWm{nV {H$`m, co{H$Z
Hw§$VH$ Ho$ gmW hr dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V H$m ^r à^md g_mßV hmo J`m Am¡a dh Ho$d EH$ Ac§H$ma
_mÌ ~ZH$a ah J`m&
2.8 ñdmÜ`m`
àíZ 1 : XrKm}Îmar àíZ&
1. Ac§H$ma H$s AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE, Ac§H$ma {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Xr{OE&
2. ar{V H$s AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE H$mì`-JwUm| H$mo {dfX H$s{OE&
3. ar{V {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` XoH$a, ar{V Ho$ ^oX ñnîQ> {H${OE&
4. dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V H$m n[aM` XoVo hþE, dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ ^oXm| na àH$me S>m{cE&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
84
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
àíZ 2 : cKwÎmar àíZ&
1. AmYw{ZH$ {dX²dmZm| X²dmam àñVwV Ac§H$mam| H$m dJuH$aU ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
2. ar{V H$s AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
3. dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ ^oXm| H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
4. dH«$mo{º$ H$s AdYmaUm na àH$me S>m{cE&
5. Ac§H$ma H$s n[a^mfm ~VmB©E&

2.9 joÌr` H$m`©

1. _amR>r H$mì`emó _| d{U©V Ac§H$mam| H$m AÜ``Z H$s{OE&
2. _amR>r Am¡a qhXr _| à`wŠV eãXmc§H$mam| Ho$ CXmhaU g§H${cV H$s{OE&
3. H$mì` _| à`wŠV dH«$mo{º$ Ho$ CXmhaU H$mo g§H${cV H$s{OE&

2.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&

1. H$mì`emñÌ : ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` - S>m°. H$Ýh¡`mcmc AdñWr& S>m°. A{_V AdñWr&
àH$meH$-Amerf àH$meZ, H$mZnwa.
2. emñÌr` g_rjm Ho$ {gX²Ym§V (^mJ 1, 2) - S>m°. JmoqdX {ÌJwUm`V& àH$meH$-^maVr
gm{hË`_§{Xa, {Xëcr.
3. ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` H$mì`emñÌ H$s ê$naoIm - VoOnmc Mm¡Yar& àH$meH$-{dH$mg
àH$meZ, H$mZnwa.
5. ^maVr` gm{hË`emñÌ - ~cXod CnmÜ`m`& àH$meH$-Z§X{H$emoa EÊS> gÝg, dmamUgr.

rrr

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
85
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 gÌ-3 : BH$mB©-3
Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V, Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V

AZwH«$_
3.1 CX²>Xoí`
3.2 àñVmdZm
3.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
3.3.1 Üd{Z H$m ñdê$n
3.3.2 Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
3.3.3 Üd{Z H$mì` Ho$ à_wI ^oX
3.3.4 ñ\$moQ> Üd{Z
3.3.5 Am¡{MË` H$s AdYmaUm
3.3.6 Am¡{MË` H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
3.3.7 Am¡{MË` H$m _hËd
3.3.8 Am¡{MË` Ho$ ^oX
3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ
3.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7 gmam§e
3.8 ñdmÜ`m`
3.9 joÌr` H$m`©
3.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
86
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
3.1 CX²>Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn-
1. Üd{Z Ho$ ñdê$n go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
2. Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` àmßV H$a nmE±Jo&
3. Üd{Z H$mì` Ho$ à_wI ^oXm| go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
4. ñ\$moQ> Üd{Z go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
5. Am¡{MË` H$s AdYmaUm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
6. Am¡{MË` H$m _hÎd g_P nmE±Jo&
7. Am¡{MË` H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` àmßV H$a nmE±Jo&
8. Am¡{M˶ H$m AW© J«hU H$a|Jo&
9. Am¡{M˶ Ho$ ^oXm| H$mo OmZ OmE±Jo&
10. OrdZ ‘§o Am¡{M˶ H$m ‘hÎd g‘P OmE±Jo&
3.2 àñVmdZm
^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ _| H$mì` H$m àmUVËd AWm©V H$mì` H$s AmË_m H$mo coH$a Jham {dMma
{d_e© hþAm h¡& gm{hË` _| ag, Ac§H$ma, Üd{Z, ar{V, dH«$mo{º$ Am¡a Am¡{MË` H$mo H$mì` _| gd©loîR>
VËd {gX²Y H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m& {d{dY {dMma àdmh, _V_Vm§Va go {d{dY {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s
ñWmnZm hþAr& Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V ^r Bgo AndmX Zht h¡& d¡go XoIm Om` Vmo Cn`w©ŠV g^r {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m
gm{hË` _| AnZm ñWmZ AjwÊ` h¡& {H$gr EH$ Ho$ A^md _| H$mì` H$s H$ënZm ^r Zht H$s Om
gH$Vr& ñdm{XîQ> ^moOZ _| g^r ì`§OZm| H$m AnZm _hËd ahVm h¡& `h ~mV gm{hË` Ho$ {d{dY
{gX²Ym§Vm| na ^r cmJy hmoVr h¡&
Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V ^maVr` g_rjm àUmcr H$s Aà{V_ g¡X²Ym§{VH$ CncpãY h¡& AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Bg
{gX²Ym§V H$s ñWmnZm H$s& H$mì` H$s AmË_m ñdrH¥$V hmoZo na ^r ag _w»`V: ZmQ>ç joÌ H$m öX`-
H$mì` H$m AmñdmÚ VÎd ~Zm ahm Wm& H$mì` Ho$ A§Va§J VËd Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$m {Zê$nU A~VH$ ghr
ê$n _| Zht hmo nm`m Wm& AV: ag, Ac§H$ma, dH«$mo{º$, ar{V _| {~Iao hþE H$mì`VËdm| H$mo gwg§J{R>V
ê$n XoZo H$m Xm{`Ëd ñdrH$maVo hþE AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$s ñWmnZm H$aVo g_` AmZ§XdY©Z Ho$ gm_Zo Xmo CX²Xoí` {ZpíMV Wo& EH$ Vmo `h
{H$ Ac§H$ma Am¡a ar{V {gX²Ym§V H$s Ag§nyU©Vm ~VcmVo hþE Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm Am¡a
Xÿgam `h {H$ H$mì` Ho$ {d{^ÝZ A§Jm| H$m (agm{X) Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V Ho$ àH$me _| AdcmoH$Z H$aVo hþE
CZH$m Üd{Z go gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZm&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
87
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 AmZ§XdY©Z gM_wM hr EH$ AË`§V à{V^memcr H$mì`emór Wo& AnZr Aà{V_ à{V^m go VWm
loîR> VH$m}go CÝhm|Zo Üd{Z H$mo AË`§V _hÎdnyU© Am¡a gd©g_mdoeH$ {gX²Ym§V ~Zm`m& CÝho Omo {eî`
àmßV hþE do ^r CZHo$ g_mZ à{V^memcr Wo& CZHo$ {eî` A{^ZdJwßV Zo "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$ cmoMZ' _| VWm
_å_Q> Zo "H$mì` àH$me'_| Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m à~c g_W©Z {H$`m Am¡a BgVah AmZ§XdY©Z,
A{^ZdJwßV VWm _å_Q> H$s AX²^yV àkmAm| Ho$ H$maU Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V ^maVr` g_rjm àUmcr H$m EH$
Aà{V_ {gX²Ym§V ~Zm&
AmMm¶© jo‘|Ð Zo H$mì¶ ‘| Am¡{M˶ H$mo {deof ‘hÎd {X¶m h¡& Üd{ZH$ma Am§ZXdÕ©Z Zo H$mì¶ Ho$
àmU^yV ag Ho$ gmW Am¡{M˶ H$m K{ZîR> g§~§Y ñWm{nV {H$¶m h¡& AmMm¶© jo‘|Ð Zo Am¡{M˶ Ho$ ~mao ‘|
H$hm h¡ {H$ H$mì¶ ‘| C{MV ^md H$m hmoZm hr Am¡{M˶ h¡& amo‘r¶ AmbmoMH$ hmoaog Zo "Amg© nmoE{VH$m'
J«§W ‘| Am¡{M˶ na {dñV¥V {dMma aI| h¢& do ha {dYm ‘| VXZwê$n dñVw H$m C{MV AZwnmV Oê$ar ‘mZVo
h¢&
3.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
3.3.1 Üd{Z H$m ñdê$n
"Üd{Z'eãX H$m AW© : "Üd{Z' eãX g§ñH¥$V ^mfm H$m h¡& Üd{Z eãX g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ho$ "ÜdZ²'
YmVw go ~Zm h¡& "ÜdZ²' YmVw _| "B' àË`` cJH$a Üd{Z eãX ~Zm h¡& "Üd{Z' eãX H$m gm_mÝ` AW©
AmdmO h¡& A§J«oOr _| Bgo Sound H$hVo h¡& "qhXr gm{hË` H$moe' _| ""gm_mÝ` ì`dhma _| H$mZm|
H$mo gwZmB© nS>Zodmco ZmX H$mo "Üd{Z' H$hm J`m h¡&'' nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Ho$ ê$n _| Üd{Z Ho$ AmMm`m]
Zo CgH$m ì`dhma ì`§OH$ eãX, ì`§OH$ AW©, ì`§OZm ì`mnma VWm ì`§½` H$mì` Ho$ AWm] _| {H$`m
OmVm h¡&
Üd{Z H$s n[a^mfm : Üd{Z H$s ì`wËn{Îm_ycH$ n[a^mfmE± Bg àH$ma hmo gH$Vr h¢&
1. ÜdZ{V `: g: ì`§OH$: eãX: Üd{Z:&
AWm©V Üd{ZV hmoZodmcm ì`§OH$ eãX "Üd{Z' hmoVm h¡&
2. ÜdZrV ÜdZ`{V d `: g: ì`§OH$: AW©: Üd{Z:&
AWm©V Üd{ZV hmoZodmcm AWdm Üd{ZV H$aZodmcm ì`§OH$ AW© "Üd{Z' hmoVm h¡&
3. ÜdÝ`Vo B{V Üd{Z:&
AWm©V Omo Üd{ZV hmoVm h¡, dh "Üd{Z' h¡&
4. ÜdÝ`Vo AZoZ B{V Üd{Z:&
AWm©V {OgHo$ X²dmam ÜdZZ hmoVm h¡ dh "Üd{Z' hmoVm h¡- (ì`§OZm{X e{º$)
5. ÜdÝ`Vo Apñ_Z² B{V Üd{Z:&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
88
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 AWm©V {Og_| ÜdZZ hmoVm h¡ dh "Üd{Z' h¡& dñVw, Ac§H$ma, ag Am{X {Og_| Üd{ZV hmoVo
h¡ dh H$mì` Üd{Z h¡&
"ÜdZZ§ Üd{Z' H$m AW© h¡ Üd{ZV hmoZm& Bg Vah AnZo ì`wËn{Îm _ycH$ AW© _| ì`§OH$ eãX,
ì`§OH$ AW©, ì`§½` AW©, ì`§OZm ì`mnma VWm ì`§½` àYmZ H$mì` BZ_| Üd{Z H$m {dñVma {_cVm h¡&
ag, Ac§H$ma dñVw BË`m{X H$mì` _| Üd{Z hmoVo h¡& AV: `o g~ Üd{Z h¡&
Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V Ho$ à{VîR>mnH$ AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Zo AnZo "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$' J«§W _| Üd{Z H$s n[a^mfm
Bg àH$ma Xr h¡••
""`ÌmW©: eãXm| dm V_Y©_wng©ZrH¥$V ñdmWm},
ì`º$: H$mì`{deof:g Üd{Zar{V gy[a{^: H${WV:&''
AWm©V² Ohm± eãX Am¡a AW© AnZr-AnZr gÎmm H$mo Jm¡U H$aHo$ {Og {deof AW© H$mo àH$m{eV
H$aVo h¡ dhm± Üd{Z AWdm ì`§½`mW© hmoVm h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| _|- ""{Og aMZm _| dmMH$ {deof Am¡a
dmÀ`-{deof AnZo A{^Yo` AW© H$mo Jm¡U ~ZmH$a H$mì`mW© (ì`§½`mW©) H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVo h¡, dh
"Üd{Z' H$hcmVr h¡&''
Üd{ZH$ma Am§ZXdY©Z ÜdÝ`mW© AWdm ì`§½`mW© H$mo Üd{Z H$hVo hþE BgH$s _hÎmm na àH$me S>mcVo
hþE H$hVo h¡- _hmH${d`m| H$s dmUr _| à{gX²YmW© (dmÀ`mW©) go Omo A{V[aŠV AW© Kmo{fV hmoVm h¡
Cgo Üd{Z AWdm ì`§½`mW© H$hVo h¡& dmÀ`mW© go ì`§½`mW© H$s `h {^ÝZVm Cg àH$ma ^m{gV hmoVr h¡
{Og àH$ma Zmar Ho$ A§Jm| go \y$Q>Vm hþAm cmdÊ` CZ A§Jm| go {^Þ ê$n go ^m{gV hmoVm h¡••
""à{V`_mZ§ nwZaÝ`Xod dñËdpñV dmUrfw _hmH$drZm_²&
`VV² à{gX²Ymd`m{V[aº$ {d^m{V cmdÊ`{_dm§JZmgw&&''
`Ú{n AmZ§XdY©Z Ho$ "H$mì`ñ`mË_m Üd{Z[a{V ~wYo`©: g_måÝVmnyd©: A§Wm©V {dX²dV²ÁOZm| Ho$ H$mì`
H$s AmË_m Üd{Z h¡ Bg _V H$m g_mXma {H$`m h¡& {H$ÝVw ñd`§ AmZ§XdY©Z Üd{Z H$mo ag H$m nmofH$
_mÌ _mZVo h¡& AmZ§XdY©ZmMm`© Ho$ {dMmam| go H$mì`-{deof dh Üd{Z h¡ Ohm± AW© AnZo ñdê$n H$mo
VWm eãX AnZo A{^Yo` AW© H$mo Jm¡a H$aHo$ ag-`wŠV AW© ì`§{OV H$aVo h¡& `h AW© {dcjU
hmoVm h¡&
Üd{Z H$m _yc AmYma eãX-e{º$`m± h¡& Üd{Z H$m {ddoMZ H$aVo g_` eãX e{º$`m| H$m {dñV¥V
{ddoMZ, AmZ§XdY©Z Zo {H$`m h¡& `o eãXe{º$`m± AWm©V eãX Ho$ ì`mnma VrZ _mZo JE h¡-
1. A{^Ym 2. cjUm 3. ì`§OZm&
Üd{Z H$mì` H$m gå~ÝY dmÀ`mW©, ì`§½`mW© Am{X go h¡& AV: Üd{Z Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo g_PZo Ho$
{cE "eãXepŠV' H$m {dícofU `hm± na Amdí`H$ h¡&
1. A{^Ym : dh eãX e{º$ `m eãX H$m ì`mnma h¡ {Og_| gmjmV² g§Ho${VV `m _w»` AW© H$m
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
89
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
~moY hmoVm h¡& _w»` `m àW_ AW© H$m ~moY H$amZo Ho$ H$maU Bg A{^Ym e{º$ H$mo "_w»`m' `m
"A{J«_m' ^r H$hVo h¡& {Og eãX go _w»` AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, dh "dmMH$' H$hcmVm h¡ VWm
Cggo {ZH$cZo dmco _w»` AW© H$mo "dmÀ`mW©' H$hVo h¡&
A{^Ym eãX e{º$ go {OZ eãXm| H$s AW© ì`{º$ hmoVr h¡, do VrZ àH$ma Ho$ _mZo OmVo h¡-
1. ê$‹T> : Ka, Vê$, M§Ð, KmoS>m Am{X&
2. `m¡{JH$ : Vê$Ordr, newVwë`, ZanrV&
3. `moJê$‹T> : O¡go- n§H$O, MÝÐ_m£c, MH«$Ya Am{X&
2. cjUm : _w»`mW© `m dmÀ`mW© _| ~mYm `m ì`mKmV Ho$ hmoZo na ê${‹T> `m à`moOZ Ho$ ghmao,
Cggo g§~§{YV, Ohm± na AÝ` AW© c{jV hmoVm h¡, dhm± na cjUm e{º$ H$m_ H$aVr h¡&
ê${‹T> Am¡a à`moOZ Ho$ AmYma na cjUm Ho$ Xmo ^oX hmoVo h¡-
1. ê${‹T>cjUm 2. à`moOZdVr cjUm&
3. ì`§OZm : ì`§OZm H$m eãXmW© h¡ {deof ê$n go ñnîQ> H$aZm, ImocZm `m {dH${gV H$aZm&
A{^Ym Am¡a cjUm e{º$`m| Ho$ AnZm AW©-~moY H$amZo Ho$ ~mX {Og e{º$ go AÝ` AW© H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡, Cgo ì`§OZm H$hVo h¡& Eogo eãX H$mo ì`§OH$ Am¡a AW© H$mo ì`§½`mW© H$hm OmVm h¡& CXm.:
"JJm _| Jm±d&' BgH$m AW© XoZo _| A{^Ym Ag_W© h¡ Š`m|{H$ J§Jm _| Jm±d Zht hmo gH$Vm& cjUm
go AW© {ZH$cm, J§Jm Ho$ {H$Zmao Jm±d na§Vw BgHo$ ~mX ^r BgH$m AW© "n{dÌ, erVc Jm±d' `h AW©
ì`§OZm e{º$ Ho$ X²dmam hr g§^d h¡& ì`§OZm Ho$- A{^Ym_ycm emãXr ì`§OZm, cjUm_ycm emãXr
ì`§OZm, AmWu ì`§OZm& à_wI ^oX h¡ {Ogna Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V IS>m h¡&
H$mì` Ho$ g§X^© _| BZ_| go ì`§OZm {deof ê$n go àH$meZ H$aZo H$s e{º$ h¡& ì`§OZme{º$ Üd{Z
{gX²Ym§V H$s AmYma ercm h¡& ì`§½`mW© H$s àYmZVm {Og_| h¡, Cgo hr CÎm_ H$mì` _mZm OmVm h¡&
AmZ§XdY©Z Zo ì`mH$aU emó Ho$ ñ\$moQ> {gX²Ym§V H$mo coH$a Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$s ñWmnZm H$s& CÝhm§oZo
~Vm`m {H$ {Og àH$ma eãX Ho$ AcJ-AcJ dUm} Ho$ CÀMmaU go AW© H$s A{^ì`{º$ Zht hmoVr,
Cgr Vah A{^Ym `m cjUm Ho$ X²dmam ^r g§nyU© AW© H$mo _m{_©H$ AW© H$s A{^ì`{º$ Zht hmoVr&
`h _m{_©H$ AW© ì`§OZm Ho$ X²dmam hr àmßV hmoVm h¡& A{^Ym Am¡a ì`§OZm Ho$ CnamÝV ì`§OZm go
Üd{ZV hmoZodmcm M_ËH$m[aH$ AW© hr Üd{Z h¡& Üd{Z H$mc _| `h Üd{Z "AZwaUZ' Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVr
h¡& K§Q>o na AmKmV H$aZo go nhco Vmo Q>§H$ma hmoVr h¡, Am¡a ~mX _| AZwJy±O Ho$ ê$n _| ch[a`m| go
`wŠV P§H$ma hmoVr h¡& a{gH$ H$s ÑpîQ> go `h _Ywa P§H$ma hr lì` VWm _hÎdnyU© hmoVr h¡& Bgr Vah
H$mì` _| A{^Ym H$s Anojm ì`§OZm _hËdnyU© hmoVr h¡& A{^Ym K§Q>o H$s Q>§H$ma Ho$ g_mZ, VWm
ì`§OZm _Ywa P§H$ma H$s Vah hmoVr h¡& KQ>§ H$sQ>§H$ma d P§H$ma H$s Vah hr H$mì` _| Xmo AW© hmoVo
h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
90
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 1. dmÀ`mW© Am¡a 2-ì`§½`mW© (àVr`_mZ AW©)& H$mì` H$m {deof AW© dmMH$ Am¡a dmÀ` Ho$
X²dmam hr A{^ì`ŠV hmoVm h¡& na§Vw dñVwV: ì`§½`mW© hr àYmZ hmoVm h¡& "göX`ícm¿`' AW© Vmo
ì`§½`mW© hr hmoVm h¡& eãXJV d AW©JV M_ËH$ma göX`m| H$mo Hw$N> jUm| Ho$ {cE ^co hr à^m{dV
H$a|, naÝVw {d{eîQ> AW© Ho$ {~Zm öX`m| H$mo AmÝV[aH$ ê$n go à^m{dV H$aZo H$m cmdÊ` M_ËH$ma
nyU© eãX- AW© _| Zht hmoVm& ì`§½`mW© AWdm ÜdÝ`W© hr dmñVd _| göX` H$mo gÀMm-ghr AmZ§X
àXmZ H$a gH$Vm h¡& dmÀ`mW© H$mo Jm¡U ~ZmH$a ì`§½`mW© H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo H$s e{º$ hr ì`§OZm e{º$
hmoVr h¡, Am¡a dhr Üd{Z h¡& Üd{Z H$s Hw$N> Bgr àH$ma H$s n[a^mfm ñd`§ AmZ§XdY©Z Zo H$s h¡& CÝht
Ho$ eãXm| _|, ""{Og aMZm _| dmMH$ {deof Am¡a dmÀ`-{deof AnZo A{^Yo` AW© H$mo Jm¡U ~ZmH$a
H$mì`mW© (ì`§½`mW©) H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVo h¡, dh "Üd{Z' H$hcmVr h¢&
3.3.2 Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó _| H$mì` H$s AmË_m Ho$ {df` _| {dMma H$aZodmco Omo H$mì`-{gX²Ym§V h¢,
CZ_| Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V ~hþV-hr _hÎdnyU© h¡& gm{hË` H$m gm¢X`© g_PZo H$s ÑpîQ> go Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$mo
~hþV Cn`moJr _mZm OmVm h¡& AV: {OZ AmMm`m]Zo H$mì` H$s AmË_m Ho$ ê$n _| Üd{Z H$mo _hËd {X`m
h¡ CZHo$ _Vm| H$mo OmZZo go Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` hmo OmEJm&
AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z : Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V Ho$ g§ñWmnH$
Üd{Z g§àXm` Ho$ à{VîR>mVm AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z _mZo OmVo h¢& BZH$m g_` Zdt eVmãXr H$m
CÎmamW© _mZm OmVm h¡& AmZ§XdY©Z Zo B©gdr gZ 875 Ho$ Amgnmg AnZo à{gX²Y J«§W "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$'
X²dmam Bg ZdrZ H$mì`-g§àXm` H$s ñWmnZm H$s, Üd{Z H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m Kmo{fV {H$`m&
AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Zo AnZo Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V _| ì`§OZm H$mo ~hþV _hËd {X`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo "ì`§OZm'
eãXe{º$ H$mo Üd{Z H$m AmYma^yV VËd _mZm h¡& ì`§OZm Ho$ AmYma Ho$ ê$n _| "A{^Ym' VWm
"cjUm' eãXe{º$ H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& Bg H$maU go CÝhm|Zo AnZo Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V _| A{^Ym Am¡a
cjUm Ho$ AmYma na Üd{Z Ho$ Xmo ^oXm| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a {c`m h¡&- "A{^Ym_ycmÜd{Z' Am¡a
"cjUm_ycm Üd{Z'&
AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Cg H$mì` H$mo Üd{Z _mZm h¡ {Og_| ì`§½`mW© H$s àYmZVm hmoVr h¡& CZHo$
_VmZwgma H$mì` _| ì`§½`mW© Ho$ AmYma na dñVwÜd{Z `m Ac§H$ma Üd{Z `m agÜd{Z H$m ApñVËd ~Zm
ahVm h¡& na§Vw CZH$s Ñ{ï> go agÜd{Z hr gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡& Š`m|{H$ agÜd{Z Ho$ AmYma na hr
H$mì` loîR> Am¡a à^mdmoËnmXH$ ~Z OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$s _mÝ`Vm H$mo coH$a AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z
Cgo CÎm_ H$mì` _mZVo h¡ {Og_| ì`§½`mW©ê$n _| Üd{Z hmoVr h¡, Cgo _Ü`_ H$mì` _mZVo h¡ {Og_| Eogm
ì`§½`mW© hmoVm h¡ Omo dmÀ`mW© Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AY_ `m AloîR> H$mì` Cgo _mZVo h¢ Omo
ì`§½`mW©-a{hV hmoVm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
91
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AmMm`© A{^ZdJwßV : Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V Ho$ à~c g_W©H$
AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©ZX²dmam à{Vnm{XV Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$m g_W©Z H$aZodmco AmMm`m} _| CZHo$ {eî`
A{^Zd JwßV H$m ñWmZ _hÎdnyU© h¡& BÝhmoZo 10 dr eVr Ho$ A§V Am¡a 11 dr eVr Ho$ àma§^ _|
AmZ§XdY©Z Ho$ "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$' J«§W na JhamB© go {dMma {H$`m, qMVZ {H$`m Am¡a "cmoMZ' Zm_H$ Q>rH$m
J«§W {cIm& Hw$N> cmoJ Bgo "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$-cmoMZ' ^r H$hVo h¡& `h Q>rH$m J«§W ÜdÝ`mcmoH$ Am¡a Üd{Z
{gX²Ym§V Ho$ g_W©Z Am¡a gwñnîQ> ñnîQ>rH$aU H$s Ñ{ï> go AË`§V _hËdnyU© _mZm OmVm h¡&
dñVwV: AmMm`© A{^ZdJwßV ^r AnZo Jwê$ AmZ§XdY©Z H$s Vah _ycê$n _| agdmXr AmMm`© h¡&
Bgr H$maU Vmo CÝhm|Zo agH$s nw{ï> Ho$ {cE Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m _hÎd ñnîQ> {H$`m& AmZ§XdY©Z Zo H$mì`
H$s loîR>Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go "agÜd{Z' H$mo hr loîR> _mZm h¡& Bgr dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a A{^Zd
JwßV Zo ag Am¡a Üd{Z Ho$ _hÎdnyU© g§~§Y H$s ñWmnZm H$s h¡& A{^Zd JwßV Zo H$mì` _| agÜd{Z
H$mo _hËd XoVo hþE dñVwÜd{Z Am¡a Ac§H$maÜd{Z H$mo ^r ag Ho$ nmoofH$ VÎdm| Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$a
{c`m h¡& BÝhm|Zo Xÿgam _hÎdnyU© H$m_ `h {H$`m h¡ {H$ "ag' H$m "dmÀ`' Z _mZVo hþE "ì`§½`' _mZm
h¡& CZH$s Ñ[ï> go H$mì` _| ag~moY ì`§½`ê$n _| hr hmoVm h¡& AV: CÝhm|Zo ì`§OZm eãXe{º$ H$mo
_hÎdnyU© _mZm h¡& ì`§OZm Ho$ H$maU hr ì`§½`ê$n _| agÜd{Z H$s AZw^y{V hmoVr h¡& AV: CÝhm|Zo
ì`§½`ê$nr agÜd{Z H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZm h¡&
AmMm`© _å_Q> : Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V Ho$ nwZñWm©nH$
AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Am¡a AmMm`© A{^Zd JwßV Ho$ níMmV Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V na Jham qMVZ AmMm`©
_å_Q> Zo 11 dr eVr Ho$ _Ü` _| {H$`m h¡& Bgr Xaå`mZ Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$m H$m\$s {damoY hmo MwH$m
Wm& AV: _å_Q> Zo {damoY H$aZodmco _Vm| IÊS>U {H$`m Am¡a _ÊS>U go Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$m OmoaXma
g_W©Z {H$`m&& AnZo "H$mì`-àH$me' J«§W _| _hÎdnyU© VËdm| Ho$ AmYmana AmZ§XdY©Z X²dmam
à{VîR>m{nV, Am¡a A{^ZdJwßV X²>dmam g_W©Z àmßV Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$s nwZñWm©nZm H$s& Bgr H$maU
CZHo$ J«§W H$mo Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V Ho$ ì`dpñWV pñWarH$aU H$m lo` {_cVm h¡& _å_Q> Zo Üd{Z H$mo AmYma
_mZH$a Üd{Z H$mì` Ho$ VrZ àH$ma {H$E& JwUr^yV H$mì`, ì`§½`-H$mì` Am¡a {MÌH$mì` Am{X& _å_Q>
Zo BZ_| go Üd{ZH$mì` H$mo gd©loîR> _mZH$a CgH$s gahZm H$s h¡&
n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW :
"a_Ur`mW© à{VnmXH$: eãX: H$mì`_²' H$hZodmco n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW _ycV: agdmXr AmMm`© h¡&
{\$a ^r CÝhm|Zo AmZ§XdY©Z Ho$ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m à~c g_W©Z {H$`m h¡& AnZo "agJ§JmYa' Zm_H$
J«§W _| CÝhm|Zo ag Ho$ {cE nmofH$ {gX²Ym§V Ho$ ê$n_| Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$m _hÎd ñnîQ> {H$`m h¡& CZgo
nyd© Ho$dc "Ag§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z _| ^r ag H$mo {gX²Y H$aHo$ {XIm`m&' BgVah BÝhm|Zo AmZ§XdY©Z
X²dmam àd{V©V Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V _| _hÎdnyU© g§emoYZ H$aHo$ Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$m _hÎd ñnîQ> {H$`m& AnZo
qMVZX²dmam Cgo pñWa ~Zm`m& AnZr _m¡{cH$ XoZ go Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
92
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW Zo Üd{Z H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a H$mì` Ho$ CÎm_moÎm_ H$mì`, CÎm_ H$mì`, _Ü`_
H$mì`, AY_ H$mì` Am{X ^oX ñdrH$ma {H$E& do H$mì` H$mo a_Ur` AW© H$m à{VnmXZ H$aZodmcm eãX
H$hVo h¡& Üd{Z Ho$ AmYmana "Üd{Z-H$mì`' H$mo hr "CÎm_moÎm_ H$mì`' AWm©V loîR> H$mì` H$hVo h¡&
Bg àH$ma A{^Zd JwßV Am¡a _å_Q> Ho$ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V {df`H$ _Vm| _| AnZr Am¡a go _hËdnyU©
g§emoYZ H$aHo$ Üd{Z{gX²Ym§V H$mo A{YH$ _m¡{cH$ ê$n àXmZ H$a n§{S>VamO OJÞmW Zo Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V
Ho$ {cE CëcoIZr` H$m`© {H$`m h¡&
AÝ` AmMm`© : {ZîH$f© Ed_² g_mnZ-
AmZ§XdY©Z, A{^ZdJwßV, _å_Q> Am¡a n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW Ho$ níMmV 14 dr eVr _| agdmXr
AmMm`© {dídZmW Zo Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$mo _hËdnyU© _mZm h¡& "dmŠ`_² agmË_H$ H$mì`_²' H$hZodmco
"gm{hË`Xn©UH$ma' AmMm`© {dídZmW agÜd{Z go `wŠV H$mì` H$mo loîR> _mZVo h¡& Eogm H$hH$a CÝhm|Zo
Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$s _hÎmm H$mo hr _mÝ`Vm Xr h¡&
dñVwV: AmZ§XdY©Z Ho$ ~mX n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW VH$ _wHw$c^Q²>Q>, à{V hmaoÝXþamO, ^Q²>Q>Zm`H$,
YZ§O`, Y{ZH$, Hw$ÝVH$ _{h_^Q²>Q> Am¡a H$B© AmMm`m] Zo Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m IÊS>UmË_H$ {damoY {H$`m
co{H$Z AnZr _m¡{cH$Vm Ho$ H$maU Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$m _hËd H$_ Zht hþAm& AÀN>m `h hþAm {H$
Üd{Z-{damoYr AmMm`m} Ho$ IÊS>U-_ÊS>Z go Cgo Am¡a A{YH$ ~c {_cm, dh pñWa hþAm, g§ñH¥$V
H$mì` _| AnZr OJh ~Zm nm`m& gm{hË`-gm¢X`© ~moY H$m EH$ {MañWm`r H$gm¡Q>r ~Z J`m&
g§jon _| Cn`w©ŠV Üd{ZdmXr AmMm`m] Ho$ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V g§~§Yr {d{dY _Vm| H$m AdcmoH$Z H$aZo
Ho$ níMmV h_ Bg {ZîH$f©na nhþ±MVo h¡ {H$ gM_wM ^maVr` H$mì`emó _|, AWm©V g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó
_| Üd{Z{gX²Ym§V EH$ _hÎdnyU© {gX²Ym§V h¡ {Og_| Üd{Z H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZm J`m h¡& Bg_|
H$moB© eH$ Zht {H$ AmZ§XdY©Z EH$ loîR> H$mì`emór h¡ Am¡a CZH$m Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V g§~§Y qMVZ
_m¡{cH$ Ed§ {MañWm`r h¡& AV: do àe§gm Ho$ YZr h¡&
3.3.3 Üd{Z H$mì` Ho$ à_wI ^oX
Üd{Z g§àXm` Ho$ AZwgma H$mì` H$s AmË_m Üd{Z h¡ VWm Üd{Z H$m g§~§Y ì`§OZm e{º$ go h¡&
eãX H$s e{º$ Agr_ h¡, {Og e{º$ Ho$ X²dmam eãX H$m AW© kmV hmoVm h¡ dh "eãXe{º$'
H$hcmVr h¡& eãX e{º$`m± VrZ _mZr J`r h¢- A{^Ym, cjUm Am¡a ì`§OZm& BZ_| ^r Üd{ZdmXr
Ho$dc ì`§OZm H$mo hr dmñV{dH$ Am¡a CËH¥$îQ> H$mì` H$m _ycmYma _mZVo h¢& ì`§OZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr
H$mì` _| {Z{hV {N>no hþE AW© H$mo ñnîQ> {H$`m OmVm h¡&
Üd{Zdm{X`m| H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma ñ\$moQ> X²dmam hr dmñV{dH$ AW© H$s A{^ì`{º$ hmoVr
h¡, Cgr àH$ma H$mì` H$m dmñV{dH$ AW© ì`§½`mW© X²dmam hr CX²Km{Q>V hmoVm h¡& H$mì` H$m g§nyU© gm¢X`©
ì`§OZm _| g_m`m hþAm hmoVm h¡& BÝhr eãXe{º$`m| Ho$ AmYmana Üd{ZH$mì` Ho$ à_wI ^oX {H$E JE
h¢&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
93
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 (A) cjUm_ycm Üd{Z (Am) A{^Ym_ycm Üd{Z&
A) cjUm_ycm Üd{Z (A{dd{jV dmÀ` Üd{Z) :
O~ M_ËH¥$V ì`§½`mW© _| dmÀ`mW© H$m à`moOZ Zhr ahVm V~ "cjUm_ycm Üd{Z' H$hVo h¡&
VmËn`© `h {H$ Bg_| ì`§½`mW©, dmÀ`mW© na Am{lV Z ahVo hþE cú`mW© na hr Am{lV ahVm h¡& Bgr
H$maU Bgo cjUm_ycm Üd{Z Zm_ {X`m h¡& BgHo$ Xmo Cn^oX {H$E h¢• 1) AWmªVa g§H«${_V dmÀ` Üd{Z
Am¡a 2) AË`§V {VañH¥$V dmÀ` Üd{Z&
1. AWmªVa g§H«${_V dmÀ` Üd{Z : O~ dmÀ`mW© AnZm g§nyU© cmon Z H$aVo hþE ^r AÝ` AW©
_| g§H«$_U H$aVm h¡, V~ Cgo AWmªVa g§H«${_V dmÀ` Üd{Z H$hVo h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| _| {Og Üd{Z _|
dmÀ`mW© AnZo H$mo gwa{jV aIVo hþE AÝ` AW© _| g§H«${_V hmoVm h¡, Cg Üd{Z H$mo AWmªVa g§H«${_V
dmÀ` Üd{Z H$hVo h¡& CXm. "Am_ Vmo Am_ hr h¡&' `hm± nhco "Am_' eãX H$s Ñ{ï> go Xÿgam "Am_'
eãX V~ g§JV ~ZVm h¡, O~ dh CnmXmZ cjUm go AnZo dmÀ`mW© (EH$ \$c {deof) H$mo gwa{jV
aIVo hþE "gag, _Ywa Am{X JwUm|dmcm \$c{deof `h cú`mW© ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& Bg cú`mW© go
ì`§½`mW© {ZH$cVm h¡- ""Am_ H$s ~am~ar H$aZodmcm H$moB© Xÿgam \$c Zht h¡& Bg ì`§½`mW© go Am_
H$s ~oOmo‹S> gagVm VWm _YwaVm ì`§{OV hmoVr h¡, Bg{cE `h ì`§½`mW© A{YH$ M_ËH$manyU© h¡& na `hm±
A{YH$ M_ËH$manyU© ì`§½`mW© Ho$ {cE Xÿgao "Am_' eãX H$mo AnZo dmÀ`mW© H$mo gwa{jV aIVo hþE AÝ`
AW© (cú`mW©) _| g§H«${_V hmoZm nS>Vm h¡, Bg{cE `hm± AWmªVa g§H«${_V dmÀ` Üd{Z h¡&
2. AË`§V {VañH¥$V dmÀ` Üd{Z : {Og Üd{Z _| dmÀ`mW© H$m gd©Wm Ë`mJ ({VañH$ma) {H$`m
OmVm h¡¡, V~ Cgo AË`§V {VañH¥$V dmÀ` Üd{Z H$hVo h¢& `h Üd{Z cjU cjUm na AmYm[aV hmoVm
h¡& CXm. "Vy ~¡c h¡ Am¡a Voam XmoñV JYm h¡&' `hm± cjU cjUm "{dnarV cjUm' Ho$ ê$n _| _hËd
H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡& Š`m|{H$ `hm± "~¡c' Am¡a "JYm' eãX Ho$ "new{deof' Bg dmÀ`mW© _| ~mYm AmVr
h¡& Š`m|{H$ "JYm' Am¡a "~¡c' _Zwî` Zht hmo gH$Vo& na ~¡c Am¡a JYm XmoZm| "_yI©' Bg cjUê$n
AWm©V cú`mW© H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& Bg{cE `hm± Bg dmŠ` H$m cú`mW©- "Vy _yI© h¡ Am¡a Voam XmoñV
^r _yI© h¡&' Bg ì`§½`mW© go CZ XmoZm| H$s _yI©Vm H$s AË`{YH$Vm ì`§{OV hmoVr h¡, Bg{cE `h
ì`§½`mW© M_ËH$manyU© h¡& AV: `hm± AË`§V {VañH¥$V dmÀ` Üd{Z h¡&
Am) A{^Ym_ycm Üd{Z ({dd{jVmÝ` na dmÀ` Üd{Z) :
Ohm± na dmÀ`mW© dm§N>Zr` ({dd{jV) Am¡a à`moOZr` hmoVm h¡& gmW hr gmW dh AÝ`naH$
AWdm ì`§½`{Zð> hmoVm h¡, dhm± A{^Ym_ycm Üd{Z hmoVr h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| _| {Og Üd{Z _| ì`§½`mW©
dmÀ`mW© na hr Am{lV hmoVm h¡, cjUm na Zht Cgo A{^Ym_ycm Üd{Z H$hVo h¡& CXm.: "~‹S> ~mocr
~{c hmoV H$V ~‹S>o ÑJZw Ho$ Omoa&' `hm± ~‹S>o ÑJ Ho$dc ÑJm| H$m hr Zht A{nVw eara Ho$ nyU© gm¢X`©
Ho$ n[aMmaH$ h¡&
A{^Ym_yc Üd{Z Ho$ Xmo ^oX h¢-

