Gs Score: Science & Technology - 1

Test No.
IAS Prelims - 2020 15

PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
GENERAL STUDIES
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - 1

Fundamentals of Science: Biology + Everyday Science
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(NCERT)
Answer Key
Q. 1
Q. 2
(c)
(d)
Q. 21 (b)
Q. 22 (c)
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Q. 41 (a)
Q. 42 (a)
Q. 61 (a)
Q. 62 (a)
Q. 81 (d)
Q. 82 (d)
Q. 3 (c) Q. 23 (c) Q. 43 (a) Q. 63 (a) Q. 83 (a)
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Q. 4 (d) Q. 24 (c) Q. 44 (d) Q. 64 (d) Q. 84 (b)
Q. 5 (c) Q. 25 (b) Q. 45 (b) Q. 65 (c) Q. 85 (c)
Q. 6 (d) Q. 26 (b) Q. 46 (c) Q. 66 (b) Q. 86 (b)
Q. 7 (c) Q. 27 (d) Q. 47 (a) Q. 67 (c) Q. 87 (a)
Q. 8 (a) Q. 28 (b) Q. 48 (d) Q. 68 (d) Q. 88 (d)
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Q. 9 (b) Q. 29 (c) Q. 49 (d) Q. 69 (d) Q. 89 (d)

Q. 10 (b) Q. 30 (d) Q. 50 (c) Q. 70 (c) Q. 90 (b)
Q. 11 (a) Q. 31 (a) Q. 51 (d) Q. 71 (c) Q. 91 (b)
Q. 12 (d) Q. 32 (a) Q. 52 (b) Q. 72 (a) Q. 92 (b)
Q. 13 (b) Q. 33 (d) Q. 53 (d) Q. 73 (c) Q. 93 (c)
Q. 14 (c) Q. 34 (d) Q. 54 (a) Q. 74 (c) Q. 94 (d)
Q. 15 (c) Q. 35 (b) Q. 55 (c) Q. 75 (c) Q. 95 (d)
Q. 16 (c) Q. 36 (d) Q. 56 (b) Q. 76 (a) Q. 96 (b)
Q. 17 (c) Q. 37 (c) Q. 57 (c) Q. 77 (c) Q. 97 (a)
Q. 18 (b) Q. 38 (b) Q. 58 (a) Q. 78 (a) Q. 98 (c)
Q. 19 (c) Q. 39 (b) Q. 59 (a) Q. 79 (b) Q. 99 (c)
Q. 20 (c) Q. 40 (b) Q. 60 (a) Q. 80 (c) Q. 100 (d)
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1. Correct option: (c) Supplementary notes:
Explanation: Some naturally occurring acids
Statement 2 is incorrect: They are single- Natural source Acid

celled as well as multi-cellular creatures. Vinegar Acetic acid
Supplementary notes: Orange Citric acid
Microorganisms Tamarind Tartaric acid

Tomato Oxalic acid
Water and soil are full of tiny organisms,
though not all of them fall into the category Sour milk (Curd) Lactic acid
of microbes. Lemon Citric acid
These microorganisms or microbes are so Ant sting Methanoic acid
small in size that they cannot be seen Nettle sting Methanoic acid
with the unaided eye.
Some of these, such as the fungus that grows 3. Correct Option: (c)
on bread, can be seen with a magnifying
glass. Others cannot be seen without the Explanation:
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help of a microscope. Option (c) is correct
Microorganisms are classified into four
Supplementary notes
major groups. These groups are bacteria,
fungi, protozoa and some algae. Ohm’s Law
Microorganisms may be single-celled It deals with the relationship between
like bacteria, some algae and protozoa, voltage and current in an ideal conductor.
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or multicellular, such as many algae This relationship states that:
and fungi. The potential difference (voltage) across
Viruses are also microscopic but are different an ideal conductor is proportional to
the current through it.
from other microorganisms. They, however,
reproduce only inside the cells of the host The constant of proportionality is called the
organism, which may be a bacterium, plant “resistance”, R.
or animal. Ohm’s Law is given by: V = I R
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Common ailments like cold, influenza (flu) where V is the potential difference
and most coughs are caused by viruses. between two points which include
Serious diseases like polio and chicken a resistance R. I is the current flowing
pox are also caused by viruses. Diseases through the resistance. For biological
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like dysentery and malaria are caused by work, it is often preferable to use
protozoa (protozoans) whereas typhoid and the conductance, g = 1/R; In this form
tuberculosis (TB) are bacterial diseases.
Ohm’s Law is: I = g V
They live in all types of environment,
ranging from ice cold climate to hot springs;
and deserts to marshy lands. They are also
4. Correct Option: (d)
found inside the bodies of animals including Explanation:
humans. Some microorganisms grow on
All statements are correct
other organisms while others exist freely.
Supplementary notes
2. Correct Option: (d) Chemical Change
A change in which one or more new
Explanation:
substances are formed is called a chemical
Option (d) is correct: change. A chemical change is also called a
chemical reaction. Chemical changes are
List-I List-II very important in our lives.
A. Tamarind 4. Tartaric acid Rusting of iron familiar is a familiar
chemical change. When we leave a piece of
B. Sour milk (Curd) 1. Lactic acid
iron in the open for some time, it acquires a
C. Nettle sting 2. Methanoic acid film of brownish substance. This substance
is called rust and the process is called
D. Tomato 3. Oxalic Acid rusting.
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All new substances are formed as a result of The state of a matter changes at a constant
chemical changes. For example, if a metal temperature when pressure is fixed and there
is to be extracted from an ore, such as iron is no increase or decrease in temperature
from iron ore, we need to carry out a series when state changes. Example: When a solid
of chemical changes. melts, its temperature remains the same.
Example of chemical change are: The particles of a colloid are uniformly
Change of state spread throughout the solution. Due to
the relatively smaller size of particles, as
Change of colour
compared to that of a suspension, the mixture
Evolution of gas appears to be homogeneous. But actually,
Change in Temperature a colloidal solution is a heterogeneous
mixture, for example, milk.
Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals
5. Correct Option: (c)
or a metal and a nonmetal and cannot be
Explanation: separated into their components by physical
methods. But still, an alloy is considered as
Both statements are correct
a mixture because it shows the properties
Supplementary notes of its constituents and can have variable
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composition.
Refractive Index
Light propagates with different speeds
in different media. The relative speed of 7. Correct Option: (c)
propagation of light in different media is Explanation:
related to an important quantity known as
refractive index. It is defined as the ratio
O Pairs 1 and 3 are incorrectly matched:
of speed of light in a vacuum to that in a
Vision Defect Correction Lens
medium. Light travels the fastest in vacuum
with the highest speed of 3×108 m s–1. 1. Myopia Concave Lens
In air, the speed of light is only marginally 3. Presbyopia Bifocal Lens
less, compared to that in vacuum. It reduces
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considerably in glass or water. The value of Supplementary notes
the refractive index for a given pair of media
depends upon the speed of light in the two Vision Defects
media. Myopia
The ability of a medium to refract light is Near-sightedness: A person with Myopia
also expressed in terms of its optical density. can see nearby objects clearly .A person
Optical density has a definite connotation. with myopia cannot see faraway objects
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It is not the same as mass density. It

clearly. The far point for the myopic eye
actually means ‘optically rarer medium’ and
is nearer than infinity occurs due to
‘optically denser medium’, respectively.
excessive curvature of the eye lens and
elongation of eyeball. The image of a
6. Correct Option: (d) distance object is formed in front of the
retina and not on the retina
Explanation:
Defected is corrected by using
Concave lenses such that the lens
Supplementary notes will bring the image back on to the
retina.
Effect of Temperature on matter
Hypermetropia
On increasing the temperature of solids,
the kinetic energy of the particles increases. A person with Hypermetropia can see
Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the faraway objects clearly. A person with
particles start vibrating with greater speed. Hypermetropia cannot see nearby objects
The energy supplied by heat overcomes the clearly. The near point of the eye is more
forces of attraction between the particles. than 25cm. This arises mostly during
The particles leave their fixed positions and latter stages in life, as a result of the
start moving more freely. A stage is reached
weakening of the ciliary muscles and/or
when the solid melts and is converted to a
the decreased flexibility of the lens. The
liquid. The temperature at which a solid
melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric image of a distance object is formed in
pressure is called its melting point. behind the retina and not on the retina.
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Defected is corrected by using 9. Correct Option: (b)
Convex lenses such that the lens
will bring the image back on to the Explanation:
retina. Statement 2 is incorrect: Our stomach
produces hydrochloric acid. It helps in
Presbyopia
the digestion of food without harming the
The power of accommodation of the stomach.
eye usually decreases with ageing. The
Supplementary notes
ciliary muscles weaken and thereby the
flexibility of the eye lens reduces. Acids and bases
The near point moves away. Plants require a specific pH range for their
healthy growth.
Spectacles with convex lenses are
recommended. It is very interesting to note that our
stomach produces hydrochloric acid. It helps
in the digestion of food without harming the
8. Correct Option: (a) stomach. During indigestion, the stomach
produces too much acid and this causes pain
Explanation: and irritation.
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Option (a) is correct The best way to prevent this is to clean the
mouth after eating food. Using toothpastes,
Supplementary notes: which are generally basic, for cleaning the
teeth can neutralise the excess acid and
Purity of Gold prevent tooth decay
Pure gold, known as 24 carat gold, is very
soft. It is, therefore, not suitable for making 10. Correct Option: (b)
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jewellery.
Explanation:
It is alloyed with either silver or copper to
make it hard. Generally, in India, 22 carat Option (b) is correct: Polio and Malaria
gold is used for making ornaments. are not caused by bacteria.
It means that 22 parts of pure gold is Supplementary notes:

alloyed with 2 parts of either copper or Some Common Human Diseases caused
silver. by Microorganisms
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Human Disease Causative Mode of Preventive