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
94
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 (1) g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z Am¡a (2) Agc§ú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z&
1. g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½` Üd{Z : H«$_ H$s Ñ{ï> go `o ^oX {H$E h¡& O~ dmÀ`mW© H$m ~moY hmoZo na
~mX _| ì`§½`mW© Ho$ àH$Q> hmoZo H$m H«$_ ahVm h¡, V~ Cgo g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½` Üd{Z H$hVo h¡, K§Q>o na
MmoQ> H$aZo go Q>§H$ma Ho$ ~mX gyú_ go gyú_ _Ywa P§H$mao gwZmB© XoVr h¢, Cgr àH$ma g§cú`H«$_
ì`§½`Üd{Z _| dmÀ`mW© go ì`§½`mW© {ZH$cVo ahVo h¡& Bg àH$ma H$s {defoVm Ho$ H$maU g§cú`H«$_
ì`§½`Üd{Z H$mo "AZwaU Üd{Z' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg Üd{Z Ho$ VrZ Cn^oX _mZo OmVo h¢-
(H$) eãXe{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z&
(I) AW©e{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z&
(J) eãXmWm}^`e{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z&
(H$) eãXe{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z : Ohm± dmÀ`mW© Ho$ ~mX ì`§½`mW© H$m ~moY H$amZo
H$s e{º$ {d{eîR> eãX _| hr hmoVr h¡, Cgo eãXe{º$ CX²^dm ì`§½`Üd{Z H$hVo h¢& CXm.
""a{h_Z nmZr am{I`o, {~Z nmZr g~ gyZ
nmZr J`o Z D$~ao, _moVr _mZwg MyZ&''
`hm± "nmZr' eãX go hr Oc, OrdZ, H$m§{V `o dmÀ`mW© {ZH$cVo h¡, {H$gr AÝ` n`m©`dmMr eãX
go Zht& `hm± "nmZr' eãX _| hr dmÀ`mW© Ho$ ~mX ì`§½`mW© Ho$ {ZH$cZo H$s e{º$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
eãXe{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z h¡& `hm± nmZr ({ecîQ>) eãX go _moVr Ho$ g§X^© _| H$m§{V
(M_H$), _Zwî` Ho$ g§X^© _| à{VîR>m Am¡a MyZo Ho$ g§X^© _| Oc h¡& g^r H$mo BZH$s ajm H$aZr Mm{hE&
BgHo$ Mma ^oX h¡- nXJVdñVw Üd{Z, dmŠ`JV dñVwÜd{Z, nXJV Ac§H$ma Üd{Z, dmŠ`JV Ac§H$ma
Üd{Z&
(I) AW©e{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z : Ohm± dmÀ`mW© {ZH$cZo na {\$a ì`§½`mW© H$m
~moY hmoVm h¡, V~ Cgo AW©e{º$ CX²^d g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z H$hVo h¡& Bg_| dñVw go dñVw, dñVw
go Ac§H$ma Am¡a Ac§H$ma go dñVw, Ac§H$ma go Ac§H$ma& BgHo$ ~mX ^r àË`oH$ Ho$ nXJV, dmŠ`JV,
à~§YJV-`o VrZ ^oX h¡& nXJV Üd{Z H$m CXmhaU-
""{g` {d`moJ XþI Ho$ {h {d{Y, H$hm¢ ~Im{Z&
\y$c ~mZ go _Z{gO, ~oYV Am{Z&''
`hm± "\y$c ~mZ' nX _| Üd{Z h¡& `h nX H${d àm¡T>mo{º$ h¡ Am¡a Cggo {dahì`{WV Xem VWm
ào_ H$mo A{YH$Vm ì`§{OV hmoVr h¡& `hm± "\y$c ~mZ' ^r dñVw h¡ Am¡a {dahì`{WV Xem VWm ào_
^r dñVw h¡& Bg{cE `hm± H${dàm¡T>mo{º$X²dmam nXJV dñVw go dñVwÜd{Z h¡&
(J) eãXmWm}^`e{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z : Ohm± eãX Am¡a AW© XmoZm| {_cH$a {H$gr

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
95
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
dñVw `m Ac§H$ma H$mo Üd{ZV H$aVo h¢, dhm± eãXmW© C^`e{º$ CX²^dm g§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z hmoVr
h¡& CXm.
""AZ^« MÝÐm^aU, H$m_ ^md H$mo OmJ«V H$aVr&
VmaH$ Vacm í`m_m, H$hmo {H$go Z AmZ§{XV H$aVr&&''
`hm± "í`m_m' pícîQ> nX h¡& BgH$m EH$ AW© "am{Ì' ho Vmo Xÿgam AW© "fmo@e dfu` `wdVr' h¡&
`hm± VmaH$m|dmcr Am¡a M_H$dmcr "am{Ì' Ho$ g§X^© _| Omo dmÀ`mW© {ZH$cVm h¡, dhr VmaZodmcr d
gw§Xa fmo@e²dfu` `wdVr Ho$ g§X^© _| ^r {ZH$cVm h¡& Bg{cE `hm± dmÀ`mW© go ì`§½`mW© {ZH$cVm h¡-
{Za^« AmH$me _| ì`mßV Mm§XZr amV H$m_^md H$mo OmJ«V H$a {H$go ^r AmZ§{XV H$aVr h¡ Am¡a
gmoch dfu` `wdVr ^r AnZo _| ì`mßV `m¡dZ go H$m_^md H$mo OmJ«V H$a {H$gr ^r H$mo AmZ§{XV
H$aVr h¢ Bg àH$ma `hm± am{Ì Am¡a gmoch dfu` `wdVr H$s H$m_moÎmoOH$ VWm AmZ§XàX g_mZVmê$n
dñVw _| "Cn_m' Ac§H$ma Üd{ZV hmoVm h¡& Bg{cE `hm± eãXmW© C^`e{º$ CX²^dm nXJV dñVw go
Ac§H$maÜd{Z h¡&
2. Ag§cú`H«$_ ì`§½`Üd{Z AWdm agÜd{Z : O~ dmÀ`mW© J«hU H$aZo H$m H«$_ c{jV Zht
hmoVm V~ "Ag§cú`H«$_ ì`§½` Üd{Z' hmoVr h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| _| Ohm± na nhco dmÀ`mW© H$s àVr{V Am¡a
Cgr dmÀ`mW© Ho$ AmYma na ~mX _| ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V ñnîQ> H«$_ àVrV Z hmoH$a dmÀ`mW© H$s àVr{V
Ho$ gmW hr ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V hmo OmVr h¡, dhm± na Ag§cú`H«$_ ì`§½` Üd{Z hmoVr h¡&
Ag§cú`H«$_ ì`§½` Üd{Z H$s _hËdnyU© {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| dmÀ`mW© H$s àVr{V Ho$ gmW
hr Omo ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡, dh dmñVd _| ag H$s AZw^y{V `m ^md H$s AZw^y{V hmoVr h¡&
Bg{cE Bgo agÜd{Z ^r H$hVo h¢& Bg àH$ma H$s {deofVm Ho$ AmYmana BgHo$ AmR> Cn^oXm| H$mo
ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡•
(1) agÜd{Z (2) ^mdÜd{Z (3) agm^mg (4) ^mdm^mg (5) ^mdmoX` (6) ^mdg§{Y (7)
^mdem§{V (8) ^mde~cVm&
JwUr^yV ì`§½` H$mì` :
Ohm± na dmÀ`mW© H$s VwcZm _| ì`§½`mW© àYmZ `m A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© Z hmoH$a Jm¡U hmoVm h¡, dhm±
na JwUr^yV ì`§½` _mZm OmVm h¡& n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW Zo Bgo CÎm_ H$mì` H$hm h¡& Š`m|{H$ ì`§½`mW© H$m
ApñVËd Bg H$mì` _| h¡& M_ËH$ma Mmho ì`§½`mW© _| hmo Mmho dmÀ`mW© _|, CgH$m ApñVËd hmoZo go
H$mì` CÎm_ H$mo{Q> H$m hmoVm h¡& _Ü`_ H$mì` ì`§½`{ZîR> ahVm h¡ Am¡a Ada `m AY_ H$mì` _|
ì`§½`mW© {~cHw$c Zht {XIcmB© XoVm, dh {MÌ H$mì` _mÌ hmoVm h¡&
JwUr^yV ì`§½` H$mì` Ho$ AmR> ^oX h¢-
(1) AJyT> ì`§½` (2) Anam§J ì`§½` (3) dmÀ`{gÚm§J ì`§½` (4) Añ\w$Q> ì`§½` (5)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
96
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
g§{X½YàmYmÝ` ì`§½` (6) Vwë`-àmYmÝ` ì`§½` (7) H$mì`m{jßV ì`§½` (8) Agw§Xa ì`§½`&
1. AJyT> ì`§½` : Ohm± ì`§½`mW© dmÀ`mW© Ho$ g_mZ ñnîQ> àVrV hmoVm h¡ dhm± na AJwT> ì`§½`
hmoVm h¡, O¡go••
""JmoYZ JOYZ ~m{OYZ, Am¡a aVZYZ ImZ&
O~ AmdV g§Vmof YZ, g~ YZ Yy[a g_mZ&&''
2. Anam§J ì`§½` : Ohm± na ag, ^md, ^mdm^mg Am{X EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ A§J hmo OmVo h¢, dhm±
na Anam§J ì`§½` hmoVm h¢; O¡go••
""{S>JV nm{Z {S>JwcmV {J[a, c{I g~ ~«O ~ohmc&
H§$n {H$gmoar Xag V|, Iao cOmZo cmc&&''
3. dmÀ`{gÚm§J ì`§½` : Ohm± na {ZH$cZodmco ì`§½`mW© go hr nyao nX Ho$ dmÀ`mW© H$s {gX²Yr
hmoVr h¡, dhm± na dmÀ`{gX²Ym§J ì`§½` hmoVm h¢; O¡go••
""n±Iw{S>`m| _| hr {N>nr ah H$a Z ~moV§ ì`W©&
Ty>±T> H$mofm| _| Z {à`V_ ZmW H$m Vy AW©&&''
4. Añ\w$Q> ì`§½` : Ohm± na ì`§½` JyT> hmo Am¡a ~hþV à`ËZ H$aZo na g_Pm Omdo Am¡a ñnîQ>
Z g_Pm Omdo, dhm± na Añ\w$Q> ì`§½` hmoVm h¢; O¡go••
""{Ico Zd nwîn OJ àW_ gwJ§Y Ho$
àW_ dg§V _| JwÀN>-JwÀN>&''
5. g§{X½YàmYmÝ` ì`§½` : Ohm± na gÝXoh ~Zm aho {H$ AW© _| dmÀ`mW© àYmZ h¡ AWdm
ì`§½`mW©, dhm± na g§{X½YàmYmÝ` ì`§½` hmoVm h¢; O¡go••
""Zm{dH$! Bg gyZo VQ> na {H$Z cham| _| Iocm`m&
Bg ~rëS> ~ocm _| Š`m A~ VH$ Wm H$moB© Am`m&&''
6. Vwë`-àmYmÝ` ì`§½` : Ohm± na dmÀ`mW© Am¡a ì`§½`mW© XmoZm| hr g_mZ M_ËH$ma Ho$ hm|, dhm±
na Vwë`àmYmÝ` ì`§½` hmoVm h¢; O¡go••
""AmO ~MnZ H$m H$mo_c JmV& Oam H$m nrcm nmV&
Mma {XZ gwIX Mm±XZr amV& Am¡a {\$a A§YH$ma AkmV&&''
7. H$mì`m{jßV ì`§½` : Ohm± na H$mHw$ (H$ÊR>JV {deof Üd{Z) Ho$ X²dmam ì`§½` àH$Q> hmoVm h¡,
dhm± na H$mŠdm{jßV ì`§½` hmoVm h¢; O¡go••

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
97
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 ""h¢ Xggrg _ZwO aKwZm`H$&
{OZHo$ hZw_mZ go nm`H$&&''
8. Agw§Xa ì`§½` : Ohm± na dmÀ`mW© go {ZH$cZodmco ì`§½`mW© _| H$moB© M_ËH$ma Z hmo, dhm± na
Agw§Xa ì`§½` hmoVm h¢; O¡go••
""~¡R>r Jwê$OZ ~rM _| gw{Z _wacr H$s VmZ&
_waP{V A{V AHw$cm` Ca nao gm§H$ao àmZ&&''
Ada H$mì` AWdm {MÌ H$mì` :
AdaH$mì` _| ì`§½`mW© {~ëHw$c Zht ahVm& Ac§H$ma, eãX-`moOZm Am{X H$m hr gm¢X`© Eogr
aMZm _| XoIm OmVm h¡& Üd{Z H$s ÑpîQ> go Bg H$mì` H$m g~go H$_ _hÎd h¡& CXmhaUmW© :-
""Mmê$ M§Ð H$s M§Mc {H$aU| Ioc ahr Wr Oc Wc _|&
ñdÀN> Mm±XZr {~N>r hþB© h¡, AdZr Am¡a A§~a Vc_|&&''
`hm± AZwàmg Ac§H$ma h¡& "M' dU© H$s nwZam©d¥{Îm h¡& M_ËH$ma {Z{_©{V Ed§ {MÌH$mì` h¡& Bg
àH$ma Üd{Z Ho$ à_wI ^oXm| H$m h_| n[aM` hmoVm h¡&
3.3.4 ñ\$moQ> Üd{Z
Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m {Zê$nU AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Zm¢dt eVmãXr _| àW_ ~ma {H$`m, na§Vw BgH$m _yc CËg
(ómoV) d¡`mH$aUm|X²dmam à{Vnm{XV ñ\$moQ> {gX²Ym§V _| {_cVm h¡&
d¡`mH$aUm| H$m ñ\$moQ> {gX²Ym§V :
AW©àVr{V H$m AmYma : Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V _| {Ogo "Üd{Z' _mZm J`m h¡, CgHo$ _yc _| d¡`mH$aUm|
Ho$ ñ\$moQ>dmX' H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡& ì`mH$aU _| "ñ\$moQ>' H$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma {_cVr h¡••
""nyd©dVu dUm} Ho$ CÀMmaU Ho$ g§ñH$ma Ho$ gmW ApÝV_dU© Ho$ CÀMmaU Ho$ AZw^d go AW© H$s
A{^ì`{º$ ñ\$moQ> h¡& eãX go AW© H$s àVr{V {H$g àH$ma hmoVr h¡ BgH$s à{H«$`m ñ\$moQ> {gX²Ym§V
_| {_cVr h¢& eãX Üd{Z`m| go ~ZVm h¢, CZ Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CÀMmaU H$m EH$ {d{eîQ> H«$_ hmoVm h¡&
H«$_e: CÀMm[aV hmoZodmcr Üd{Z`m± (Sounds) ñd§VÌ ê$n _| H$moB© AW© Zht aIVt& gmW hr Xÿgar
Üd{Z H$m CÀMmaU hmoZo VH$ nhcr Üd{Z AdH$me _| {dcrZ hmo OmVr h¡& Eogr pñW{V _| eãX H$s
ApÝV_ Üd{Z H$m CÀMmaU hmoZo VH$ nydm}ÀM[aV g^r Üd{Z`m± {dcrZ hmoVr h¡, CZH$m ApñVËd g_mßV
hmoVm h¡& {\$a ^r eãX Ho$ A§{V_ dU© Ho$ CÀMmaU VH$ nydm}ÀMm[aV g^r dUm] H$m AZw^d Am¡a CZHo$
g§ñH$ma _pñVîH$ _| ~am~a ~Zo ahVo h¢ VWm ApÝV_ dU© Ho$ CÀMmaU Ho$ gmW nydmoÀM[aV dUm]
g§ñH$ma OwS>H$a gmar Üd{Z`m| Ho$ g_Ýd` go CZHo$ Üd{Z (Sound) ê$n go {^Þ EH$ AcJ ñdV§Ì
AW© H$s A{^ì`{º$ hmo OmVr h¡& Bg Vah nydm}ÀM[aV dUm] Ho$ g§ñH$mam| H$m A§{V_ dU© Ho$ gmW

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
98
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
OwS>H$a AcJ AW© H$m àñ\w$Q>Z hr "ñ\$moQ>' h¡&
""nyd©nyd©dUm©Zw^dm{hV g§ñH$ma g{MdoZ AÝË`dUm©Zw^doZ A{^ì`§OVo ñ\$moQ>:&''
ñ\$moQ> {df`H$ Cn`w©ŠV _mÝ`Vm H$mo EH$ CXmhaU Ho$ X²dmam BgàH$ma g_Pm`m Om gH$Vm h¡&
CXmhaUmW© "H$_c' eãX H$mo cr{OE& H$_c eãX _| nhco "H$' dU© H$m CÀMmaU hmoVm h¡& ~mX
_| "_' VWm AÝV _| "c' H$m CÀMmaU hmoVm h¡& na§Vw "_' H$m CÀMmaU hmoZo VH$ "H$' VWm "c'
H$m CÀMmaU hmoZo VH$ "_' dJ© (Üd{Z`m|o) AdH$me _| {dcrZ hmoVr h¡& na§Vw A§{V_ dU© "c' H$m
CÀMmaU hmoVo g_` VH$ lmoVm H$s ñ_¥{V _| "H$' VWm "_' Ho$ H«$_~X²Y g§ñH$ma ~am~a ~Zo ahVo h¡
Am¡a O¡go hr "c' H$m CÀMmaU hmoVm h¡, lmoVm "H$' VWm "_' Ho$ lw{V g§ñH$mam| H$mo CgHo$ gmW OmoS>
XoVm h¡ Am¡a "H$', "_' VWm "c' Ho$ H«$_dVu g_pÝdV ê$n _| CZ g^r Üd{Z`m| go g§nyU©V: AcJ
EH$ ñdV§Ì AW© H$s àVr{V H$a coVm h¡& `hr d¡`mH$aUm| H$m "ñ\$moQ>' h¡& d¡`mH$aUm| Zo ñ\$moQ> Ho$ Xmo
ê$n _mZo h¡ :-
(1) {ZË` ñ\$moQ>, (2) A{ZË` ñ\$moQ>& gwZm OmZodmcm eãX "A{ZË` ñ\$moQ>' h¡, VWm lwV
Üd{Z`m| go àmßV hmoZodmcm eãXmW© "{ZË` ñ\$moQ>' h¡&
d¡`mH$aUm| H$s Ñ{ï> go lmoVm Ho$ X²dmam Üd{Zê$n ZmX Ho$ ê$n _| _ycÜd{Z ê$n dU© H$m J«hU
"ñ\$moQ>' h¡& Bg{cE Vmo d¡`mH$aU ZmX H$mo ì`§OH$ _mZVo h¡, Am¡a ñ\$moQ> H$mo ì`§½`& Bg àH$ma H$mZm|
H$mo gwZmB© XoZodmcr dU© H$s g§nyU© à{H«$`m AWm©V "lw{V' H$m nyU© hmoZm hr "ñ\$moQ>' h¡& na§Vw Xÿgar Amoa
go Bgr ñ\$moQ> _| dU©{deof Ho$ ê$n _| AW© H$s ^r àVr{V hmoVr h¡& `hm± Üd{Zê$nr ZmX H$mo ì`§OH$
Am¡a ñ\$moQ> H$mo ì`§½` _mZZo Ho$ H$maU ñ\$moQ> _| àVrV hmoZodmco AW© H$mo ^r "ì`§½`' _mZm OmVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma H$m ì`§OH$-ì`§½` ^md AWm©V ì`§½`-ì`§OH$ ^md eãXñ\$moQ> _| ^r hmoVm h¡& Bg H$maU
go d¡`mH$aUm|Zo "eãX ñ\$moQ>' H$mo ~hþV _hÎdnyU© _mZm h¡&
ñ\$moQ> : ì`§½`mW© : Üd{Z :
AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Zo d¡`mH$aUm| Ho$ ñ\$moQ>dmX AWm©V ñ\$moQ> {gX²Ym§V go ào[aV hmoH$a AnZo
"ÜdÝ`mcmoH$' J«§W _| "Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V' H$s ñWmnZm H$aVo hþE "ñ\$moQ>' Ho$ n`m©` Ho$ ê$n _| "Üd{Z' eãX
H$m à`moJ {H$`m&
d¡`mH$aUm| Ho$ ñ\$moQ>dmX go eãX Am¡a ñ\$moQ> _| AWm©V eãX Am¡a AW© _| "ì`§OH$-ì`§½` ^md'
ñnîQ> hþAm Am¡a `h {gX²Y hþAm {H$ Ohm± ì`§OH$ eãX H$m ñ\$moQ> h¡ dhm± ì`§½` AW© AWm©V² ì`§½`mW©
h¡& d¡`mH$aUm| Ho$ ñ\$moQ>dmX H$s Bg àH$ma H$s "AW©J«hU H$s à{H«$`m' H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a hr
AmZ§XdY©Z Zo AnZo H$mì`emór` Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V _| d¡`mH$aUm| Ho$ "ñ\$moQ>' H$mo AWm©V, ì`§½`mW© H$mo
"Üd{Z' _mZm h¡& CÝhm|Zo ñ\$moQ> AWm©V² ì`§½`mW© H$mo Üd{Z _mZVo hþE Cgo "àVr`_mZ AW©' (ÜdÝ`Vo
AZoZ B{VÜd{Z:) ^r H$hm h¡& CÝhm|Zo eãX Am¡a AW© Ho$ "ì`§OH$-ì`§½` ^md' H$mo ÜdZZ `m ì`§OH$Ëd
_mZm h¡-

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
99
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 ""ÜdÝ`Vo AZoZ B{V Üd{Z:&''
co{H$Z AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Zo AnZr Amoa go EH$ _m¡{cH$ H$m_ {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo d¡`mH$aUm| H$s
_mÝ`Vm Ho$ AZwgma "ñ\$moQ>' AWm©V "ì`§½`mW©' AWm©V² "àVr`_mZ AW©' Ho$ {cE Ho$dc eãX _|
ì`§OH$Ëd (ì`§OH$Vm) H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m, daZ² CÝhm|Zo Vmo Üd{Z H$s ì`mnH$Vm H$mo {gX²Y H$aVo
hþE eãX Ho$ gmW-gmW dmÀ`mW©, cú`mW© Am¡a H$^r-H$^r ì`§½`mW© _| ^r ì`§OH$Ëd H$mo ñdrH$ma
H$aZo H$m ~hþV _hÎdnyU© H$m`© {H$`m h¡& Bg H$maU go ì`§½`mW©ê$nr Üd{Z H$mo AZwaUZ Ho$ ê$n _|
ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE _mZm J`m h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma KÊQ>o na AmKmV H$aZo na KÊQ>o go àW_ Q>§H$ma
{ZH$cVr h¡ Am¡a {\$a Cg Q>§H$ma go EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ H«$_ go A{YH$ go A{YH$ _Ywa P§H$moa {ZH$cVr
ahVr h¢, Cgr àH$ma ì`§½`mW© ^r Üd{ZV hmoVm ahVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Üd{Z H$s ì`mnH$Vm H$mo _hËd {X`m Am¡a AnZr Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$mo
ì`mnH$ AW© _| àñWm{nV {H$`m& Bg H$maU go Üd{Z{gX²Ym§V _| ñdrH¥$V "Üd{Z' (ì`§½`mW©) ì`§OH$
eãX, ì`§OH$ dmÀ`mW©, ì`§OH$ cú`mW© Am¡a H$^r-H$^r ì`§OH$ ì`§½`mW© Ho$ ì`§OH$Ëd na ^r
AmYm[aV h¡& Bg{cE hr Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$mì`-gm¢X`© H$mo g_PZo H$s ÑpîQ> go gd©g_mdoeH$ ~Z J`m
h¡&
ì`§OZm : Üd{Z-{gX²Ym§V H$m _w»` AmYma :
AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Zo AnZo Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V _| ì`§OH$Ëdì`mnma X²dmam ì`§½`mW© AWm©V² àVr`_mZ
AW© H$s àVr{V hmoZo Ho$ {cE "ì`§OZm' e{º$ H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$m _hÎdnyU© H$m`© {H$`m h¡& Bg
H$maU CZH$m Üd{Z{gX²Ym§V ì`§OZmì`mnma na AmYm[aV h¡& CZH$s Ñ{ï> go "ì`§OZm' eãX VWm AW©
H$s ^r e{º$ h¡& Bg H$maU go "ì`§OZm' ì`§½`-ì`§OH$ ^md Ho$ ì`§OH$Ëd Ho$ AmYmana "empãX
ì`§OZm' Ho$ ê$n _| eãX go Am¡a "AmWu ì`§OZm' Ho$ ê$n _| AW© go ^r ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V H$aVr
h¡&
co{H$Z AmZ§XdY©Z `h ^r ñdrH$ma H$a {c`m h¡ {H$ AHo$cr ì`§OZme{º$ ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V
Zht H$am gH$Vr& dh Vmo eãX H$s "A{^Ym' `m "cjUm' e{º$ Ho$ AmYma na hr dmÀ`mW© `m
cú`mW© go ì`{V[aº$ ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V H$amZo _| g_W© hmoVr h¡& Bg H$maU go Üd{Z {gÕm§V _| _mZm
OmVm h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma eãX Ho$ AmYma^yV ly`_mZ dU©g_yh go EH$-EH$ dU© Ho$ A§{V_ dU© VH$
H$m CÀMmaU EH$ gmW nyU© hmoVm h¡, V~ ñ\$moQ> Ho$ ê$n _| ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡& {R>H$ Cgr
àH$ma eãX H$s A{^Ym e{º$ Ho$ AmYmana dmÀ`mW© go `m cjUm e{º$ Ho$ AmYma na cú`mW© go
ì`§½`mW© H$s àVr{V ì`§OZme{º$ Ho$ AmYmana hr hmoVr h¡& Bgr ì`§½`mW© H$mo hr Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V _|
"Üd{Z' _mZm J`m h¡& AV: ñnîQ> h¡ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m _w»` AmYma "ì`§OZm' hr h¡&
_Zwî` g§doXZerc, {dMmaerc, g_mO{à` Ed§ gO©Zerc àmUr h¡& dmUr AWm©V ^mfm _Zwî` H$mo
àmßV EH$ gd©loîR> daXmZ h¡& ^mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dh AnZo {dMmam|, ^mdm| VWm H$ënZmAm| H$mo Xÿgam|
Ho$ gm_Zo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡& _Zwî` gO©Zerc hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh AnZr A{^ì`{º$ H$mo H$cmË_H$ ê$n
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
100
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
_| àñVwV H$aVm h¡& gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ ^r _Zwî` H$s Bgr ghOàd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU hr hþAm h¡&
g§ñH¥$V _| gm{hË` Am¡a H$mì` H$mo àm`: g_mZ AWm] _| à`wŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& àmMrZ H$mc go
coH$a AmOVH$ g^r AmMm`m] Ho$ gm_Zo `h àíZ _hÎdnyU© ahm h¡ {H$ gm{hË` _| g~go _hÎdnyU©
Š`m h¡? V~ {d{dY {dX²dmZm|Zo AnZo-AnZo _V ì`ŠV {H$E n[aUm_ ñdê$n {d{dY {gX²Ym§Vm| `m dmXm|
H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& AnZo {dMma H$s nwpîQ> Ho$ {cE {d{dY CXmhaU, à_mU {XE J`o, g_W©H$m|Zo AnZm
`moJXmZ {X`m Am¡a H$mì`emó _| CÝh| à{V{ð>V {H$`m J`m&
H$mì` H$s AmË_m H$mo coH$a Jham {dMma _§WZ hþAm& {dX²dmZm| _| ag, Ac§H$ma, ar{V, Üd{Z,
dH«$mo{º$ Am¡a Am¡{MË` H$mo gd©loîR>, _hÎdnyU© hmoZo H$s, _mZZo H$s hmoS>-gr cJr& {d{dY {dMma
àdmh, _Vàdmh go {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V ^r CgHo$ {cE AndmX Zht h¡&
dñVyV: BZ g^r H$m gm{hË` _| AnZm-AnZm A{Zdm`© ñWmZ Ed_² _hËd h¡& BZHo$ {~Zm gm{hË` H$s
H$ënZm Ag§^d h¡&
3.3.5 Am¡{MË` H$s AdYmaUm
AmO h_ {Ogo ^maVr` H$mì`emó H$hVo h¡ dh _ycV: g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó h¡& g§ñH¥$V
H$mì`emó _| H$mì` cjU-ar{V, Ac§H$ma, ag, dH«$mo{º$, Üd{Z, Am¡{MË`, H$mì` Ho$ JwU-Xmof,
H$mì` Ho$ {d{dY ê$n H$m {dícofU h¡& ^maVr` H$mì`emó _| {d{^Þ gåàXm`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$m
B{Vhmg ^r ~‹S>m amoMH$ h¡& àma§^ _| H$mì` Am¡a H$mì` Ho$ ñdê$n H$s MMm© McVr ahr& "eãXmWm]
g{hVm} H$mì`_²', "a_Ur`mW© à{VnmXH$: eãX: H$mì`_²' H$hH$a Amapä_H$ ê$n _| eãX Am¡a AW© H$mo
hr àYmZVm {_cr& na§Vw ~mX _| Eogm {dMma AmJo Am`m {H$ eãXmW© Vmo H$mì` H$m eara _m§Ì h¡,
dh H$mì` H$m ~mh` ê$n _mÌ h¡& H$mì` H$s AmË_m AWdm H$mì` H$m AÝVñVËd Vmo eãXmW© go Hw$N>
AcJ hr h¡& Bg Vah H$mì` H$s AmË_m, àmUVËd AWdm AÝVñVËd H$s ImoO H$aVo hþE {d{^Þ
Ñ{ï>H$moUm| go {dMma hmoZo cJm Am¡a Bgr H$mo coH$a Omo _V-_Vm§Va ì`º$ hþE CÝht Ho$ AmYma na
g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó _| {d{^Þ gåàXm`m| H$m A{d^m©d hþAm& H$mì` Ho$ àmU^yV VËdm| Ho$ ê$n _| Omo
VËd gm_Zo AmE do Bg àH$ma h¢- ag, Ac§H$ma, ar{V, dH«$mo{º$, Üd{Z VWm Am¡{MË`& `o hr ^maVr`
H$mì`emó Ho$ N>: gåàXm` h¡& h_| Bg BH$mB© _| Am¡{MË` gåàXm` AWm©V {gX²Ym§V na {dMma H$aZm
h¡&
~mahdr eVmãXr _| jo_|Ð Zo ""Am¡{MË` {dMma MMm©'' Zm_H$ J«§W H$m àU`Z H$a Am¡{MË` Zm_H$
EH$ AË`§V _hÎdnyU© VÎd gm{hË`-{dMmaH$m| Ho$ gå_wI aIm& jo_|Ð X²dmam {Zê${nV `h Am¡{MË`
g_yMo H$mì` H$m {Z`m_H$ VÎd h¢& Am¡{MË` Ho$ {~Zm ag H$m ^mdZ Zht hmo gH$Vm Eogm H$hH$a
Am¡{MË` H$s n[a^mfm H$aVo hþE jo_|Ð Zo ~Vm`m {H$ "Omo {OgHo$ AZwê$n hmoVm h¡, dh C{MV hmoVm
h¡, Am¡a C{MV hmoZo H$m ^md hr Am¡{MË` H$hcmVm h¡&' agê$n H$mì` Ho$ OrdZ ñdê$n VWm
H$mì`mZw^y{V _| M_ËH$ma CËnmXH$ hoVw H$hH$a jo_|Ð Zo Am¡{MË` H$mo ag{gX²Y H$mì` H$m ñWm`r VËd
(Or{dV) ~Vm`m&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
101
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 ""Am¡{MË`§ ag{gX²Yñ` pñWa§ H$mì`ñ` Or{dV_²&''
jo_|Ð Ho$ _V go Am¡{MË` agê$n H$mì` H$m OrdZñdê$n h¡, H$mì`mZw^y{V _| M_ËH$ma CËnmXH$
hoVw ê$n h¡& ag{gX²Y H$mì` H$m AJa H$moB© àmUVËd h¡ Vmo dh h¡ Am¡{MË`& Eogm H$hH$a jo_|Ð Zo
Am¡{MË` H$mo EH$ {deof J[a_m àXmZ H$s h¡& AÇ>mB©g Am¡{MË` ñWcm| H$m {Zê$nU H$aHo$ Am¡{MË`
H$mo CgZo ì`mnH$ ^r ~Vm`m& gw§Xa H$mo C{MV Am¡a Agw§Xa H$mo AZw{MV ~VmH$a g_wMo H$mì`-JwUm|
H$m ag Am{X H$m Am¡{MË` _| g_mdoe H$a {X`m& Bg Vah jo_|Ð Zo Am¡{MË` H$mo EH$ gd©g_mdoeH$
VËd Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m&
""C{MV§ àmhþamMm`m©: gÑe§ {H$c `ñ` `V²
C{MVñ` M `mo ^mdg VXm¡{MË`§ àMjVo&''
`y± Vmo Am¡{MË`-{gX²Ym§V Ho$ àdV©Z H$m lo` jo_|Ð H$mo hr {X`m OmVm h¡& jo_|ÐX²dmam Jm¡ad àmßV
VÎd Am¡a CgH$m {Zê$nU, ^maVr` H$mì`emó Ho$ B{Vhmg _| Š`m gM_wM hr H$moB© gd©Wm ñdV§Ì Am¡a
ZdrZ CX²^mdZm Wr? ^maVr` H$mì`emó H$m B{Vhmg XoIZo na Bg àíZ H$m CÎma {_cVm h¡& Š`m|{H$
Zm_m§Va go Am¡a àH$mam§Va Ho$ gmW Am¡{MË` H$s ì`mnH$ MMm© ^maVr` H$mì`emó _| AmZwf§{JH$ ê$n
go ^r Š`m| Z hmo, Adí` {_cVr h¡& jo_|Ð Ho$ nyd© ^aV, ^m_h, XÊS>r, ê$ÐQ>, AmZ§XdY©Z, Hw$ÝVH$,
_{h_^Å> BË`mXr Ho$ J«§Wm| _| Am¡{MË` VËd na àg§J de g§Ho$V {_cVo h¢&
AmMm`© ^aV :
Am¡{MË` {dMma H$m àW_ CncãY ómoV AÝ` H$mì` {gX²Ym§Vmo H$s Vah ^aV_w{Z H$m "ZmQ>çemó'
h¡& ^aV Ho$ "ZmQ>çemó' _| "Am¡{MË`' eãX H$m à`moJ {gX²Ym§V ê$n _| Vmo Zht hþAm, na ì`dhma
_| BgH$m n`m©ßV à`moJ h¡& ^aV Ho$ _V go ZmQ>H$ cmoH$d¥{Îm H$m AZwH$aU h¡& cmoH$d¥{Îm H$m AZwH$aU
ghr-ghr Am¡a AZwê$n hmoZm Mm{hE& do H$hVo h¢-
""d`mo@Zwê$n : àW_ñVw dof:
dofmZwê$níM J{V-àH$ma:&
J{V àMmamZwJV§ M nmR²>`§
nmR²>`mZwê$nmo@{^Z`BM H$m`©:&''
AWm©V ""d` Ho$ AZwê$n dof hmoZm Mm{hE, dof Ho$ AZwê$n J{V, J{V Ho$ AZwê$n nmR²>` VWm
nmR²>` Ho$ AZwê$n A{^Z` hmoZm Mm{hE&''
dñVwV: AmMm`© ^aV Zo "Am¡{MË`' eãX H$m à`moJ Zht {H$`m h¡& {H$ÝVw ñdm^m{dH$Vm Ho$ ê$n
_| Am¡{MË` H$m à{VnmXZ Adí` {H$`m h¡&
^aV_w{Z Ho$ CnamÝV H$mì`emó H$m {Zê$nU H$aZodmco _hËdnyU© AmMm`© ^m_h h¡& ^m_h H$m `h

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
102
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$WZ {H$ H$moB© AgmYw dñVw ^r Aml` Ho$ gm¢X`© go AË`§V gw§Xa ~Z OmVr h¡, O¡go H$mcm H$mOc
a_Ur Ho$ Z`Zm| _| emo^m YmaU H$aVm h¡-
""qH${MV Aml`gm¡ÝX`m©V YVo emo^m_gmÜd{n&
H$mÝVm-{dcmoMZÝ`ñV§ _cr_g{_dmÝOZ_²&&''
^m_h H$s Vah XÊS>r Zo ^r JwU Am¡a Xmofm| H$m {ddoMZ H$aVo hþE AàË`j ê$n go Am¡{MË`
{gX²Ym§V H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m Wm& AZw{MV g§`moOZ go hr Xmof CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a H${d-H$m¡ec
AWm©V C{MV VËdm| Ho$ g_mdoe go Xmof ^r JwU _| n[aUV hmo gH$Vm h¡& XÊS>r Ho$ _V go gw§Xa H$mì`
_| Ñí`_mZ cKw Xmof ^r Cgr àH$ma K¥Um H$m Am¡a AZwËH$f© H$m H$maU ~ZVm h¡ O¡go a_Ur` eara
_| H$moT> H$m XmJ& Bg{cE H${d H$mo H$mì` {Z{_©{V _| AënVa Xmof H$s ^r Cnojm Zht H$aZr Mm{hE&
Š`m|{H$ Xmof`wŠV, H$mì` Hw$nwÌ Ho$ g_mZ qZXm^mOZ hmoVm h¡& Bgr MMm© _| ^m_h Ho$ "g{Þdoe {deof'
VWm "`Wml`' _| Am¡{MË` H$s Amoa hr g§Ho$V h¡&
ê$ÐQ> Zo H$mì`mc§H$ma _| Am¡{MË` eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& Am¡{MË` H$m g¡XYm§{VH$ CëcoI
H$aZodmco ê$ÐQ> àW_ AmMm`© h¡& CÝhm|Zo Xmof-n[ahma _| Am¡{MË` H$m _hÎd ñWm{nV {H$`m& agm¡{MË`,
Ac§H$mam¡{MË`, d¥{Îm-Am¡{MË` BË`mXr {^Þ-{^Þ H$mì`m§Jm| Ho$ Am¡{MË` na ^r BÝhm|Zo àH$me S>mcm
h¡&
Am¡{MË` VËd H$s ~hþV ì`mnH$ _r_m§gm H$aZo dmcm| _| jo_|Ð go nyd© AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z H$m Zm_
{c`m OmVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$' _| Am¡{MË` Ho$ ñdê$n H$s ñnîQ> Bg àH$ma H$s h¡-
""AZm¡{MË`mX² F$Vo ZmË`X² ag^§Jñ` H$maU_²&
Am¡{MË`mon{Z~ÝYñVw agñ`mon{ZfX² na&&''
AZm¡{MË` hr ag^§J H$m àYmZ H$maU h¡ Am¡a Am¡{MË` H$m g_mdoe hr ag H$m na_ ahñ` h¡&
AmZ§XdY©Z H$m Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V ag Am¡a Am¡{MË` na hr ñWm{nV h¡& BZH$m ag {ddoMZ Am¡a {eën
{ddoMZ H$m AmYma ^r Am¡{MË` h¡& BÝhm|Zo "Am¡{MË`' eãX H$m à`moJ H$aVo g_` CgHo$ N>: àH$ma
{ZpíMV {H$E- (1) agm¡{MË`, (2) Ac§H$mam¡{MË`, (3) JwUm¡{MË`, (4) g§KQ>Zm¡{MË`, (5)
à~§Ym¡{MË`, (6) arË`m¡{MË`&
1. agm¡{MË` : H$m g§~§Y ahm h¡& eãX Am¡a AW© H$m {Z`moOZ Am¡{MË`nyU© hmo ì`mH$aU Xmof
go ~MZm à~§YH$mì` _| g§{Y, KQ>Zm{X H$m à`moJ agmZwHy$c hmo, {damoYr agm§Jm|H$m dU©Z Z hmo& Jm¡U
dñVw, KQ>Zm, nmÌ, dmVmdaU H$m {dñVma Am¡{MË`nyU© hmo, {d^mJ, AZw^md, g§Mmar Ho$ dU©Z _|
Am¡{MË` H$m {Zdm©h hmo&
2. Ac§H$mam¡{MË` : Ho$ A§VJ©V Ac§H$mam| H$m ñdm^m{dH$ à`moJ, Ac§H$ma H$mì` _| Amamo{nV Z
hmo, ^mdm| H$s nw{îQ> _| `moJ XoZodmco Ac§H$mam| H$s A{Zdm`©Vm, CZH$m ñWmZ H$mì` _| Jm¡U hmoZm