Transmission
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Microorganisms Measures
(General)
Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Keep the patient in complete isolation. Keep
Measles Virus Air the personal belongings of the patient away
from those of the others. Vaccination to be
Chicken Pox Virus Air/contact given at suitable age
Polio Virus Air/water
Cholera Bacteria Water/Food Maintain personal hygiene and good sanitary
Typhoid Bacteria Water habits.
Consume properly cooked food and boiled
drinking water.
Vaccination.
Hepatitis A Virus Water Drink boiled drinking water.
Vaccination.
Malaria Protozoa Mosquito Use mosquito net and repellents. Spray
insecticides
and control breeding of mosquitoes
by not allowing water to collect in the
surroundings.
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11. Correct Option: (a) 12. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation: Explanation:
Option (a) is correct Statement 2 is incorrect: Sound is
a vibration that typically propagates as
Supplementary notes an audible wave of pressure, through
a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid
Venusian winds or solid.
Scientists have characterised wind and
Supplementary notes:
cloud patterns of the night side of planet
Venus for the first time, and found that Sound
it behaves very differently from the part
Sound is produced by vibrating objects.
facing the Sun.
Vibrations cause compressions [high
The night side exhibits unexpected pressure] and rarefactions [low pressure].
and previously-unseen cloud types,
morphologies, and dynamics - some of which
appear to be connected to features on the
planet’s surface.
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This is the first time humans have been
able to characterise how the atmosphere
circulates on the night side of Venus on a
global scale.
Sound waves are longitudinal i.e. individual
Scientists found that the cloud patterns particles of a medium move in a direction
there are different to those on the dayside, parallel to the direction of propagation of
and influenced by Venus’ topography on the
O the disturbance. The particles don’t move
dark side. physically but oscillate back and forth.
Venus’ atmosphere is dominated by strong Sound typically propagates as
winds that whirl around the planet far an audible wave of pressure, through
faster than Venus itself rotates. a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid
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or solid.
This phenomenon, known as ‘super-
rotation’, sees Venusian winds rotating Loudness of sound
up to 60 times faster than the planet
Loudness of sound is proportional to the
below, pushing and dragging along clouds
square of the amplitude of the vibration
within the atmosphere as they go.
producing the sound.
These clouds travel fastest at the upper For example, if the amplitude becomes
cloud level, some 65 to 72 kilometres above twice, the loudness increases by a factor of
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the surface. 4. The loudness is expressed in a unit called

The team used the Visible and Infrared decibel (dB).
Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS)
on European Space Agency (ESA)’s Venus 13. Correct Option: (b)
Express spacecraft to observe the clouds in
the infrared. Explanation:
VIRTIS enabled scientists to see these Option (b) is correct
clouds properly for the first time, allowing
Supplementary notes
them to explore what previous teams could
not and we discovered unexpected and Lysosomes
surprising results.
They are organelle which is mostly
Rather than capturing single images, found in animal cells; very rarely in
VIRTIS gathered a ‘cube’ of hundreds of plant cells. It is also called ‘suicidal
images of Venus acquired simultaneously bags’ because they are responsible for
at different wavelengths. digestion.
This allowed the team to combine numerous Each lysosome is surrounded by a membrane
images to improve the visibility of the clouds, that maintains an acidic environment
and see them at unprecedented quality. within the interior via a proton pump.
Lysosomes contain a wide variety of
The VIRTIS images thus reveal phenomena hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) that
on Venus’ night side that have never before break down macromolecules such as nucleic
been seen on the dayside acids, proteins, and polysaccharides.
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These enzymes are active only in the into carbohydrates in the presence of
lysosome’s acidic interior; their acid- sunlight and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates
dependent activity protects the cell from self- are utilised for providing energy to the
degradation in case of lysosomal leakage or plant. The carbohydrates which are not
rupture, since the pH of the cell is neutral to used immediately are stored in the form of
slightly alkaline. starch, which serves as the internal energy
reserve to be used as and when required by
the plant. A somewhat similar situation is
14. Correct Option: (c) seen in us where some of the energy derived
Explanation: from the food we eat is stored in our body in
the form of glycogen. The following events
Both statements are correct occur during Photosynthesis Process:
Absorption of light energy by
chlorophyll.
Conversion of light energy to chemical
energy and splitting of water molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen.
Reduction of carbon dioxide to
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carbohydrates.
Friction
Friction is a force that tries to oppose
motion between the two surfaces in placed Explanation:
contact. SI unit of friction is also Newton Option (c) is correct
(N).
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Friction depends on the nature of surfaces
in contact. Neutrino
Cause of Friction A neutrino is a subatomic particle that
is very similar to an electron, but has no
Friction is caused by the irregularities electrical charge and a very small mass,
on the two surfaces in contact. Even which might even be zero.
those surfaces which appear very smooth
have a large number of minute irregularities Neutrinos are one of the most abundant
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on them . Irregularities on the two surfaces particles in the universe but rarely detectable
lock into one another. as they have very little interaction with
matter.
When we attempt to move any surface,
we have to apply a force to overcome Wolfgang Pauli first postulated the
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interlocking. On rough surfaces, there are existence of the neutrino in 1930.

a larger number of irregularities. So the
force of friction is greater if a rough surface 17. Correct Option: (c)
is involved.
Explanation:
15. Correct Option: (c) Both the statement is correct
Explanation: Supplementary notes
Statement 2 is incorrect: Conversion of Waves

light energy to chemical energy. Longitudinal waves are waves in which
the displacement of the medium is in the
same direction as, or the opposite direction
Photosynthesis to, the direction of propagation of the
wave. Mechanical longitudinal waves are
Carbon and energy requirements of the also called compressional or compression
autotrophic organism are fulfilled by waves, because they produce compression
photosynthesis. and rarefaction when travelling through
It is the process by which autotrophs take a medium, and pressure waves, because
in substances from the outside and convert they produce increases and decreases in
them into stored forms of energy. pressure.
This material is taken in the form of carbon Longitudinal waves cause the medium to
dioxide and water which is converted move parallel to the direction of the wave.
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There are three types of waves: Mechanical Lemon Juice
waves require a material medium to travel
Lemon juice is a characteristic ingredient
(air, water, ropes). These waves are divided
in many pastries and desserts, such as
into three different types. Transverse waves
tarts and the traditional American lemon
cause the medium to move perpendicular to
meringue pie.
the direction of the wave.
The distinctive astringent flavour of the
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves
fruit, either fresh or preserved, is also used
cause the medium to move perpendicular
to enhance many poultry, fish, and vegetable
to the direction of the wave. They do not
dishes worldwide.
require a medium to travel (light, radio).
Matter waves are produced by electrons and Citric acid may amount to 5 percent or more
particles. by weight of the lemon’s juice, which is
also rich in vitamin C and contains smaller
A point of maximum positive displacement
amounts of the B vitamins, particularly
in a wave, is called crest and a point of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.
maximum negative displacement is called
trough.
18. Correct Option: (b)
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Explanation:
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect:

Impure metal is made anode and Pure
Option (b) is correct: Correct order is : metal is cathode.
Gastric Juice <Lemon Juice< Pure water<
Sodium Hydroxide solution Supplementary notes:
Supplementary notes Electrolytic Refining
Gastric secretion

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The gastric mucosa secretes 1.2 to 1.5 litres
Many metals, such as copper, zinc, tin, nickel,
silver, gold, etc., are refined electrolytically.
In this process, the impure metal is made
of gastric juice per day. Gastric juice renders the anode and a thin strip of pure metal
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food particles soluble, initiates digestion is made the cathode.
(particularly of proteins), and converts
the gastric contents to a semiliquid mass A solution of the metal salt is used as an
called chyme, thus preparing it for further electrolyte. On passing the current through
digestion in the small intestine. the electrolyte, the pure metal from the
anode dissolves into the electrolyte. An
Gastric juice is a variable mixture of water, equivalent amount of pure metal from the
hydrochloric acid, electrolytes (sodium, electrolyte is deposited on the cathode.
potassium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate,
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and bicarbonate), and organic substances The soluble impurities go into the solution,
(mucus, pepsins, and protein). This juice whereas, the insoluble impurities settle
is highly acidic because of its hydrochloric down at the bottom of the anode and are
acid content, and it is rich in enzymes. known as anode mud.
Pure Water
Water, a substance composed of the chemical
elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing Explanation:
in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Both statements are correct.
It is one of the most plentiful and essential
of compounds.
A tasteless and odourless liquid at room Vegetative Propagation
temperature, it has the important ability to There are many plants in which parts like
dissolve many other substances. Indeed, the the root, stem and leaves develop into new
versatility of water as a solvent is essential plants under appropriate conditions.
to living organisms.
Unlike in most animals, plants can indeed
Life is believed to have originated in the use such a mode for reproduction. This
aqueous solutions of the world’s oceans, property of vegetative propagation is used
and living organisms depend on aqueous in methods such as layering or grafting to
solutions, such as blood and digestive juices, grow many plants like sugarcane, roses, or
for biological processes. grapes for agricultural purposes.
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Plants raised by vegetative propagation Animals and most other organisms take
can bear flowers and fruits earlier in foodprepared by plants. They are called
than those produced from seeds. Such heterotrophs (heteros = other).
methods also make possible the propagation
of plants such as banana, orange, rose
and jasmine that have lost the capacity to
produce seeds.
Another advantage of vegetative
propagation is that all plants produced
are genetically similar enough
to the parent plant to have all its
characteristics.