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
103
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Mm{hE&
3. JwUm¡{MË` : H$mì` _| JwUm| H$m g_Ýd` agmZwHy$c hmoZm Mm{hE&
4. g§KQ>Zm¡{MË` : H$m g§~§Y dmŠ` aMZm go h¡& nmÌ H$s àH¥${V, {df` H$m ñdê$n, VmËn`© Am¡a
`mo½`Vm H$mo ñnîQ> H$aZodmcr dmŠ` aMZm hmoZr Mm{hE&
5. à~§Ym¡{MË` : à~§Y H$mì` Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m {Zd©hU H$aZm Mm{hE&
6. arË`m¡{MË` : dŠVm, ag, Ac§H$ma VWm H$mì` Ho$ ñdê$n Ho$ AZwHy$c ar{V H$m C{MV à`moJ
hr arË`m¡{MË` h¡&
AmZ§XdY©Z H$mo ì`m»`mH$ma A{^ZdJwßV do ^r Am¡{MË` Ho$ {df` _| J§^ra {dMma {H$`m h¡& CZHo$
_V go ag, Üd{Z Am¡a Am¡{MË` H$mì` Ho$ ñWm`r VÎd h¡& `o nañna {_cH$a hr H$mì` _| ^ì`Vm
cmVo h¡& d¡go H$mì` Ho$ _wc^yV Or{dV-àmUVÎd Vmo ag Am¡a Üd{Z hr h¡, Am¡{MË` H$s gÎmm Vmo BZgo
OwS>H$a hr h¡, AV: Jm¡U hr h¡& {\$a ^r A{^Zd JwßV H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ Am¡{MË` H$s ñdV§Ì gÎmm
Jm¡U hmoJo na ^r Am¡{MË` Ho$ A^md _| {d{dY H$mì` _| nyU©Vm Ag§^d h¡& Bg Vah A{^Zd JwßV
Ho$ _V go Am¡{MË` H$mì` H$m _hÎdnyU© VËd h¡&
dH«$mo{º$ {gX²Ym§V Ho$ àdV©H$ Hw§$VH$ Zo ^r dH«$Vm Ho$ A§VJ©V Am¡{MË` H$m g_mdoe H$a CgH$m
_hËd ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ _V go Am¡{MË` dH«$Vm H$m na_ ahñ` h¡, dH«$Vm H$m _ycmYma OrdZ
ahñ` Am¡{MË` hr h¡& AV: dmŠ` Ho$ eãX _| ^r Am¡{MË` H$m A^md hmoZo go göX`m|Ho$ AmëhmX
H$m[aËd _| hm{Z hmoVr h¡& Hw§$VH$ dH«$Vm Am¡a Am¡{MË` H$m g§~§Y {ZË` _mZVo h¡&
_{h_^Q²>Q> Zo H$mì` Xmof H$mo AZm¡{MË` H$m Zm_ {X`m Am¡a EH$ àH$ma go Am¡{MË` H$mo _hËdnyU©
ñWmZ {X`m& AZm¡{MË` H$mo agmZw^y{V _| ~mYH$ _mZm h¡& dmñVd _| _{h_^Q²>Q> Zo Am¡{MË` H$s Anojm
AZm¡{MË` H$m hr {dMma {H$`m h¡&
BZHo$ A{Va{ŠV amOeoIa, ^moO, `emodY©Z Am{X AmMm`m©oZo Am¡{MË` Ho$ VÎd H$mo coH$a AnZo
{dMma ì`ŠV {H$E h¡& qH$Vw Am¡{MË` H$s ñnîQ> ê$n go ì`m»`m H$aZodmco AmMm`m] _| gd©àW_
AmZ§XdY©Z hr h¡& Ü`mZ aho {H$ "Am¡{MË`' eãX H$m gd©àW_ à`moJ H$aZodmco AmMm`© ê$ÐQ> h¡&
CÝhm|Zo Am¡{MË` Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnîQ> H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m Am¡a Bgo EH§$ {ZpíMV ê$naoIm _| {ZYm©[aV
H$aZo H$m lo` AmZ§XdY©Z H$mo hr h¡& A{^ZdJwßV Zo ^r Am¡{MË` Ho$ ñdê$n H$s {dñV¥V ì`m»`m H$s
h¡&
Am¡{MË` g§~§Yr CnamoŠV {dH${gV YmaUm H$m gå`H²$ qMVZ H$aHo$, AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z Am¡a
A{^Zd JwßV H$s Am¡{MË` {df`H$ {ddoMZ H$m AmYma J«hU H$a jo_|ÐZo ~mahdr eVmãXr _| EH$
ñdV§Ì H$mì`-g§àXm` H$mo OÝ_ {X`m, {Ogo ""Am¡{MË` g§àXm`'' H$hm OmVm h¡& jo_|Ð ñdV: Üd{ZdmXr
Wo {\$a ^r, "Am¡{MË` {dMma MMm©' Zm_H$ AnZo J«§W _| CÝhm|Zo Am¡{MË`, CgH$m ñdê$n, _hÎd, ^oX
Am{X H$m _m¡{cH$ qMVZ àñVwV {H$`m h¡& Am¡{MË` H$mo ì`mnH$ H$mì` VËd Ho$ ê$n _| à{V{ð>V {H$`m
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
104
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hm- ""C{MVñ` ^md: Am¡{MË`_²'' C{MV Ho$ ^md H$mo Am¡{MË` H$hVo h¡& H$mì` _|
àË`oH$ H$mì` VËd H$m C{MV ê$n go à`moJ Am¡{MË` H$hcmVm h¡&
jo_|Ð Ho$ AZwgma H$mì` H$s AmË_m Am¡{MË` h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$mì` Ho$ àË`oH$ A§J-Cnm§J, eãX,
AW©, nX, dU©, ar{V, JwU, qcJ, dMZ, dmŠ`, ag, ^md, Ac§H$ma, à~§Y, àg§J, ì`dhma, {dMma,
{df` Am{X g~ _| Am¡{MË` H$mo _hÎdnyU© _mZm h¡& jo_|Ð Ho$ _VmZgwma-
""Am¡{MË`ñ` M_ËH$maH$m[aUíMmê$MdU©&
agOr{dV^yVñ` {dMma§ H$ê$ Vo@YwZm&&''
Am¡{MË` hr ag H$m Or{dV^yV h¡, àmU h¡& H$mì` _| M_ËH$ma CËnÞ H$aVm h¡& AmJo do H$hVo
h¢-
""Ac§H$mamgËdc§H$mam JwUm Ed§ JwUm: gXm&
Am¡{MË` ag{gX²Yñ` pñWa§ H$mì`ñ` Or{dV_²&''
g§jon _|, jo_|Ð Zo Am¡{MË` H$mo H$mì` H$m Or{dV VËd _mZm h¡& H$mì` H$s {gX²Yr ag go hmoVr
h¡& Am¡a Am¡{MË` H$m H$m_ Cgo ñWm{`Ëd àXmZ H$aZm h¡&
3.3.6 Am¡{MË` H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
"Am¡{MË`' eãX H$m AW© :
"Am¡{MË`' eãX H$m H$moeJV AW© h¡ Cn`wŠVVm& gmYmaU ^mfm _| Am¡{MË` H$mo ñdm^m{dH$Vm
_mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& àË`oH$ dñVw H$m C{MV _mÌm _| Cn`moJ, à`moJ Am¡{MË` h¡, C{MV H$m`©,
AmMaU-ì`dhma ^r BgHo$ AW© h¡& H$mì` _| BgH$m AW© H$mì`m§Jm| H$s C{MV `moOZm go h¢&
g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AmMm`© jo_|Ð Zo AnZo nyd© g_ñV H$mì` {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m g_Ýd` {H$`m& jo_|Ð Ho$
_VmZwgma ag, ar{V, Ac§H$ma, Üd{Z, dH«$mo{º$ Am{X g^r H$m H$mì` {Z_m©U _| _hÎd h¡& na§Vw BZH$m
_hËd V^r ñdrH$ma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, O~ BZHo$ à`moJ _| Am¡{MË` AWm©V² ñdm^m{dH$Vm H$m Ü`mZ
aIm J`m hmo& Am¡{MË` Ho$ A^md _| BZH$m H$moB© _hÎd Zht h¡&
n[a^mfm :
Am¡{MË` {gÕm§V gm{hË` H$m AË`§V ì`mnH$ {gX²Ym§V h¡& jo_|Ð BgHo$ àdV©H$ AmMm`© h¡& jo_|Ð
Ho$ AZwgma Am¡{MË` go A{^àm` H${dH$_© H$m Am¡{MË` h¡& Am¡{MË` Ho$ {~Zm H$moB© ^r dñVw Cnhmg
H$m {df` ~Z gH$Vr h¡& CÝhm|Zo Am¡{MË` H$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma Xr h¢- ""C{MVñ` ^md:
Am¡{MË`_²'' C{MV Ho$ ^md H$mo "Am¡{MË`' H$hVo h¡& do H$hVo h¢-
""C{MV§ àmhþamMm`m©: gÑí`§ {H$c `ñ` `V²&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
105
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 C{MVñ` M `mo ^mdg VXm¡{MË`§ àMjVo&&''
AWm©V Omo {OgHo$ AZwê$n hmo, dh C{MV hmoVm h¡& C{MV hmoZo H$m ^md hr "Am¡{MË`' H$hcmVm
h¡& Bg C{MV H$mo ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE jo_|Ð Zo AmJo CXmhaU g{hV ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ ""C{MV ñWmZ na
aIZo go hr Ac§H$ma-Ac§H$ma hmoVo h¡ VWm Am¡{MË` go hmoH$a JwU-JwU hmoVo h¡&'' Bgo CXmhaU go
g_PmVo hþE jo_|Ð Am¡{MË` Ho$ g§X^© _| {cIm h¡-
""H$ÊR>o _oIc`m, {ZV§~\$cHo$ ZmaoU hmaoU dm&
nmUm¡ Zwnwa~§YZoZ, MaUo Ho$`wanmeoZ dm&&
em¡`}U àUVo, [anm¡ H$aU`m, ZmWm{V Ho$ hmñ`mVm_²&
Am¡{MË`oZ {dZm ê${M: àVwZVo Zm c§H$m{V©Zm¡ JwU:&&''
AWm©V Jco _| H$_a Ac§H$ma _oIcm, {ZV§~ na Pc_cmVm hma, hmWm| _| n¡am| H$m Ac§H$ma Zwnya
Am¡a MaUm| _| _ñVH$ H$m Am^yfU Ho$`ya-nme YmaU H$aZo go H$m¡Z ì`[º$ Cnhmg H$m nmÌ Zht
~ZVm? Bgr àH$ma àUV `m eaU AmE hþE ì`{º$ na em¡`© VWm CX²Xm_ ewÌ na H$ê$Um àXe©Z H$aZm
{H$g àH$ma Am¡{MË`nyU© h¡? gË` Vmo `h h¡ {H$ Am¡{MË` Ho$ {~Zm Z Ac§H$mam| H$s emo^m h¡ Z JwUm|
H$s&
Bgr Vah ào_ Ho$ g_` _| H«$moY Am¡a H«$moY Ho$ g_` _| àr{V {XImZm, `wX²YñWc _| eÌw na
H$ê$Um {XImZm VWm eÌw Ho$ eaU AmZo na Cg na draVm {XImZm `o ~mVo AË`§V hr AZw{MV h¡&
C{MVVm àmßV H$aHo$ hr g§gma _|, OJV² _| AWdm ì`dhma _| H$moB© ^r {H«$`m AmXa H$mo àmßV hmo
gH$Vr h¡& ì`dhma H$s `o ~mV| hr jo_|Ð Zo gm{hË` na ^r cmJy H$a Xr h¡& gw§Xa C{º$ C{MV nX
nmH$a Cgr àH$ma AmXaUr` hmo gH$Vr h¡, O¡go Jm¡a gw§Xar Ho$ _mWo na H$ñVwar H$m {VcH$ AWdm
í`m_m Ho$ _mWona M§XZ H$m {VcH$& Am¡{MË` Ho$ {df` _| jo_|Ð H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ Am¡{MË` go `wº$
dmŠ` hr h_oem gÁOZm| Ho$ X²dmam AmXaUr` Ed_² ñdrH$maUr` hmoVm h¡ O¡go Ë`mJ go Eoíd`© H$m Am¡a
erc go ~wX²{Y H$m _hËd ~‹T>Vm h¡& {Og Vah Am¡{MË` go hr ì`dhma _| AmXa nm`m Om gH$Vm
h¡, Cgr àH$ma Am¡{MË`nyU© dmUr go hr H$mì` ^r gw§Xa ~Z gH$Vm h¡&
3.3.7 Am¡{MË` H$m _hËd
Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V H$m ^maVr` H$mì`emó Ho$ B{Vhmg _| AnZm EH$ {d{eîR> ñWmZ Ed§ _hÎd
ahm h¡& `h {gX²Ym§V BVZm ì`mnH$ h¡ {H$ Bg_| H$mì` Ho$ g^r A§Jm| H$m g_mdoe hmo OmVm h¡& "ag'
H$mì` H$m àYmZ VÎd h¡& ar{V JwU, Ac§H$ma, d¥{Îm VWm H$mì` Ho$ AÝ` g^r A§J ag Ho$ Amgnmg
Kw_Vo h¡& CZHo$ Bg n[a^«_U _| Am¡{MË` H$s hr A{Zdm`©Vm h¡& Am¡{MË` Ho$ A^md _| ag H$s H$moB©
pñW{V Zht hmoVr& Bg{cE Am¡{MË` H$mo agm^mg H$hm J`m h¡& ag H$m {d{^Þ VÎdm| go gå~ÝY
{ZpíMV H$aZo H$m H$m_ Am¡{MË` hr H$aVm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
106
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 cmoH$ ì`dhma VWm H$cm-ì`mnma _| gd©Ì Am¡{MË` H$m _hÎd ñnîQ> h¡& Y_©-H$_©, Zr{V-AZr{V,
nmn-nwÊ` Am¡{MË` na hr AmYm[aV h¡& g§gma _| gm¢X`© H$s H$ënZm ^r Cgr na Am{lV h¡& H$mì`
Ho$ g^r VÎd V^r J«mø _mZo OmVo h¡, O~ do Am¡{MË` Ho$ X²dmam gm¢X`© H$s d¥X²{Y H$aZo _| g_W©
ahVo h¡& BZ g^r VËdm| _| Am¡{MË` X²dmam g§VwcZ, gm_§Oñ`, g_rMrZVm VWm Cn`wŠVVm CËnÝZ hmo
OmVr h¡& Am¡{MË` Ho$ Bg ì`mnH$ Am¡a {deX ê$n H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a g^r AmMm`m]Zo EH$_V go Bg
{gX²Ym§V H$mo _hËd àXmZ {H$`m h¡&
"Am¡{MË`' H$mì` H$m A{Zdm`© VÎd :
Am¡{MË` H$mì` g_rjm H$m loîR> _mZXÊS> h¡& Am¡{MË` VÎd H$m H$mì` _| AnZm _m¡{cH$ d
{Zanoj ñWmZ h¡& H$mì` _| ag Am¡a ^md Ho$ à{VnmXZ Ho$ {cE Am¡{MË` A{Zdm`© VËd h¡& `h ghr
h¡ {H$ ag Am¡a ^md Ho$ {~Zm Am¡{MË` H$s gÎmm g§^d Zht& AV: loîR> H$mì` H$m gdm©{YH$ àmUVËd
Am¡a gm¢X`© {dYm`H$ VËd Am¡{MË` h¡&
"Am¡{MË`' H$mì` H$m {Z`m_H$ VÎd :
Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V H$m _hÎd Am¡a A{Zdm`©Vm dmXmVrV h¡& Ohm± VH$ Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V H$s
CncpãY`m| H$m g§~§Y h¡, `h {ZpíMV ê$n go H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BgHo$ H$maU H$mì`emó H$s
H$_r Xÿa hmo J`r h¡& Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V Zo Ac§H$ma, ar{V VWm dH«$mo{º$ H$s M_ËH$madmXr VWm
A{VdmXr àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo {Z`§{ÌV {H$`m, {OgH$s dOh go H$mì` _| ñdm^m{dH$Vm H$m gå_mZ hmoZo cJm&
AmMm`© jo_|ÐZo `h ñnîQ> H$a {X`m {H$ Ho$dc Ac§H$ma Am¡a ar{V H$m A{VdmXr à`moJ H$mì` H$m
gm¢X`© ~‹T>mZo H$s Anojm A{YH$ hm{Z hr nhþ±MmVr h¡& n[aUm_V: H$mì` AnZo __©ñneu H$Ï` H$s
Anojm H¥${Ì_ Ac§H$mam| go AmÀN>m{XV ahVm h¡& Am¡{MË` H$m {dMma h_| Bggo Xÿa aIVm h¡& g§jo_
_| "Am¡{MË`' H$mì` H$m {Z`m_H$, {Z`§ÌH$ hmoVm h¡ Omo loîR> H$mì` Ho$ {cE AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡&
"Am¡{MË`' H$mì` gm¢X`© H$m _ycmYma :
"Am¡{MË`' H$mì`-gm¢X`© H$m _ycmYma h¡& dñVwV: "Am¡{MË`' H$mì` H$m gm¢X`© h¡& àm`: g^r
C{MV ~mVm| _| gm¢X`© ~‹T>Vm h¡& Am¡{MË` "H$mì`' _| gm¢X`© H$s d¥X²{Y H$aZo _| ghmæ`H$ VËd {gX²Y
hmo MwH$m h¡& jo_|Ð Zo Am¡{MË` Ho$ 28 ^oX {ZYm©[aV {H$E h¡& CÝhm|Zo "ag' H$mo gdm©{YH$ _hËd {X`m
h¡& do agm¡{MË` H$s ì`m»`m H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¡•• ""Am¡{MË` Ho$ X²dmam ag Am¡a A{YH$ AmñdmXZr`
~ZH$a göX`m| Ho$ g~ öX`m| _| ì`mßV hmoVm h¡& _Yw_mg O¡go AemoH$ H$mo A§Hw$[aV H$a XoVm h¡& _Ywa
{VŠV, cdU, H$fmK Am{X agmo§ H$mo `w{º$nyd©H$ {_cmZo go {Og àH$ma EH$ {dcjU AmñdmX CËnÝZ
hmoVm h¡, {R>H$ Cgr àH$ma e¥§Jma, dra, em§V, H$ê$U Am{X agm| H$mo nañna g_pÝdV H$aZo na EH$
Acm¡{H$H$ agmZw^y{V hmoVr h¡&''
g§jon _| AmMm`© jo_|Ð Zo Am¡{MË` H$mo H$mì` H$m Ho$dc A{Zdm`©, gm¢X`© dY©H$ hr Zht H$mì`
H$m _ycmYma _mZH$a Cgo hr H$mì` H$s AmË_m Kmo{fV {H$`m h¡& Am¡{MË` Ho$ A^md _| loîR>, gw§Xa,

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
107
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
gag, gwag H$mì` H$m {Z_m©U Ag§^d h¡& g^r H$mì`mJm| H$m g_Ýd` H$aZodmcm Am¡{MË` A{Zdm`©
h¡&
"Am¡{MË`' EH$ g_pÝdV VËd :
AmMm`© jo_|Ð H$mì` _| ag Ed§ Üd{Z H$s A{Zdm`© gÎmm H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡& BZ_| ^r do ag
H$mo gdm}n[añWmZ XoVo h¡ {H$ÝVw do `h ^r {gX²Y H$aVo h¡ {H$ ag Am¡a Am¡{MË` _| AÝ`moÝ`m{lV g§~§Y
hmoVm h¡& Am¡{MË`^§J go ag ^§J hmoVm h¡& Am¡{MË` Ho$ {~Zm ag Am¡a ag Ho$ {~Zm Am¡{MË` AYyao
h¡& Am¡{MË` H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZVo hþE ^r do Am¡{MË` H$s g\$cVm agm{^ì`{º$ _| _mZVo h¡&
CZHo$ _VmZwgma H$moB© ^r eãX `m dñVw{MÌU AmZ§XXm`H$ Bg{cE hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg_| Am¡{MË` AWm©V
ag ì`§OZm hmoVr h¡&
AV: `h ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ Am¡{MË` EH$ ñd`§{gX²Y VËd h¡& Am¡{MË` dñVwV: H$mì` Ho$
g§~§Y _| VaV_ {ddoH$ h¡& Am¡{MË` H$m à{VnmXZ H$aHo$ jo_|Ð Zo H$mì` H$mo gåZ{dV _mJ© na co OmZo
H$m g\$c à`mg {H$`m h¡& ^maVr` g_rjm emó H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo go `h ghO ñnîQ> hmo OmVm
h¡ {H$ Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V hr dmñVd _| Eogm {gX²Ym§V h¡ {Ogo ewX²Y ê$n go g_rjm {gX²Ym§V g_PZm
Mm{hE&
3.3.8 Am¡{MË` Ho$ ^oX
amo‘r¶ AmbmoMH$ hmoaog H$m ‘ZZm Wm {H$ ha ê$n H$s AnZr ñdV§Ì BH$mB© hmoVr h¡& CgH$m ñdV§Ì
ê$n {ZIma ^r Oê$ar h¡& AJa H$moB© H$bmH$ma {H$gr àmUr H$m {MÌ {ZH$mbo Am¡a {Og‘| {ga ‘Zwî¶ H$m
hmo, eara ‘N>br H$m hmo Am¡a nyN> {H$gr nN>r H$s hmo Vmo Cgo OrdZ Ho$ nao H$s dñVw ‘mZr OmEJr ¶m
H$mën{ZH$ dñVw ‘mZr OmEJr& Eogm {MÌ OrdZ Ho$ gmW VmëbwH$ Zht aIoJm, O~{H$ CgH$m Cnhmg
C‹S>m¶m OmEJm& hmoaog H$m Am¡{M˶ g§~§Yr {dMma H$mì¶ Ho$ ha A§J-Cnm§J go g§~§{YV h¡& hmoaog Zo
Am¡{M˶ Ho$ 1) {df¶, 2) M[aÌ, 3) A{^Z¶, 4) KQ>Zm, 5) ^mfm ¶o nmM ^oX ‘mZo h¢& hmoaog H$mì¶
H$s g’$bVm Am¡a Ag’$bVm Am¡{M˶ Ho$ BZ nmM VÎdm| Ho$ AmYma na ‘mZVo h¢&
AmMm¶© jo‘|Ð Zo “Am¡{M˶ {dMma MMm©’ ‘| ag Am¡a Am¡{M˶ Ho$ nmañn[aH$ g§~§Y H$m {ddoMZ
{H$¶m h¡& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ H$mì¶ H$m àmUê$n ag h¡ Am¡a Ord^yV Am¡{M˶ h¡& jo‘|Ð AnZr g‘rjm
‘| AmË‘m Am¡a Ord (Or{dV AWm©V² àmU) H$m A{^àm¶ EH$ Zht h¡& ñd¶§ jo‘|Ð Zo AnZo “Am¡{M˶
{dMma MMm©’ J«§W Ho$ EH$ íbmoH$ ‘| H$hm h¡-
"Am¡{M˶ñ¶ M‘ËH$maH$m[aUíMmê$Md©Uo&
agOr{dV ^yVñ¶ {dMma§ Hw$éVoYwZm&&'
Üd{ZH$ma AmZ§XdÕ©Z Zo Am¡{M˶ Ho$ N>h ^oX ~VmE h¢& 1) ag Am¡{M˶ 2) Ab§H$ma Am¡{M˶ 3)
JwU Am¡{M˶ 4) g§JR>Z Am¡{M˶ 5) à~§Y Am¡{M˶ 6) ar˶ Am¡{M˶& BZH$m {ddoMZ {ZåZ{b{IV
ê$n go àñVwV h¡-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
108
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
3.3.8.1 ag Am¡{M˶:
H$mì¶ ‘| {d^md, AZw^md, g§Mmar ^md Am{X H$m dU©Z H$aVo g‘¶ Am¡{M˶ H$m I¶mb ܶmZ aIZm
Mm{hE& ‘w»¶ ag H$m {ddoMZ H¡$go hmo? A§Jr^yV ag {H$g àH$ma ‘w»¶ ag H$mo ghm¶H$ hmo? agm| ‘|
nañna {damoY H¡$go hmo? H$m¡Z-gm ag {H$g ag Ho$ gmW Am¡a {H$g {d{Y go {Z~Õ hmoZo na AnZr {déÕVm
H$m n[a‘mO©Z H$aVm h¡? BZ gmar ~mVm| H$m {ddoMZ agm¡{M˶ ‘| hmoZm Mm{hE& AJa H$mì¶ ‘| BZ gmar
~mVm| H$m I¶mb Zht aIm J¶m Vmo Cg‘| H$B© Xmof CËnÞ hmo gH$Vo h¢& Am¡{M˶ Ho$ H$maU hr é{Ma ~Zm
ag g~Ho$ öX¶m| ‘| ì¶mßV hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ ‘Z H$mo Cgr àH$ma A§Hw$[aV H$a XoVm h¡&
3.3.8.2 Ab§H$ma Am¡{M˶ :
H$mì¶ ‘| Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ ‘w»¶ ^md H$s n¥pîQ> hoVw ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go {H$¶m OmZm Mm{hE& H$mì¶
‘| CZH$m ñdV§Ì ¶m AbJ ApñVËd AZw{MV h¡& Bg‘| Ab§H$mam| Ho$ Am¡{M˶ H$mo àYmZVm Xr JB© h¡&
3.3.8.3 JwU Am¡{M˶ :
H$mì¶ ‘| ag Ho$ AZwHy$b JwUm| H$m hmoZm Amdí¶H$ h¡& O¡go àgmX, ‘mYw¶©, AmoO Am{X JwUm| go g§nÞ
H${dVm nmR>H$ Ho$ ‘Z na à^md S>mboJr& Bg{bE H${dVm ‘| JwUm| hmoZm ^r Am¡{M˶nyU© hmoVm h¡&
3.3.8.4 g§JR>Z Am¡{M˶ :
Bg àH$ma Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| Mma ~mVm| H$m {dMma {H$¶m h¡; {OZ‘| ag H$m Am¡{M˶, {df¶ H$m Am¡{M˶,
d³Vm H$m Am¡{M˶, dmÀ¶ H$m Am¡{M˶ em{‘b h¢& BZ Mma ~mVm| H$s g嶲H$ gm‘m{gH$ nX aMZm H$mo
g§JR>Z Am¡{M˶ H$hm OmVm h¡&
3.3.8.5 à~§Y Am¡{M˶ :
à~§Y H$mì¶ ‘| ໶mV Am¡a H$pënV H$Wm H$m C{MV AZwnmV hmoZm hr à~§Y Am¡{M˶ h¡& Bg H$mì¶
‘| H$moB© H$Wm ag à{VHy$b Zht hmoZm Mm{hE& H$Wm ‘| d{U©V gmar KQ>ZmE± XoeH$mb dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwgma
hmoZr Mm{hE&
3.3.8.6 ar˶ Am¡{M˶ :
Bg àH$ma Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| ar{V Ho$ {d{^Þ JwUm| H$m C{MV à¶moJ hmoZm Amdí¶H$ h¡& H$mì¶ Ho$ AZwHy$b
d¡X^u, Jm¡‹S>r, nm§Mmbr Am{X ar{V¶m| H$m C{MV à¶moJ Amdí¶ hmoZm Mm{hE&
AmMm¶© jo‘|Ð Ho$ AZwgma ag go H$mì¶ g§nÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a Am¡{M˶ Ho$ X²dmam hr Cgo ñWm¶r
OrdZ àmßV hmo OmVm h¡& ¶o XmoZm| {gÕm§V EH$-Xÿgao ‘| {‘boOwbo h¢& jo‘|Ð Zo Am¡{M˶ Ho$ gÎmmB©g ^oX
~VmE h¢- 1) nX, 2) dm³¶, 3) à~§YmW©, 4) JwU, 5) Ab§H$ma, 6) ag, 7) {H«$¶m, 8) H$maH$,
9) qbJ, 10) dMZ, 11) {deofU, 12) CngJ©, 13) {ZnmV, 14) Mmb, 15) Xoe, 16) Hw$b,
17) d«V, 18) VÎd, 19) gÎd, 20) A{^àm¶, 21) ñd^md, 22) gma g§J«h, 23) à{V^m, 24)
AdñWm, 25) {dMma, 26) Zm‘, 27) Amerdm©X&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
109
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 H$mì¶ Ho$ ha A§J-Cnm§J na Am¡{M˶ H$m à^md ZOa AmVm h¡& XaAgb Am¡{M˶ Aݶ H$mì¶
Ho$ A§Jm| H$mo CnmXo¶ ~ZmZo H$m gmYZ h¡, gmܶ Zht& Am¡{M˶ H$mo H$mì¶ H$s AmË‘m ‘mZVo hþE ñdV§Ì
{gÕm§V ñWm{nV H$aZm C{MV Zht h¡& Bg g§X^© ‘| AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r AnZo "AmYw{ZH$ gm{h˶'
J«§W ‘| R>rH$ hr {bIVo h¢-"Hw$N> ‘V Eogo ^r h¢, Omo ag, Ab§H$ma Am{X à‘wI {gÕm§Vm| H$m {damoY Z
H$aVo hþE ^r CZ‘| g‘Ýd¶ bmZo H$s MoîQ>m H$aVo h¢& Eogo ‘Vm| H$mo ñdV§Ì ‘V H$s nXdr Zht Xr Om gH$Vr&
CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, jo‘|Ð H$m Am¡{M˶ Zm‘H$ ‘V, {Og‘| {d{^Þ H$mì¶-VÎdm| Ho$ g‘Ýd¶ H$s ¶moOZm h¡&'
gma ê$n ‘o§ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ H$mì¶ {Z{‘©{V à{H«$¶m ‘| {d{^Þ AZwHy$bVmAm| na ܶmZ XoZm
hr Am¡{M˶ h¡& BgHo$ ܶmZ aIZo go H$mì¶ H$s emo^m ~‹T> OmVr h¡, H$mì¶ ‘| {Z{hV ^mdm| H$s g§àofUr¶Vm
‘| ~‹T> OmVr h¡, H$mì¶ ‘| gagVm Am OmVr h¡ Am¡a g~go ~‹S>r ~mV H$mì¶ göX¶m| Ho$ {bE AmZ§XXm¶r
~Z OmVm h¡& H$mì¶ ‘| Am¡{M˶ H$m {Zdm©h Zht {H$¶m J¶m Vmo H$mì¶ ‘| AZoH$ Xmof ah OmVo h¢ Am¡a
CgH$s à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm IË‘ hmo OmVr h¡& Am¡{M˶ EH$ ì¶mnH$ VÎd h¡& Ab§H$ma ¶moOZm, ag ¶moOZm,
dm³¶ {dݶmg, nX aMZm, à~§YËd Am{X g^r ‘| Am¡{M˶ H$m ^md Oê$ar h¡& Am¡{M˶ Ho$ H$maU dU©
{dݶmg ‘| MméVm Am OmVr h¡, agmZwHy$bVm Am OmVr h¡, Ab§H$ma ^md H$m {Zê$nU hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a
CX²Xoí¶ H$WZ ‘| ghO AmH$f©U CËnÞ hmo OmVm h¡& Omo ^r hmo, ‘Ja Am¡{M˶ H$mo H$mì¶ H$s AmË‘m
Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm& Am¡{M˶ H$mì¶ H$m nW àXe©H$ Oê$a h¡, ‘Ja H$mì¶ H$m ‘yb VÎd Zht& Am¡{M˶
H$mì¶ H$m A§Va§J VÎd hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX CgH$s ‘hÎmm ag na hr {Z^©a ahVr h¡& AmMm¶© AmZ§XdÕ©Z Bgr
~mV Ho$ njYa h¡ {H$ ag go AbJ Am¡{M˶ H$m ApñVËd Zht h¡& AmMm¶© jo‘|Ð ^r Bg ~mV H$mo
ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢& do ag {gÕ H$mì¶ H$mo pñWa àmU VÎd (Or{dV) Am¡{M˶ H$mo ‘mZVo h¢, aghrZ H$mì¶
H$mo Zht& Am¡{M˶ H$mì¶ H$m A{Zdm¶© A§Va§J Jw‹T> Am¡a gyú¶ VÎd Oê$a h¡, ‘Ja H$mì¶ H$s AmË‘m Zht&
3.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ
àíZ 1 : {ZåZ{c{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go
{c{IE&
1. Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m àdV©H$ J«§W ............. h¡&
(H$) ÜdÝ`mcmoH$ (I) H$mì`àH$me (J) agJ§JmYa (K) gm{hË`Xn©U&
2. A{^Zd JwßV Zo ............. J«§W {cIm h¡&
(H$) ÜdÝ`mcmoH$ (I) ÜdÝ`mcmoH$ cmoMZ (J) Üd{Zemó (K) Üd{Z{dkmZ&
3. "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$' J«§W H$s aMZm ............. Zo H$s h¡&
(H$) A{^Zd JwßV (I) AmZ§XdY©Z (J) AmMm`© _å_Q> (K) ^aV_w{Z&
4. "H$mì`ñ` AmË_m Üd{Z:' `h H$mì` cjU ............. H$m h¡&
(H$) Am. ^aV_w{Z (I) Am. {dídZmW (J) n§{S>VamO OJÝZmW (K) Am. AmZ§XdY©Z&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
110
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 5. AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Üd{Z H$mo ............. {d^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡&
(H$) Xmo (I) Mma (J) VrZ (K) nmM&
6. AmZ§XdY©Z ............. H$mì` H$mo CÎm_ H$mo{Q> H$m _mZVo h¢&
(H$) JwUr^yV ì`§½` H$mì` (I) Üd{ZH$mì` (J) {MÌH$mì` (K) AdaH$mì`&
7. "Üd{Z{gX²Ym§V' H$m _ycmYma ............. h¡&
(H$) Ac§H$ma (I) JwU (J) eãXe{º$ (K) ar{V&
8. Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V Ho$ àdV©H$ AmMm`© ............. h¡&
(H$) jo_|Ð (I) dm_Z (J) Hw§$VH$ (K) ^aV&
9. H$mì`m§Jm| H$s C{MV `moOZm hr ............. H$hcmVr h¡&
(H$) e¡cr (I) ar{V (J) Am¡{MË` (K) A{^ì`§OZm&
10. jo_|ÐZo Am¡{MË` Ho$ ............. ^oX {ZYm©[aV {H$E h¢&
(H$) 25 (I) 27 (J) 29 (K) 28&
11. "Omo {OgHo$ AZwê$n hmoVm h¡, dh C{MV hmoVm h¡, Am¡a C{MV hmoZo H$m ^md hr Am¡{MË`
H$hcmVm h¡' ............. H$m H$WZ h¡&''
(H$) ^aV (I) AmZ§XdY©Z (J) jo_|Ð (K) A{^ZdJwßV&
12. "Am¡{MË`' {gX²Ym§V Zo H$mì` _| ............. H$mo _hËd àXmZ {H$`m&
(H$) ñdm^m{dH$Vm (I) ag (J) Ac§H$ma (K) Üd{Z&
13. jo_|Ð Zo "Am¡{MË`' g§~§Yr AnZo {dMma ........... Zm_H$ J«§W _| {dñVma Ho$ gmW ñnîQ> {H$E
h¡&
(H$) ZmQ>çemó (I) H$mì`mc§H$ma (J) Am¡{MË` {dMma MMm© (K) ÜdÝ`mcmoH$&
14. "Am¡{MË`' H$s ì`mnH$ _r_m§gm H$aZodmcmo _| jo_|Ð go nyd© AmMm`© ............. H$m Zm_ {c`m
OmVm h¡&
(H$) ^m_Q> (I) Am§ZXdY©Z (J) XÊS>r (K) A{^ZdJwßV&
15. Am. jo‘|Ð Zo H$mì¶ ‘| ............. H$mo ‘hÎd {X¶m h¡&
A) Am¡{M˶ ~) Ab§H$ma H$) ag S>) JwU
16. jo‘|Ð Ho$ AZwgma Am¡{M˶ Ho$ ............. ^oX h¢