Explanation:
Option (b) is correct
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Event Horizon
Photosynthesis
The event horizon is the threshold around
the black hole where the escape velocity During photosynthesis, chlorophyll
surpasses the speed of light. containing cells of leaves , in the presence
of sunlight, use carbon dioxide and water to
In other words, it is the circumference of the synthesize carbohydrates.
black hole beyond which light can travel.
During the process, oxygen is released. The
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Within the event horizon of a black hole, presence of starch in leaves indicates the
even light cannot escape due to large occurrence of photosynthesis. Starch is also
gravitational pull. a carbohydrate.
The name arises since it is impossible to
observe any event taking place inside it-it is
a horizon beyond which we cannot see. 23. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation:
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Option (c) is correct

Explanation: Supplementary notes:
Both statements are correct Electromagnetic waves
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Supplementary notes: Electromagnetic waves or EM waves

are waves that are created as a result of
Mode of Nutrition in Plants
vibrations between an electric field and a
Plants are the only organisms that can magnetic field. Examples are radio waves,
prepare food for themselves by using microwaves, infrared waves, X-rays, gamma
water, carbon dioxide and minerals. rays, etc.
The raw materials are present in their
surroundings. All EM waves travel with a constant velocity
of 3.00 x 108 ms-1 in a vacuum.
The nutrients enable living organisms
to build their bodies, to grow, to repair They differ in their frequencies and hence,
damaged parts of their bodies and wavelengths.
provide the energy to carry out life
The decreasing order of the frequencies
processes. are- Gamma Ray (300 EHz), X-Rays
Nutrition (3 EHz), UV (30-3 PHz), Visible Rays
including green Light (3 PHz-300
Nutrition is the mode of taking food by THz), Infrared (300 THz-300 GHz),
an organism and its utilization by the MicroWaves, and Radio Waves.
body.
The mode of nutrition in which organisms
make food themselves from simple 24. Correct Option: (c)
substances is called autotrophic (auto = Explanation:
self; trophos = nourishment) nutrition.
Therefore, plants are called autotrophs. Option (c) is correct.
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Supplementary notes: from the retina. It persists there for about
1/16th of a second.
Annelida
Annelid animals are also bilaterally
symmetrical and triploblastic, but in Image formation by eye
addition they have a true body cavity.
This allows true organs to be packaged in the
body structure. There is extensive organ
differentiation. This differentiation
occurs in a segmental fashion, with the
segments lined up one after the other
from head to tail.
These animals are found in a variety of
habitats– fresh water, marine water as
well as land. Earthworms and leeches are
familiar examples
The eye has a roughly spherical shape. The

25. Correct Option: (b) outer coat of the eye is white. It is tough so
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that it can protect the interior of the eye
Explanation:
from accidents. Its transparent front part is
Statement 1 is incorrect: Antibiotic called cornea . Behind the cornea, we find a
resistance is a loss of susceptibility of dark muscular structure called iris.
bacteria to the killing or growth-inhibiting
properties of an antibiotic agent. In the iris, there is a small opening called the
pupil. The size of the pupil is controlled
Supplementary notes: O by the iris. The iris is that part of eye
Antibiotic resistance which gives it its distinctive colour. When
we say that a person has green eyes, we
It is a loss of susceptibility of bacteria refer actually to the colour of the iris. The
to the killing (bacteriocidal) or growth-
iris controls the amount of light entering
inhibiting (bacteriostatic) properties
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of an antibiotic agent. into the eye.
When a resistant strain of bacteria is the The lens focuses light on the back of the
dominant strain in an infection, the infection eye, on a layer called retina . The retina
may be untreatable and life-threatening. contains several nerve cells. Sensations felt
by the nerve cells are then transmitted to
Examples of bacteria that are resistant to
the brainthrough the optic nerve.
antibiotics include methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), penicillin- The impression of an image does not
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resistant Enterococcus, and multidrug- vanish immediately from the retina. It

resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis persists there for about 1/16th of a second.
(MDR-TB), which is resistant to two So, if still images of a moving object are
tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. flashed on the eye at a rate faster than
MDR-TB is particularly dangerous because
16 per second, then the eye perceives this
it can give rise to extensively drug-resistant
object as moving.
M. tuberculosis (XDR-TB), which requires
aggressive treatment using a combination
of five different drugs. 27. Correct Option: (d)
A superbug is usually defined as a
microorganism that’s resistant to Explanation:
commonly used antibiotics. The number Statement 1 is incorrect: Skin is the
of different antibiotics to which it can be largest organ in the body.
resistant determines the degree of the
superbug. Some are resistant to one or Statement 2 is incorrect: Large intestine
two, but others can be resistant to multiple absorbs water and some salts from the
drugs. undigested food material.
Digestion in Humans
Explanation:
We take in food through the mouth, digest
Statement 3 is incorrect: The impression and utilise it. The unused parts of the food
of an image does not vanish immediately are defecated.
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The food passes through a continuous canal 29. Correct Option: (c)
which begins at the buccal cavity and ends
at the anus. The canal can be divided into Explanation:
various compartments:
Both the Statements correct
buccal cavity
Supplementary notes
food pipe or oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
the rectum
the anus
Small intestine Reflection of Light
The small intestine is highly coiled and is The process through which light rays falls
about 7.5 metres long. It receives secretions on the surface and gets bounced back is
from the liver and the pancreas. Besides, its
known as reflection of light.
wall also secretes juices.
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Law of Reflection
Large intestine
The angle of incidence is always equal
The large intestine is wider and shorter
to the angle of reflection.
than small intestine. It is about 1.5 metre
in length. Its function is to absorb water The incident ray, the normal at the
and some salts from the undigested food point of incidence and the reflected
material. ray all lie in the same plane
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28. Correct Option: (b) 30. Correct Option: (d)
Statement 1 and 2 are incorrect: Bees
and humming-birds suck the nectar of Option (d) is correct
plants while Snakes like the python swallow
the animals they prey upon.
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Supplementary notes: Halophytes

Halophytes are salt-resistant or salt-tolerant
Nutrition in Animals
plants that thrive and complete their life
Animals get their food from plants, either cycles in soils or waters containing high salt
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directly by eating plants or indirectly by concentrations. Despite high salt content in

eating animals that eat plants. the tissues of halophytes, they can be grown
Some animals eat both plants and animals. and harvested as food or animal fodder.
Recall that all organisms including Various halophytes (salt-tolerant plants)
humans require food for growth, repair and are found in saline depressions. Some heat-
functioning of the body. and drought-tolerant grasses, herbs, small
Animal nutrition includes nutrient shrubs, and trees are found on the less well-
requirement, mode of intake of food and its watered plains and plateaus of the Sahara.
utilization in the body.
Different Ways of Taking Food 31. Correct Option: (a)
The mode of taking food into the body varies Explanation:
in different organisms.
Option (a) is correct
Bees and humming-birds suck the
nectar of plants, infants of human and Supplementary notes:
many other animals feed on mother’s
milk. Osteomalacia
Snakes like the python swallow the It is the softening of the bones caused
animals they prey upon. by impaired bone metabolism primarily
due to inadequate levels of Vitamin D.
Some aquatic animals filter tiny food
particles floating nearby and feed upon It is a condition in which the bones of an
them. adult progressively soften because of
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inadequate mineralization of the bone. (In This includes all valued characteristics
children the condition is called rickets.) It such as magnetic, gravitational, electrical
may occur after several pregnancies or in properties and forces, etc.
old age, resulting in increased susceptibility
to fractures. Symptoms include bone pain, Inexhaustible Natural Resources:
weakness, numbness of the extremities, These resources are present in unlimited
and spasms of the hands or feet. quantity in nature and are not likely to be
Depletion of the bone minerals may be exhausted by human activities. Examples
caused by lack of dietary vitamin D (or its are: sunlight, air.
precursor, ergosterol), inadequate exposure
to sunlight (necessary for the formation Exhaustible Natural Resources:
of vitamin D in the body), impaired The amount of these resources in nature is
function of one of the organs involved in limited. They can be exhausted by human
the absorption or metabolism of the bone activities.
minerals or vitamin D, frequent ingestion
of mineral oil (in which vitamin D dissolves Examples of these resources are forests,
but is not absorbed from the intestines), or wildlife, minerals, coal, petroleum, natural
abnormalities in the bone mineralization gas etc.
process Coal Gas
RE
Coal gas is obtained during the processing of
32. Correct Option: (a) coal to get coke. It is used as a fuel in many
industries situated near the coal processing
Explanation: plants.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Metals produce
ringing sounds, they are said to be sonorous.
O
The materials other than metals are not
sonorous. Explanation:
Option (d) is correct
Metals Supplementary notes:
SC
Metals are hard,lustrous, malleable, ductile, Doppler Effect and its applications
sonorous and good conductors of heat and
electricity. Doppler’s effect can be defined as an observed
change in frequency of a wave (for eg., Sound
The examples of metals are iron, copper, wave) when an observer and source have a
aluminium, calcium, magnesium, etc.
relative motion between them.
Malleability The Doppler effect has several real-world
GS

The property of metals by which they applications. Some of them are given
can be beaten into thin sheets is called below.
malleability. Police radar “gun” to check the speed of
Ductility oncoming vehicles.
The property of metal by which it can be In meteorology, to track storms.

drawn into wires is called ductility. In the medical field such as to draw
Sonorous echocardiograms and in medical
ultrasonography to diagnose heart and
Metals produce ringing sounds are said to vascular problems.
be sonorous
It is used to measure the speed at which
stars and galaxies are approaching or
33. Correct Option: (d) receding from us, in a mechanism named
red shift or blue shift.
Explanation:
Explanation:
Natural resources
Statement 2 is incorrect: The callus
Natural resources are resources that exist is transferred to a medium containing
without actions of humankind. hormones for growth and differentiation.
11 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
Supplementary notes: 37. Correct Option: (c)
Tissue culture Explanation
In tissue culture, new plants are grown by Option (c) is correct
removing tissue or separating cells from the
growing tip of a plant.
Supplementary notes
The cells are then placed in an artificial Prolactin

medium where they divide rapidly to Prolactin is a hormone named originally
form a small group of cells or callus. after its function to promote milk production
(lactation) in mammals in response to the
The callus is transferred to another suckling of young after birth. Prolactin
medium containing hormones for occur in both men and women but are more
growth and differentiation. The commonly diagnosed in women who are less
plantlets are then placed in the soil so than 50 years than in older women or men.
that they can grow into mature plants.
Using tissue culture, many plants can be 38. Correct Option: (b)
grown from one parent in disease-free
conditions. This technique is commonly Explanation:
used for ornamental plants
RE
Statement 1 is incorrect: The lowest
temperature at which a substance catches
fire is called its ignition temperature.
Explanation:
Combustion
Statement 1 is incorrect: Sound need a
medium to travel. In vacuum there is no Combustion, or burning, is a high-
CO
medium so two people cannot talk like we temperature exothermic redox chemical
talk in earth. reaction between a fuel and an oxidant,
usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces
Statement 2 is incorrect: The velocity of oxidized, often gaseous products, in a
sound is dependent on the nature of medium mixture termed as smoke.
through which it travels. The velocity
Ignition temperature
increases from gas to liquid to solid.
The minimum temperature at which
Supplementary notes a substance starts to burn is called
S
Sound its ignition temperature.

Different fuels have different ignition
Sound is a form of energy and like all
temperatures. Some fuels have low ignition
other energies. It produces a sensation
temperature and some have high ignition
GS
of hearing when it reaches our ears. temperature.

Sound cannot travel through vacuum.
The fuels that have low ignition temperatures
It is produced due to vibration of different are highly inflammable and burn quickly
objects. The matter or substance through at the spark of fire. While some fuels that
which sound is transmitted is called a have high ignition temperature do not burn
medium. It can be solid, liquid or gas. Sound quickly. They require heating to burn. For
moves through a medium from the point of example kerosene oil does not burn unless it
generation to the listener. is heated up to its ignition temperature.
In longitudinal wave the individual Fuel Calorific Value (kj/kg)
particles of the medium move in a direction Cow dung cakc 6000-8000
parallel to the direction of propagation of
Wood 17000-22000
the disturbance.
Coal 25000-33000
The particles do not move from one place Petrol 45000
to another but they simply oscillate back
Kersoene 45000
and forth about their position of rest. This
is exactly how a sound wave propagates; Diesel 45000
hence sound waves are longitudinal waves. Methane 50000
Sound travels as successive compressions CNG 50000
and rarefactions in the medium. In sound LPG 55000
propagation, it is the energy of the sound
Biogas 35000-40000
that travels and not the particles of the
medium. Hydrogen 150000
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 12
Calorific value Blood containing red cells with type A
antigen on their surface has in its serum
The amount of heat energy produced
(fluid) antibodies against type B red cells.
on complete combustion of 1 kg of a
If, in transfusion, type B blood is injected
fuel is called its calorific value.
into persons with type A blood, the red cells
The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in a in the injected blood will be destroyed by the
unit called kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg). antibodies in the recipient’s blood.
In the same way, type A red cells will be
39. Correct Option: (b) destroyed by anti-A antibodies in type B
blood. Type O blood can be injected into
Explanation: persons with type A, B, or O blood unless
Statement 1 and 3 are incorrect: there is incompatibility with respect to
Agaricus and Spirogyra are fungi and algae some other blood group system also present.
respectively Persons with type AB blood can receive
type A, B, or O blood.
Supplementary notes
Bio fertilizer-The cultured micro-
organisms packed in some carrier material 41. Correct Option: (a)
RE
for easy application in the field are called Explanation:
bio-fertilisers. Thus, the critical input
in Biofertilisers is the microorganisms. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched:
Commonly produced biofertilizers are Macrophages is a type of White Blood Cells
Rhyzobium, Azotobacter, Phosphate
Solubilizers, Blue Green Algae, Azolla,
Micorohizae. Blood