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
111
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 A) 22 ~) 27 H$) 6 S>) 8
17. g§JR>Z Am¡{M˶ ‘| ............. ~mVm| H$m {dMma {H$¶m OmVm h¡&
A) 4 ~) 6 H$) 8 S>) 10
18. Üd{ZH$ma AmZ§XdÕ©Z Zo Am¡{M˶ Ho$ ............. ^oX ~VmE h¢&
A) 4 ~) 6 H$) 8 S>) 10
19. AmMm¶© jo‘|Ð Zo ............. J«§W ‘| Am¡{M˶ g§~§Yr MMm© H$s h¡&
A) Am¡{M˶ {dMma MMm© ~) Amg© nmoE{VH$m
H$) X ’§$H²$e§Z Am°’$ {H«${Q>{gÁ‘ S>) BZ‘| go H$moB© Zht
20. amo‘r¶ AmbmoMH$ hmoaog Zo ............. J«§W ‘| Am¡{M˶ g§~§Yr {dMma 춳V {H$E h¢&
A) Am¡{M˶ {dMma MMm© ~) Amg© nmoE{VH$m
H$) X ’§$H²$e§Z Am°’$ {H«${Q>{gÁ‘ S>) BZ‘| go H$moB© Zht
3.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1. àkm : ~wX²{Y, OÝ_OmV à{V^m&
2. {dd{jV : dm§N>{Z`, Ano{jV&
3. ÑJ : cmoMZ, Z`Z, Am±Io&
4. H$m§{V : M_H$, VmOJr, VoO&
5. fmoS>e : gmoch&
6. fmo@em : gmoch dJu` `wdVr, VéUr&
7. í`m_m : amÌ, aOZr&
8. VQ> : {H$Zmam (gmJa, ZXr Am{X H$m)
9. ómoV : CX²J_ñWc, _yc CËg&
10. ì`§½`mW© : àVr`_mZ AW©&
11. Am¡{MË` : C{MV, ñdm^m{dH$, AZwê$n, C{MV_mÌm&
12. gO©Z : g¥OZ, {Z_m©U (Zd{Z_m©U) Zd{Z{_©{V&
13. _oIcm : H$_a na nhZm OmZodmcm Zmar Ac§H$ma&
14. Zwnya : Kw§Ja&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
112○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 15. Ho$`ya : _ñVH$ H$m Am^yfU&
16. H$ñVwar : gwJ§{YV dñVw g§X^©-H$ñVwar _¥J&
17. {Z`m_H$ : {Z`§ÌU, AZwemgZ&
18. g_rMrZ : C{MV, Am¡{MË`nyU©, ñdm^m{dH$, Cn`wŠV&
19. àmUVÎd : _ycVËd, AmË_VËd, àYmZVËd&
20. nw{îQ> : g_W©Z H$aZm, ~c XoZm&
21. {dݶmg-O‘mH$a aIZm, gOmZm-g§dmaZm&
22. {Zê$nU-{ddoMZm H$aZm, AÀN>r Vah g‘PmZm&
3.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
àíZ 1 :
1. ÜdÝ`mcmoH$ 2. ÜdÝ`mcmoH$ cmoMZ 3. AmZ§XdY©Z&
4. Am. AmZ§XdY©Z 5. VrZ 6. Üd{ZH$mì`&
7. eãXe{º$ 8. jo_|Ð 9. Am¡{MË`&
10. 28 11. jo_|Ð 12. ñdm^m{dH$Vm&
13. Am¡{MË` {dMma MMm© 14. AmZ§XdY©Z& 15. Am¡{M˶
16. 27 17. 4 18. 6
19. Am¡{M˶ {dMma MMm© 20. Amg© nmoE{VH$m
3.7 gmam§e
1. àñVwV Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó H$m _hÎdnyU© {gX²Ym§V h¡&
2. Zdt eVmpãX _| AmZ§XdY©Z Zo "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$' Zm_H$ J«§W H$s aMZm H$aHo$ Üd{Z H$mo EH$ AË`§V
_hÎdnyU© H$mì`-cjU Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ Cgohr H$mì` H$s AmË_m _mZm h¡& do H$mì`
H$mo "H$mì`ñ` AmË_m Üd{Z:' H$hVo h¡&
3. Am. AmZ§XdY©Z Ho$ _VmZwgma Ohm± eãX Am¡a AW© AnZr gÎmm H$mo Jm¡U H$aHo$ {Og {deof
AW© H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVo h¡ dhm± Üd{Z AWdm ì`§½`mW© hmoVm h¡&
4. Am. AmZ§XdY©Z Ho$ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m _ycómoV g§ñH¥$V-H$mì`emó d¡`mH$aUm| H$m "ñ\$moQ>'
Üd{Z h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
113
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 5. AmZ§XdY©Z Zo H$mì` Ho$ {d{^Þ A§Jm| H$m (ag, Ac§H$ma, ar{V, JwU-Xmof Am{X H$m) Üd{Z
{gX²Ym§V Ho$ àH$me _| AdcmoH$Z H$aVo hþE CZH$m Üd{Z go g§~§Y ñWm{nV {H$`m h¡&
6. Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ AmMm`© AmZ§XdY©Z h¡ CZHo$ níMmV Am. A{^ZdJwßV, AmMm`©
_å_Q>, n§{S>VamO OJÞmW, Am. {dídZmW Zo Bgo AnZm `moJXmZ XoH$a g_W©Z {H$`m, Cgo pñWa
Ed§ _m¡{cH$ ê$n {X`m h¡&
7. AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Üd{Z Ho$ cjUm_ycm Üd{Z Am¡a A{^Ym_ycm Üd{Z Ho$ ê$n _| à_wI Xmo ^oX H$aVo
hþE CZHo$ Cn^oXm| H$m {dñV¥V ì`m»`m H$s hr Omo Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m ~cñWmZ h¡&
8. Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V EH$ AË`§V ì`mnH$ AdYmaUm h¡& Üd{ZdmXr AmMm`m] H$s g~go _hÎdnyU©
{deofVm CgH$s g_Ýd`dmXr Ñ{ï> H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡&
9. Üd{Z g§àXm` _| AÝ` g§àXm` H$s ^m±{V H$B© Ìw{Q>`m± Am¡a Ag§J{V`m± ^r h¡&
10. dñVwV: H$mì` H$s AmË_m dh Mmê$Ëd `m gm¢X`© hr h¡ {Ogo ag ^r H$hm J`m h¡ Am¡a {OgH$m
~a-~ma CëcoI AmZ§XdY©Z {H$`m h¡& VWm do Üd{Z, Ac§H$ma, ar{V Am¡a `o g~ Cgr Mmê$Ëd
H$s CncpãY Ho$ gmYZ _mÌ h¡& BVZm Adí` h¡ {H$ BZ gmYZmo _| Üd{Z H$m ñWmZ _hÎdnyU©
h¡& Bg_| H$moB© {ddmX Zht hmo gH$Vm {H$ Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó H$m _hÎdnyU©
{gÕm§V h¡&
11. àñVwV Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V ^maVr` H$mì`emó, g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó H$m _hËdnyU© {gX²Ym§V h¡&
12. ~mahdr eVmãXr _| g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AmMm`© jo_|Ð Zo "Am¡{MË` {dMma MMm©' Zm_H$ J«§W H$s aMZm
H$aHo$ Am¡{MË` Zm_H$ EH$ AË`§V _hËdnyU© H$mì`-VËd gm{hË` {dMmaH$m| Ho$ gå_wI aIm&
{Og_| CÝhm|Zo Am¡{MË` H$mo gm{hË` H$m àmUVËd, AmË_VËd {gÕ H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡&
13. jo_|Ð Ho$ {dMmamZwgma ""Omo {OgHo$ AZwê$n hmoVm h¡, dh C{MV hmoVm h¡, Am¡a C{MV hmoZo H$m
^md hr Am¡{MË` H$hcmVm h¡&''
14. jo_|Ð Ho$ _VmZwgma Am¡{MË` agê$n H$mì` H$m OrdZ ñdê$n h¡& ag{gX²Y H$mì` H$m Am¡{MË`
àmUVËd h¡&
15. Am¡{MË` H$mo gd©g_mdoeH$ VËd Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV H$aZo H$m g\$c à`mg `hm± {H$`m J`m h¡&
16. Am¡{MË` na {dMma H$aZodmco AmMm`© Ho$dc jo_|Ð Zht h¡ CZgo nyd© ZmQ>çemó J«§W _|
AmMm`© ^aV_w{Z Zo Am¡{MË` Ho$ ñWmZna "cmoH$d¥{Îm' eha H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ àH$mamÝVgo
Am¡{MË` H$s hr MMm© H$s h¡&
17. ^aV_w{Z Ho$ níMmV ^m_h, XÊS>r, ê$ÐQ> Zo Am¡{MË` H$m g¡X²Y¨m{VH$ CëcoI H$aHo$ Xmof n[ahma
_| Am¡{MË` H$m _hËd ñWm{nV {H$`m&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
114
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 18. AmZ§XdY©Z Zo Am¡{MË` VÎd H$s ~hþV ì`mnH$ _r_m§gm H$aHo$ EH$ àH$ma go jo_|Ð Ho$ {cE,
{gX²Ym§V ñWmnZm Ho$ {cE nŠH$s ~w{Z`mX V¡`ma H$aHo$ aIr Wr, {Ogna jo_|Ð Zo Am¡{MË`
{gX²Ym§V H$s ñWmnZm H$s h¡&
19. "C{MVñ` ^md: Am¡{MË`_²' H$hH$a jo_|Ð Zo Am¡{MË` H$mo H$mì` H$s AmË_m {gX²Y H$aZo H$m
à`mg {H$`m h¡& H$mì` H$mo Am¡{MË` Ho$ {~Zm Ag§^d _mZm h¡& H$mì` H$m Or{dV VÎd hmoZo
H$m Xmdm àñVwV {H$`m h¡&
20. Am¡{MË` H$mì` H$m àmUVËd Zht h¡& `hr ~mV gd© _mÝ` hmo J`r h¡ {H$ Am¡{MË` Ho$ H$maU
gm{hË` _| ñdm^m{dH$Vm, g§wXaVm, n{dÌVm Am OmVr h¡& AV: {H$gr ^r hmcV _| Am¡{MË`
H$s AdhocZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr& Am¡{MË` H$mì` H$m {Z`m_H$ VËd h¡&
3.8 ñdmÜ`m`
àíZ 1 : XrKm}Îmar àíZ&
1. Üd{Z H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE Üd{Z {gX²Ym§V H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Xr{OE&
2. Üd{Z Ho$ à_wI ^oXm|na àH$me S>m{cE&
3. ñ\$moQ> Am¡a Üd{Z ì`§OZm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
4. "Am¡{MË`' H$s AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE "Am¡{MË`' H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
5. H$mì` _| Am¡{MË` H$m _hËd {gX²Y H$s{OE&
6. g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emó _| Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V H$m ñWmZ {ZYm©[aV H$s{OE&
7. "Am¡{MË` {gX²Ym§V' na gmaJ^uV {Z~§Y {c{IE&
8. Am¡{M˶ Ho$ ^oXm| H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&
9. AmZ§XdÕ©Z Ho$ Am¡{M˶ ^oXm| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
àíZ 2 : cKwÎmar àíZ&
1. Üd{Z H$m AW© ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
2. ñ\$moQ> Üd{Z H$m ñdê$n ~VmB©E&
3. cjUm_ycmÜd{Z {H$go H$hVo&
4. "Am¡{MË`' H$m AW© ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
5. Am¡{MË` H$m _hËd {deX H$s{OE&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
115
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 6. AmZ§XdY©Z H$m "Am¡{MË`' g§~§Yr {dMma Š`m h¡?
7. jo_|Ð H$s Am¡{MË` g§~§Yr _mÝ`Vm ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
8. Am¡{MË` H$s A{Zdm`©Vm na àH$me S>m{cE&
9. Am¡{M˶ H$mo H$mì¶ ‘| {deof ‘hÎd àXmZ H$aZo dmbo ^maVr¶ AmMm¶© jo‘|Ð Am¡a nmíMm˶
AmbmoMH$ hoaog h¡&
10. XoeH$mb Am¡a n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwén Am¡{M˶nyU© ì¶dhma gXmMma H$hbmVm h¡& gm¢X¶© Ed§ H$bm
Ho$ joÌ ‘| Am¡{M˶ H$m {deof ‘hÎd h¡&
11. Ab§H$ma Am¡{M˶ ¶mZr H$mì¶ ‘| Ab§H$mam| H$m ñdm^m{dH$ à¶moJ ‘w»¶ ^md H$s A{^ì¶p³V
H$s nwpîQ> hoVw hmoZm Mm{hE&
12. ag go AbJ Am¡{M˶ ApñVËd Zht h¡&
13. H$mì¶ g¥OZ ‘| ag, Ab§H$ma, dm³¶, nX, à~§Y Am¡a ar{V H$m Am¡{M˶ ^md Oê$ar h¡&
14. H$mì¶ ha {gÕm§V AnZo-AnZo ñWmZ na h¡, ‘Ja H$mì¶ ‘| Am¡{M˶ H$m {Zdm©h Z hmoZo na Cg‘|
AZoH$ Xmof nmE OmVo h¢ Am¡a CgH$s à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm IË‘ hmo OmVr h¡&
3.9 joÌr` H$m`©
1. {H$gr gm{hpË`H$ aMZm H$s "Üd{Z' Ho$ AmYmana g_rjm H$s{OE&
2. {H$gr H${d H$mì` aMZm H$m ì`§½`mW© àmßV H$s{OE&
3. Üd{Z H$s ag, Ac§H$ma, ar{V Ho$ gmW VwcZm H$s{OE&
4. àñVwV {gX²Ym§V _| Cëc{IV g§ñH¥$V H$mì` n§{º$`m| H$m AW© (ì`§½`mW©) OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee
H$s{OE& AÝ` g_mZmWu CXmhaU OwQ>mB©E&
5. gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V H$s "Am¡{MË`' Ho$ AmYmana g_rjm H$s{OE&
6, "Am¡{MË`' H$m AÝ` H$mì`mJm|Ho$ gmW VwcZmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$s{OE&
7. "àñVwV {gÕm§V _| Cëco{IV g§ñH¥$V n§{º$`m| H$m AW© OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s{OE& C{MV AÝ`
CXmhaU OwQ>mZo H$m `ËZ H$s{OE&'
8. ‘mZd OrdZ ‘| Am¡{M˶ {gÕm§V H$m ‘hÎd A§{H$V H$s{OE&
9. {H$gr EH$ CXmhaU Ho$ X²dmam Am¡{M˶ {gÕm§V H$mo g‘PmBE&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
116
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
3.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&
1. ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` H$mì`emó - S>m°. kmZamO Jm`H$dmS>&
2. ^maVr` Ed§ nmí`mË` H$mì`emó - S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV&
3. ^maVr` H$mì`emó - S>m°. ^JraW {_l&
4. ^maVr` H$mì`emó H$s na§nam - S>m°. ZJ|Ð&
5. {gX²Ym§V Am¡a AÜ``Z - Jwcm~am`&
6. ^maVr` H$mì`emó - S>m°. AemoH$ Ho$. emh&
7. ^maVr` H$mì`emó Ho$ {gX²Ym§V - S>m°. H¥$îUXod Pmar&
8. ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` H$mì`emó - S>m°. gwaoeHw$_ma O¡Z& àm. _hmdra H§$S>maH$a&
9. gm{hË` {ddoMZ : "gw_Z' - _{cH$&
10. ^maVr` H$mì`emó H$s na§nam - S>m°. ZJ|Ð&
11. jo‘|Ð-Am¡{M˶ {dMma MMm©&
12. H$mì¶emñÌ ^maVr¶ Ed§ nmíMm˶-S>m°. H$Ýh¡¶mbmb AdñWr&
13. ag {gÕm§V - S>m°. ZJ|Ð&
rrr

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
117
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 gÌ-3 : BH$mB©-4
qhXr AmcmoMZm VWm AmcmoMH$

AZwH«$_
4.1 CX²>Xoí`
4.2 àñVmdZm
4.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
4.3.1 AmcmoMZm Ho$ ñdê$n Ed§ àH$mam| H$m n[aM`
4.3.2 qhXr H$s emór` AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM`
4.3.3 qhXr H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM`
4.3.4 qhXr H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM`
4.3.5 qhXr H$s _Zmo{dícofUdmXr AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM`
4.3.6 qhXr H$s ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM`
4.3.7 qhXr Ho$ à_wI AmcmoMH$
4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ
4.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
4.7 gmam§e
4.8 ñdmÜ`m`
4.9 joÌr` H$m`©
4.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
118
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
4.1 CX²>Xío `
àñVwV BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn-
1. AmcmoMZm Ho$ ñdê$n Ed§ àH$mam| go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
2. qhXr H$s emñÌr` AmcmoMZm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
3. qhXr H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
4. qhXr H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
5. qhXr H$s _Zmo{dícofUdmXr AmcmoMZm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
6. qhXr H$s g_mOemñÌr` AmcmoMZm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
7. qhXr H$s ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm go AdJV hmo OmE±Jo&
8. qhXr H$s {ZU©`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
9. ì`mdhm[aH$ g_rjm H$s à{d{Y go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
10. {d{dY H$mì` aMZmAm| H$s ì`mdhm[aH$ g_rjm H$aZo _| Amn gj_ ~ZmoJo&
11. AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r H$m ¶moJXmZ OmZ OmE±Jo&
12. AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r Ho$ ì¶p³V Ed§ dmL²>‘¶ go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
13. AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r H$s g‘rjm ÑpîQ> go AdJV hmo OmE±Jo&
14. Zm‘da qgh Ho$ ì¶p³V Ed§ dmL²>‘¶ go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
15. Zm‘da qgh H$s AmbmoMZm ÑpîQ> go AdJV hmo OmE±Jo&
16. qhXr AmbmoMZm joÌ ‘| Zm‘da qgh H$m ñWmZ OmZ nmE±Jo&

4.2 àñVmdZm
AmcmoMZm _mZd àH¥${V _| {Z{hV EH$ ghO d¥{Îm h¡& gm{hË` Am¡a AmcmoMZm XmoZm| H$m CX²J_
ñÌmoV _mZd _Z h¡& gm{hË` _mZd-öX` H$s agmË_H$ AZw^y{V`m| H$m ^md-àdU A{^ì`§OZ ì`mnma
h¡ Am¡a g_rjm gm{hË` {Z{hV g§doXZmAm| H$s {dícofU à{H«$`m h¡ Omo {d{dY e¡{c`m| Am¡a cú`m|
H$m {ZYm©aU H$aVr h¡& g¥OZ Am¡a g_rjm H$s _yc àoaUm _mZd {MÎm go gå~Y hmoZo Ho$ H$maU XmoZm|
_| EH$ Xÿgao H$s JwUmË_H$Vm H$m g_mdoe Aënm{YH$ _mÌm_| hmo OmVm h¡& aMZm Am¡a _r_m§gm H$m `h
ñdê$n g§JR>Z g^r Xoem| Ho$ gm{hË` _| Ý`Zm{YH$ _mÌm _| g_mZmÝVa J{V Ho$ gmW {dH${gV hmoVm
{XImB© XoVm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
119
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 gm{hË` g¥OZ H$s à{H«$`m gac, ghO Z hmoH$a O{Q>c hmoVr h¡ AV: g_rjH$ H$mo ^r H$cm
H¥${V H$s gå`H²$ nhMmZ Ho$ {cE gånyU© O{Q>c à{H«$`m Ho$ gmW A§Va§J g§~§Y OmoS>Vm nS>Vm h¡& {\$a
^r gO©H$ Am¡a g_rjH$ H$s H$m`©-nX²Y{V {^Þ h¡& g_rjm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s gdm©{YH$ geŠV {dYm
h¡, {OgZo g¥OZmË_H$ gm{hË` Ho$ {d{dY ê$nm| H$s {dícofUmË_H$ gm_J«r go AnZo ^ÊS>ma H$s lr
d¥{X²Y H$s h¡&
AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r H$m OÝ‘ 4 {gV§~a, 1906 B©. H$mo CÞmd OZnX Ho$ J«m‘ ‘Jam¶a ‘| hþAm&
Am. dmOno¶r Ho$ {nVm n§. JmodY©Zbmb dmOno¶r qhXr gm{h˶ Ho$ AÀN>o OmZH$ma Wo& {nVmOr H$s àoaUm go
Am. dmOno¶r Or qhXr gm{h˶ Ho$ à{V é{M ~‹T> JB©& CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm hOmar~mJ {‘eZ ñHy$b ‘| hmo
JB©& CÝhm|Zo H$mer qhXy {díd{dÚmb¶ go ~r. E. (gZ² 1927 B©.) Am¡a E‘. E. (gZ² 1929 B©.) H$s Cƒ
{ejm hm{gb H$s& CZ na qhXy {díd{dÚmb¶ Ho$ ~m~y í¶m‘gw§XaXmg H$m g~go A{YH$ à^md ahm& {ejm-
Xrjm Ho$ ~mX do X¡{ZH$ g‘mMma nÌ "^maV' Ho$ à¶mJ g§ñH$aU Ho$ g§nmXH$ ~Zo& CgHo$ ~mX "gyagmJa' H$m
g§nmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZmJar àMm[aUr g^m, H$mer Mbo JE& ¶h H$m¶© gZ² 1936 B©. ‘| nyam {H$¶m& gZ²
1937 B©. ‘| do "am‘M[aV‘mZg' H$m g§nmXZ H$aZo JmoaInwa nh±wMo& do dhm± go gZ² 1939 B©. ‘| dmng AmE
Am¡a OwbmB© 1941 go ~r. EM. ¶y. ‘| AܶmnZ H$m¶© {H$¶m& N>h gmb AܶmnZ Ho$ ~mX ‘mM© 1947 B©.
‘| CZH$m M¶Z gmJa {díd{dÚmb¶ Ho$ qhXr {d^mJ ‘| hþAm; Ohm± na CÝhm|Zo Xmo XeH$ VH$ qhXr
{d^mJmܶj Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$m¶© {H$¶m& do A³Vy~a 1965 ‘| {dH«$‘ {díd{dÚmb¶, C‚m¡Z ‘| Hw$bn{V ~Zo&
21 AJñV 1967 H$mo CÁO¡Z ‘| CZH$m XohmdgmZ hmo J¶m&
qhXr AmbmoMZm Ho$ dm{MH$ na§nam Ho$ à{gÕ ‘m³g©dmXr AmbmoMH$ Zm‘da qgh H$m OÝ‘ 28 OwbmB©,
1926 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ dmamUgr {Obo Ho$ Or¶Znwa J«m‘ ‘| hþAm& àmW{‘H$ {ejm ~Jb Ho$ Jm±d
AmdmOmnwa ‘| hm{gb H$s& CÝhm|Zo ~r. EM. ¶y. go qhXr gm{h˶ ‘| E‘. E. Am¡a "n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$s ^mfm'
{df¶ na nrEM². S>r. H$s& CgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo gmJa Ed§ OmoYnwa {díd{dÚmb¶ Am¡a Oo. EZ. ¶y. ‘| AܶmnZ
H$m¶© {H$¶m& CÝhm|Zo qhXr gm{h˶ ‘| AmbmoMZm H$mo EH$ Z¶m Am¶m‘ XoZo H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m& do qhXr Ho$ erf©ñW
emoYH$ma g‘mbmoMH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnݶmgH$ma, {Z~§YH$ma hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr Ho$ {eî¶ Wo&
Aܶ¶Zerb Ed§ {dMmaH$ àH¥${V Ho$ Zm‘da qgh Zo boIZ H$m Ama§^ An^«§e gm{h˶ go {H$¶m Am¡a do
bJmVma g‘-gm‘{¶H$ gm{h˶ go Ow‹S>o aho§& CZH$m A{YH$m§e boIZ AmbmoMZm Am¡a gmjmËH$ma {dYm ‘| h¡&
CZH$m {ZYZ 19 ’$adar, 2019 H$mo ZB© {Xëbr ‘| hmo J¶m&

4.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
4.3.1 AmcmoMZm Ho$ ñdê$n Ed§ àH$mam| H$m n[aM`
AmcmoMZm eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm Ed§ AW© :
AmcmoMZm eãX g§ñH¥$V ^mfm H$m h¡& `h eãX "ë`wM' `m "cwM' AWm©V "cmoM' YmVw go ~Zm
h¡& BgH$m {dJ«h Am + cmoM² + {U`² + ë`wM = AmcmoMZm h¡& "Am' CngJ© H$m AW© h¡ Mmam|

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
120
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Amoa go, "cmoM²' H$m AW© ho XoIZm& Bg àH$ma g_J«ê$n _| Mmam| Amoa go XoIZm `m narjU H$aZm
AmcmoMZm h¡& qhXr gm{hË` _| AmcmoMZm, g_rjm, g_mcmoMZm Am{X eãXm| H$m à`moJ àm`: g_mZ
AWm] _| hmoVm h¡& ì`wËn{Îm cä` AW© H$s Ñ{îQ> go g_rjm H$m Ame` h¡ gå`H$ + B©jm AWm©V ^cr
^m±{V XoIZm& Bgr àH$ma g_mcmoMZm eãX ^r g§ñH¥$V ^mfm H$m hr h¡& Bg eãX H$m {dJ«hme§ h¡-
g_² + AmB + cmoMZ + Am& g_ H$m AW© h¡ ^cr^m±{V AmB H$m AW© h¡ _`m©Xm Am¡a cmoMZ
H$m AW© h¡ XoIZm& g_mcmoMZm H$m AW© hþAm "g~ àH$ma go ^cr^m±{V XoIZm&' {H$gr dñVw `m H¥${V
H$s gå`²H$ ì`m»`m, CgH$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aZm hr AmcmoMZm h¡& "Am g_ÝVmV² cmonZ_² AdcmoH$Z_²
pñÌ`m± AmcmoMZm&' AmcmoMH$ {H$gr H${d `m coIH$ H$s H¥${V H$mo XoIVm `m naIVm h¡& narjm H$m
AW© h¡ "Mmam| Amoa go XoIZm'- n[aV: B©jm narjm&
_amR>r _| AmcmoMZm Ho$ {cE {Q>H$m, ^mî`, g_rjU, narjU eãX àM{cV h¡& AmO _amR>r _|
g_rjm Am¡a g_rjH$ eãX ~hþàM{cV h¡& A§J«oOr gm{hË` _| AmcmoMZm Ho$ {cE "{H«${Q>{gÁ_' eãX
H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& `h eãX "{H«$Q>rO' eãX go ~Zm h¡, BgH$m AW© ^r gå`H²$ ê$n go XoIZm
h¡& H$cm AWdm gm[hË` Ho$ _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ AW© _| BgH$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&
AmcmoMH$ {H$gr H$cmH¥${V _| ì`mßV à^md, AmñdmX Am¡a _yë`m| H$s {ddoMZm H$aVm h¡& dh
H${d H$_© H$mo àH$me _| cmH$a H${d Ho$ A{^àm` H$mo ñnîQ> H$aVm h¡& {dKmVm H$s g¥pîQ> H$mo H${d
naIVm h¡ Am¡a AmcmoMZm H$aVm h¡& dh gm{hË` _| {Z{hV A_yë` gm¢X`© VËdm| H$m AÝdofU H$aVm
h¡&
n[a^mfm :
g_rjm AWdm AmcmoMZm H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE _°Ï`y AmZm©ëS> Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ ""AmcmoMZm H$m
à_wI CX²Xoí` g§g¥{V X²dmam kmV Ed§ {dMm[aV gdm}ËH¥$îQ> ~mVm| H$m kmZ H$aZm VWm CZgo Xÿgam| H$mo
Bg{cE AdJV H$aZm h¡ {H$ gË` Ed§ `WmW© {dMmam| H$m ñÌmoV ñ\w$[aV hmo gHo$&''
Q>r. Eg. B{c`Q> H$m _V h¡ {H$ ""AmcmoMZm X²dmam H$cmH¥${V H$m {ZXe©Z Am¡a A{^ê${M H$m
n[aîH$ma hmoVm h¡&''
AmB©. E. [aMS>g© Ho$ AZwgma ""H$cm OrdZ H$s AZw^y{V`m| H$m {ddoMZ VWm _yë`m§H$Z AmcmoMZm
h¡&''
BZgm`Šcmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ ""g_mcmoMZm H$m AW© dñVwAm| Ho$ JwU-Xmof
H$s naI H$aZm h¡, Mmho dh naI gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| H$s J`r hmo AWdm c{cV H$cm Ho$ joÌm|
_|& BgH$m {dH$mg ñdê$n-{ZU©` _| gpÝZ{hV ahVm h¡&''
dg©\$moëS> Ho$ {dMma go ""AmcmoMZm H$cm Am¡a gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| {ZU©` H$s ñWmnZm h¡&''
ìhrŠQ>a h`yJmo Ho$ AZwgma, ""Cg H$m`© H$mo AmcmoMZm H$hm OmVm h¡ {OgHo$ X²dmam {H$gr aMZm
H$s AÀN>mB© VWm ~wamB© H$s naI hmoVr h¡&''
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
121
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 ha~Q>© arS> H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ ""AmcmoMZm Ho$dc H$cmH¥${V go hr {Zanoj gå~ÝY Zht aIVr
~pëH$ aMZmH$ma H$s àoaH$ epŠV`m| Am¡a CgH$s aMZm à{H«$`mAm| Ho$ {d{dY A§Jm| H$m ^r {dícofU
H$aVr h¡&
E. gr. dmS>© H$m _V h¡ {H$ ""OrdZ Ho$ n[adoe Ho$ _hËd H$mo YmaU H$aVr hþB© AmcmoMZm coIH$
H$s aMZm _| A{^ì`ŠV OrdZ-gË` Ho$ ñVa VWm JwU H$m narjU H$aVr h¡&''
g§ñH¥$V AmMm`m] _| gd©àW_ amOeoIa Zo gm{hË` Ho$ g§X^© _| g_rjm eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m&
amOeoIa go nyd© g§ñH¥$V g_rjm H$m H$m`© Xme©{ZH$ VËd {ddoMZ, {gX²Ym§V, MMm© AWdm ^mî` Ed§
Q>rH$m Ho$ ê$n _| _yc J«§W H$m {ddoMZ Wm& AmJo Mc H$a g_rjm H$m H$m`© Vm{H©$H$Vm, d¡km{ZH$Vm
na AmYm[aV hþAm&
qhXr _| gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m| Ho$ {ddoMZ, {dícofU VWm _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ AW© _| g_rjm H$s {d{dY
n[a^mfmE± {Zê${nV hþB©& S>m°. í`m_gw§Xa Xmg Zo ""gm{hË` joÌ _| J«§W H$mo n‹T>H$a CgHo$ JwUm| Am¡a Xmofm|
H$m {ddoMZ H$aZm Am¡a CgHo$ gå~ÝY _| AnZm _V àH$Q> H$aZm AmcmoMZm _mZm h¡&''
AmcmoMZm H$s Cn`w©ŠV n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYmana AmcmoMZm H$m ñdê$n ghO ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡& Bg
ÑpîQ> go S>m°. MVwd}Xr H$s n[a^mfm- ""g_rjm dh VmpËdH$ à{H«$`m h¡, {Og_| _Zwî` Hw$N> Xe©Zr` nXmW©
XoIZo H$s BÀN>m H$a| Am¡a XoI MwH$Zo na Cg_| Omo ÐîQ>ì` h¡, Cgo Xÿgam| H$mo ^r {XImd|&
AmcmoMZm H$m ñdê$n -
AmcmoMZm Ho$ ñdê$n na {dMma H$aVo g_` ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go `h àíZ CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ {H$ `h
H$cm h¡ `m {dkmZ& Bg g§~§Y _| d¡Mm[aH$ {^ÝZVm àmßV hmoVr h¡& S>m°. XeaW AmoPm AmcmoMZm Ho$
d¡km{ZH$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ ""AmcmoMZm Ý`m` H$m {df` h¡, H$ënZm H$m Zht, Bg_|
VH©$ H$s àYmZVm h¡ ^md H$s Zht& Bg_| _pñVîH$ nj H$m A{YH$ Amcå~Z {c`m OmVm h¡, öX`
nj H$m H$_ Am¡a BgHo$ X²dmam gË` H$m {Zê$nU {H$`m OmVm h¡, g§^mdZm H$m Zht& AV: AmcmoMZm
emñÌ {dkmZ H$s Amoa A{YH$ PwH$Vm h¡& Vm{H©$H$Vm Ed§ {dícofU H$mo AnZm AñÌ ~ZmZo Ho$ H$maU
`h H$cm go ZmVm Vmo‹S>Vm hþAm {dkmZ go ZmVm Omo‹S>Vm kmV hmoVm h¡&''
S>m° ZJ|ÐZo AmcmoMZm Ho$ ñdê$n {ZYm©aU _| CgH$s H$cm_`Vm H$mo à_wIVm Xr h¡ Am¡a d¡km{ZH$Vm
H$mo Jm¡U _mZm h¡• ""AmcmoMZm H$s AmË_m H$cm_` h¡, {H$ÝVw BgH$s eara aMZm d¡km{ZH$ h¡& AmË_m
Ho$ H$cm_` hmoZo H$m AW© `h h¡- {H$ AmcmoMZm ^r _ycV: AmË_m{^ì`pŠV hr h¡& `hm± ^r
AmcmoMH$ H$cmH¥${V Ho$ {ddoMZ-{dícofU Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmË_ cm^ H$aVm h¡& AmcmoMZm H$s {df`
agmË_H$ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AmcmoMZm H$m n[aU{V ^r AmË_{gX²Y _| hr hmoVr h¡&
AmcmoMZm Am¡a AZwg§YmZ :
AmcmoMZm Ho$ g§~§Y _| ^«m§{VnyU© YmaUmE± àM{cV h¡& Hw$N> {dX²dmZ AmcmoMZm H$mo gm{hË`mZwg§YmZ
_mZVo h¡& dñVwV: AZwg§YmZ H$m à_wI H$m`© AkmV VÏ`m| H$s ImoO VWm kmV VÏ`m| H$s ZdrZ ì`m»`m
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
122
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
h¡& O~ VH$ VÏ`m| `m ÑpîQ>H$moUg§~§Yr ZdrZVm Z hmo, V~ VH$ Cgo AZwg§YmZ H$s H$mo{Q> _| Zht aIm
Om gH$Vm& na§Vw AmcmoMZm H$m H$m`© {H$Ýhr _mZXÊS>m| Ho$ AmYmana {deofVmE± ~VmZm, ì`m»`m H$aZm
AWdm _yë`m§H$Z h¡& AV: g_ñV AZwg§YmZ H$s H¥${V`m° AmcmoMZm Zht hmo gH$Vr Am¡a Z g_ñV
AmMmocZm H$s H¥${V`m± AZwg§YmZ hr& AmcmoMZm AZwg§YmZ V^r hmo gH$Vr h¡, O~ {H$ Cg_| AmÚÝV
ZdrZ Am¡a A~ VH$ AkmV ÑpîQ>H$moU H$s ImoO go g§~§{YV ì`m»`m {dÚ_mZ hmo&
gm{hpË`H$ B{Vhmg Am¡a AmcmoMZm :
B{Vhmg Am¡a AmcmoMZm H$s à{H«$`m _| {^ÝZVm h¡& B{Vhmg H$m à_wI Ü`o` H$mcH«$_ _| coIH$
Am¡a H¥${V H$s ì`dñWm Am¡a CgH$m ñWyc n[aM` h¡& AmcmoMZm Eo{Vhm{gH$ n¥îR>^y{_ H$m Ü`mZ aIVr
hþB© coIH$ Ho$ _hËd H$m àH$meZ, H¥${V H$s _yë`m§H$Z-g§~§Yr {ddoMZm, H¥${V H$s ì`m»`m Am¡a CgH$s
{deofVmAm| H$m ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVr h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm B{Vhmg H$s n¥îR>^y{_ J«hU H$aVr h¡, na
dh B{Vhmg Zht&
H$mì`emñÌ Am¡a AmcmoMZm :
H$mì`emñÌ Am¡a H$mì` {gX²Ym§V H$mo Hw$N> {dX²dmZm|Zo AmcmoMZm H$m EH$ ê$n _mZm h¡& naÝVw XmoZm|
_| A§Va h¡& H$mì`emñÌ `m {gX²Ym§V g_ñV H$mì` _| ì`mßV CgHo$ ñd^md, gm¢X`©, à{H«$`m, à^md
Am{X go g§~§{YV {Z`_m| Am¡a {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m {dícofU Am¡a {ddoMZ H$aVm h¡; AmcmoMZm CZ {gX²Ym§Vm|
Am¡a _mZX§S>m| `m H$gm¡Q>r Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡& AmcmoMZm {ZamH$ma {Z`_m| Am¡a {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s
ImoO Zht H$aVt, daZ² H${d H$s H¥${V H$s ì`m»`m H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aVr h¡&
{ZîH$f© ê$n _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ g_rjm {dkmZ ^r h¡ Am¡a H$cm ^r& Ohm± CgH$m joÌ
dU©Zr` go g§~§Y h¡, dh d¡km{ZH$ {d{Y H$m à`moJ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Ohm± dU©ZmVrV go g§~§Y h¡, dhm±
CgH$mo H$cm H$m ghmam coZm nS>Vm h¡& Xÿgar ~mV `h {H$ AmcmoMZm AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm{hpË`H$
B{Vhmg `m H$mì`emó Zht h¡ dh ñdV§Ì {dYm h¡&
AmcmoMZm Ho$ àH$ma :
gmYmaUV`m H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {OVZo àH$ma Ho$ gm{hpË`H$ {df` hm|Jo CVZo hr àH$ma H$s
AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V ^r hmoJr& {H$gr H¥${V H$s AmcmoMZm H$aVo g_` AmcmoMH$ {H$Z ~mVm| H$m {deof
Ü`mZ aIVm h¡? Cg aMZm H$s CgHo$ _Z na Š`m à{V{H«$`m hmoVr h¡¡? Am¡a {H$g gr_m VH$ dh Cggo
à^m{dV h¡? AmcmoMZm H$m ñdê$n ~hþV Hw$N> Bgr ~mV na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡& `o g^r àíZ AmcmoMZm
H$m ñdê$n ~hþV Hw$N> Bgr ~mV na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡& `o g^r àíZ AmcmoMH$ H$s ÑpîQ> go g§~§{YV
hmoVo h¡ Am¡a AmcmoMZm Ho$ àH$ma AmcmoMH$ H$s Bgr Ñ{îQ>H$moU H$s {d{^ÞVm Ho$ H$maU {Z{_©V hmoVo
OmVo h¡& Bg àH$ma AZoH$ àH$ma H$s AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V`m| H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡& AmO qhXr _| AZoH$
àH$ma H$s AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V`m| H$m à`moJ hmo ahm h¡& _hËdnyU© AmcmoMZm Ho$ àH$ma {ZåZ{c{IV
h¢••

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
123
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 1. g¡X²Ym§{VH$ g_rjm& 2. ì`mdhm[aH$ g_rjm&
3. ì`m»`mË_H$ g_rjm& 4. à^mdm{^ì`§OH$ g_rjm&
5. {ZU©`mË_H$ g_rjm& 6. Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr&
7. emñÌr` AmcmoMZm& 8. g_mOemñÌr`/àJ{VdmXr/_mŠg©dmXr AmcmoMZm&
9. _Zmo{dícofUdmXr AmcmoMZm& 10. VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm&
11. Z¡g{J©H$ AmcmoMZm& 12. n[aM`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm&
13. OrdZ d¥ÎmmÝVr` AmcmoMZm& 14. JdofUmË_H$ AmcmoMZm&
15. AZw^mdmË_H$ AmcmoMZm& 16. aMZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm&
17. d¡km{ZH$ AmcmoMZm& 18. A{^ì`§OZmdmXr AmcmoMZm&
19. M[aV_ycH$ AmcmoMZm& 20. AZwg§YmZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm&
21. AZw_mZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm& 22. {dícofUmË_H$ AmcmoMZm&
23. g_Ýd`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm 24. Cn`mo{JVmdmXr AmcmoMZm&
25. ñdÀN>§X§VmdmXr AmcmoMZm&
Cn`w©ŠV AmcmoMZm H$s àUm{c`m| Ho$ Cn^oX ^r h¢& O¡go g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm _|- gyÌê$n
AmcmoMZm, H$m[aH$mê$n AmcmoMZm, d¥{Îmê$n AmcmoMZm, Cgr àH$ma ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm Ho$-
{Q>ßnUr ê$n AmcmoMZm, ^mî`ê$n AmcmoMZm, dm{V©H$ê$n AmcmoMZm, Q>rH$mê$n AmcmoMZm Am{X&
qhXr AmcmoMZm Ho$ à_wI àH$ma :
qhXr gm{hË` g_rjm H$s naånam H$m ñÌmoV g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`emó _| CncãY hmoVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$
qhXr g_rjm Ho$ joÌ _| VrZ àH$ma H$s {dMmaYmamE± n[ac{jV hmoVr h¢& àW_ dJ© Ho$ g_rjH$ àmMrZ
^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ _| d{U©V H$mì`Xem} H$mo g_rjm H$m AmYma _mZVo h¡& X²{dVr` dJ© Ho$ g_rjH$
nmíMmË` g_rjm {gX²Ym§Vm| H$mo gm{hË` H$m CËH¥$îQ> _mnXÊS> _mZVo h¡& V¥Vr` dJ© Ho$ g_rjH$
{df`mZwê$n H$^r àmMrZ ^maVr` H$mì`mXem} H$mo Am¡a H$^r nmíMmË` {gX²Ym§V na§nam H$mo ñdrH$maVo hþE
g_Ýd`dmXr YmaUm H$mo nwîQ> H$aVo h¡& Bg_| g§Xoh Zht {H$ npíM_ Zo h_mao AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`-{j{VO
Ho$ AZoH$ ZdrZV_ q~XþAm| H$mo C^maH$a Z`m a§J ^a {X`m h¢&
4.3.2 qhXr H$s emór` AmcmoMZm -
qhXr H$s emñÌr` AmcmoMZm H$mo "g¡X²Ym§{VH$ `m ì`mdhm[aH$ AmcmoMZm' ^r H$hVo h¡& A§J«oOr
_| Bgo "OwS>rec {H«${Q>{gÁ_' H$hm OmVm h¡& BgHo$ AÝVJ©V H$mì`, H$cm AWdm AÝ` emñÌr`
{gX²Ym§Vm| Ho$ AmYma na {H$gr H¥${V AWdm aMZm H$s AmcmoMZm H$s OmVr h¡& g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
124
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$m ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$n "emñÌr` AmcmoMZm' h¡& `h {gX²Ym§Vm| H$mo ì`dhma _| cmVm h¡& {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s
H$gm¡Q>r na H$R>moaVm go aMZm H$mo H$gZm BgH$m CX²Xoí` h¡& àM{cV {gX²Ym§Vm|• O¡go Ac§H$ma, ag,
ar{V, Üd{Z, A{^ì`§OZmdmX AWdm g_mO-emñÌr` {gX²Ym§Vm| Ho$ AmYma na h_| Bg àH$ma H$s
AmcmoMZm nyd©dVu `wJm| _| Iy~ {_cVr h¡& g§jon _| naånamJV H$mì`emñÌr` {Z`_m| Ho$ AmYma na
{H$gr H$cmH¥${V H$s ì`m»`m-{dícofU H$aZm Bg AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V H$s {deofVm h¡& Bg_| g§ñH¥$V
Ho$ _å_Q> H$m "H$mì`emñÌ', AmZ§XdY©Z H$m "ÜdÝ`mcmoH$' Am{X J«§W AmVo h¡& ar{VH$mc Ho$ {d{dY
cjU J«§W, ar{V-J«§W VWm H$mì`emñÌr` J«§W Bgr Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¡&
g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` _| ^aV, X§S>r, ^m_h, _å_Q>, {dídZmW, AmZ§XdY©Z Vmo ar{VH$mc _| {~hmar,
Xod, YZmZ§X, Ho$ed, _{Vam_, ^yfU, qMVm_Ur, Vmo nmíMmË` gm{hË` _| AañVy, cm|OmBZg, nmon,
AmB©. E. [aMS>g©, Q>r. Eg. B{c`Q> Am{X Vmo qhXr _| AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc, S>m°. í`m_gw§XaXmg,
~m~y Jwcm~am`, S>m°. ZJ|Ð Am{X H$mo g¡X²>Ym§{VH$ AWm©V "emñÌr` AmcmoMH$ H$hm' Om gH$Vm h¡& h_|
`hm± qhXr H$s emñÌr` AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM` àmßV H$aZm h¡&
qhXr AmcmoMZm Ho$ joÌ _| Am. am. ewŠc Or H$m `moJXmZ gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡& emñÌr` `m
g¡X²>Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm H$s AmYma{ecm ewŠc Or Zo hr aIr h¡& qhXr AmcmoMZm H$mo g_¥X²Y H$aZo
H$m lo` ^r AmMm`© ewŠV Or H$mo hr {X`m OmVm h¡& Bg g§X^© _| Am. Z§XXþcmao ~mOno`r H$m H$WZ
`wpŠVg§JV cJVm h¡ "AmMm`© ewŠcOrZo qhXr g_rjm Ho$ joÌ _| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z {H$`m&' ewŠcOr
H$m g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm H$m `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© h¡& CZH$s g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm H$m CËH¥$îQ> CXmhaU
qMVm_{U-{Z~§Ym| ^mJ 1-2 Ho$ g§J«h _| {_cVo h¡& AÝ`-ag-_r_m§gm, Jmoñdm_r VwcgrXmg, ^«_aJrV
gma H$s ^y{_H$m, Om`gr J«§Wmdcr emñÌr` AmcmoMZm Ho$ loîR> CXmhaU h¡&
ewŠcOr agdmXr AmMm`© h¡& "ag' H$mo CÝhm|Zo AmcmoMZm H$m _mnX§S> _mZm h¡& Z¡{VH$Vm, g§`_
VWm AmXe© na ~c {X`m h¡& àmMrZ AmMm`m] H$m A§YmZwH$aU Z H$aHo$ Cgo _m¡{cH$Vm go àñVwV
{H$`m h¡& ewŠcOr g_Ýd`dmXr Wo& ~w{X²Y Am¡a öX`, Jm§^r`© Am¡a gmaJ«mhç, àkm Am¡a AZwamJ,
àmMrZVm Am¡a ZdrZVm H$m gw§Xa g_Ýd` CZ_| {XImB© XoVm h¡& ewŠcOr H$cmH¥${V Ho$ JwU-Xmofm| go
A{YH$ H${d H$s {deofVmAm| Am¡a CZH$s AV: àd¥{Îm H$s N>mZ~rZ H$s Amoa {deof Ü`mZ XoVo h¡&
qhXr H$s emñÌr` AmcmoMZm _| Am. ewŠc Or Ho$ níMmV S>m°. hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr H$m Zm_
~S>o AmXa Ho$ gmW {c`m OmVm h¡& X²{ddoXr Am. ewŠcOr H$s na§nam Ho$ Zm`H$ h¡& {\$a ^r CÝhm|Zo
qhXr gm{hË` g_rjm H$mo ZB© {Xem Xr h¡& AmMm`© ewŠc Or Zo AnZr à{V^m, qMVZ Ed§ nm§{S>Ë`
X²dmam qhXr-AmcmoMZm Ho$ {Og _mJ© H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Wm, Cgo A{YH$ àeñV H$aZo H$m H$m`© X²²{ddoXr
Or Zo {H$`m h¡& X²{ddoXrOrZo qhXr AmcmoMZm H$mo EH$ ZB© CXma Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ> àXmZ H$s&
ewŠcOrZo qhXr gm{hË` H$mo B{Vhmg {X`m Vmo {X²doXrOrZo qhXr gm{hË` H$s ^y{_H$m àñVwV H$s& H$~ra
H$m _yë`m§H$Z BÝhm|Zo AZoH$ ZB© ÑpîQ>`m| go {H$`m h¡& X²{ddoXr _mZdVmdmXr AmcmoMH$ h¡&
qhXr-g_rjm Ho$ joÌ _| npíM_ go Am`m{VV ZyVZ {dMma-Ymam H$mo AmË_gmV H$aHo$ {c{n~X²Y
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
125
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$aZo H$s {Xem _| ~m~y í`m_ew§Xa H$m ñWmZ _hÎdnyU© h¡& CÝhm|Zo "gm{hË`cmoMZ' g_rjm J«§W H$s
aMZm H$aHo$ qhXr AmcmoMZm H$mo Z`m _moS> {X`m& S>m°. í`m_gw§Xa Xmg Zo gm{hË` Am¡a OrdZ H$m
A{Zdm`© g§~§Y _mZm h¡& CZH$s "H$~ra J«§Wmdcr' na hS>gZ, dg©{\$ëS> VWm {dŠQ>mo[a`Z H$mc Ho$
Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$m à^md h¡& do {ZU©`mË_H$ g_rjm H$mo nyU©V: ^«_mË_H$ _mZVo h¢& {ZîH$f© _| `h H$hm
Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ S>m°. í`m_gw§Xa Xmg Zo g¡X²Ym§{VH$ g_rjm H$s ^m±{V ì`mdhm[aH$ AWm©V emñÌr`
g_rjm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r _hÎdnyU© H$m`© {H$`m h¡&
g_rjm OJV _| ~m~y Jwcm~am` H$s CncpãY`m± {ZñgÝXoh _hËdnyU© h¡ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo Am.
ewŠcX²dmam à{VñWm{nV g_rjm e¥±Icm H$mo AnZo H$V©ì` X²dmam AmJo ~‹T>mZo H$m gamhZr` CnH«$_
{H$`m h¡& npíM_r H$mì`emór` {gX²Ym§Vm| Ho$ JhZ AÜ``Z-_ZZ VWm qhXr _| CZHo$ _m¡{cH$ à{VnmXZ
_| ~m~y Jwcm~am` Zo VËdJ«hr g_Ýd`Y_u ÑpîQ>H$moU AnZm`m h¡& ^maVr` qMVZ na§nam H$mo
_Zmod¡km{ZH$ AmYma àXmZ {H$`m& emñÌr` AmcmoMZm Ho$ Xmo J«§Wm| H$s CÝhm|Zo aMZm H$s- "Zd ag'
VWm "{gX²Ym§V Am¡a AÜ``Z' {d{dY H$mì`-VËdm| VWm H$mì` ê$nm| Ho$ {dícofU H$s Ñ{ï> go AÝ`
H¥${V`m± ""H$mì` Ho$ ê$n'', ""qhXr H$mì` {d_e©'', ""gm{hË` g_rjm'' Am{X nwñVH|$ ^r CëcoIZr`
h¡& Hw$N> {dX²dmZ BÝh| AmcmoMH$ H$s Anojm nmR>`nwñVH$-a{M`Vm _mZVo h¡& Bg Amjon Ho$ hmoVo hþE
^r do loîR>, àm¡T> g_rjH$ Wo& CZH$m `moJXmZ ñ_aUr` ahoJm&
qhXr H$s emñÌr` AmcmoMZm _| S>m°. ZJ|Ð H$m `moJXmZ ^r _hËdnyU© h¡& ZJ|Ð ^r AmMm`© ewŠc
H$s Vah _ycV: agdmXr AmcmoMH$ h¡& ag-{gX²Ym§V _| CZH$s Jhar AmñWm h¡& CZH$s AmcmoMZm
nX²Y{V na ewŠcOr H$m {deof à^md h¡& CZH$s VrZ AmcmoMZmË_H$ nwñVH|$ àH$m{eV hþB© h¡-
gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V, gmHo$V- EH$ AÜ``Z, AmYw{ZH$ qhXr ZmQ>H$& "^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ' H$s {dX²dÎmmnyU©
^y{_H$m àñVwV H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo qhXr _| EH$ ~‹S>o A^md H$s ny{V© H$s h¡& AmMm`© ewŠc H$s AmcmoMZm
nX²Y{V Z¡{VH$ _mZ-_yë`m| na AmYm[aV h¡ O~{H$ S>m°. ZJ|Ð Zo H$mì` Ho$ AmZ§X nj H$mo A{YH$ _hËd
{X`m h¡ Omo {dew²XY AZw^y{VJV gm¢X`© na AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡& Bg{cE emñÌr` AmcmoMH$ Ho$ gmW-
gmW ñdÀN>ÝXVmdmXr AmcmoMH$ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& g§jon _| ZJ|Ð gwcßVo hþE {dMmaH$ Am¡a Jhao
{dícofH$ h¡& CZH$s e¡cr VH©$nyU© {dícofUmË_H$ VWm àË`m`H$ h¡& do H¥${V H$m Ho$dc {dícofU hr
Zht H$aVo ~pëH$ ZB© CX²^mdZmAm| go AnZo {ddoMZ H$mo {dMmamoÎmoOH$ ^r ~ZmVo h¡&
{ZîH$f© _| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ qhXr H$s emñÌr` AmcmoMZm H$m AmcmoMZm Ho$ joÌ _|
AnZm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd h¡ ^co hr AmO Bg àH$ma H$s AmcmoMZm H$mc~mh` {gX²Y hmo MwH$s
hmo co{H$Z EH$ g_` Eogm {ZpíMV Wm O~ qhXr AmcmoMZm gw{ZpíMV _mJ© H$s à{Vjm _| Wr V~
Bgr emñÌr` AmcmoMZm Zo ñdñW, àeñV _mJ© H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m& AV: qhXr H$s emñÌr` AmcmoMZm
H$m AnZm _hËd AmO ^r Ajwß` h¡&
4.3.3 qhXr H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm
qhXr AmcmoMZm Ho$ à_wI àH$mamo _| emñÌr` AmcmoMZm Ho$ níMmÎm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm H$m
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
126
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡& `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ g§X^© _| gm{hË` VWm gm{hË`m§Jmo H$s AmcmoMZm "Eo{Vhm{gH$
AmcmoMZm' H$hr OmVr h¡& `h AmcmoMZm gm{hË` H$mo OÝ_ XoZodmcr n[apñW{V`m| H$m {dícofU H$aVr
h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ n[aàoú` _| AmcmoÀ` H¥${V H$s ì`m»`m H$aVr h¡& Bg_| H¥${V H$m _hËd Cg `wJ {deof
H|$ g§X^© _| XoIm OmVm h¡, {Og_| CgH$s aMZm hþB© h¡& Bggo H${d Am¡a CgH$s H¥${V XmoZm| Ho$ à{V
nyU© Ý`m` hmoVm h¡; Š`m|{H$ gm{hpË`H$ _yë` ^r _mZd-YmaUmAm| Ho$ AZwê$n hr n[ad{V©V hmoVo ahVo
h¡& hmo gH$Vm h¡ H$moB© H¥${V AmO Ho$ {cE {deof _hÎdnyU© Z hmo, na AnZo g_` Ho$ {cE CgH$m
{deof _hÎd ahm hmoJm; {Og g_` dh aMr J`r, Cg CgH$m _yë` Wm, Bgo naIZm Eo{Vhm{gH$
AmcmoMZm H$m Ü`o` hmoVm h¡&
gM Vmo `h h¡ {H$ {OVZo ^r h_mao àmMrZ H${d `m H$cmH$ma h¡- CZH$mo O~ VH$ h_ CZHo$
{ZOr `wJ H$s n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ àH$me _| Zht XoIVo V~ VH$ h_ CZH$m dmñV{dH$ Jm¡ad Zht g_P
gH$Vo& {H$gr àmMrZ H${d H$mo AmO H$s H$gm¡Q>r na H$gZm Am¡a CgHo$ g§~§Y _| Cgr AmYma na H$moB©
{ZU©` Xo XoZm Am¡a Cgo gd©_mÝ` g_PZm, H${d `m H$cmH$ma Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` H$aZm hmoVm h¡&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm _| Bg àH$ma H$s g§^mdZm Zht& AV: CgH$m AnZm ñWmZ h¡ Am¡a dh _hÎdnyU©
h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm H$m {H$gr ^r H${d `m H¥${V Ho$ _yë`m§H$Z _| ~hþV ~‹S>m _hËd hmoVm h¡&
{díd gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg Bg ~mV H$m à_mU h¡ {H$ H${d`m| Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$m {Z_m©U Cg `wJ H$s
n[apñW{V`m| Zo {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ {Z_m©U _| AÝ` AZoH$ VËd ^r ghmæ`H$ ahVo h¡& CZ VËdm| Ho$
AmYmana ^r H${d `m H¥${V H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m OmVm h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm Ho$ A§VJ©V AmcmoMH$
VmËH$m{cH$ gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$, gm{hpË`H$ Am{X g_ñV n[apñW{V`m| H$m AË`§V
gyú_ Ed§ JhamB© Ho$ gmW AÜ``Z H$aVm h¡, Am¡a {\$a Cgr n[aàoú` _| AmcmoÀ` H¥${V H$m {ddoMZ
Ed§ {dícofU àñVwV H$aVm h¡&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm _| Bg ~mV na ^r Ü`mZ {X`m OmVm h¡ {H$ H$moB© H¥${V {H$g gr_m VH$
AnZr n[apñW{V`m| go à^m{dV h¡ Am¡a Cg à^md Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n Cg_| ^mdr g_mO `m `wJ Ho$
{cE {H$g gr_m VH$ àoaUm `m _mJ©Xe©Z H$m ^md gÝZ{hV h¡& CXm.: "H$~ra' Ho$ "gmIr' "g§~X'
"a_¡Zr' na `m Jmoñdm_r VwcgrXmgOr Ho$ "am_M[aV _mZg' na VËH$mcrZ Ym{_©H$, amOZ¡{VH$ Ed§
gm{hpË`H$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m g_{ÝdV à^md h¡ Vmo gyaXmgOr Ho$ "gya gmJa' na Ho$dc Ym{_©H$
n[apñW{V H$m hr à^md h¡& Cgr àH$ma ar{VH$mcrZ {~hmar, Xod, ^yfU, YZmZ§X Am{X H${d`m| Ho$
ì`pŠVÎd na VËH$mcrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$m à^md Vmo h¡, qH$Vw àYmZVm {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ n[apñW{V`m| H$s h¡&
qhXr H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V _| AnZm `moJXmZ XoZodmco AmMm`m| _| S>m°. í`m_gw§XaXmg
VWm AmMm`© hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr _hÎdnyU© h¡& dñVwV: `o XmoZm| AmcmoMH$ g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AWm©V emñÌr`
AmcmoMZm H$aZodmco AmcmoMH$ h¡ {\$a^r CZH$s AmcmoMZm _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V Ho$ Xe©Z
hmoVo h¡ Omo ÑîQ>ì` h¡& BgH$m _Vc~ `h Zht {H$ BZHo$ g_H$mcrZ `m nyd©dVu AmcmoMH$m| _|
Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm Ho$ Xe©Z Zht hmoVo. ñd`§ AmMm`© ewŠcOrZo Bg àUmcr H$m H$m\$s à`moJ {H$`m
h¡ {deofH$a ^pŠVH$mcrZ aMZmH$ma Ed§ CZH$s aMZmAm|H$s AmcmoMZm H$aVo g_` {\$a ^r Bg àUmcr
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
127
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$m IwcH$a à`moJ S>m°. í`m_gw§XaXmg Am¡a AmMm`© hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXrOrZo hr {H$`m h¡&
AmMm`© hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr Or EH$ loîR> Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMH$ h¡& ""CZH$s AmcmoMZmË_H$
aMZmE± _hËdnyU© Am¡a g§J«hUr` h¡& qhXr gm{hË` H$s ^y{_H$m _| CÝhm|Zo AmcmoMZm H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$
nX²Y{V H$s à{VîR>m H$aVo hþE `h à{Vnm{XV {H$`m h¡ {H$, "{H$gr J«§WH$ma H$m ñWmZ {ZYm©[aV H$aZo
Ho$ {cE H«$_mJV gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ OmVr` gmVË` H$mo XoIZm Amdí`H$ h¡& AmcmoMH$ H$mo
AnZr OmVr` na§nam H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ {damgV H$m n`m©ßV ~moY hmoZm Mm{hE&' X²{ddoXrOr _| ~moY Am¡a
nm§{S>Ë` H$m AX²^wV {_lU h¡& ZdrZ _mZdVmdmX Am¡a g_mOemñÌr` ÑpîQ>H$moU Ho$ H$maU CZH$m
nm§{S>Ë` cMrcm Am¡a ~moY AmYw{ZH$ hmo J`m h¡& _mZdr` _yë`m| _| BVZr JhZ AmñWm CZHo$ nyd©
{H$gr AmcmoMH$ Zo ì`ŠV Zht H$s Wr& ""H$~ra'' H$m _yë`m§H$Z X²{ddoXrOrZo AZoH$ ZB© ÑpîQ>`m| go
{H$`m& CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m {H$, H$~ra H$m _hËd g~go A{YH$ Bg ~mV go h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo _Zwî`-_Zwî`
Ho$ ~rM amJmË_H$Vm H$m CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m h¡&
qhXr Ho$ _yY©Ý` g_rjH$ AmMm`© hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr H$s g_rjm e¡cr emñÌmYm[aV gyú_
VËdm{^{Zdoer AÝVÑ©pîQ> go n[anyU© h¡& CZ_| JhamB© _| à{dîQ> hmoH$a gma-g§J«h H$s AX²^wV j_Vm h¡&
CZ_| H$cmH¥${V Ho$ gdmªJrU {ZarjU, narjU Ed§ {dícofU Xdmam Vc-ì`mnr g§doXZmAm| H$mo
_yë`mË_H$ {ZîH$f© na naIZo H$s AmpË_H$ AmVwaVm ahVr h¡& AnZm g_rjmË_H$ {ZîH$f© XoZo Ho$ nyd©
do àñVwV H$cmH¥${V H$m {d{^ÝZ Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$, _Zmod¡km{ZH$ g§X^m] _| VwcZmË_H$ narjU Ed§
{dícofU H$aV| h¡& cmoH$ Y_© H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mg-MoVZm Ho$ AmcmoH$ _| gm{hË`H$ma H$m _hËd
à{VîR>m{nV H$aZo H$s CÝhm|Zo MoîQ>m H$s h¡& CZHo$-gya gm{hË`, H$~ra Am¡a g_rjm J«§Wm|_| Eo{Vhm{gH$
AmcmoMZm Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¢&
AmMm`© hOmaràgmX {X²doXr H$s Vah í`m_gw§XaXmg ^r qhXr Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMH$ h¡& AnZo
"gm{hË`mcmoMZ' J«§W H$s ^y{_H$m _| CÝhm|Zo CgHo$ CX²Xoí` H$mo ñnîQ> {H$`m h¡& "H$~ra J«§Wmdcr' CZH$s
Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr na AmYm[aV loîR> aMZm h¡ {Og_| CÝhm|Zo H$mo VËH$mcrZ n[apñW{V Ho$
AmcmoH$ _| XoIm, naIm Am¡a {\$a AnZm _ÝVì` àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& {Og g_` g_rjmË_H$ ÑpîQ>-~moY
H$m A^md Wm Cg g_` CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` g_rjm ÑpîQ>`m| H$m g_Ýd` H$a g_rjm-Xe©Z
H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m&
{ZîH$f© Ho$ ê$n _| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ qhXr H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr AnZm
{d{eîR> ñWmZ Ed§ _hËd aIVr h¡& àm`: g^r AmcmoMH$ Bg nX²>Y{V H$mo AnZmVo h¢, _mÌm ^co hr
H$_-A{YH$ ahVr hmo& aMZm Ed§ aMZmH$ma H$mo VËH$mcrZ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ n[aàoú` _| XoIZm VH©$ Ed§
Ý`m`g§JV hmoVm h¡&
4.3.4 qhXr H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm -
VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V H$mì`g§~§Yr VËdm| H$s ÑpîQ> go Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ gm{hpË`H$
H¥${V`m| H$m VwcZmË_H$ AÜ``Z àñVwV H$aVr h¡& Bgo A§J«oOr _| "H$åß`maoQ>rìh {H«${Q>{gP_' H$hVo h¡&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
128
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
dñVwV: VwcZm AmcmoMZm H$m EH$ Amdí`H$ A§J h¡& Bggo gm{hË` H$s g§nyU© VWm gm§Jmonm§J {ddoMZm
hmo OmVr h¡¡& gm{hpË`H$ gm_{`H$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hËd H$s à{VîR>m H$s ÑpîQ> go ^r BgH$m _hËdnyU©
`moJXmZ ahVm h¡&
àm`: VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V _| Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ {d{^ÝZ H${d`m| H$s g_mZ {df`dmcr
aMZmAm| H$s VwcZm H$s OmVr h¡& AmcmoMH$ AnZo {df` Ho$ à{VnmXZmW© XmoZm| H$s aMZmAm| H$m
AÜ``Z H$a CZHo$ {d{dY A§Jm| na àH$me S>mcVm h¡& Bg H$mo{Q> H$s AmcmoMZm _| _yë`-{ZYm©aU H$s
^mdZm {dÚ_mZ ahVr h¡& BgHo$ A§VJ©V AnZr ê${M Ho$ AZwgma {H$gr H${d Ho$ à{V AÝ`m` ^r {H$`m
Om gH$Vm h¡& `h nX²Y{V CZ ñWcm|na Cn`moJr hmoVr h¡ Ohm± h_| VwcZmË_H$ ÑpîQ> go {H$gr H$mo N>mQ>m
`m ~‹S>m {gX²Y Zht H$aZm hmoVm, daZ² EH$ hr àH$ma H$s {deofVmAm|, {Z`_m| Am¡a {gX²Ym§Vmo Ho$ à^md
H$mo ñnîQ> H$aZm hmoVm h¡& Bg VÏ` H$m Ü`mZ Z aIZo na àm`: Bg AmcmoMZm H$m n[aUm_ H$Qw> {ddmX
hmoVm h¡&
VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm _| H$^r-H$^r {^ÝZ ^mfr H${d, coIH$ H$s aMZmAm| H$m g_mZ {df` Ho$
AmYma na AmcmoMZm H$s OmVr h¡& nmíMmË` AmcmoMH$ àmo. g¡ÊS>g²~ar Bg AmcmoMZm Ho$ à~c
g_W©H$ h¡& CZHo$ _VmZwgma "H${d`m| H$m VwcZmË_H$ AÜ``Z hr CZH$s gdm}À` AmcmoMZm h¡&' AZoH$
{dX²dmZ VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$mo EH$ ñdV§Ì dJ© _| aIZo go BÝH$ma H$aVo h¡& CZHo$ _VmZwgma
VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$mo ì`m»`mË_H$ `m {ZU©`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm Ho$ A§J Ho$ ê$n _| hr XoIZm
Mm{hE& qH$Vw `h C{MV Zht VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm ^r EH$ _hËdnyU© AmcmoMZm h¡& BgHo$ _mÜ`_
go nmR>H$ H$mo Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ H${d`m| Ho$ H$mì`-gm¢X`© H$m EH$ gmW AmñdmXZ hr Zht H$am`m
OmVm ~pëH$ EH$ Xÿgao na n‹S>o à^mdm| H$m kmZ ^r nmR>H$ H$mo H$am`m OmVm h¡& O~ `hr nmíMmË`
go `m AÝ` ^mfm-^mfr go H$s OmVr h¡ V~ Vmo A{YH$ AmZ§XXm`H$ hmoVr h¡&
qhXr H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr _| AmMm`© ewŠc, AmMm`© _hmdraàgmX {X²ddoXr Bg
àH$ma Ho$ Hw$N> AmcmoMZmË_H$ coI {cI| h¢& ^pŠVH$m{cZ H${d gyaXmg Am¡a VwcgrXmg VWm
ar{VH$m{cZ H${d Ho$ed Am¡a {~hmar Am{X H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm hþB© h¡&
VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm _| ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË` gm{hË`H$mam| Ed§ CZH$s aMZmAm| _| VwcZmË_H$
AmcmoMZm hþB© h¡& VwcgrXmg Am¡a Om°Z {_ëQ>Z, e¡cr Am¡a gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V, Q>r. Eg. B{c`Q> Am¡a
Ako` H$s aMZmAm| H$m VwcZmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aHo$ Bg àUmcr Ho$ X²dmam AmcmoMZm hþB© h¡& Bg àH$ma
H$m AÜ``Z AWm©V Bg àH$ma H$s AmcmoMZm ~hþV hr àoaH$ Ed§ AmZ§XXm`H$ ahr h¡&
qhXr H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr _| AmMm`© _hmdra àgmX X²{ddoXr H$m ñWmZ _hËdnyU©
h¡& CÝhm|Zo "gañdVr' à{ÌH$m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_H$mcrZ H${d`m| H$s aMZmAm|H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm
H$s h¡& CZHo$ _VmZwgma loîR> g_rjm _| Eo{Vhm{gH$, _Zmod¡km{ZH$ Am¡a VwcZmË_H$, VrZm| e¡{c`m| H$m
g_Ýd` hmoZm Mm{hE& X²{ddoXr Zo AnZo J«§W "aga§OZ' VWm "AmcmoMZm§O{c' _| g_rjm Ho$ d¡km{ZH$
ê$n H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& {df`-{ZYm©aU VWm ^mfm Ho$ pñWarH$aU H$s ÑpîQ> go X²{ddoXr Or H$s
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
129
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
g_rjm-nX²Y{V gwYmanaH$ _mZr OmVr h¡& X²{ddoXr `wJrZ AÝ` g_rjH$m| _| {_l ~§YwAm|Zo ^r
AmcmoMH$ H$s H$m`©-àUmcr H$mo J§^ra `mo½`Vm H$m n[aUm_ ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
loîR> g_mcmoMZm H$m CX²Xoí` loîR> gm{hË` Ho$ g¥OZ Ho$ {cE gm{hË`H$ma H$mo _Zmo~c àXmZ
H$aVm h¡& nX²_qgh e_m© Zo AmcmoMZm Ho$ _mZXÊS>m| H$m {ZYm©aU H$aVo hþE ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ {H$gr àmMrZ
H$mo AmXe© _mZH$a aMZmH$ma H$m _yë`m§H$Z Zht H$aZm Mm{hE& Bg àH$ma H$s AmcmoMZm njnmVnyU©
hmoVr h¡& Ohm± EH$ H${d H$s VwcZm _| Xÿgao H${d H$mo hrZ {gX²Y {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bgr `wJ _|
A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` "h[a Am¡Y' Zo "agH$ce', "~mocMmc', "aggm{hË` Am¡a g_rjmE±' J«§Wmo _|
g¡X²Ym§{VH$ g_rjm Ho$ {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m&
qhXr H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr _| ZmJar àMm[aUr n{ÌH$m H$m `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© h¡&
JdofUmË_H$ g_rjm-{gX²Ym§Vm| H$s {Xem _| "n{ÌH$m' H$m `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© ahm h¡& JwU-Xmof {ddoMZ
àYmZ g_rjm go {^ÝZ emoYnyU© g_rjmË_H$ coIm| X²dmam A{^Zd g_rjm-àUm{c`m| H$m gyÌnmV
""ZmJar àMm[aUr n{ÌH$m'' _| hþAm& í`m_ gw§XaXmg H¥$V ^maVdfu` Am`© Xoe ^mfmAm| H$mo àmXo{eH$
{d^mJ Am¡a nañna g§~§Y ""ZmJar Om{V VWm ZmJar {c{n H$s CËn{Îm'', ""^maV dfu` ^mfmAm| H$s
Om±M'' Bgr na§nam _| OJÝZmWXmg aËZmH$ma, amYmH¥$îUXmg, {gX²Yoída e_m©, J§JmàgmX, A{½ZhmoÌr
Am{X Ho$ AmcmoMZmË_H$ coIm| _| VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¢& Bgr na§nam _| aËZmH$a H¥$V
""g_mcmoMZmXe©' VWm Apå~H$mXÎm ì`mg H¥$V ""JX²`-H$mì`-_r_m§gm'' erf©H$ coIm| H$m àH$meZ
hþAm& Bg àH$ma ZmJar àMm[aUr n{ÌH$m _| g¡X²Ym§{VH$ g_rjm, VwcZmË_H$ g_rjm V`m ì`m»`mË_H$
g_rjm H$m Anyd© g§J_ àñVwV hþAm Wm&
{ZîH$f© ê$n _| BVZm hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¢ {H$ qhXr VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr _| AmMm`©
ewŠcOr go coH$a AmYw{ZH$ H$mc Ho$ em§{V{à` X²{ddoXr, eMramZr JwQy>© O¡go _wY©Ý` AmcmoMH$m|Zo AnZm
`moJXmZ {X`m h¡ Am¡a Bg àUmcr H$mo àoaUmXm`r VWm AmZ§XXm`H$ ~Zm`m h¡& co{H$Z H$^r-H$^r Bg
àH$ma H$s AmcmoMZm H$aVo g_` `{X njnmV hþAm Vmo n[aUm_ H$Qw> Am¡a {ddmX hmoVm h¡& qhXr _|
{~hmar Am¡a Xod H$s AmcmoMZm Am¡a Cg gå~Y _| CËnÝZ {ddmXmñnX pñW{V BgH$m Ádc§V CXmhaU
h¡& `{X Bggo ~MH$a AmcmoMZm hþB© Vmo dh gamhZr` Ed§ g\$c {gX²Y hmoJr&
4.3.5 qhXr H$s _Zmo{dícofUdmXr AmcmoMZm -
`h AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V _Zmo{dkmZ go AZwem{gV hmoVr h¡& Bg_| H${d H$s H¥${V H$mo g_PZo Ho$
{cE H${d Ho$ A§VO©JV² Am¡a CgHo$ ñd^md H$m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ {dícofU H$aZm nS>Vm h¡& Bg nX²Y{V
H$m AmcmoMH$ H¥${V H$mo CgHo$ a{M`Vm Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$m àH$meZ _mZVm h¡& AmcmoMH$ `h _mZVm
h¡ {H$ gm{hË` H$s _yc àoaUmE± X{_V dmgZm H$s A{^ì`pŠV, hrZ-J«§{W`m| go {d_w{º$, Hw$îR>m, hVmem,
{Zamem Am{X go ncm`Z VWm OrdZoÀN>m H$m H$maU h¡& dh `h ^r _mZZm h¡ {H$ BZ g~ Ho$ _yc
_| H$m_-^mdZm {dX²`_mZ h¡ AV: gm{hË`H$ma H$s AÝVd¥©{V`m| H$m àH$meZ Bg g_mcmoMZm H$m _yc
cú` hmoVm h¡& H${d H$s aMZmAm| H$mo d¡`pŠVH$ ñd^md, CgH$s Am{W©H$, nm[adm[aH$, gm_m{OH$
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
130
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
n[apñW{V`m| go CËnÝZ CgH$s à{V{H«$`m Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n _Z:pñW{V Am{X Ho$ àH$me _| XoIZm Am¡a
{ZîH$f© {ZH$mcZm ^r Bg H$mo{Q> H$s AmcmoMZm H$m CX²Xoí` ahVm h¡&
qhXr H$s _Zmo{dícofUdmXr g_rjm na, à{gX²Y _Zmo{dícofU emñÌr \«$m`S>, ES>ca Am¡a `w§J Ho$
{gX²Ym§Vm| H$m à^md h¡& `h g_rjm nX²Y{V d¡`pŠVH$ `WmW© H$s JhZ A{^ì`§OZm go g§~§{YV h¡&
N>m`mdmX H$m ì`pŠVnaH$ qMVZ hr O{Q>cV_ ê$n YmaU H$a _Zmo{dícofU nX²Y{V _| n[aUV hmo J`m&
_Zmo{dícofUdmXr g_rjm _Zwî` Ho$ AMoVZ _| àÀN>ÝZ X{_V dmgZmAm| H$s H$cmË_H$ A{^ì`pŠV H$m
{ddoMZ H$aVr h¡& gm{hË` _| AÝV{Z©{XV AZw^y{V`m|, g§§doXZmAm| Am¡a AmH$m§jmAm| H$s A{^ì`§OZm
ahVr h¡& AMVoZ _Z _| ì`mßV dmgZmAm| H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ CÝZ`Z _Zwî` H$mo {dH$mgmoÝ_wIr ~ZmVm h¡&
àË`oH$ ì`pŠV H$m n[aîH$ma g_mO H$s àJ{V H$m hoVw ~ZVm h¡& AV: _Zmo{dícofUdmXr g_rjm _Zwî`
H$s {ZVmÝV {ZOr ^md-{Z{Y Ho$ AZ§V JmonZr` ñVam| H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aHo$ gË` H$s à{VîR>m H$aVr h¡&
gm{hË` g¥OZ EH$ _Zmoì`mnma h¡& gm{hË` Am¡a gm{hË`-g_rjm _| _Zmo{dícofU H$m {dMma 20
dt eVmãXr H$s XoZ h¡& qhXr H$s _Zmo{dícofUdmXr g_rjm na nmíMmË` _Zmo{dícofH$m| H$m {deof
à^md h¡& qhXr Ho$ _Zmo{dícofUdmXr g_rjH$m| _| lr. BcmM§Ð Omoer, O¡Z|ÐHw$_ma, Ako` Am{X à_wI
h¡& S>m°. ZJ|Ð H$s g_rjm ÑpîQ> na ^r _Zmo{dícofU dmX H$m à^md c{jV hmoVm h¡&
lr BcmM§Ð Omoer g¡Õm§{VH$ ê$n go `w§J X²dmam à^m{dV h¡ Am¡a ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$n go ES>ca Ho$
{dMmam| go ào[aV h¡& \«$m`S> Ho$ H$m_-{gX²Ym§V H$m ^r CZna à^md c{jV hmoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo
g_Ýd`mË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moU H$mo à{Vnm{XV H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ ""_oam CX²Xoí` ì`pŠV Ho$ AdMoVZmË_H$ ^mdm|
Ho$ gyú_ {dícofU X²dmam CgHo$ Cg g_mOdmXr Ah§^md H$mo ÜdñV H$aZo H$m hmoVm h¡ Omo CgHo$
gm_y{hH$ OZVm Ho$ gmW EH$ê$n _| g{å_{cV hmoZo Ho$ nW _| g~go ~‹S>o AdamoY Ho$ ê$n _| IS>m ahVm
h¡&'' CZHo$ _VmZwgma ì`pŠV H$m Ah§ Am¡a Ah§ OÝ` _mZ{gH$ {dH¥${V Cgo g_mO-{damoYr ~ZmVr h¡&
Omoer Or Ho$ AZwgma g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` _| A^wŠV H$m_dmgZm H$s PcH$ h¡, ^pŠV H$mc VWm
ar{VH$mcrZ gm{hË` ^r _mZ{gH$ H$m_moËnr‹S>Z H$m gm{hË` h¡ Am¡a qhXr H$m N>m`mdmXr H$mì` ""Ho$dc
AnZo ê$½U öX`m| H$s Acg agmdoe_`r ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dmgZmoX²dmam| go gma gm{hpË`H$ dmVmdaU H$mo
{df_` H$aZo Ho$ A{V[aŠV Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡&''
O¡Z|ÐHw$_ma Zo gm{hË` _| ì`pŠV-qMVZ H$mo _hËd XoVo hþE AmÝV[aH$ hrZVmAm|, Hw$ÊR>mAm|,
{ddeVmAm|, `§ÌUmAm| Am¡a Xþ~©cVmAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo _Zwî` H$s Aghmæ` pñW{V,
XrZVm, eyÐVm Am¡a AmË_nrS>m H$m {Zê$nU H$aZm gm{hË`H$ma H$m H$V©ì` _mZm h¡& _Zwî` ^{dî` go
~§Ym h¡& Cggo nao _Zwî` H$s H$moB© {Z`{V Zht h¡& AÑí` ^{dVì`Vm H$m gyÌ _Zwî` H$mo AkmV _mJm}
na g§Mm{cV H$aVm hþAm Kmoa {Zamem, {d\$cVm Am¡a Ag_W©VVm H$s Aghç nr‹S>m go ~mo{Pc ~Zm
XoVm h¡& AZmMma Ho$ à{VH$ma Ho$ {cE AmË_-nr‹S>Z² hr AqhgmË_H$ AñÌ h¡& H$R>moa AmË_-nrS>m go
CËnÝZ Agr_ Ë`mJ, ghZercVm Am¡a H$ê$Um hr _mZd-CËWmZ Ho$ àoaH$ VËd h¡& gm{hË`H$ma _mZd
OrdZ Ho$ gË` H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo Bg à`mg _| dh _mZdr` M[aÌ Ho$ A§Va§J X²d§Xdm|

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
131
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AmKmVm| Am¡a à{V{H«$`mAm| H$m _m{_©H$ {dícofU H$aVm h¡& _Zwî` Ho$ AÝVX²d§Xdm| Ed§ VZmd Ho$ AZoH$
X¡{hH$, ^m¡{VH$, _mZ{gH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ H$maU hmoVo h¡& AV¥ßV H$m_oÀN>m-O{Q>c H$maU h¡ Omo _Zwî`
H$s Agm_mÝ` J{V-{d{Y H$mo OÝ_ XoVo h¡& O¡Z|ÐHw$_ma Ho$ CnÝ`mg gm{hË` na ^r- (gwZrVm, naI,
Ë`mJnÌ, H$ë`mUr) nmí`mË` _Zmo{dícofUdma H$m à^md h¡&
Ako` na nmíMmË` _Zmo{dkmZ H$m àMya à^md h¡& do \«$m`S> Ed§S> ES>ca go {deof ê$n go ào[aV
h¡& CZH$m H$WZ h¡ ""AmO H$m qhXr gm{hË` A{YH$m§e _| AV¥pßV H$m `m `h H$h cr{OE cmcgm
H$m, BpÀN>V {dídmg H$m gm{hË` h¡&'' `hm± \«$m`S>r` X{_V H$m_oÀN>m OÝ` AV¥pßV H$m ~moY nyU©V:
_wIa hmo ahm h¡& ES>ca Ho$ hrZVm H$s à{V{H«$`m _| loîR>Vm-ñWmnZ Ho$ {gX²Ym§V H$m à{V\$cZ Ako`
Ho$ à{gX²Y CnÝ`mg ""ZXr Ho$ Ûrn'' _| hþAm h¢ ""g~ {gX²Ym§V j{VnyaH$ hmoVo h¡& Ako` g§Kf©aV
ì`pŠV H$s AV¥{ßV H$mo hr gm{hË`-àoaUm H$m ñÌmoV _mZVo h¡& ì`pŠV _mZ{gH$ ncm`Z H$s Xem _|
_¥Ë`w H$mo _wpŠV H$m X²dma g_P coVm h¡& gm{hË`H$mam| H$s _Zmod¥{Îm H$s g_rjm Ho$ {cE Ako` Zo
_Zmo{dícofUmË_H$ ÑpîQ> Am¡a ì`pŠV-qMVZ H$m Aml` {c`m h¡&''
g§jon _| _Zmo{dícofU _ycV: _mZ{gH$ Am¡a ñZm`{dH$ amoJm| H$s {M{H$Ëgm-{d{Y Wr& _Zmod¡km{ZH$mZo§
Bgr {d{Y H$m gm{hË` H$s AmcmoMZm H$aZo Ho$ {cE à`moJ _| cm`m& qhXr AmcmoMZm H|$ joÌ _|
àñVwV àUmcr H$m àMcZ n`m©ßV ê$n go hþAm h¢&
4.3.6 qhXr H$s ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm -
AmcmoMZm Ho$ àH$mam| _| AmcmoMZm H$m `h ê$n gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© VWm AmcmoMZm Ho$ àH¥$V
ñdê$n Ho$ gdm©{YH$ {ZH$Q> h¡& ì`m»`m Am¡a {dícofU H$aZm BgH$s {deofVm h¡& Bg àUmcr H$mo cmZo
H$m lo` eoŠg{nAa Ho$ à{gX²Y AmcmoMH$ S>m°. _moëQ>Z H$mo h¡& ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm H¥${V H$s
AÝVamË_m _| à{dîQ> hmoH$a CgHo$ JwU-Xmofm| H$m VQ>ñW ^md go gå`H²$ _yë`m§H$Z H$aVr h¢, H¥${V H$m
ì`dpñWV ê$n go gm¢ÝX`m}X²KmQ>Z H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Cgo ì`dñWm XoVr h¡&
ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm _| Z Vmo ì`mnH$ {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s H$R>moaVm H$mo hr ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡ Am¡a
Z {H$gr `wJ H$s MoVZm H$mo hr _hËd XoVo h¡& BgH$m à_wI Ü`o` H¥${V`m| H$s H${d Ho$ ÑpîQ>H$moU go
ì`m»`m H$aZm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$s AmcmoMZm _| AmcmoMH$ {gX²Ym§Vm| Am¡a AmXem] H$s Amoa A{YH$
Ü`mZ Z XoH$a H${d H$s AÝVamË_m _| àdoe H$aHo$ CgHo$ AmXe© Am¡a ÑpîQ>H$moU VWm àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo
g_PmVm h¡& H${d H$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$m AÜ``Z AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| A{YH$ _hËd H$m _mZm OmVm h¡&
ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm `h ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡ {H$ g^r H${d `m gm{hË`H$ma EH$ loUr `m àH¥${V
Ho$ Zht hmoVo& AVEd {H$gr EH$ {gX²Ym§V `m {Z`_ go CZH$mo ZmnZm Ag§JV h¡ Am¡a Bg ~mV _| dh
{ZU©`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm go gd©Wm {^ÝZ h¡& BgHo$ A§VJ©V AmcmoMH$ gm{hË` H$mo àH¥${V Ho$ AÝ`
nXmWm} H$s ^m±{V {dH$mgerc _mZH$a ZyVZ {dH$mg VWm CgHo$ H$maUm| H$mo ImoOZo H$m à`mg H$aVm
h¡& gm{hË` H$mo {ZOud _mZH$a nyd©à{VpîR>V {ZOud {gX²Ym§Vmo X²dmam hr CgH$s narjm Zht H$s OmVr&
gmW-hr-gmW Bg_| ì`pŠVJV `m AmË_àYmZ AmcmoMZm H$m ^r ê$n Zht ahVm; Š`m|{H$ Bg_|
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
132
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AmcmoMH$ `h Zht H$hVm {H$ aMZm _wPo H¡$gr cJr, daZ dh ì`pŠVJV A{^ê${M H$m n[aË`mJ
H$aHo$ VQ>ñW ê$n go `h ñnîQ> H$aVm ahVm h¡ {H$ H${d `m gm{hË`H$ma Zo Bg_| Š`m A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m
h¡& AmcmoMH$ Cg H¥${V Ho$ narjU _| gX¡d EH$ d¡km{ZH$ AÝdofH$ H$s ^m±{V ZdrZ {gX²Ym§V, {Z`_
`m {deofVmE± ImoOZo _| gOJ ahVm h¡& Bg àH$ma ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm _| gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ gmW
nyU© Ý`m` hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW gOrdVm Am¡a amoMH$Vm ^r ~Zr ahVr h¡ Am¡a ZdrZ {Z`_m| Ed§ {gX²Ym§Vm|
H$mo {dH$mg àXmZ H$aZodmco VÏ`m| H$s ^r ImoO hmoVr ahVr h¡, Bgr{cE Bg AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V H$mo
A{YH$ _hËd {X`m OmVm h¡& `h AmcmoMZm g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm H$m AmYma ~ZVr h¡&
ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm Ho$ AZoH$ ê$n hmo gH$Vo h¡, {OZgo BgHo$ à^md VWm {dñVma H$m gå`H$
n[aM` àmßV hmoVm h¡& ì`m»`m, {dícofU H$aVo g_` AmcmoMH$ H$ht Vmo CgH$s VwcZm H$aVm h¡,
H$ht emñÌr` {Z`_m| H$m {ddoMZ H$aVm h¡, H$ht CgHo$ B{Vhmg H$mo XoIVm h¡ Vmo H$ht _Zmod¡km{ZH$
{dícofU H$aVm h¡& {H$gr ^r nX²Y{V Xdmam AWdm EH$m{YH$ nX²Y{V`m| Ho$ gh`moJ X²dmam g_rjH$
H$mo ""H$cmH$ma `m gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V _| nyU©V: crZ hmoH$a CgHo$ Cg AZw^d H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aZm nS>Vm
h¡, {Oggo Cg H¥${V H$s aMZm hþB©& ê${T>, nydm©J«h, {ZamoY, ^mdwH$Vm, g¡X²Ym§{VH$ Amg{º$, aMZm
H$m¡ecg§~§Yr nyd© H$ënZmAm| Am{X ~mVm| go ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm _| ~mYm nS>Vr h¡& ì`m»`mË_H$
AmcmoMZm {Z`_m| Ed§ {gX²Ym§Vm| H$mo {Zanoj VWm àJ{Verc ~ZmVr h¡&
qhXr _| AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc H$mo ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm àUmcr H$m gyÌnmV H$aZo H$m lo`
àmßV h¡& ^pŠVH$mcrZ H${d gyaXmg, VwcgrXmg Am¡a Om`grna {cIr J`r CZH$s AmcmoMZmE± Bgr
àH$ma H$s h¡& CZHo$ (1) qMVm_{U ^mJ-1, 2, (2) ag _r_m§gm, (3) Jmoñdm_r VwcgrXmg, (4)
^«_aJrVgma H$s ^y{_H$m, (5) Om`gr J«§Wmdcr g_rjm J«§Wm|_|§ ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo
h¢& do H${dVm H$m CX²Xoí` Ho$dc _Zmoa§OZ Zht _mZVo ~pëH$ AmXem}Ý_wI AmË_{dñVmaU _mJVo h¡ Ohm±
ì`pŠV öX` cmoH$-öX` _| {dcrZ hmo OmVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo gyaXmgOr Ho$ dmËgë` dU©Z H$s ì`m»`mË_H$
AmcmoMZm H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡••
""gya dmËgë` h¡ Am¡a dmËgë` gya h¡& `h EH$ ~‹S>r hr AëhmXm`H$ Ed§ AmíM`©nyU© ~mV h¡
{H$ gya go nyd© {H$Ýhr {hÝXr H${d Zo dmËgë` ag H$m {MÌU Zht {H$`m na gya Zo nhcr ~ma Bg
joÌ_| BVZm gwÝXa H$hm h¡ {H$ Bg g§~§Y _| Am¡am| Ho$ {cE Hw$N> H$hZo H$mo Zht ahm& gya Ho$ dmËgë`
dU©Z Ho$ ~mX g~ CgH$s OyR>Z h¡& gya dmËgë` ag H$m H$moZm-H$moZm Pm±H$ Am`o h¡& CÝhm|Zo ~më`
OrdZ H$s gmYmaU go gmYmaU KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a MoîQ>mAm| H$m AË`§V _Zmod¡km{ZH$ Am¡a H$cmË_H$ dU©Z
{H$`m h¡& BZHo$ dmËgë` ag Ho$ dU©Z _| n¥Ï`r ^r ñdJ© ~Z OmVr h¡&''
qhXr _| S>m°. cú_rgmJa dmîU}` H¥$V "^maVoÝXþ h[aíMÝÐ' AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| ì`m»`mË_H$
AmcmoMZm àUmcr H$m gd©loîR> CXmhaU h¡& ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm _| AmcmoMH$ H$mo AnZo ì`pŠVJV
{dMmam| H$mo gm{hpË`H$ aMZm _| à{dîR> H$aZo H$m H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht hmoVm& dh Ho$dc gm{hpË`H$
aMZm ì`mßV {dMmam| H$mo àH$Q> H$a|& nmíMmË` _| _°Ï`y Am°Z©ëS> Zo ^r Bg g_rjm nX²Y{V H$mo AnZm`m

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
133
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
h¡& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| `h g_rjm nX²Y{V gd©loîR> _mZr OmVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ `h H¥${V _| AÝV{Z©{hV
epŠV, gm¢X`© Ed§ à`moOZ H$mo nyU©V: àH$m{eV H$aVr h¡&
4.3.7 qhXr Ho$ à_wI AmcmoMH$
4.3.7.1 AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc
AmMm`© _hmdra àgmX X²{ddoXr Ho$ H$mì`mXe© H$mo AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc Zo àm¡T> Am¡a emór` ê$n
{X`m h¡& ewŠc Or Ho$ g¢X²Ym§{VH$ {ddoMZ _| X²{ddoXr Or H$s _mÝ`VmAm| H$m hr {dH$mg hþAm h¡&
CZH$s g_rjm ÑpîQ> ì`dpñWV Am¡a {dñV¥V ag {gX²Ym§V _| n[aUV hmo JB© h¡& ewŠc Or agdmXr
AmMm`© h¢& CZH$s g_ñV g¡X²Ym§{VH$ Ed§ ì`mdhm[aH$ g_rjmAm| _| "ag' H$mo hr {gX²Ym§V ê$n_|
ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¢& ^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË` H$mì`emñÌ Ho$ JhZ AÜ``Z Am¡a _ZZ go CÝhm|Zo qhXr
g_rjm H$mo EH$ ì`mnH$ Am¡a àeñV AmYma àXmZ {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s EH$ {gao go
ì`m»`m H$s Am¡a ZE, g§X^m] _| CZH$s CnXo`Vm na àH$me S>mcm& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` g§X^m] _| nmíMmÎ`
{gX²Ym§Vm| H$s CnmoX`Vm na {dMma {H$`m VWm AYyar ì`m»`m go CËnÝZ ^«_m| H$m {ZamH$aU {H$`m&
CZHo$ AmcmoMH$ ì`{º$Ëd H$m n[aM` CZHo$ g_rjm J«§Wm| go {_cVm h¡&
à_wI H¥${V`m±-
"^«_a JrV gma' (2006 B©.), "Om`gr J«§Wmdcr' (2008 B©.), "Jmoñdm_r VwcgrXmg',
"qMVm_Ur ^mJ' (1950 B©.), "qMVm_Ur ^mJ-2', "qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg' (gZ 2009), "ag
_r_m§gm' Am{X&
1. {gX²Ym§V-ag :
AmMm`© ewŠc Zo gya, Vwcgr Am¡a Om`gr Ho$ H$mì`m| H$s g_rjm ag {gX²Ym§V H$s H$gm¡Q>r na
H$s JB© h¡& CZHo$ B{Vhmg H$m àU`Z ag ^y{_ na hr hþAm h¡& "ag _r_m§gm' ag {gX²Ym§V H$m
à{VnmXH$ J«§W h¡ Am¡a "qMVm_Ur' Ho$ {d{dY {Z~§Ym| _| ^r "ag' H$mo hr _hÎd {X`m h¡& ewŠc Or
Zo ag H$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma Xr h¡•""cmoH$ öX` _| öX` Ho$ crZ hmoZo H$s Xem H$m Zm_ ag Xem
h¡'' ewŠc Or H$s Bgo n[a^mfm _| ag {gX²Ym§V Ho$ ZdrZ ê$n Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¢& ewŠc Or ag Xem
H$mo öX` H$s¨ _wŠVmdñWm _mZVo h¢& öX` H$s _wŠVmdñWm H$mo ag Xem _mZZo H$m H$maU `h h¡ {H$
ewŠc Or gm{hË` _| hr Zht àË`j OrdZ H$s AZw^y{V`m| _| ^r ag Xem _mZVo h¢& ~g CZHo$ {cE
A{Zdm`© cjU `h h¡ {H$ dh öX` H$mo _wŠVmdñWm _| cm Xo, Cgo AnZo nam`o Ho$ ^oX^md go _wŠV
H$a Xo, Cgo {Zd}`{º$H$ H$a Xo, CgH$s ì`{º$ gÎmm H$m n[ahma H$a Xo, Cgo gm_mÝ` ^md gÎmm _| crZ
H$a Xo VWm Aeof g¥{ï> Ho$ gmW CgH$m amJmË_H$ g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a Xo& ewŠcOr H$m `h {dMma Vmo
AmMm`© {dídZmW Ho$ gmW AZwê$n h¡ Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa npíM_r g_rjm Ho$ Ah§_² {dgO©Z Ed§ {Zñg§JVm
Ho$ {gX²Ym§V H$m g_mdoe ^r XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
134
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 ag H$s emór` pñW{V go ewŠc g§VwîQ> Zht h¢& do ag H$s Vrd«Vm, H${d H$s VÝ_`Vm, ag H$s
{d{dY pñW{V`m| Ed§ CgHo$ {dñVma VWm ag d¡{dÜ` na ^r Ñ{ï> aIVo h¢& ewŠc Or Vwcgr VWm gya
H$s Bg{cE ~ma-~ma àe§gm H$aVo h¡ {H$ VwcgrZo ~S>r VÝ_`Vm Ho$ gmW OrdZHo$ {d{^Þ ^mdm| Ed§
agm| _| AdJmhZ H$am`m h¡& KZmZ§X _| ^md nj H$s àYmZVm h¡, Bg{cE KZmZ§X ^r ewŠc Or Ho$
àe§gm nmÌ h¡& ~moYm H$s ^md VÝ_`Vm H$s ^r àe§gm H$s h¡&
ewŠc Zo ag H$mo ~S>o ì`mnH$ AW© _| J«hU {H$`m h¡& ^maVr` H$mì`emñÌ _| Omo ag _mZm J`m
h¡, CgHo$ A{V[aŠV ^r CÝhm|Zo ag H$s H$B© H$mo{Q>`m± {ZYm©[aV H$s h¢& ewŠc Or H$s g_rjm ag
{gX²Ym§V Ho$ AmYma na h¡& `h ag ÑpîQ> ~hþV Hw$N> Z¡{VH$ Wr&
2. H$mì`ag X²dmam _Zmo^mdm| H$m n[aîH$maU :
ag {gX²Ym§V Ho$ gå`H$ {ddoMZ Ho$ {cE AmMm`© ewŠc Zo "ag _r_m§gm' Zm_H$ J«§W H$s aMZm
H$s h¡& Bg_| ag Ho$ {d{^Þ Ad`dm| Am¡a ag{Zîn{Îm H$s à{H«$`m H$m ~S>m gyú_ Am¡a _m¡{cH$ {ddoMZ
{H$`m J`m h¡& Bg {ddoMZ _| ewŠc Or H$s _m¡{cH$Vm ñWm`r^mdm|, g§Mm[a`m| Am¡a {d^mdm| Ho$
{dícofU go g§~§{YV h¡& CÝhm|Zo ñWm`r^mdm| Am¡a g§Mm[a`m| H$m ~S>m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ Am¡a gyú_ {dícofU
{H$`m h¡& gmV ñWm`r^mdm| VWm VrZ g§Mm[a`m| na àH$me S>mcVo hþE CÝhm|Zo {gX²Y {H$`m h¡ {H$
H$mì`ag BZ _Zmo^mdm| Ho$ n[aîH$aU go OwS>m hþAm h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma ì`pŠV H$s ^mdgÎmm H$m gm_mÝ`
^mdgÎmm _| c` hmoVm h¡, dhm± ag H$s nwZrV ^y{_ h¡& ñWm`r^mdm| H$s ì`§OZm Ho$ H$maU hr gm{hË`
_| ag H$s ^y{_ V¡`ma hmoVr h¡ Omo AnZr g§H«$m_H$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU lmoVm `m nmR>H$ _| CÝht
^mdm| H$m g§Mma H$a XoVr h¡& H$mì`ag H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE ewŠc Or H$hVo h¢- ""Hw$N> ê$na§J
H$s dñVwE± Eogr hmoVr h¡, Omo h_mao _Z _| AmVo hr WmoS>o Xoa Ho$ {cE h_mar gÎmm na Eogm A{YH$ma
H$a coVr h¢ {H$ h_mam gmam kmZ hr hdm hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a h_ CZ dñVwAm| H$s ^mdZm Ho$ ê$n _|
n[aUV hmo OmVo h¢& h_mar A§V:ñWVm H$s `hr VXmH$ma n[aU{V hr gm¢X`© H$s AZw^y{V h¢&''
3. H$mì` g§~§Yr {dMma :
ewŠc Or Ho$ gm{hË` {gX²Ym§V Ho$ ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$ {cE CZHo$ H$mì`g§~§Yr {dMmam| na ^r qMVZ
H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo {Z~§Y "H${dVm Š`m h¡' VWm AÝ` ñWmZm| na H$mì` H$mo n[a^m{fV
H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡& H${dVm H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE qMVm_Ur ^mJ-1 _| {cIm h¡ {H$, ""{Og
àH$ma AmË_m H$s _wŠVmdñWm kmZ Xem H$hcmVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma öX` H$s _wŠVmdñWm ag Xem
H$hcmVr h¡& öX` H$s _w{º$ H$s Bgr gmYZm Ho$ {cE _Zwî` H$s dmUr Omo eãX {dYmZ H$aVr AmB©
h¡, Cgo H${dVm H$hVo h¡&'' Bg n[a^mfm H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| ewŠc Or Zo H$mì`
H$mo d¡`{º$H$ ^y{_ go D$na CR>mH$a EH$ CÀM gm_m{OH$ AWdm {Zd}`{º$H$ ^y{_H$m na à{V{ð>V {H$`m
h¡& ^Q²>Q>Zm`H$ H$m ^mdH$Îd ì`mnma ^r `hr h¡& H$mì` go öX` Ho$ ñdmW© g§~§Y Ny>Q> OmVo h¡& H${dVm
öX` H$mo gm_mÝ` ^md-^y{_ na co OmVr h¡& dhm± OJV H$s ZmZm J{V`m| H$m gmjmËH$ma Am¡a ewX²Y
AZw^y{V`m| H$m g§Mma hmoVm h¡& Bggo h_mao _Zmo{dH$mam| H$m n[aîH$ma Am¡a eof g¥{ï> Ho$ gmW h_mao
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
135
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
amJmË_H$ g§~§Y H$s ajm Am¡a {Zdm©h hmoVm h¡& AmMm`© {dídZmW H$s gÎdmoÐoH$ H$s AdñWm ^r `hr
h¡&
EH$ AÝ` ñWc na ewŠc Or Zo ^mdmoÐoH$ H$aZodmcr ag gw{º$ H$mo H${dVm H$hm h¡& Bg n[a^mfm
_| ^r AmMm`© {dídZmW Ho$ "dmŠ`§ agmË_H§$ H$mì`§' H$s à{VÜd{Z gwZmB© nS>Vr h¡& ewŠc Or H$mì`
H$s AmË_m ag _mZVo h¡ VWm Ac§H$mam{X CgHo$ ~mh²` ñdê$n h¡& H$mì` Ho$ Xmo nj hmoVo h¡- öX`
nj Am¡a H$cm nj& öX` nj H$mì` _| àYmZ hmoVm h¡ CgH$m ~mh` nj Vmo CgHo$ A§Va§J H$s
A{^ì`{º$ _| ghm`Vm nhþ±MmVm h¡& ewŠc Or Zo Xmo àH$ma H$m H$mì` _mZm h¡•àH¥$V Am¡a H$mì`^maV&
gd©loîR> àH¥$V H$mì` ag `m ^mdwH$Vmgo `wŠV hmoVm h¡& H$^r-H$^r ag Am¡a ^md Ho$ gmW M_ËH$ma
^r {_c OmVm h¡& na§Vw H$moar M_ËH$ma `wŠV C{º$`m± ewŠc Or Ho$ AZwgma H$mì`m^mg h¡, H$mì` Zht&
Bg àH$ma {~Zm ag `m ^md H$mo do H$mì` H$s gÎmm hr ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo h¡&
AmMm`© ewŠc H$mì` H$mo gà`moOZ aMZm _mZVo h¡ {OgH$m CX²Xoí` nmR>H$ H$mo g§H$sU©Vm go D$na
CR>mZm h¡& ewŠc Ho$ AZwgma H$mì` H$m CX²Xoí` "cmoH$_§Jc' h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma ""gm¢X`© Am¡a _§Jc
dmñVd _| n`m©` h¢& H$cm nj go XoIZo _| Omo gm¢X`© h¡, dh Y_© nj go XoIZo _| _§Jc h¡&''
5. H$mì` _| ^md nj H$s àYmZVm :
AmMm`© ewŠc H$mì` _| ^md nj H$mo à_wIVm XoVo h¡& H$cm nj ^mdmoËH$f© _| ghm`H$ hmoVm
h¡& dñVwV: H$cmË_H$ gm¢X`© dhr VH$ J«mhç h¡, Ohm± VH$ ^mdm{^ì`{º$ _| ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡& Bg
g§~§Y _| ewŠc Or Ho$ Hw$N> CX²YaU Xo{IE••
1. ""AZyR>r go AZyR>r C{º$ V^r H$mì` hmo gH$Vr h¡, O~ {H$ CgH$m g§~§Y Hw$N> Xÿa H$m ghr
öX` Ho$ {H$gr ^md `m d¥{Îm go hmoJm&''
2. ""Eogr dñVwì`§OZm {OgH$s Vh _| H$moB© ^md Z hmo, Mmho {H$VZo hr T>§J go H$s JB© hmo, Mmho
Cg_| {H$VZm hr cmj{UH$ M_ËH$ma hmo, àH¥$V H${dVm Z hmoJr, gy{º$ _mÌ hmoJr&''
3. ""g§gma _| _Zwî` Om{V Ho$ ~rM H${dVm öX` Ho$ ^mdm| H$mo coH$a hr CR>r h¡& ào_, CËgmh,
AmíM`©, H$ê$Um Am{X H$s ì`§OZm Ho$ {cE hr H${d`m| Zo AnZo pñZ½Y H§$R> Imocm Wm& V~go
AmO VH$ g§gma H$s àË`oH$ gÀMr H${dVm H$s Vh _| ^mdmZw^y{V AmË_m H$s Vah ahVr
Mcr Am ahr h¡&''
AnZo g_rjmË_H$ {Z~§Ym| _| ~S>r ñnîQ>Vm Ho$ gmW AmMm`© ewŠc Zo H${dVm _| ^md nj H$s
à_wIVm H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m h¡& H${dVm Ho$ g¡X²Ym§{VH$ {ddoMZ Ho$ gmW hr CÝhm|Zo H$mì` Ho$ {d{dY
ê$nm| Ho$ aMZm {dYmZ, cú` Am{X H$m g¡X²Ym§{VH$ {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡&
6. ^maVr` g_rjm g§àXm` Am¡a ewŠc :
AmMm`© ewŠc agdmXr AmMm`© Wo& do AÝ` g_rjm g§àXm`m| H$s Cnojm Zht H$aVo h¢& dmñVd
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
136
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
_| do g_Ýd`dmXr AmMm`© h¢& {d{^Þ g_rjm g§àXm`m| H$s A{Vdm{XVm Ho$ {déX²Y h¢& ewŠc Or Ho$
AZwgma àË`oH$ gÀMr H${dVm H$s Vh _| ^mdmZw^y{V AmË_m H$s Vah ahVr h¡& _mZVo h¡ ar{V H$mì`
eara H$m A§J{dÝ`mg h¡, Ac§H$ma H$mì`mJVm Ho$ Am^yfU h¡, JwU AmË_ Y_© h¢, Am¡{MË` Ad`dm|
H$s g§J{V AWdm ì`dñWm h¡& CZH$s ÑpîQ> _| Üd{Z AmË_m H$m ê$n Zht co gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ CgH$s
gr_m _| Ac§H$ma Üd{Z, dñVw Üd{Z Am OmZo go A{Vì`mpßV Xmof Am OmVm h¡&
ag H$mì` H$m AmË_^yV VÎd h¡ Am¡a AÝ` g^r VÎd CgHo$ ghm`H$ h¢& CZHo$ AZwgma ì`{º$
öX` Ho$ cmoH$ öX` _| crZ hmoZo H$s Xem "agXem' H$ht Om gH$Vr h¡& öX` H$m H$mì` dñVw go
à^m{dV hmoZmhr agmZw^y{V h¡& Bg ÑpîQ> go CÝhm|Zo H${d, H$mì`JV Amc§~Z Am¡a göX` VrZm| Ho$
VmXmËå` na ~c {X`m h¡& Amc§~ZX²dmam ^md H$s AZw^y{V àW_ Vmo H${d _| AmZr Mm{hE, {\$a CgHo$
d{U©V nmÌ_| Am¡a {\$a lmoVm `m nmR>H$ _|& Amc§~Z H$s àYmZVm à{Vnm{XV H$aVo hþE, ewŠc ÑT>Vm
Ho$ gmW Ohm± CgHo$ gmYmaUrH$aU na ~c XoVo h¢, dhm± cmoH$ Y_© Ho$ gmW g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aHo$ "H$mì`
ag' H$s EH$ A{^Zd ì`m»`m H$aVo h¢&
7. nmíMmË` H$mì` {gX²Ym§V Am¡a AmMm`© ewŠc :
ewŠc Zo ^maVr` H$mì`emó Ho$ {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m AZwercZ Am¡a {ddoMZ {OVZr gj_Vm Ho$ gmW
{H$`m h¡, CVZr hr j_Vmnyd©H$ do nmíMmË` {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s naI H$aVo h¢& AnZo {Z~§Y "H$mì` _|
ahñ`dmX' _| `wamon Ho$ cmoH$mXe©dmX H$s AmcmoMZm H$s h¡& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$, AmXe©dmXr Ho$dc
AmXe© _| hr gm¢X`© XoIVo h¡& `h H$mì` H$mo g§Hw${MV H$a XoVm h¡& `wamon _| g_rjm joÌ _| ZdrZVm
Am¡a AZyR>onZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| "H$cm H$cm Ho$ {cE', "A{^ì`§OZm hr g~ Hw$N> h¡' Am{X {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m
I§S>Z {H$`m h¡& H«$moMo, pñnÝ~Z©, ~«¡S>co Am{X Ho$ H$mì`g§~§Yr {dMmam| H$m gyú_ {dícofU {H$`m h¡
Am¡a {gX²Y {H$`m h¡ {H$ ^maVr` g§X^© _| BZ {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m H$moB© Am¡{MË` Zht h¡& CÝhm|Zo ñnîQ> {H$`m
h¡ {H$ H$mì` _| A{^ì`§OZm `m H$cm nj H$mo EH$ gr_mgo AmJo à_wIVm Zht Xr Om gH$Vr& H$mì`
_| H$ënZm VÎd Ho$ gr{_V Am¡a _`m©{XV à`moJ Ho$ do njnmVr h¡&
8. g_Ýd`dmXr g_rjm Ñ{ï> :
dmñVd _| ewŠc Or g_Ýd`dmX Ho$ g_W©H$ h¡& do {H$gr dmX `m {gX²Ym§V Ho$ Koao _| g§Hw${MV
hmoZm ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo h¢& Omo ^r cmoH$_§Jc{dYm`H$ h¡, dh BÝh| J«mh` h¡& CÝh| {H$gr go {damoY
Zht h¡, {damoY h¡ Vmo Ho$dc A{Vdm{XVm go& do H$ënZm VÎd H$m _hÎd ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡, qH$Vw do
A{Ve` H$ënZmdmX Ho$ {damoYr h¢& H$mì` _| àH¥${V {MÌU H$m _hÎd CÝh| _mÝ` h¢ qH$Vw H$moam àH¥${V
{MÌU Cn`wŠV Zht _mZVo& H$mì` dU©Z H$m¡ec na CZH$s Ñ{ï> h¢ qH$Vw {ZVm§V ì`{º$ d¡{MÍ` Ho$
{damoYr h¢&
ewŠc Or H${dVm H$m _hÎd g_mO Ho$ {cE _mZVo h¢& cmoH$_§Jc CZHo$ g_rjm {gX²Ym§V H$m _yc
VÎd h¡& `Ú{n H$mì` _| H$cmË_H$ H$m¡ec _hÎdnyU© h¡ qH$Vw dñVw à_wI h¡& do ag H$mo H$mì` H$s

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
137
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AmË_m VWm agmZw^y{V, ^mdmZw^y{V AWdm cmoH$mZw^y{V H$mo H$mì` H$m à`moOZ _mZVo h¢& do ghr AWm]
_| ^maVr` {dMmaH$ h¡& gm{hË` _| ñdXoer VÎd na do gX¡d Ü`mZ aIVo h¢& do A{Vdm{XVm Ho$ H$Q²>Q>a
{damoYr h¢& do g_Ýd`dmX Ho$ nmofH$ h¢ Am¡a gË`, {ed VWm gw§Xa VrZm| H$mo EH$ _mZVo h¢&
AV: `hm§ ñnîQ> h¡ ^maVr` H$mì` qMVZ na§nam _| Am. ewŠc Or H$m AnZm EH$ ñWmZ h¡&
CZH$s aMZmE± qMVZr` Ed§ loîR> aMZmH¥${V`m± h¡& g_Ýd`dmX Ho$ g_W©H$ ewŠc Or Zo H$mì` H$mo
cmoH${hVdmXr, cmoH$_§Jc _mZm h¡& Amc§~Z, AZw^y{V VmXmËå` na ~c {X`m h¡& "Jmoñdm_r
VwcgrXmg', ^«_aJrV gma H$s ^y{_H$m, Om`gr J«§Wmdcr H$s ^y{_H$m _| ì`m»`mË_H$, {ZU©`mË_H$
AmcmoMZm Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¡& AWm©V CÝhm|Zo àmMrZ H$mì` Ho$ gma VËd§ H$mo J«hU H$aHo$ Cg_| nmíMmË`
g_rjm H$m ~c XoH$a, `wJrZ H$mì`H¥${V`m| H$m AdcmoH$Z H$a AmYw{ZH$ AmcmoMZm H$mo Z`m ê$n Xo
{X`m& ^mdr AmcmoMZm Ho$ {cE àH$me ñV§^ ñWm{nV {H$`m&
4.3.7.2 AmMm`© hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr
qhXr AmcmoMZm Ho$ {dH$mg _| AmMm`© hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr H$m {d{eîQ> `moJXmZ ahm h¡& AmMm`©
am_M§Ð ewŠc Ho$ AmcmoMH$ ì`{º$Ëd go àoaUm coVo hþE X²{ddoXr Or Zo AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ CXmadmXr
Ñ{ï> AnZm`r, {OgH|$ H$maU do Eogr gm{hË`YmamAm| Ho$ gmW ^r Ý`m` H$a gHo$ Omo ewŠcOr X²dmam
g_w{MV _hÎd Zht àmßV H$a gH$s& ^maVr` dmL²>_` Ho$ J§^ra AÜ``Z Am¡a nm§{S>Ë` H$m à^md CZH$s
g_rjm Ñ{ï> na nS>m h¡&
AmMm`© hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr H$s `h {d{eîQ>Vm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo ewŠc Or H$s H$_Omoar go ~MZo
H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& CZH$m AWmh nm§{S>Ë` {H$gr H$mo S>amVm Zht A{nVw AX²{dVr` CXmaVm Ed§
ghOVm Ho$ g_Ýd` Ho$ H$maU nwamZo VWm§ ZE g^r àH$ma Ho$ cmoJm| Ho$ {cE g_mZ ê$n go AmH$f©H$
h¡& `h AmH$f©U AZm`mg Zht h¡, A{nVw CZHo$ AmcmoMH$ ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ H$maU h¢&
à_wI H¥${V`m± -
"gm{hË` H$m __©', "{dMma Am¡a {dVH©$' (1945 B©.), "AemoH$ Ho$ \y$c' (1948 B©.), "qhXr
gm{hË` H$s ^y{_H$m' (1944 B©.), "gya gm{hË`' (1956 B©.), "H$~ra' (1955 B©.), "qhXr
gm{hË`' (1952 B©.), "H$ëncVm', "qhXr gm{hË` H$m Am{X H$mc' (1957 B©.), "àmMrZ ^maV
H$m H$cm {dH$mg', "ZmW g§àXm`' (1950 B©.)&
AmMm`© hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr H$s AmcmoMZm H$s {deofVmE± •
1. {gX²Ym§V-_mZdVmdmX :
AmMm`© hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr _mZdVmdmXr g_rjH$ h¢& CZH$m _V h¡ {H$ "_Zwî` hr _w»` h¡'
~mH$s g~ ~mV| Jm¡U h¡& Ac§H$ma, N>§X, ag H$m AÜ``Z Bg _Zwî` H$mo g_PZo H$m hr gmYZ h¡,
`o AnZo Amn_| H$moB© ñdV§Ì _hÎd Ho$ Zht h¢& X²{ddoXr _mZVo h¢ {H$ h_mao gmao à`ËZ _Zwî` Ho$ {cE
h¢& h_mao g~ à`ËZm| H$m EH$ hr cú` h¡ {H$ _Zwî` dV©_mZ XþJ©{V Ho$ n§H$ go CX²Yma nmdo Am¡a
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
138
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
^{dî` _| gwI Am¡a em§{V go ah gHo$& _Zwî` Ho$ {cE hr gm{hË`, Xe©Z, B{Vhmg, amOZr{V Am{X
~ZVo h¢& gm{hË` H$s aMZm ^r Xg AÝ` H$_m] Ho$ g_mZ _Zwî` H$mo gwIr ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE hr H$s OmVr
h¡& h_mao AÜ``Z H$s gm_J«r àË`j _Zwî` h¡& _mZdVmdmX ì`{º$ _mZd H$s Zht, ~pëH$ g_ñV
_mZd H$s Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ emofU go _w{º$ MmhVm h¡& AmO Ho$ `wJ _| gm_m{OH$
_mZdVmdmX hr CÎm_ g_mYmZ h¡& gm{hË` H$s g~go ~S>r Cn`mo{JVm `h h¡ {H$ dh _Zwî` H$mo _Zwî`
~ZmVm h¡&
X²{ddoXr Or ñnîQ> H$aVo h¡ {H$ {Og gm{hË` _| g§H$sU© ñdmWm] Ho$ ~§YZ go _wŠV hmoZo H$s àoaUm
Zht {_cVr, dh gm{hË` Xmo H$m¡S>r Ho$ _moc H$m ^r Zht h¡& _Zwî` H$mo _Zwî` ~ZmZo _| hr CgH$s
Cn`mo{JVm h¡& AmO g§gma BVZm _X_Îm h¡ {H$ AÀN>r ~mV| gwZZo Ho$ {cE V¡`ma Zht h¡& AmO H$s
g~go ~S>r g_ñ`m h¡ {H$ AÀN>r ~mV gwZZo Am¡a _ZmZo Ho$ {cE g§gma H$mo H¡$go V¡`ma {H$`m OmE?
gm{hË` Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ g^mE± Bg g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ H$a gH$Vr h¡&
2. nm§{S>Ë` H$m à^md :
AmMm`© hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr Zo g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Wm& BgHo$ gmW hr Xe©Z,
AÜ`mË_, Y_©emñÌ, nwamU, Cn{ZfX Am{X H$m ^r J§^ra AÜ``Z {H$`m Wm& ^maVr` dmL²>_` Ho$ J§^ra
AÜ``Z Am¡a nm§{S>Ë` H$m à^md CZH$s g_rjm Ñ{ï> na nS>m h¡& dñVwV: X²{ddoXr ^maVr` dmL²>_` Ho$
^rVa go JwOaVo hþE qhXr Ho$ joÌ _| Am nhþ±Mo h¡& Bgr H$maU nyd©dVu AmcmoMH$m| go CZH$s Ñ{ï> {^ÝZ
h¡& X²{ddoXr Or Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a g_mOemór` g_rjm nX²Y{V H$s Zt~ S>mcr h¡& {d{dY dmXm| na
^r CÝhm|Zo _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï> go hr {dMma {H$`m h¡& AmXe©dmX, N>m`mdmX, `WmW©dmX VWm àJ{VdmX
Ho$ g§~§Y _| ^r CÝhm|Zo cmoH$H$ë`mU H$s Ñ{ï> go {dMma {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ nmg dh Ñ{ï>H$moU h¡ Omo
CZHo$ {demc ^maVr` dmL²>_` Ho$ AÜ``Z _§WZ, dV©_mZ {díd g_mO H$s g_ñ`mAm| Am¡a àíZm| Ho$
qMVZ, _ZZ VWm a{d~m~y, AmMm`© {j{VO_mohZ goZ O¡go CXma ì`{º$_Ëd dmco _{Z{f`m| Ho$ g§nH©$
go {Z{_©V hþAm h¡&
3. {dícofU j_Vm :
X²{ddoXr Or H$s EH$ à_wI {deofVm CZH$s AX²{dVr` {dícofU j_Vm h¡& g§ñH¥$V Ed§ qhXr
gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo Bg j_Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡& do nwar AmpñVH$Vm Ho$ gmW
nwamUm|, Cn{ZfXm| VWm Ym{_©H$ gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo h¢ qH$Vw CZH$m {dícofU H$aVo g_`
amJX²dof, `m ^mdwH$Vm go {~ëHw$c à^m{dV Zht hmoVo& Bgr H$maU CZHo$ qMVZ _| _m¡{cH$Vm {XImB©
XoVr h¢& "qhXr gm{hË` H$s ^y{_H$m' _| g§ñH¥$V H$mì` Ho$ g§~§Y _| CZH$m {ZåZ{c{IV H$WZ Cn`w©ŠV
VÏ` H$mo à_m{UV H$aVm h¢ ""OÝ_m§Va ì`dñWm Am¡a H$_©\$cdmX Ho$ {gX²Ym§V H$m Eogm O~X©ñV à^md
Wm {H$ nadVu H${d`m| Ho$ {MÎm _| Bg OmJ{VH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V ^yc go ^r Ag§Vmof H$m Am^mg
Zht {_cVm& Omo Hw$N> OJV _| hmo ahm h¡ Cg_| àíZ H$aZo Am¡a g§Xoh H$aZo H$s OJh hr Zht& H${d
em§{V_` OJV _| {Zdmg H$aVo Wo, Cg_| Xþ:I ^r, H$îQ> ^r, hmñ` ^r EH$ gm_§Oñ`nyU© ì`dñWm
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
139
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$m n[aUm_ g_Pm OmVm Wm& H${d BZ ~mVm| go {dM{cV Zht hmoVm Wm& Bg{cE g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Bg `wJ
Ho$ H${d`m| _| g_mO ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V {H$gr àH$ma H$s {dÐmoh H$s ^mdZm VWm Ag§Vmof H$m ^md
EH$X_ Zht nm`m OmVm& Amn {dYdm H$m __©ñneu amoXZ nT> nmE±Jo, na ~hþV H$_ Eogm XoI|Jo {H$
H${d Zo EH$ ~ma ^r AmnH$m öX` ghcm XoZo Ho$ {cE {dÐmoh Ho$ gmW H$hm hmo {H$ `h AÝ`m` h¡&
h_ BgH$m {damoY H$aVo h¢& ì`{º$Ëd H$s BVZr O~X©ñV Cnojm g§gma Ho$ gm{hË` _| Xþc©^ h¢&''
g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` Ho$ à{V CZH$m Agr_ AZwamJ h¡& CgHo$ à{V AmñWm Ed§ lX²>Ym H$m ^md h¡&
{\$a ^r CgH$m {dícofU H$aVo hþE do CgH$s¨ gr_mAm| Am¡a Xþ~©cVmAmo| H$s Cnojm Zht H$aVo& BZ
Xþ~©cVmAm| Ho$ hmoVo hþE ^r do Cg gm{hË` H$s _hmZVm H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢&
4. `wJ~moY :
g_rjH$ Ho$ ê$n_| AmMm`© X²{ddoXr H$s EH$ ~hþV ~S>r {d{eîQ>Vm `h h¡ {H$ do {H$gr H$mc Ho$
gm{hË` na {dMma H$aVo g_` Cg `wJ H$s n[apñW{V`m| Ed§ àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo Adí` Ü`mZ _| aIVo h¢&
CZH$s ñnîQ> _mÝ`Vm h¡ ""gm{hË` H$s _mÝ`VmE± OrdZ H$s _mÝ`VmAm| go {dpÀN>ÝZ Zht hmoVr& ZB©
n[apñW{V`m| _| O~ _Zwî` ZE AZw^d àmßV H$aVm h¡ Vmo OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmam| Am¡a _mZdr` AmYmam| VWm
{dídmgm| Ho$ _yë` CgHo$ _Z _| KQ> `m ~T> OmVo h¢& g^r _yë`m| _| Hw$N> nwamZo g§ñH$ma Am¡a ZE
AZw^d hmoVo h¢&''
`wJ Ho$ OrdZ _yë`m| _| n[adV©Z H$mo ghO ñdm^m{dH$ _mZZo Ho$ H$maU AmMm`© X²{ddoXr H$s
B{Vhmg ÑpîQ> Xÿgao {dMmaH$m| H$s VwcZm _| A{YH$ CXma, {^ÝZ Ed§ {d{eîQ> h¢&
B{Vhmg H$mo do§ EH$ JS>m _wXm© `m {dJV VÏ`m| H$m ã`m¡am Zht _mZVo ~pëH$ Cgo EH$ Ord§V e{º$
_mZVo h¡& AV: CZHo$ AZwgma _Zwî` hr B{Vhmg H$mo Zht ~ZmVm, ~pëH$ B{Vhmg _Zwî` H$mo ~ZmVm
h¡& B{Vhmg H$m dmñV{dH$ AW© _Zwî` OrdZ Ho$ AI§S> àdmh H$m AÜ``Z h¢& B{Vhmg Ho$dc ì`{º$
`m _Zwî` H$m Zht, ~pëH$ g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ n[adoe H$m hmoVm h¡& _mZd à`ËZm| Am¡a n[adoe H$s
AQy>Q> na§nam hr B{Vhmg h¡& Bg àH$ma B{Vhmg Zo X²{ddoXr Or H$mo A_moK eó àXmZ {H$`m h¡ {OgHo$
H$maU Am{XH$mcrZ Am¡a _Ü`H$mcrZ qhXr gm{hË` _| CZH$m àdoe ghO Am¡a gwH$a hmo gH$m&
AmMm`© X²{ddoXr Or Ho$ AZwgma EH$hr _mZX§S> go g^r gm{hË`YmamAm| H$s AmcmoMZm C{MV Zht
h¢& _yë`m|Ho$ AZwgma _mZX§S>mo _| n[adV©Z Amdí`H$ h¡& CZH$m `h H$WZ Bg Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡••
""gm{hË` H$m {Okmgy `{X _yë`m| Ho$ n[adV©Z H$m R>rH$ R>rH$ Ü`mZ Z aIo Vmo dh gm{hË` Ho$ ZdrZ
à`moJm| H$mo EH$X_ Zht g_P gHo$Jm& ar{V _yë`m| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZodmcm göX` ZdrZ CËWmZ H$s
qhXr H${dVm H$mo Zht g_P gHo$Jm&''
5. na§nam Ed§ AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m g_Ýd` :
`wJ~moY Ho$ gmW AmMm`© X²{ddoXr H$s g_Ýd`dmXr Ñ{ï> ^r CëcoIZr` h¡& EH$ Amoa do AË`§V
na§namdmXr h¢ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ZB© àd¥{Îm H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢& `h g_Ýd` ÑîQ>r CZH$s
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
140
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AmcmoMZmË_H$ Ñ{ï> H$mo IwcmnZ àXmZ H$aVr h¡& do AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s AZoH$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$s H$S>r
AmcmoMZm H$aVo h¢ qH$Vw BgH$s AZoH$ {deofVmAm| H$s àe§gm ^r H$aVo h¢& Bgr àH$ma àmMrZ gm{hË`
Ho$ H$mì` d¡^d H$mo do _wŠV H§$R> go ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ qH$Vw CgHo$ gr_mAm| H$mo ^r ñnîQ> H$aVo h¢&
BgHo$ gmW hr gmW do gm{hË` g_rjm Ho$ g_` AnZo g§ñH$mam| go D$na CR>H$a g_rú` gm{hË`
H$s Xoe H$mcJV {d{eîQ>VmAm| H$mo g_PZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na ~c XoVo h¢&
6. OmVr` gm{hË` H$s AdYmaUm :
em§{V{ZHo$VZ go g§~§Y hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~±Jcm gm{hË` H$m X²{ddoXr Or Zo AÜ``Z {H$`m& BgHo$
gmW H$dtÐ aqdÐ Am¡a AmMm`© {j{V_mohZ goZ Ho$ gm{hË` H$m cm^ ^r CÝh| àmßV hþAm& {Okmgy
d¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU CÝhm|Zo AÝ` ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$s gm{hpË`H$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§namAm| H$m ^r JhZ
AÜ``Z {H$`m Wm& BZ g~Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n CZ_| {dMmaYmam H$s CXmaVm {XImB© nS>Vr h¡& "gm{hË`
ghMa' Ho$ "OmVr` gm{hË`' {Z~§Y _| do H$hVo h¡- ""g_yMr Om{V ^r EH$ ì`{º$ _Zwî` H$s ^m±{V
h¡& {Og àH$ma _Zwî` H$^r gmoVm h¡, H$^r OmJVm h¡, H$^r gmoMVm {dMmaVm h¡& H$^r AmZ§X Ho$
VamZo N>oS>Vm h¡, R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma gmar Om{V ^r AnZo OrdZ_| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ AdñWmAm| go JwOaVr h¡&
Bg{cE O~ h_ {H$gr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo n‹T>Zo ~¡R>Vo h¢ Vmo dñVwV: Cg Om{V H$s g§nyU© qMVZ
e{º$ AZw^y{V na§nam Am¡a g§doXZercVm H$m n[aM` nmZm MmhVo h¡&'' AmMm`© X²{ddoXr ~ma-~ma
^maVr` gm{hË` H$s hr ~mV H$aVo h¢ Bg_| CZH$m CXma Am¡a ì`mnH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡&
7. gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_rjm ÑpîQ> :
AmMm`© X²{ddoXr Or H$mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_rjH$ H$hm OmVm h¡& CnÝ`mg, {Z~§Y VWm AnZo g§nyU©
coIZ_| X²{ddoXr Or H$mo g§ñH¥${V H$s A{dpÀN>Þ Ymam {XImB© XoVr h¡& ^maV _| AZoH$ g§ñH¥${V`m| H$m
AmXmZ-àXmZ hþAm h¡& g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AÜ``Z _| CZH$s ê${M h¡& CZH$s `h ê${M gm{hpË`H$ AmcmoMZm
H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¢& gm{hË` H$mo g§ñH¥${V H$m A§J _mZVo hþE gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$gr Om{V
Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg Ho$ AÜ``Z na ~c XoVo h¢& Bg ÑpîQ> go do EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_rjH$ H$ho Om
gH$Vo h¢&
8. ag H$s A{^Zd ÑpîQ> :
AmMm`© X²{ddoXr Or H$mo "agdmXr g_rjH$' H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& CgH$s ag H$s {ddoMZm
AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ Ed§ ZdrZ h¡& "ag' Am¡a "Üd{Z' H$m ghg§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE CZH$s
VH©$g§JV ñWmnZm `h h¡ {H$ ~«h²_mZ§XghmoXa "ag' hr h¡& "{Zîn{Îm' H$mo "AmñdmX' H$m n`m©`dmMr
_mZVo h¡ VWm agmñdmX H$s à{H«$`m Ho$ {cE H$mcrXmg X²dmam g§Ho${VV "H$aU {dJ_' H$mo gmW©H$
~VcmVo h¢& _oKXÿV _| à`wŠV H$aU {dJ_ H$m AW© B§{Ð`m| H$mo CëQ>r {Xem _| _moS>Zm h¡& H$m{cXmg
H$m gmú` àñVwV H$aVo hþE doH$hVo h¡- ""gw§Xa dñVw Ho$ Xe©Z go _Zwî` H$s {MÎmd¥{Îm`m± ~mø {df`m|
go hQ>H$a A§V_w©Ir hmo OmVr h¢& {Og {MÌ, _y{V© `m gw§Xa nXmW© _| A§V{d©crZ H$aZo H$s e{º$ {OVZr
A{YH$ hmoJr, dh CVZmhr A{YH$ CÎm_ hmoJm&''
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
141
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 göX` H$m AW© "g_mO öX`dmcm' ~VmVo h¢& "H$aU {dJ_' Am¡a agmñdmX H$s à{H«$`m erf©H$
{Z~§Y_| H$mì`ag {df`H$ AnZm ÑîQ>rH$moU àñVwV H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢•""g_m{Y H$m AW© hr h¡• B§{Ð`m|
H$m ~mhar {df`m| go {Zd¥Îm hmoH$a A§V_w©Ir hmoZm& ^maVr` AmMm`m] Ho$ AZwgma O~ VH$ H$cmH$ma
Ho$ {MÎm _| ñd`§ agmZw^y{V Zht hmoVr V~ VH$ dh göX` H$mo ag ~moY Zht H$adm gH$Vm& H$cmH$ma
A§VaVa H$s agmZw^y{V H$mo ê$n XoVm h¡ Am¡a göX` Cg ê$n H$m ~mø H$mo àË`j H$aHo$ A§V_w©Ir hmoVm
h¡& Bg à{H«$`m H$mo H$m{cXmg Ho$ eãXm| _| "H$aU {dJ_' H$h gH$Vo h¢&
H$mì`ag H$s `h {ddoMZm nyar Vah emógå_V h¡& {\$a ^r AmMm`© X²{ddoXr Or H$s {ddoMZm_|
ZdrZVm Am¡a _m¡{cH$Vm h¡&
9. àJ{Verc ÑîQ>rH$moU :
X²{ddoXr Or H$s AÝ` EH$ {deofVm àJ{Verc ÑîQ>rH$moU h¡& H$~ra VWm AÝ` g§Vm| Ho$ gm{hË`
H$m __© {Og Vah CÝhm|Zo g_Pm`m h¡, dh AmJo McH$a àJ{VdmXr AmcmoMH$m| Ho$ {cE ^r àoaUm
H$m ómoV {gX²Y hmoVm h¡& àJ{VdmX Ho$ {df` _| CZH$s Ñ{îQ> ñnîQ> PcH$Vr h¢•""gmYmaUV: `h
g_Pm OmVm h¡ {H$ `h {dMma nX²Y{V (àJ{VdmX) Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> H$s CnO h¢& na§Vw Bg_| Ho$dc
Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> H$s CnO Zht H$hr Om gH$Vr& `h _Zwî` OrdZ H$mo H$ë`mU _mJ© H$s Amoa co OmZo
Ho$ OrdZ Xe©Z go AZwà{nV h¢&''
Cn`w©ŠV {ddoMZ go ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ AmMm`© hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr Zo g¡X²Ym§{VH$ Ed§ ì`mdhm[aH$
g_rjm Ho$ XmoZm| hr joÌm| _| _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m h¢& CÝhm|Zo _mZdVmdmXr ÑpîQ> go g_ñV gm{hË`
H$s narjm H$s h¢& _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï> H$m ag {gX²Ym§V go g_Ýd` {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AnZo
_mZdVmdmX H$mo _Zwî` Ho$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Am¡a amOZr{VH$ emofUgo _w{º$ H$s ^mdZm Ho$ ê$n _|
ñnîQ> {H$`m h¡&
AV: ñnîQ> h¡ hOmaràgmXOr ewŠc `wJ Ho$ AmcmoMH$ h¡& do agdmXr AmMm`© hmoH$a ^r am_M§Ð
ewŠc Ho$ H$m`m} H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m CZH$s _mÝ`Vm Wr gm{hË` H$m _yë`m§H$Z, na§nam Ho$ g§X^© _| H$aZm
Mm{hE& "qhXr gm{hË` H$m Am{XH$mc, Am¡a H$~ra à_wI aMZmE± h¡& do g¡X²Ym§{VH$ g_rjm Ho$ Omc
_| Zht \$go& CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ g§X^© _| XoIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& gm{hË` H$m __©, qhXr
gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg Am{X J«§W Ed§ AZoH$ {Z~§Y CëcoIZr` h¡&
AmcmoMZm Ho$ joÌ_| CZH$m AnZm `moJXmZ Ed§ AZmoIm ñWmZ ahm h¡&

4.3.7.3 Z§XXþcmao dmOno`r

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
142
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 AmMm¶© dmOno¶r ew³bmoÎma g‘rjH$m| ‘| erf©ñW g‘rjH$ ‘mZo OmVo h¢& Am. ew³b Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar
dmOno¶r Zo CZH$s g‘rjm nÕ{V H$m {dH$mg {H$¶m& CÝhm|Zo ew³b H$s H$‘r Am¡a ÑpîQ>H$moU H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo
hþE AnZr ‘m¡{bH$ ‘mݶVmAm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s& ¶h ÑpîQ> H$ht na ewëH$ Ho$ {damoYr Vmo H$ht CZHo$ nyaH$
ZOa AmVr h¡& Am. dmOno¶r Zo "O¶e§H$a àgmX'(1939 B©.), "qhXr gm{h˶: ~rgdt eVmãXr'(1939
go 1940 VH$ Ho$ {Z~§Ym| H$m g§J«h), (1942 B©.), "‘hmH${d gyaXmg' (1953 B©.), "ào‘M§X: EH$
gm{hp˶H$ {ddoMZ' (1954 B©.), "Z¶m gm{h˶: Z¶o àíZ' (1955 B©.), "AmYw{ZH$ gm{h˶'(1960
B©.), "amîQ´>^mfm H$s Hw$N> g‘ñ¶mE±' (1961 B©.), "H${d {Zambm' (1965 B©.) Am¡a "àH$s{U©H$m'(1965
B©.) Am{X ‘hÎdnyU© {H$Vm~m| H$m boIZ {H$¶m h¡&
g¡Õm§{VH$ g‘rjm H$s ÑpîQ> go "qhXr gm{h˶: ~rgdt eVmãXr', "AmYw{ZH$ gm{h˶'Am¡a "Z¶m
gm{h˶: Z¶o àíZ' {deof ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& "AmYw{ZH$ gm{h˶' g‘rjm J«§W go Am. dmOno¶r Or H$m AmbmoMH$
ì¶p³VËd C^aH$a gm‘Zo AmVm h¡& Am. dmOno¶r H$m "Z¶m gm{h˶… ZE àíZ' g‘rjm J«§W AmË‘{ZarjU
A§{H$V h¡, Omo AmbmoMZmË‘H$ ‘Zmo^y{‘ g‘PZo H$s Ñ{ï> go ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& Bg‘| ^maVr¶ Ed§ nmíMm˶
gm{h˶-{gÕm§Vm| H$s MMm© Am¡a gm{hp˶H$ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$s Jhar N>mZ~rZ n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡& Am. dmOno¶r
"Z¶m gm{h˶: ZE àíZ' g‘rjm J«§W Ho$ "{ZH$f' ^mJ ‘| "g‘rjm' Ho$ ~mao ‘| {bIVo h¡§ {H$ "EH$ Amoa g‘rjm
aMZm {deof H$s AZwMar ‘mÌ g‘Pr OmVr h¡ Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa Cgo gm{h˶ H$m H$R>moaVm go {Z¶§ÌU H$aZo
dmbr A{^ZoÌr ‘mZm OmVm h¡& g‘rjm dñVwV: BZ XmoZm| go ~hþV {^Þ h¡& dh aMZmË‘H$ gm{h˶ H$s {à¶
gIr, gw^¡{fUr go{dH$m Am¡a göX¶ ñdm{‘Zr H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡&'
Am. dmOno¶r Ho$ AZwgma ~w{ÕVÎd Ho$ {ZVm§V ~{hîH$ma, é¾ Am¡a H§w${R>V ‘Zmod¥{Îm¶m| H$s ñdrH¥${V Am¡a
gm{h˶ Ho$ AmñdmX H$s CXmÎmVm H$m AñdrH$ma Am{X A§Yoar J{b¶m| ‘| bo OmZo dmbo A{ed VÎd h¡& Am.
dmOno¶r Zo gm{h˶ H$m {ddoMZ {d{^Þ g§X^m] ‘| {H$¶m& Am. dmOno¶r Ho$ {dMmam| H$s H|$Ðr¶ AmñWm ‘mZd
OrdZ H$s ‘m{‘©H$ Ed§ ñdñW MoVZm ahr h¡& CZH$s ZB© H${dVm na {bIr g‘rjmE± ~m¡{ÕH$VmdmXr qMVZ Ho$
Zm‘ na ^mdwH$VmdmXr ‘OmH$ ~ZH$a ah JB© h¡& ZB© H${dVm Ho$ g§X^© ‘| do {OÔr {H$ñ‘ Ho$ AmbmoMH$ ZOa
AmVo h¢& do nmíMm˶ Am¡a ^maVr¶ gm{hp˶H$ ‘mݶVmAm| H$m g§Vw{bV g‘Ýd¶ gmYVo h¢, H$ënZm H$mo H$mì¶
H$m {Z¶m‘H$ VÎd ‘mZVo aho§, gm{h˶ ‘| gm¢X¶© g¥pîQ> H$m ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ag H$mo AmZ§XmË‘H$ à{V{H«$¶m
‘mZVo h¢& Bg g§X^© ‘| "amîQ´>r¶ gm{h˶ Am¡a Aݶ {Z~§Y' ‘| do {bIVo h¢-"gm{h˶ H$s AmË‘m ag, AV§V:
³¶m h¡? dh ‘mZd ‘mÌ H$s dh AmZ§XmË‘H$ à{V{H«$¶m h¡, Omo loîR> gm{h˶ H$mo n‹T>H$a Cgo CnbãY hmoVr
h¡&' Am. dmOno¶r H$s AmbmoMZm ÑpîQ> H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE- "qhXr gm{h˶: ~rgdt eVmãXr' g‘rjm J«§W
‘| aoIm§{H$V- H${d H$s A§Vd¥©{Îm¶m| H$m Aܶ¶Z, H$bmË‘H$ gm¡îR>d H$m Aܶ¶Z, e¡br H$m Aܶ¶Z, g‘¶
Am¡a g‘mO Ed§ CZH$s àoaUmAm| H$m Aܶ¶Z, H${d H$s OrdZr Am¡a aMZm na CgHo$ à^md H$m Aܶ¶Z,
H${d Ho$ Xme©{ZH$, gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ {dMmam| H$m Aܶ¶Z Am¡a H$mì¶ Ho$ OrdZ g§~§Yr gm‘§Oñ¶
Am¡a g§Xoe H$m Aܶ¶Z -BZ gmV gyÌm| H$mo OmZZm Oê$ar h¡& CÝhm|Zo d¡¶p³VH$ ‘Zmo{dkmZ na AmYm[aV
(’«$m¶S>, ES>ba, ¶§wJ go à^m{dV), g‘mOdmXr (‘m³g©dmXr), g‘rjm, H$bm-{dkmZdmXr nwamZr na§nam Am¡a

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
143
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Cn¶moJdmXr ¶m Zr{VdmXr (AmB©. E. [aMS>©²g X²dmam CX²Km{Q>V) BZ Mma ÑpîQ>¶m| go g‘rjm H$s Amoa ܶmZ
AmH${f©V {H$¶m hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡&
Am. dmOno¶r ‘ybV: ì¶mdhm[aH$ g‘rjm Ho$ g‘rjH$ h¡& àmMrZ emñÌr¶ MMm© ¶m H$mì¶ {ddoMZ ‘|
CÝhm|Zo AnZr ñdV§Ì ÑpîQ> H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& CZH$s g‘rjm H$m ‘yb ÑpîQ>H$moU Eo{Vhm{gH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$
AmYmam| na ~Zm hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡& Am. dmOno¶r Zo ‘hmH${d gyaXmg, O¶e§H$a àgmX, gw{‘ÌmZ§XZ n§V,
‘hmXodr d‘m©, Ako¶ Am¡a A§Mb na {bIo g‘rjmË‘mH$ boIm| ‘| ì¶mdmhm[aH$Vm àXmZ H$s hþB© {XImB© XoVr
h¡& do AnZo hr ‘mnX§S>m| na H${d¶m| H$mo naIVo ah|, ‘Ja ew³b Or H$s Vah à¶moJdmX Am¡a ZB© H${dVm H$mo
ghmZw^y{V Zht Xo gHo$& do AnZo à{V‘mZm| ‘| {gHw$‹S>o hþE ZOa AmVo h¢& ZE gm{h˶ H$s YpÁO¶m± C‹S>mVo hþE
CÝhm|Zo H$mì¶mbmoMZ ‘| {ZOr é{M go H$m¶© {H$¶m& ZB© H${dVm ì¶p³V-nr‹S>m, ì¶p³VdmX, KwQ>Z ‘| gr{‘V hmo
OmZm Am. dmOno¶r H$s qMVm H$m {df¶ ahm& ZE nmR>H$ Am¡a AmbmoMH$ CZHo$ ZB© H${dVm g§~§Yr {dMmam|
go gh‘V Zht hmo nmE& CZH$s N>m¶mdmXr ÑpîQ> Bg H$mì¶ H$mo ghmZw^y{V Zht Xo nm gH$s& CZHo$ N>m¶mdmXr
H$mì¶ à{V‘mZ ZB© H${dVm Ho$ ‘yë¶m§H$Z ‘| Ag‘W© ah|& ¶hr dOh h¡ {H$ do ‘wp³V~moY Am¡a Ako¶ O¡go ~‹S>o
H${d¶m| H$mo ݶm¶ Zht Xo gHo$& à¶moJdmX Ed§ ZB© H${dVm H$s g‘rjm ‘| ‘yë¶m| H$m A§YmnZ ZOa AmVm h¡;
{Oggo do à^md‘ybH$ g‘rjm Ho$ M³H$a ‘| ’±$g hþE ZOa AmVo h¢&
N>m¶mdmXr H$mb ‘| Am. dmOno¶r Or ‘| g‘rjm H$s ZB© ÑpîQ>¶m± gm‘Zo AmVr h¡§& CZH$s g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑpîQ>
N>m¶mdmXr H$mì¶ H$s AZw^y{V¶m| Am¡a g§doXZmAm| Ho$ ‘‘© Am¡a ‘yë¶m| H$m A§H$Z H$aVr h¡& CZ‘| ñdÀN>§XVmdmX
H$s H$ënZm, agemñÌ H$s ^mdmË‘H$Vm, A{^춧OZmdmX H$m gm¢X¶© Xe©Z, ê$gmo H$s àJ{Verb ÑpîQ>,
‘Zmo{dkmZ H$s ZdrZ Y‘H$ Am¡a g‘mOemñÌ Am{X H$s PbH$ {XImB© XoVr h¡& BZ‘| CÝhm|Zo EH$ Amoa
ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr à{V‘mZm| H$mo AnZm¶m Vmo Xÿgar Amoa ê${‹T>J«ñV emñÌr¶Vm H$mo nrN>o N>mo‹S> {X¶m, {Og‘| do
à~wÕ ZOa AmVo h¢& ‘yë¶ Am¡a gå‘mZ H$m hoa’o$a CZH$s g‘rjm ‘| ZOa AmVm h¡& amîQ´>r¶Vm Ed§
gm§ñH¥${VH$Vm$ Ho$ njYa hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo do ^maVr¶ g‘rjm ÑpîQ> Ho$ AmbmoMH$ ZOa AmVo h¢& CZH$s g‘rjm
npíM‘ go J¥hrV {XImB© XoVr h¡& nmíMm˶ ñdÀN>§XVmY‘u Am¡a A{^춧OZmdmXr qMVZYmam Zo CÝh| H$m’$s
à^m{dV {H$¶m hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡& BgHo$ X~md Ho$ H$maU H$mì¶ - ÑpîQ> ‘| AmË‘m{^춧OZm Am¡a
ì¶p³VnaH$Vm n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡& ^maVr¶ AܶmpË‘H$Vm, amîQ´>r¶Vm Am¡a ahñ¶dmX na Omoa XoZo go Am.
dmOno¶r H$s g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑpîQ> A§V{d©amoY ‘| ’±$gr hþB© ZOa AmVr h¡& ‘ܶH$mb ‘| gyaXmg Am¡a O¶e§H$a àgmX
H$m gm¢X¶© Xe©Z CÝhm|Zo H«$moMo H$s ÑpîQ> go XoIm& AmíM¶© H$s ~mV ¶h {H$ àgmX Ho$ H$mì¶ g§doXZ H$s
H$m{bXmgr¶ b¶ H$mo do H$^r-^r g‘P Zht nm gHo$ ³¶m|{H$ do nmíMm˶ à{V‘mZm| ‘| ^Q>H$Vo aho§& Bg Xm¡‹S>
‘| do Z "H$m‘m¶Zr' H$mo R>rH$ go g‘Po Am¡a Z "¶m‘m' H$mo& do npíM‘ H$s JhamB© H$^r Zht g‘Po O~{H$
CZHo$ qMVZ ‘| {g’©$ nëbdJ«mhr ~ZVo ah|& n[adoe Am¡a g§ñH$ma go g‘Pm¡Vm H$aZo na do g‘Ýd¶dmXr ZOa
AmVo h¢& CZH$m ¶hr g‘Ýd¶dmX AdgadmX H$mo OÝ‘ XoVm hþAm ZOa AmVm h¡& CZH$s g‘rjm ÑpîQ> EH$
Amoa ‘Zmo{díbofH$m| H$m MwnHo$ go g‘Pm¡Vm H$aVr h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa CÝh| bVm‹S>Vr hþB© {XImB© XoVr h¡& R>rH$
¶hr pñW{V àJ{VdmXr AmbmoMZm H$mo boH$a h¡& CÝh| gm¡îR>ddmXr AmbmoMH$ H$hZm ~‹S>r ^yb hmoJr& CÝhm|Zo

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
144
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
nmíMm˶ OJV² H$s gm¢X¶©dmXr ÑpîQ> H$m ñdrH$ma {H$¶m& do ‘m³g©dm{X¶m| Am¡a ‘Zmo{díbofUdm{X¶m| go
AmOrdZ OyPVo ah|& ¶o g~ do ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr g‘rjm Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| H$mo ~MmE aIZo Ho$ {bE H$aVo ah|&
ag qMVZ ‘| CÝhm|Zo ì¶mnH$Vm bmZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& Am. dmOno¶r agmZw^y{V H$mo "g§doXZm' H$m
{dH$ën ‘mZVo ah|& ¶h g§doXZm gOJ H$bmH$ma H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$m A{Zdm¶© ê$n h¡ Am¡a AnZr Bgr ÑpîQ>
go do "agmZw^y{V' H$mo "gm¢X¶©Zw^y{V' H$m {dH$ën ‘mZVo hþE agmñdmXZ H$s ZB© ^y{‘H$m àñVwV H$aVo ah|& do
"H$mì¶ Vmo àH¥$V ‘mZd AZw^y{V¶m| H$m Z¡g{J©H$ H$ënZm Ho$ ghmao, Eogm gm¢X¶©‘¶ {MÌU h¡ Omo ‘Zwî¶ ‘mÌ
‘| ñd^mdV: AZwén ^mdmoÀN>dmg Am¡a gm¢X¶©-g§doXZ CËnÞ H$aVm h¡& Bgr gm¢X¶© g§doXZ H$mo ^maVr¶
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr ‘| ag H$hVo h¢&' do agdmXr AmbmoMH$ h¡& do g¥OZ à{H«$¶m ‘| gmYmaUrH$aU {gÕm§V
H$mo ZE g§X^m] ‘| n[a^m{fV H$aVo h¢& Bg‘| CZ na EH$ Amoa do H$m§Q> Am¡a hrJob H$m à^md h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa
H$sQ²>g Am¡a Q>r. Eg. B{b¶Q> H$m& do nmíMm˶ gm{h˶ {ddoMZ Ho$ ZE AZwg§YmZ Ho$ à{V {deof gVH©$ h¢&
CÝhm|Zo à{V^m, ì¶Ën{Îm Am¡a Aä¶mg H$mo H$mì¶ hoVw Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma {H$¶m Am¡a à{V^m H$mo H$mì¶ H$m
à‘wI hoVw ‘mZm Am¡a ì¶Ën{Îm Am¡a Aä¶mg H$mo CgH$m g§ñH$maH$ hoVw ‘mZm& Bg g§X^© ‘| do {bIVo h¢-"OrdZ
H$s Bg {dembVm H$m {Z‘m©U ñdV: EH$ ‘hV²‘mJ© h¡& D§$Mr gm{hp˶H$ à{V^m X²dmam hr ¶h g§^d h¡&'
CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ g¥OZ ep³V hr {demb Ed§ Ord§V OrdZmZw^y{V¶m| H$mo H${dVm ‘| S>mbVr h¡& AmíMm¶©
Bg ~mV H$m h¡ {H$ do à{V^m Ho$ {dH$ën ‘| H$ënZm H$mo ‘mZVo h¢& H$mì¶ à¶moOZ na do {bIVo h¢-"gm{h˶
H$m à¶moOZ AmË‘mZw^y{V h¡... AmË‘mZw^y{V gm{h˶ H$m à¶moOZ h¡, BgH$m AW© h‘ ¶h boVo h¢ {H$
AmË‘mZw^y{V H$s àoaUm go hr gm{h˶ H$s g¥pîQ> hmoVr h¡&'
"gmYmaUrH$aU'H$m ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE do {bIVo h¢ {H$ "gmYmaUrH$aU H$m AW© aM{¶Vm Am¡a
Cn^mo³Vm (H${d Am¡a Xe©H$) Ho$ ~rM ^mdZm H$m VmXmËå¶ hr h¡& gmYmaUrH$aU dmñVd ‘| H${d H$pënV
g‘ñV ì¶mnma H$m hmoVm h¡& Ho$db {H$gr nmÌ {deof H$m Zht& Bg V϶ H$mo Z g‘PZo Ho$ H$maU hr
gmYmaUrH$aU Ho$ àíZ na AZoH$ {ZaW©H$ {ddmX hmoVo aho h¢&' CZH$mo gm§àXm{¶H$ H$R>moaVm, gm{hp˶H$ Ed§
H$mì¶mË‘H$ ‘yë¶m| H$s AZ{^kVm Am¡a à{V‘mZm| go CËnÞ Aì¶dñWm ~oM¡Z H$aVr ahr&
gmam§e ¶h {H$ Am. dmOno¶r nmíMm˶ Am¡a ^maVr¶ {gÕm§Vm| Ho$ g§wXaV‘ VÎdm| H$m g‘Ýd¶ MmhVo Wo&
do gm{h˶emñÌ H$s ‘mݶVmAm| H$mo ì¶mnH$ AW© XoZm MmhVo Wo& XaAgb Am. dmOno¶r, Am. ew³b H$s
na§nam H$m H$B© A§V{d©amoYm| go ^am AmbmoMH$ h¡& do Xoe-{dXoe go H$m’$s à^m{dV h¡, {Oggo CZH$s g‘rjm
ÑpîQ> ‘m¡{bH$ {XImB© Zht XoVr& ‘m³g©dmXr Am¡a ‘Zmo{díbofdmXr g‘rjm Ho$ Xþ~©b Am¡a g~b njm| H$m do
O‘H$a {damoY Zht H$aVo&
CÝhm|Zo H${d H$s A§Vd¥©{Îm¶m| H$m gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ ‘mZdr¶ g§doXZm H$s ÑpîQ> H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo hþE
{díbofU {H$¶m& g¥OZ à{H«$¶m H$m ñdê$n, g¥OZ àoaUm, g¥OZmZw^y{V H$m ñdê$n, H$mì¶ A{YH$mar, H$mì¶
Ho$ CnmXmZ, ‘mܶ‘, KQ>H$ VÎd ¶m H$mì¶ H¥${V Ho$ g‘J« gm¢X¶© H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z, g¥OZ-à{H«$¶m Am¡a H${d
H$V¥©Ëd, g¥OZ AdYmaUm, g¥OZ ep³V Am{X g¡Õm§{VH$ g‘rjm Ho$ {d{^Þ njm| na CÝhm|Zo J§^ra qMVZ Oê$a

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
145
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
{H$¶m h¡, ‘Ja Cg‘| nmíMm˶ {dMmam| H$s Jhar N>mn {XImB© XoVr h¡& CÝhm|Zo ì¶p³VdmXr H$bm Xe©Z H$m
I§S>Z-‘§S>Z {H$¶m Am¡a H$bmdmXr ‘yë¶m| H$mo gm‘m{OH$Vm Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> {X¶m&
g§jon ‘| Am. dmOno¶r H$m g‘mO gmnoj agdmX bmoH$-g§doXZm, bmoH$ A{^é{M, bmoH$Y‘u g§ñH$ma
H$m hr g§ñH¥$V ê$n h¡; {Og‘| g‘gm‘{¶H$Vm Ed§ AmYw{ZH$Vm, emñÌr¶Vm Am¡a ì¶mdhm[aH$Vm, ñdÀN>§XVm
Ed§ na§nam H$m g‘Ýd¶ {XImB© XoVm h¡&
4.3.7.4 am_{dcmg e_m©
S>m°. am_{dcmg e_m© EH$ àJ{VdmXr AmcmoMH$ h¢& àJ{VdmXr g_rjm H$mo AmJo ~T>mZo _| e_m©
Or H$m `moJXmZ AVwcZr` h¢& e_m© Or ñnîQ>dmXr, gyú_ ÑpîQ>, Jhar noR>, Ed§ {Z{^©H$ ì`{º$Ëd Ho$
g_rjH$ h¢& Hw$N> AmcmoMH$m| H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ "àJ{VdmX AVrV H$s Cnojm H$aVm h¡,' na§Vw e_m©
Or Zo CgH$mo ñnîQ> CÎma {X`m h¡& e_m© Or H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ "àJ{VdmX Z Vmo AVrV H$s Cnojm H$aVm
h¡ Am¡a Z hr CgHo$ à{V C±Mm _moh hr aIVm h¡& àJ{VdmX Ho$ {cE AVrV CVZo hr A§em| _| ñdrH$m`©
h¡, Ohm± VH$ dV©_mZ Ho$ OrdZ g§Kf© H$s àoaUm {_c gHo$&'
S>m°. am_{dcmg e_m© _mŠg©dmXr `m àJ{VdmXr g_rjm Ho$ à_wI CÝZm`H$ _mZo OmVo h¢& _mŠg©dmX
CZH$s ÑpîQ> H$mo H$hr à{V~§{YV Zht H$aVm& g_w{MV AÜ``Z, {dícofU Ed§, {ddoMZ Ho$ Cnam§V hr
do AnZm _§Vì` àH$Q> H$aVo h¢& EH$ göX` _mŠg©dmXr g_rjH$ Ho$ ê$n _| S>m°. e_m© Z| qhXr
AmcmoMZm Ho$ {dH$mg _| _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m h¢& CZHo$ AmcmoMH$ ì`pŠVÎd H$m n[aM` CZHo$
{ZåZ{c{IV g_rjm J«§Wm| go àmßV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¢&
à_wI H¥${V`m± :-
"ào_M§X' (1941 B©.), "^maV|Xþ `wJ' (1943 B©.), "{Zamcm' (1946 B©.), "àJ{V Am¡a na§nam'
(1949 B©.), "gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V' (1949 B©.), "ào_M§X Am¡a CZH$m `wJ' (1952 B©.), "^maV|Xþ
h[aíM§Ð' (1953 B©.), "^mfm gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V' (1954 B©.), "àJ{Verc gm{hË` H$s g_rjm'
(1954 B©.), "AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc Am¡a qhXr AmcmoMZm' (1955 B©.), "cmoH$OrdZ Am¡a gm{hË`'
(1955 B©.), "ñdmYrZVm Am¡a amîQ´>r` gm{hË`' (1956 B©.), "AmñWm Am¡a gm¢X`©' (1961 B©.),
"^mfm Am¡a g_mO' (1968 B©.), "{Zamcm H$s gm{hË` gmYZm' (VrZ I§S>-1969, 72, 76 B©.),
^maV|Xþ `wJmAm¡a qhXr gm{hË` H$s {dH$mg na§nam' (1975 B©.), "_hmdra àgmX X²{ddoXr Am¡a qhXr
ZdOmJaU' (1977 B©.), "Z`r H${dVm Am¡a ApñVÎddmX' (1978 B©.), "^maV Ho$ àmMrZ ^mfm
n[adma Am¡a qhXr' (1989, 80, 81 B©. _| VrZ I§S>), "na§nam H$m _yë`m§H$Z' (1981 B©.), "^mfm,
`wJ~moY Am¡a H${dVm' (1981 B©.), "^maV _| A§J«oOr amO Am¡a _mŠg©dmX' (Xmo I§S>-1988 B©.),
"H$Wm {ddoMZm Am¡a JX²` {eën' (1972 B©.), "_mŠg©dmX Am¡a àJ{Verc gm{hË`' (1984 B©.),
"cmoH$ OmJaU Am¡a qhXr gm{hË` g§nmXZ' (1985 B©.), "qhXr Om{V H$m gm{hË`' (1985 B©.),
"^maVr` gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s g_ñ`mE±' (1986 B©.), "_mŠg© Am¡a {nN>S>o hþE g_mO' (1986
B©.)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
146
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 nm§°M XeH$m| go ^r A{YH$ c§~r Ad{Y _| _mŠg©dmXr {dMmaYmam ^mfm {dkmZ Am¡a g_H$mcrZ
Xme©{ZH$ {dMmaYmamAm| H$m J§^ra qMVZ _ZZ H$aVo hþE S>m°. e_m© H$m AmcmoMH$ ì`pŠVÎd, H«$_e:
D±$MmB© H$s Amoa AJ«oga hþAm h¢& àW_ "VmagßVH$' _| EH$ _hÎdnyU© aMZmH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| H$mì` g¥OZ
go àma§^ H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo H$mì` g_rjm Ho$ joÌ _| nXmn©U {H$`m Am¡a ñd`§ H$mo g¡X²Ym§{VH$ Am¡a
ì`mdhm[aH$ g_rjm H$s g_¥X²{Y Ho$ {cE g_{n©V {H$`m& CZHo$ AmcmoMH$ ì`pŠVÎd H$s {ZåZ{c{IV
{deofVmAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&
1. AÜ``ZercVm :
S>m°. am_{dcmg e_m© H$s g~go ~S>r {deofV: CZH$s AÜ``ZercVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` gm{hË`
Ho$ gmW nmíMmË` gm{hË` H$m ^r JhZ AÜ``Z {H$`m h¡& {dñV¥V AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE {OZ coIH$m|,
H${d`m| Am¡a g_rjH$m| H$mo e_m© Or Zo MwZm h¡, do h¢ ^maV|Xþ h[aíM§Ð, gy`©H$m§V {ÌnmR>r "{Zamcm',
"ào_M§X Am¡a AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc'& CZH$s AmcmoMZm H$mo XoIZo go ñnîQ> àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo
EH$ göX` nmR>H$ H$s Vah nyam gm{hË` AmÚ§V nT>Z| Ho$ ~mX {cIZm àma§^ {H$`m h¡& BZ coIH$m|
H$s H¥${V`m| H$s g_rjm CÝhm|Zo VËH$mcrZ KQ>ZmAm| Ed§ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ n[aàoú` _| hr H$s h¡& BZH$s
AmcmoMZm _| OmJ¥{V h¡, gyú_ ÑpîQ>, Jhar noR>o Am¡a ñnîQ>dm{XVm gd©Ì h¡&
2. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU :
AÜ``ZercVm Ho$ gmW hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU CZH$s à_wI {d{eîQ>Vm h¡& do _mZVo h¢ {H$,
g_mO Ho$ èhmg Am¡a {dH$mg H$m à{Vq~~ gm{hË` _| Adí` {XImB© nS>Vm h¡ qH$Vw BgHo$ gmW hr
àË`oH$ `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` _| àJ{V Am¡a {dH$mg H$s Amoa CÝ_wI àd¥{Îm`m| H$s ImoO ^r H$s Om gH$Vr
h¡& H$moB© gm{hË` `wJ OrdZ H$s àJ{V Am¡a CÝ_wI H$aZo _| {H$g gr_m VH$ g\$c h¡, Bg AmYma
na hr CgH$s loîR>Vm H$m {ZYm©aU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {cE ^pŠVH$mc H$m gm{hË`
{ZJw©U AWdm gJwU ^{º$ Am¡a B©ída qMVZ Ho$ H$maU CëcoIZr` Zht h¢& CgH$m _hÎd Bg H$maU
h¡ {H$ Cg_| AÝ`m` Am¡a AË`mMma Ho$ {déX²Y cmoH$OmJaU h¡&
`h Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑpîQ> AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V H$mo CXma Am¡a ì`mnH$ ~ZmVr h¡& Bgr H$maU e_m©Or
N>m`mdmX, VwcgrXmg Am¡a g§V gm{hË` Am{X H$s g_rjm àñVwV H$aZo _| Bgr {deofVm Ho$ H$maU
g\$c aho h¢& "{Zamcm' H$s ^y{_H$m _| CZH$m `h H$WZ CZH$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑpîQ> Ho$ _hÎd H$mo g§Ho${VV
H$aVm h¡ ""AmO `h AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ h_ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ Bg nj H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑpîQ>
go N>mZ~rZ H$a|& Bg Vah H$s g_rjm {~Zm h_ AnZr na§nam H$s H$m{S>`m± Z OmoS> gH|$Jo Am¡a Z h_mao
ZE gm{hË` H$m Am§XmocZ ghr àJ{V H$a gHo$Jm&''
3. àmg§{JH$Vm :
S>m°. e_m© H$s EH$ _hÎdnyU© {d{eîQ>Vm gm{hË` H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Ho$ {Zê$nU go g§~§{YV h¡& Omo
^r gm{hË` g_H$mcrZ OrdZ H$s ÑpîQ> go àmg§{JH$ h¡, CgHo$ _hÎd H$mo AñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m Om
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
147
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
gH$Vm& "^maV|Xþ `wJ' H$s ^y{_H$m _| CZH$m H$WZ CëcoIZr` h¡ ""`h ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ {H$ {H$gr ~rV|
hþE `wJ Ho$ ~mao _| {cIVo hþE h_mam Ü`mZ AnZo `wJ Am¡a CgH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$s Amoa ^r OmE& `{X
_wPo ^maV|Xþ `wJ go AmO Ho$ `wJ H$m EH$ K{ZîQ> g§~§Y Z {XIcm`r nS>Vm Vmo _¢ `h nwñVH$ A^r
Z {cIVm& `h gmoMH$a {H$ AmO H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwcPmZo _| h_| Cg `wJ go Hw$N> àoaUm {_c
gH$Vr h¡, _¢Zo Bgo {cIZm Ama§^ {H$`m Wm&''
^maV|Xþ `wJ Ho$ coIH$m| H$m _hÎd Bg ÑpîQ> go h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo AnZr Am±Im| _| "~«O^mfm ào_'
H$s nQ²>Q>r Z ~m±YH$a JÚ H$s ^mfm _| ^r à`moJ {H$E {Oggo ZB© nrT>r H$m _mJ© àeñV hþAm& Cg
`wJ Ho$ Xm`ao _| `h CZ coIH$m| H$s àJ{VercVm Wr Omo e_m© Or Ho$ AZwgma CZHo$ gm{hË` H$mo
_hÎdnyU© Ed§ àmg§{JH$ ~ZmVr h¢&
4. na§nam go CXmÎm VÎdm| H$m ñdrH$ma :
S>m°. e_m© àJ{VdmXr AmcmoMH$ hmoVo hþE ^r na§nam {damoYr Zht h¡& do na§nam H$m gå_mZ H$aVo
h¢ VWm na§nam go J«mh` VÎdm| H$mo AmË_gmV H$aZo _| ~c XooVo h¢& "g§ñH¥${V Am¡a gm{hË`' _| CZH$m
H$WZ ÑîQ>ì` h¢•""`h AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ h_ AnZo gm{hË` H$s nwamZr na§namAm| go n[a{MV hmo&
n[a{MV hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ loîR> VÎdm| H$mo J«hU ^r H$aZm Mm{hE&''
5. àJ{VercVm Ed§ ñnîQ>dm{XVm :
S>m°. am_{dcmg e_m© Zo "àJ{VdmX' Ho$ ñWmZ na àJ{Verc gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE± ~VmB© h¢&
àJ{Verc gm{hË`H$ma _mŠg© Ho$ {dMmaYmam H$m AZwgaU H$aVm h¢& S>m°. e_m© Ag§{X½Y ê$n go
_mŠg©dmXr h¡& gd©hmam Ho$ {hVm| Ho$ g§ajU, ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ CÝ_ycZ VWm g_Vm_ycH$ g_mO
H$s ñWmnZm H$m Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE Cn`mo{JVm H$s H$gm¡Q>r na gm{hË` Ho$ _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ njYa h¢&
CÝhm|Zo Bgr ÑpîQ> H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a g_rjm H$m {dH$mg {H$`m h¡& "{Zamcm H$s gm{hË` gmYZm' `h
àJ{Verc ÑpîQ> H$m Jm¡ademcr J«§W h¡&
AmcmoMH$ Ho$ ê$n_| S>m°. e_m© H$s EH$ AÝ` {defoVm CZH$s ñnîQ>dm{XVm Ed§ {Z{^©H$Vm h¡& do
qMVZ Am¡a {dícofU X²dmam àmßV {ZîH$fm] H$mo {~Zm cmJ cnoQ> Ho$ {Z{^©H$Vm go àñVwV H$aVo h¡&
VwcZmË_H$, {ddoMZmË_H$ Ed§ {dícofUmË_H$ g_rjm nX²Y{V -
S>m°. e_m© H$s AmcmoMZmË_H$ H¥${V`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo go nVm McVm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo {H$gr H¥${V,
H¥${VH$ma `m {H$gr gm{hË` H$s g_rjm H$aVo g_` VwcZmË_H$, {ddoMZmË_H$ Ed§ {dícofUmË_H$
nX²Y{V`m| H$m Aml` J«hU {H$`m h¢& Ohm± Amdí`H$ h¡ do BZ nX²Y{V`m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢ VWm
AnZo {ZîH$fm] H$mo d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ> go àñVwV H$aVo h¢&
gm{hË` {df`H$ _mÝ`VmE± -
S>m°. am_{dcmg e_m© H$s g_rjmË_H$ H¥${V`m| _| gm{hË` g_rjm Ho$ _mZX§S>m| Ho$ {df` _|
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
148
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
_hÎdnyU© {dMma {_cVo h¢& gmW hr `o _mZX§S> EH$ ZB© dñVw{ZîR> g_rjm Ho$ {dH$mg _| ^r CëcoIZr`
`moJXmZ XoVo h¢&
H$mì` g_rjm H$m g~go _hÎdnyU© AmYma CgH$s {df`dñVw h¡& ^mfm H$s Anojm {df`dñVw H$m
A{YH$ _hÎd h¡& H$mì` Ho$ {df`dñVw H$m _yë`m§H$Z E|{Ð`~moY na AmYm[aV ^md d¡^d Ho$ AmYma
na {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& `wJ n[adV©Z Ho$ ~rM E|{Ð`~moY hr g~go A{YH$ ñWm`r h¡& Bg na AmYm[aV
^md~moY H$m ñWm{`Îd ^r Ag§{X½Y h¡& H$mì` H$m H$cm nj ^r _hÎdnyU© h¡ qH$Vw CgH$s VwcZm _|
{df` dñVwdmcm nj Adí` hr A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© h¡& ^mfm {dkmZ na AmYm[aV ê$nmË_H$ g_rjm H$s
Cn`mo{JVm g§{X½Y h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bg_| {df`dñVw Ho$ AÜ``Z H$mo Ano{jV _hÎd Zht {X`m OmVm&
Bg àH$ma àË`jV: _mŠg©dmXr {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV hmoVo hþE ^r S>m°. am_{dcmg e_m© H$m
gm{hË` qMVZ n`m©ßV dñVw{ZîR> _yë`naH$ Ed§ CXma h¡& AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc Ho$ ~mX Cg H$coda
Ho$ gm{hË`qMVH$ H$m ì`{º$Ëd CZ_| hr XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& ghr AWm] _| qhXr g_rjm _| _mŠg©dmX
H$s àJ{Verc qMVZYmam Ho$ EH$ _mÌ AmMm`© h¢& qhXr AmcmoMZm Ho$ dV©_mZ ñdê$n Ho$ {dH$mg _|
CZH$m CëcoIZr` `moJXmZ h¢&
4.3.7.5 S>m°. Zm_da qgh
Zm‘da qgh AmbmoMZm Ho$ à{VîR>mnH$ Am¡a àJ{Verb AmbmoMZm Ho$ à‘wI hñVmja Wo& do "dm{MH$
hr ‘m¡{bH$ h¡' ‘| Anma {dídmg H$aVo ah|& CÝhm|Zo AnZr AmbmoMH$ g‘mOdmXr OrdZ ÑpîQ> go ZB© H${dVm
H$mo gH$mamË‘H$ {XemXe©Z {H$¶m Am¡a AnZr Zì¶ ÑpîQ> go AmbmoMZm joÌ H$mo Z¶m àH$me {X¶m& CÝhm|Zo AnZo
¶wJ~moY H$s {dñV¥V {dMmaYmam à{V{Z{YËd {H$¶m& H«$m§{VH$mar, ‘m³g©dmXr Xe©Z Ho$ ì¶p³VËd go n[anyU©
AmbmoMH$ Zm‘da qgh Zo AmbmoMZm {dYm H$mo ZdrZ à{V‘mZm| H$m AmbmoH$ àXmZ {H$¶m VWm Cgo g¥OZmË‘H$
Am¡a aMZmË‘H$ n¥îR>^y{‘ àXmZ H$s& CÝhm|Zo “qhXr Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| An^«§e H$m ¶moJ’ (1952) Am¡a "n¥ÏdramO
amgmo H$s ^mfm'(1959) Am{X emoY J«§W {bIo& CÝhm|Zo "AmYw{ZH$ gm{h˶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m±' (1954),
"N>m¶mdmX' (1955), "B{Vhmg Am¡a AmbmoMZm' (1957), "H$hmZr: Z¶r H$hmZr'(1964), "H${dVm Ho$
Z¶o à{V‘mZ' (1968), "Xÿgar na§nam H$s ImoO' (1982) Am¡a "dmX-{ddmX g§dmX'(1989) AmnH$s
à‘wI AmbmoMZmË‘H$ aMZmE± h¢& CÝhm|Zo gmjmËH$ma-"H$hZm Zm hmoJm' (1994), "~mV ~mV ‘|
~mV'(2006); nÌ g§J«h-"H$mer Ho$ Zm‘' (2006); ì¶m»¶mZ-"AmbmMoH$ Ho$ ‘wI go' (2005) Am{X
{H$Vm~m| H$m boIZ {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a qhXr H$s Xmo n{ÌH$mAm| "OZ¶wJ' (gmßVm{hH$) Am¡a "AmbmoMZm'
(Ì¡‘m{gH$) H$m g§nmXZ {H$¶m h¡&
Zm‘da qgh Zo AnZr AmbmoMZm H¥${V ‘| g~go nhbo N>m¶mdmX H$s g‘rjm H$s& VËH$mbrZ g‘¶ ‘|
N>m¶mdmXr H${dVm na nbm¶ZdmXr Am¡a ì¶p³VnaH$ hmoZo Ho$ Amamon hmo aho Wo, ‘Ja Zm‘da qgh Zo N>m¶mdmXr
H${d¶m| H$mo ì¶p³VdmX go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ Eo{Vhm{gH$ n¥îR>^y{‘ Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> {X¶m& ¶h CZHo$
‘m³g©dmXr AmbmoMZm H$m H$bmË‘H$ ê$n ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg‘| CZH$s e¡br ‘| VmOJr Am¡a gO©ZmË‘H$
à{V^m H$m n[aM¶ {‘bVm h¡& Bg{bE Vmo {Xëbr Ho$ B§{S>¶m B§Q>aZoeZb g|Qa ‘| Am¶mo{OV "Zm‘da g§J
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
149
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
~¡R>H$s' H$m¶©H«$‘ ‘| boIH$ {dídZmW {ÌnmR>r Zo H$hm {H$ "Ako¶ Ho$ ~mX qhXr H$m g~go ~‹S>m "ñQ>oQ²>g‘¡Z'
H$hm Wm&'
da qgh Zo "H${dVm Ho$ Z¶o à{V‘mZ' AmbmoMZm J«§W ‘| ZB© H${dVm Am¡a H$mì¶ ‘yë¶m| H$mo àíZm| Ho$
H$Q>Kao ‘| I‹S>m {H$¶m& Bgr H$maU CZ na ê$ndmX H$mo C^maZo Ho$ Amamon bJVo ah|& "H${dVm Ho$ Z¶o à{V‘mZ'
‘| CÝhm|Zo EH$ Amoa H${dVm Ho$ ZdrZ à{V‘mZm| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m Vmo Xÿgar Amoa BgHo$ H|$Ð ‘| ‘wp³V~moY H$s
aMZmAm| H$mo noe {H$¶m Am¡a ‘wp³V~moY H$mo EH$ ‘m°S>b Ho$ ê$n ‘| à¶moJ {H$¶m& "H${dVm Ho$ Z¶o à{V‘mZ'
H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘| AmbmoMH$ Ho$ ì¶p³VËd na àH$me S>mbVo h¢-"‘yë¶dmZ h¡ EH$ ^r Eogo AmbmoMH$ H$m hmoZm
Omo {H$gr ^r MrO H$mo V~ VH$ AÀN>m Z H$ho, O~ VH$ Cg {ZU©¶ Ho$ {bE AnZm g~ Hw$N> Xm±d na bJmZo
Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma Z hmo&' CZH$m ‘mZZm Wm {H$ EH$ AmbmoMH$ H$mo g˶{ZîR> hmoZm Mm{hE Am¡a {Zînj Ed§ ‘w³V
^md go ‘yë¶ gmnoj dU©Z H$aZm Mm{hE& Zm‘da qgh ao‘§S> {d{b¶åg Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go H$hVo h¢-"AmbmoMH$
H$m Y‘© h¡ Cg {dH$ën Ho$ AdH$me H$mo Ohm± dh h¡, aoIm§{H$V H$a|, O¡go ^yJmob H$m AmX‘r {H$gr àmMrZ
O‘rZ na Cg OJh H$mo ~VmVm h¡ {H$ dh ¶hm± h¡& gÎmm H$s gd©J«mhr g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~a³g AmbmoMH$ Cg
{dH$ën Ho$ AdH$me H$s Vbme H$aVm h¡& {dH$ën H$m AmdH$me Cg ñdV§Ì bmoH$ H$s ImoO h¡ Ohm± I‹S>o
hmoH$a Cgo ñd¶§ AmbmoMZm H$‘© ‘| àd¥Îm hmoZm h¡&' Bgr H$maU ^mB© H$merZmW qgh Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ "qhXr
AmbmoMH$m| ‘| ^r Eogr bmoH${à¶Vm {H$gr H$mo Zht {‘br O¡gr Zm‘daOr H$mo {‘br&' "H${dVm Ho$ Z¶o
à{V‘mZ' J«§W Ho$ H$maU do g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm Ho$ J§^ra {díbofH$ ê$n ‘| àñVwV hþE& Bg‘| CZH$s gyú‘
{ZarjU Am¡a AMyH$ nhMmZ H$s j‘Vm go n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡&
"B{Vhmg Am¡a AmbmoMZm' J«§W ‘| CÝhm|Zo gm{hp˶H$ ‘yë¶m| H$mo àñVwV {H$¶m& Bg‘| em{‘b {Z~§Ym| H$mo
nwZ‘y©ë¶m§H$ZnaH$ AmbmoMZm Am¡a gm{h˶ B{Vhmg Ho$ ~rM g§~§{YV {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo "H$hmZr: Z¶r H$hmZr'
‘| ZB© H$hmZr H$s g‘rjm aoIm§{H$V H$s h¡& Bg‘| H$Wm-g‘rjm H$mo boH$a ZE à{V‘mZm| H$s ImoO H$s JB©
h¡& àñVwV J«§W AmbmoMZm {dYm H$m Z¶m EñW¡{Q>H$ ImoOZo H$m à¶mg H$aVm h¡, Omo H$hm{Z¶m| H$s AmbmoMZm
‘| g’$b hmo MwH$m h¡& ¶h J«§W g‘H$mbrZ H$hmZr g§~§Yr àIa {Z~§Ym| Ho$ g§H$bZ h¡& àñVwV J«§W Zo qhXr
‘| nhbr ~ma H$hmZr g‘rjm H$s EH$ nÕ{V gm‘Zo bm¶m& H$hmZr H$mo AI§S> BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n ‘| n‹T>Zo-g‘PZo
H$s AZwe§gm ~hþ‘yë¶ gm{~V hmo JB©&
"Xÿgar na§nam H$s ImoO'Am¡a "dmX {ddmX g§dmX' nwñVH|$ qhXr AmbmoMZm H$s loîR> CnbpãY h¡& "Xÿgar
na§nam H$s ImoO' J«§W ‘| CÝhm|Zo hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr Ho$ ì¶p³VËd Ho$ gmW CZHo$ OrdZ Xe©Z na àH$me
S>mbm h¡& Bg g§X^© ‘| CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ "Xÿgar na§nam H$m ‘Vb~ Xÿgar na§nam Zht ~pëH$ EH$ Am¡a na§nam
h¡& dh JUZm Ho$ H«$‘ ‘| Xÿgar Zht Wr&' Bg {H$Vm~ ‘| CÝhm§oZo ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V H$s bmoH$moÝ‘wIr na§nam H$s
ImoO~rZ H$s hþB© àVrV hmoVr h¡& gmW hr Bg‘| CZH$s B{Vhmg ÑpîQ> Am¡a aMZmY{‘©Vm H$m g‘J«
AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {díbofU {XImB© XoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo àmMrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ AmbmoMZm Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| H$m VwbZmË‘H$
Aܶ¶Z {H$¶m Am¡a ZE AmbmoMZm {gÕm§Vm| H$s g¥pîQ> H$s& Bg g§X^© ‘| H${d brbmYa ‘§S>bmoB© Zo H$hm h¡
{H$ "Zm‘da qgh AmYw{ZH$Vm ‘| nma§n[aH$ h¢ Am¡a nma§n[aH$ ‘| AmYw{ZH$&' CÝhm|Zo AmbmoMH$m| Am¡a H${d¶m|
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
150
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
H$s AmbmoMZm H$aZo ‘| H$moB© H$ga Zht N>mo‹S>r& ¶hm± VH$ {H$ CÝhm|Zo AmbmoMH$m| H$s AmbmoMZm H$s& dñVw{ZîR>
AmbmoMZm H$aZo go do VrIo AmbmoMH$ ^r aho§& CZH$s Im{g¶V ¶h ahr {H$ {H$gr ^r {df¶ na do gmoM-
{dMma H$a AnZr am¶ XoVo ah|& AmbmoMZm H$s Mra’$m‹S> ‘| ‘| do ñdñW Am¡a nyd©J«ha{hV ÑpîQ>H$moU AnZmVo
ah| Am¡a ZE ÑpîQ> go {dMma XoVo ah|& do {dMmam| ‘| àJ{Verb ÑpîQ>H$moU AnZmVo ah| Am¡a Mm¡H$Þm ñWmnZmAm|
Ho$ {bE à{gÕ ah|& CZH$s ñWmnZmE± {OVZr {Od§V Am¡a ‘m¡{bH$ hmoVr h¢, CVZr hr {ddmXmñnX ahr& Bg
g§X^© ‘| {dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar Zo H$hm Wm-"Zm‘da qgh H$s AmbmoMZm Ord§V AmbmoMZm h¡& ^bo hr bmoJ
¶m Vmo CZgo gh‘V hþE AWdm Agh‘V, bo{H$Z CZH$s H$^r Cnojm Zht hþB©&'
"AmbmMoH$ Ho$ ‘wI go' {H$Vm~ ‘§o Zm‘da qgh Ho$ nm§M Am»¶mZ nQ>Zm ‘| àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K Ho$
‘§M go {d{^Þ Adgam| na {XE JE CÝht ì¶m»¶mZm| H$m g§nmXZ h¡& Zm‘da Or IwX qhXr Ho$ gdm}Îm‘ d³Vm
Wo& CZHo$ ì¶m»¶mZ ‘| ^mfm àdmh Am¡a {dMmam| H$s b¶ gmW-gmW MbVr Wr& do AnZo ì¶m»¶mZ ‘| h‘oem
AZmdí¶H$ àg§J Ed§ V϶ go ~MVo ah| Am¡a amoMH$Vm h‘oem ܶmZ ‘| aIVo ah|& Bg‘| AmO Ho$ gm{h˶,
{dMmaYmam, gm¢X¶©, amOZr{V Am¡a AmbmoMZm go g§~§{YV ‘hÎdnyU© ~mV| H$hr JB© h¡& CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$
gm{h˶ H$s ^mfm ‘| Omo "g¥OZerbVm' AmVr h¡, dh bmoH$^mfm go AmVr h¡& bmoH$^mfm g¥OZerb hmoVr
h¡, g¥OZmË‘H$ hmoVr h¡& Cgr go ep³V boH$a gm{h˶ AnZo ê$‹T> {Kgo hþE àVrH$m| Am¡a ê$nH$m| go ‘w³V hmoVm
hþAm g¥OZerbVm H$s Amoa AJ«ga hmoVm h¡&.. CËnmXH$ Am¡a g¥OZ EH$ hr {g³Ho$ Xmo nhby h¢& Bg{bE Omo
gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶m|, Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m| Am¡a Am{W©H$ ‘yë¶m| H$m {Z‘m©Vm hmoVm h¡, dhr gm¢X¶© Ho$ ‘yë¶m| H$m, H$bm
Ho$ ‘yë¶m| H$m ^r {Z‘m©Vm h¡&’ {Og Vah ~m~m ZmJmOw©Z AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go OZVm§{ÌH$ g§doXZm
OJmZo H$m H$m‘ H$aVo Wo R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma Zm‘da Or d¡Mm[aH$ b‹S>mB© b‹S>Vo ah|, ê${‹T>dm{XVm, AY§{dídmg,
H$bmdmX Am¡a ì¶p³VdmX Ho$ {Ibm’$ qMVZ H$s àoaUm XoVo ah|& do ‘m³g©dmX H$mo Aܶ¶Z Ed§ qMVZ H$s
nÕ{V Ho$ ê$n ‘|, g‘mO ‘| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z bmZo dmbo ‘mJ©Xe©H$ {gÕm§V Ho$ ê$n ‘|, OrdZ Am¡a g‘mO
H$mo ‘mZdr¶ ~ZmZo dmbo gm¢X¶© {gÕm§V Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma H$aVo ah|& ‘m³g©dmX ‘| CZH$s AmñWm Oê$ar Wr
‘Ja CgH$s O‹S>VmAm| na do àhma H$aVo ah|& do AnZr na§nam AnZo A§Xa boH$a MbZo dmbo à{VpîR>V Ed§
bmoH${චAmbmoMH$ Wo& do A^yVnyd© à{VîR>m Ho$ YZr, Aà{V‘ {dÚmào‘r, g§doXZerb Ed§ ~hþn{R>V
AmbmoMH$ aho h¢& "AmbmoMZm' n{ÌH$m Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go do nmR>H$m| go g§dmX H$aVo ah|& CZH$s AmbmoMZm nmR>H$m|
H$mo gmW boH$a MbVr h¡& AmbmoMZm H$s g~go ‘hÎdnyU© ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ CgH$s agJ«m{hH$m ep³V; {OgHo$
~b~yVo do aMZm H$s Vh ‘| àdoe H$aVo ah|&
Zm‘da qgh Ho$ AZwgma-amOZr[VH$ ì¶p³VËd Ho$ A^md ‘| gmW©H$ gm{h˶ H$s aMZm Ag§^d h¡&
B{Vhmg H$mo aMZm Ho$ A§Xa hr g‘PZm Mm{hE& CÝhm|Zo AnZo AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {dMma H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^©
‘| àñVwV {H$¶m& ñd¶§ CÝht Ho$ eãXm| ‘§o-"B{Vhmg Ho$ A§Xa Ho$db g§~§Y ^mdZm Zht, ~pëH$ gm{h˶ H$m
EH$ {ZpíMV à{V‘mZ h¡, Bg{bE A§VV: g‘rjm H$m à{V‘mZ h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~moY dñVwV… AmbmoMZmË‘H$
~moY h¡-Eogm AmbmoMZmË‘H$ ~moY {Ogo AmË‘ narjm Ho$ {bE à˶oH$ gm{h˶ gVV² naIVm MbVm h¡&
Bg{bE B{Vhmg H$s AZoH$ A§VYm©amAm| ‘| go ha ¶wJ AnZo {bE EH$ àmg§{JH$ Ymam H$m AÝdofU, VXþnam§V

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
151
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
{Z‘m©U H$aVm h¡&' CÝhm|Zo AmbmoMZm Ho$ XmoZm| VQ>m| H$s {dO¶ nVmH$m ’$hamB© h¡& do O‹S> ‘m³g©dmX, ’y$h‹S>
g‘mOemñÌ H$m {damoY H$aVo h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa gm{h˶ ‘| ì¶mßV g§H$sU© g§ñH¥${VdmX H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoVo h¢& EH$
Amoa AZw^y{VdmX H$s gr‘m aoIm§{H$V H$aVo h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa {dMmaYmam, àmg§{JH$Vm Ho$ Qy>Q>n±y{O¶m ‘ܶdJu¶
boIH$m| H$mo ’$Q>H$maVo h¢& CZH$s aMZmAm| ‘| Hw$eb aMZmH$ma, Hw$eb {Z~§YH$ma, 춧½¶H$ma g‘m{hV h¢&
CZH$s aMZmAm| ‘| ^mdwH$Vm, ‘m{‘©H$Vm, ghOVm, AZw^y{V H$s ì¶mnH$Vm {XImB© XoVr h¡& Img ~mV ¶h {H$
CZHo$ nmg EH$ aMZmH$ma H$s AZw^y{V Wr, Bgr H$maU do EH$ göX¶ AmbmoMH$ h¢&
gma ¶h {H$ Zm‘da qgh qhXr Ho$ gdm©{YH$ gwn{R>V Am¡a qOXm{Xb AmbmoMH$ h¢& do dmñVd ‘|
AmbmoMH$ Wo& do qhXr AmbmoMZm Ho$ ebmH$m nwéf Wo& CZH$s AmbmoMZm H$m Xm¶am ~hþV hr ì¶mnH$ h¡&
CÝhm|Zo qhXr AmbmoMZm H$mo EH$ ZB© nhMmZ {XbmB©& do JhZ qMVH$, Aܶ¶Zerb àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmbmoMH$,
‘ZZerb gm{h˶ ‘Zrfr, CƒH$mo{Q> H$s AZwg§YmZnaH$ g‘mOdmXr ÑpîQ> H$s g‘P hmoZo dmbo nÌH$ma,
AZwdmXH$, bmoH$ {ejH$ Am¡a AmbmoMH$ aho§& do h‘oem AnZr ~mV AnZr ^mfm ‘| H$aVo ah|&

4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ

àíZ 1 : {ZåZ{c{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go
{c{IE&
1. ì`mdhm[aH$ AmcmoMZm {gX²Ym§V ............ Zo à{Vnm{XV {H$`m h¡&
(H$) ßcoQ>mo (I) AañVw (J) B{c`Q> (K) [aMS>©g²&
2. A{^ê$Mr _w»`V: .............. na AmYm[aV hmoVr h¡&
(H$) coIH$ (I) H${d (J) nmR>H$ (K) AmcmoMH$&
3. "X²d§X²dmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX' {gX²Ym§V Ho$ àdV©H$ .............. h¡&
(H$) _mŠg© (I) AañVy (J) ßcoQ>mo (K) B{c`Q>&
4. S>m°. am_{dcmg e_m© .............. AmcmoMH$ h¡&
(H$) _Zmo{dícofUdmXr (I) _mŠg©dmXr (J) ñdÀN>ÝXVmdmXr (K) gm¢X`©emñÌr`&
5. "Xmg H¡${nQ>c' `h J«§W .............. Ho$ {cE doX, Hw$amZ Am¡a ~m`~c {gX²Y hþAm h¡&
(H$) _OXÿam| (I) X{cVm| (J) A_ram| (K) O_tXmamo&
6. .............. ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMH$ Ho$ ê$n _| gwà{gX²Y h¡&
(H$) BcmM§Ð Omoer (I) {edXmZqgh Mm¡hmZ (J) Am. am. ewŠc (K) Zm_daqgh&
7. qhXr H$s _Zmo{dícofUdmXr g_rjmna .............. Ho$ {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m à^md h¡&
(H$) gwH$amV (I) AañVw (J) \«$m`S> (K) cm|JrZwg&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
152
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 8. .............. AmcmoMZm àUmcr _| AmcmoMH$ Ý`m`mYre H$s ^m±{V H$m`© H$aVm h¡&
(H$) g_mOemór` (I) _Zmod¡km{ZH$ (J) {ZU©`mË_H$ (K) Eo{Vhm{gH$&
9. .............. `h ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡ {H$ g^r gm{hË`H$ma EH$ loUr `m àH¥${V Ho$ Zht hmoVo&
(H$) {ZU©`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm (J) ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm&
(I) emór` AmcmoMZm (K) _mŠg©dmXr AmcmoMZm&
10. .............. AmcmoMZm _| `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$s n[aàoú` _| H¥${V H$s ì`m»`m H$s OmVr
h¡&
(H$) {ZU©`mË_H$ (I) emór` (J) g_mOemór` (K) Eo{Vhm{gH$&
11. AmcmoMZm eãX H$s ì`wËn{V .............. YmVw go hþB© h¡&
(H$) cmoMZ (I) ë`yM² (J) cwM² (K) AmcmoM&
12. AmcmoMZm Ho$ {cE _amR>r n`m©`r eãX .............. h¡&
(H$) g_rjU (I) g_rH$aU (J) g_mcmoMZ (K) {ddoMZ&
13. emñÌr` AmcmoMZm H$m Xÿgam Zm_ .............. AmcmoMZm h¡&
(H$) g¡X²Ym§{VH$ (I) {dkmZ (J) emñÌ (K) {ZU©`&
14. _Zmo{dícofUdmXr AmcmoMZm na ............ H$m à^md h¡&
(H$) \«$m`S> (I) ßcoQ>mo (J) AañVy (K) B{c`Q>&
15. .............. AmcmoMZm _| AmcmoMH$ H$mo _Zmo{dkmZ H$m kmZ Mm{hE&
(H$) g_mOemñÌr` (I) emñÌr` (J) {ZU©`mË_H$ (K) _Zmo{dícofUmË_H$&
16. qhXr _| emñÌr` AmcmoMZm H$s AmYma{ecm ............ Zo aIr&
(H$) ZmWdaqgh (I) ZJ|Ð (J) am_eaU ewŠc (K) Am. am_M§Ð ewŠc&
17. ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$m loîR> .............. H$mo {X`m h¡&
(H$) ßcoQ>mo (I) B{c`Q> (J) _moëQ>Z (K) _mH©$g²&
18. {~hmar Am¡a Xod H$s AmcmoMZm ........... AmcmoMZm nX²Y{V go hmoVr h¡&
(H$) emñÌr` (I) {ZU©`mË_H$ (J) VwcZmË_H$ (K) ì`m»`mË_H$&
19. g_mOemñÌr` AmcmoMZm H$m Xÿgam Zm_ ............... AmcmoMZm h¡&
(H$) gm_m{OH$ (I) emñÌr` (J) gm¢X`©emñÌr` (K) àJ{VdmXr&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
153
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 20. ........... AmcmoMZm g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm H$m AmYma ~Zr h¡&
(H$) H$mì`mË_H$ (I) emñÌr` (J) VwcZmË_H$ (K) {ZU©`mË_H$&
21. AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r H$m OÝ‘ gZ .............. B©. ‘| hþAm&
A) 1905 ~) 1907 H$) 1908 S>)1906
22. "AmYw{ZH$ gm{h˶' J«§W go .............. AmbmoMH$ ì¶p³VËd C^aH$a gm‘Zo AmVm h¡&
A) Am. Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r ~) am‘{dbmg e‘m©
H$) Am. am‘M§Ð ew³b S>) Zm‘da qgh
23. ..............Zo agmZw^y{V H$mo "g§doXZm' H$m {dH$ën ‘mZ h¡&
A) Am. Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r ~) am‘{dbmg e‘m©
H$) Am. am‘M§Ð ew³b S>) Zm‘da qgh
24. Am. Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r Ho$ AZwgma - gm{h˶ H$m à¶moOZ .............. h¡&
A) AmË‘mZw^y{V ~) ¶e àmpßV H$) AW© àmpßV S>) namZw^y{V
25. "g‘rjm gm{h˶ H$m H$R>moaVm go {Z¶§ÌU H$aZo dmbr A{^ZoÌr h¡&' .............. H$m H$WZ h¡&
A) Am. Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r ~) am‘{dbmg e‘m©
H$) Am. am‘M§Ð ew³b S>) Zm‘da qgh
26. "Zm‘da qgh H$s AmbmoMZm Ord§V AmbmoMZm h¡&' H$WZ .............. H$m h¡&
A) {dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar ~) brbmYa ‘§S>bmoB©
H$) {dídZmW {ÌnmR>r S>) H$merZmW qgh
27. "Zm‘da qgh AmYw{ZH$Vm ‘| nma§n[aH$ h¢ Am¡a nma§n[aH$ ‘| AmYw{ZH$&' ¶h H$WZ .............. H$m
h¡&
A) {dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar ~) brbmYa ‘§S>bmoB©
H$) {dídZmW {ÌnmR>r S>) H$merZmW qgh
28. "Ako¶ Ho$ ~mX qhXr H$m g~go ~‹S>m "ñQ>oQ²>g‘¡Z' H$hm Wm&' .............. Zo H$hm Wm&
A) {dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar ~) brbmYa ‘§S>bmoB©
H$) {dídZmW {ÌnmR>r S>) H$merZmW qgh

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
154
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 29. Xÿgar na§nam H$m ‘Vb~ Xÿgar na§nam Zht ~pëH$ EH$ Am¡a na§nam h¡& dh JUZm Ho$ H«$‘ ‘|
.............. Zht Wr&

A) Xÿgar ~) {Vgar H$) Mm¡Wr S>) nmMdt

30. Zm‘da qgh Zo .............. {dYm H$mo ZdrZ à{V‘mZm| H$m AmbmoH$ àXmZ {H$¶m&
A) {Z~§Y ~) H$hmZr H$) AmbmoMZm S>) H${dVm
4.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1. g¥OZ : {Z_m©U, Zd{Z_m©U&
2. AmcmoMZm : _yë`m§H$Z&
3. AÝdofU : ImoO, emoY, g§emoYZ, AZwg§YmZ&
4. ÐîQ>ì` : {XImZo `mo½`, XoIZo `mo½`&
5. ómoV : CX²J_², _yc, àma§^&
6. O{Q>c : H${R>Z, CcPr hþB©&
7. àUmcr : nX²Y{V, àH$ma&
8. à{d{Y : H$m`©àUmcr&
9. {Z{hV : g_m{dîQ>, AÝV^yw©V&
10. Xe©Z : Phylosophy, VËdkmZ, qMVZ&
11. AmË‘mZw^y{V - AmË‘ gmjmËH$ma&
12. AmË‘m{^춧OZm- AnZo ‘Z Ho$ AZw^dm§o H$mo 춳V H$aZm&
13. ahñ¶dmX- B©ída Am¡a g¥pîQ> Ho$ na‘ VÎd na Am{lV VWm gmpËdH$ AmË‘mZw^y{V go g§~§Õ
{gÕm§V&
14. emñÌr¶Vm- emñÌr¶ hmoZo H$m ^md&
15. gm¢X¶m©Zw^y{V- gm¢X¶© ^mdZm&
16. AZw^y{VdmX-AZw^ddmX&
17. AmbmoMZm-JwU-Xmof {Zê$nU ¶m {ddoMZ H$aZm&
18. à{V‘mZ-naN>mB©, à{V‘m, à{V‘y{V©, {MÌ, Z‘yZm, ‘mZH$, ñQ>¢S>S>©&
19. qMVH$-qMVZ H$aZodmbm, {dMmaH$, ܶmZ aIZodmbm&
20. ‘{Zfr-kmZr, {dÛmZ, {dMmaerb, ~w{Õ‘mZ&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
155
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
4.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
àíZ 1 :
1. [aMS>g© 2. nmR>H$ 3. _mŠg© 4. _mŠg©dmXr&
5. _OXÿam| 6. Am. am. ewŠc 7. \«$m`S> 8. {ZU©`mË_H$&
9. ì`m»`mË_H$ 10. Eo{Vhm{gH$ 11. ë`yM 12. g_rjU&
13. g¡X²Ym§{VH$ 14. \«$m`S> 15. _Zmo{dícofUmË_H$ 16. Am. am_M§Ð ewŠc&
17. _moëQ>Z 18. VwcZmË_H$ 19. àJ{VdmXr 20. ì`m»`mË_H$&
21. 1906 22. Am. Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r 23. Am. Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r
24. AmË‘mZw^y{V 25. Am. Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r& 26. {dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar
27. brbmYa ‘§S>bmoB© 28. {dídZmW {ÌnmR>r 29. Xÿgar 30. AmbmoMZm&
4.7 gmam§e
1. gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| {H$gr J«§W H$mo n‹T>H$a CgHo$ JwU Xmofm| H$m {ddoMZ H$aZm Am¡a CgHo$ g§~§Y
_| AnZm _V àH$Q> H$aZm AmcmoMZm h¡&
2. AmcmoMZm EH$ ñdV§Ì {dYm h¡& Zm Vmo dh H$mì`emó h¡ Am¡a Zm hr gm{hpË`H$ B{Vhmg `m
AZwg§YmZ&
3. g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmcmoMZm H$m ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$n emór` AmcmoMZm h¡& Bg_| emñÌr` {gX²Ym§Vm| Ho$
AmYmana H¥${V H$s AmcmoMZm H$s OmVr h¡&
4. gm{hpË`H$ aMZm Ed§ gm{hË`H$ma H$mo CgH$s `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ n[aàoú` _| aIH$a H$s JB©
AmcmoMZm H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmcmoMZm&
5. g_mZ VËdm| Ho$ AmYmana Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ gm{hpË`H$ aMZm H$m VwcZmË_H$ AÜ``Z
VwcZmË_H$ g_rjm _| {H$`m OmVm h¡&
6. _Zmo{dkmZ go AZwem{gV AmcmoMZm àUmcr _Zmo{dícofUdmXr AmcmoMZm hmoVr h¡& nmíMmË`
_Zmod¡km{ZH$ \«$m`S>, `w§J, ES>ca Ho$ {dMmam| H$m à^md Bg àUmcr na h¡&
7. gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ ÑpîQ>H$moU H$mo _hËd XoZodmcr ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$m AnZm {d{eîR>
ñWmZ h¡&
8. g^r AmcmoMZm H$s àUm{c`m± H¥${V Ed§ H¥${VH$ma H$mo _hËd XoVo hþE AnZm H$m`© H$aVr h¡&
g_` g_` na CZH$s à{d{Y _| n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡&

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
156
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 9. Am. dmOno¶r agmZw^y{V H$mo "g§doXZm' H$m {dH$ën ‘mZVo ah|& ¶h g§doXZ gOJ H$bmH$ma H$s
‘mZ{gH$Vm H$m A{Zdm¶© ê$n h¡ Am¡a AnZr Bgr ÑpîQ> go do "agmZw^y{V' H$mo "gm¢X¶©Zw^y{V' H$m
{dH$ën ‘mZVo hþE agmñdmXZ H$s ZB© ^y{‘H$m àñVwV H$aVo ah|& do "H$mì¶ Vmo àH¥$V ‘mZd
AZw^y{V¶m| H$m Z¡g{J©H$ H$ënZm Ho$ ghmao, Eogm gm¢X¶©‘¶ {MÌU h¡ Omo ‘Zwî¶ ‘mÌ ‘| ñd^mdV:
AZwén ^mdmoÀN>dmg Am¡a gm¢X¶©-g§doXZ CËnÞ H$aVm h¡& Bgr gm¢X¶© g§doXZ H$mo ^maVr¶
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr ‘| ag H$hVo h¢&'
10. Am. dmOno¶r nmíMm˶ Am¡a ^maVr¶ gm{hp˶H$ ‘mݶVmAm| H$m g§Vw{bV g‘Ýd¶ gmYVo h¢,
H$ënZm H$mo H$mì¶ {Z¶m‘H$ VÎd ‘mZVo aho§, gm{h˶ ‘| gm¢X¶© g¥pîQ> H$m ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ Am¡a
ag H$mo AmZ§XmË‘H$ à{V{H«$¶m ‘mZVo h¢&
11. Am. dmOno¶r H$hZm Wm {H$ "gmYmaUrH$aU H$m AW© aM{¶Vm Am¡a Cn^mo³Vm (H${d Am¡a Xe©H$)
Ho$ ~rM ^mdZm H$m VmXmËå¶ hr h¡& gmYmaUrH$aU dmñVd ‘| H${d H$pënV g‘ñV ì¶mnma H$m
hmoVm h¡& Ho$db {H$gr nmÌ {deof H$m Zht& Bg V϶ H$mo Z g‘PZo Ho$ H$maU hr gmYmaUrH$aU
Ho$ àíZ na AZoH$ {ZaW©H$ {ddmX hmoVo aho h¢&'
12. N>m¶mdmXr H$mb ‘| Am. dmOno¶r Or ‘| g‘rjm H$s ZB© ÑpîQ>¶m± gm‘Zo AmVr h¡& CZH$s g¡Õm§{VH$
ÑpîQ> N>m¶mdmXr H$mì¶ H$s AZw^y{V¶m| Am¡a g§doXZmAm| Ho$ ‘‘© Am¡a ‘yë¶m| H$m A§H$Z h¡& CZ‘|
ñdÀN>§XVmdmX H$s H$ënZm, g‘mOemñÌ, agemñÌ H$s ^mdmË‘H$Vm, A{^춧OZmdmX H$m gm¢X¶©
Xe©Z, ê$gmo H$s àJ{Verb ÑpîQ>, ‘Zmo{dkmZ H$s ZdrZ Y‘H$ H$s PbH$ {XImB© XoVr h¡&
13. Am. dmOno¶r H$m g‘mO gmnoj agdmX bmoH$-g§doXZm, bmoH$ A{^é{M, bmoH$Y‘u g§ñH$ma H$m
hr g§ñH¥$V ê$n h¡; {Og‘| g‘-gm‘{¶H$Vm Ed§ AmYw{ZH$Vm, emñÌr¶Vm-ì¶mdhm[aH$Vm,
ñdÀN>§XVm Ed§ na§nam H$m g‘Ýd¶ {XImB© XoVm h¡&
14. Zm‘da qgh dmñVd ‘| ‘m³g©dmXr Am¡a àJ{Verb AmbmoMH$ Wo& do qhXr AmbmoMZm Ho$ ebmH$m
nwéf Wo& CÝhm|Zo qhXr AmbmoMZm H$mo EH$ ZB© nhMmZ {XbmB©& do JhZ qMVH$, Aܶ¶Zerb àd¥{Îm
Ho$ AmbmoMH$, ‘ZZerb gm{h˶ ‘Zrfr, CƒH$mo{Q> H$s AZwg§YmZnaH$ g‘mOdmXr ÑpîQ> H$s g‘P
hmoZo dmbo nÌH$ma, AZwdmXH$, bmoH$ {ejH$ Am¡a AmbmoMH$ aho§&
15. B{Vhmg Ho$ A§Xa Ho$db g§~§Y ^mdZm Zht, ~pëH$ gm{h˶ H$m EH$ {ZpíMV à{V‘mZ h¡, Bg{bE
A§VV: g‘rjm H$m à{V‘mZ h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~moY dñVwV… AmbmoMZmË‘H$ ~moY h¡-Eogm
AmbmoMZmË‘H$ ~moY {Ogo AmË‘ narjm Ho$ {bE à˶oH$ gm{h˶ gVV² naIVm MbVm h¡& Bg{bE
B{Vhmg H$s AZoH$ A§VYm©amAm| ‘| go ha ¶wJ AnZo {bE EH$ àmg§{JH$ Ymam H$m AÝdofU,
VXþnam§V {Z‘m©U H$aVm h¡&
16. "Zm‘da qgh AmYw{ZH$Vm ‘| nma§n[aH$ h¢ Am¡a nma§n[aH$ ‘| AmYw{ZH$&'

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
157
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 17. H«$m§{VH$mar, ‘m³g©dmXr Xe©Z Ho$ ì¶p³VËd go n[anyU© AmbmoMH$ Zm‘da qgh Zo AmbmoMZm {dYm
H$mo ZdrZ à{V‘mZm| H$m AmbmoH$ àXmZ {H$¶m Am¡a Cgo g¥OZmË‘H$ Am¡a aMZmË‘H$ n¥îR>^y{‘ àXmZ
H$s&
18. AmbmoMH$ H$m Y‘© h¡ Cg {dH$ën Ho$ AdH$me H$mo Ohm± dh h¡, aoIm§{H$V H$a|, O¡go ^yJmob H$m
AmX‘r {H$gr àmMrZ O‘rZ na Cg OJh H$mo ~VmVm h¡ {H$ dh ¶hm± h¡& gÎmm H$s gd©J«mhr
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~a³g AmbmoMH$ Cg {dH$ën Ho$ AdH$me H$s Vbme H$aVm h¡& {dH$ën H$m
AmdH$me Cg ñdV§Ì bmoH$ H$s ImoO h¡ Ohm± I‹S>o hmoH$a Cgo ñd¶§ AmbmoMZm H$‘© ‘| àd¥Îm hmoZm
h¡&
4.8 ñdmÜ`m`
àíZ 1 : XrKm}Îmar àíZ&
1. AmcmoMZm Ho$ ñdê$n Ed§ àH$mam| na àH$me S>m{cE&
2. qhXr H$s _Zmo{dícofUdmXr AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
3. qhXr H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ed§ VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
4. AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r H$s g‘rjm ÑpîQ> na àH$me S>m{bE&
5. AmMm¶© Z§XXþbmao dmOno¶r H$m gm{hp˶H$ ¶moJXmZ aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE&
6. qhXr AmbmoMZm OJV² ‘| Zm‘da qgh H$m ¶moJXmZ aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE&
7. Zm‘da qgh H$s AmbmoMZm ÑpîQ> H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&
àíZ 2 : cKwÎmar àíZ&
1. AmcmoMZm eãX H$m AW© Ed§ CËn{Îm ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
2. AmcmoMZm H$s n[a^mfm XoH$a ñdê$n ~VmB©E&
3. emñÌr` AmcmoMZm H$m _hËd g_PmBE&
4. ì`m»`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$m ñdê$n {deX H$s{OE&
5. {ZU©`mË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$m _hËd ~VmB©E&
4.9 joÌr` H$m`©
1. qhXr H$s AÝ` AmcmoMZm àUm{c`m| n[aM` àmßV H$s{OE&
2. AÝ` nX²` aMZmAm|H$s ì`mdhm[aH$ AmcmoMZm H$aZo H$m à`mg H$s{OE&
3. _amR>r Am¡a qhXr H$s H¥${V`m| H$s VwcZmË_H$ AmcmoMZm H$s{OE&
4. {H$gr EH$ H${dVm, H$hmZr, Cnݶmg H$s g‘rjm H$s{OE&
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
158
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
 5. qhXr AmbmoMH$ Am¡a CZHo$ AmbmoMZm J«§W H$m nR>Z H$s{OE&
6. {H$gr EH$ AmbmoMZm boI H$s AmbmoMZm H$s{OE&
7. qhXr Ho$ AmbmoMH$ Am¡a AmbmoMZm J«§W H$m g§H$bZ H$s{OE&
4.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE&
1. qhXr gm{hË` `wJ Am¡a àd¥{Îm`m± - S>m°. {edHw$_ma e_m©&
2. qhXr Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ à{V{Z{Y H${d - S>m°. X²dm[aH$màgmX gŠg¡Zm&
3. ZB© aMZm Am¡a aMZmH$ma - S>m°. X`mZ§X e_m©&
4. "qMVm_{U ^mJ-1, 2' - AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc&
5. "M§ÐJwßV' ZmQ>H$ - O`e§H$a àgmX&
6. qhXr AmbmoMZm H$m g¡Õm§{VH$ AmYma-H¥$îUXÎm nmbrdmb&
7. H$mì¶emñÌ ^maVr¶ Ed§ nmíMm˶-S>m°. H$Ýh¡¶mbmb AdñWr&
8. Zm‘da Ho$ {d‘e©-g§. gwYre nMm¡ar&
9. AmbmoMH$ Zm‘da qgh-g§. aUYra {gÝhm&
10. AmbmoMZm Ho$ aMZm nwéf: Zm‘da qgh - g§. ^maV ¶m¶mda&
11. Zm‘da H$s YaVr-lr àH$me ew³b&
12. Oo.EZ. ¶y. ‘| Zm‘da qgh-g§. gw‘Z Ho$gar&
13. Zm‘da qgh: AmbmoMZm H$s Xÿgar na§nam (2002)-g§. H$‘bm àgmX&
14. "nhb' H$m {deofm§H$, ‘B© 1998 B©.-g§. kmZa§OZ&
15. "nmIr' H$m {deofm§H$, A³Vy~a, 2010 -g§. ào‘ ^maÛmO&
16. "~hþdMZ' H$m {deofm§H$, OwbmB©-{gV§~a-2016&
rrr

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
159
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○