O
Spirogyra, (genus Spirogyra), any member
of a genus of some 400 species of free-
floating green algae (division Chlorophyta)
found in freshwater environments around
Blood is a bright red viscous fluid which
flows through all the vessels except the
lymph vessels. It constitutes 8% of the
total body weight. Blood is composed of two
the world. Named for their beautiful spiral portions: formed elements (cell and cell like
SC
chloroplasts, spirogyras are filamentous structures) ad plasma (liquid containing
algae that consist of thin unbranched chains dissolved substances).
of cylindrical cells. They can form masses
that float near the surface of streams and Plasma
ponds, buoyed by oxygen bubbles released
Plasma is the liquid component of the
during photosynthesis. They are commonly
blood. Mammalian blood consists of a liquid
used in laboratory demonstrations.
(plasma) and a number of cellular and cell
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms fragment components.
GS

containing both edible and poisonous species,
Red blood cells are also known as
with possibly over 300 members worldwide.
The genus includes the common (“button”) erythrocytes, are flattened, doubly concave
mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field cells about 7μm in diameter that carry
mushroom (Agcampestris), the dominant oxygen associated in the cell’s hemoglobin.
cultivated mushrooms of the West. White Blood Cells
White blood cells are also known
40. Correct Option: (b) as leukocytes. They are larger than
erythrocytes, have a nucleus, and lack
Explanation:
haemoglobin.
Option (b) is correct
They function in the cellular immune
Supplementary notes response. White blood cells (leukocytes) are
less than 1% of the blood’s volume. They are
Universal Recipient made from stem cells in bone marrow
A person who can accept a blood transfusion Platelets
from any blood type is called a universal
recipient. Platelets result from cell fragmentation and
are involved with clotting.
The immune system of a person with
AB blood will accept blood from all Platelets are cell fragments that bud off
possible donors, whether they have O, megakaryocytes in bone marrow. They carry
A, B, or AB blood. chemicals essential to blood clotting
13 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
42. Correct Option: (a) 44. Correct Option: (d)
Statement 2 is incorrect: Animal cells do All statements are correct
not have cell walls.
Blood
Prokaryotic cells Blood is the fluid that flows in blood vessels.
The nucleus of the bacterial cell is not well- It transports substances like digested food
organized like the cells of multicellular from the small intestine to the other parts
organisms. There is no nuclear membrane. of the body.
The cells having nuclear material It carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells
without a nuclear membrane are termed of the body. It also transports waste for
prokaryotic cells. The organisms with removal from the body.
these kinds of cells are called prokaryotes. Blood is composed of a fluid, called plasma
Examples are bacteria and blue green in which different types of cells are
algae. suspended.
RE
One type of cells are the red blood cells
Eukaryotic cells
(RBC) which contain a red pigment called
The cells having well-organized haemoglobin. Haemoglobin binds with
nucleus with a nuclear membrane, are oxygen and transports it to all the
designated as eukaryotic cells. parts of the body and ultimately to all
the cells.
All organisms other than bacteria and blue-
green algae are called eukaryotes. It will be difficult to provide oxygen
CO

efficiently to all the cells of the body without
Cell wall haemoglobin. The presence of haemoglobin
A cell wall is defined as the non-living makes blood appear red.
component, covering the outmost layer of a The blood also has white blood cells (WBC)
cell. Its composition varies according to the which fight against germs that may enter
organism and is permeable in nature. our body.
The cell wall separates the interior contents The clot is formed because of the
S
of the cell from the exterior environment. It presence of another type of cells in the
also provides shape, support, and protection blood, called platelets.
to the cell and its organelles.
However, this cellular component is present 45. Correct Option: (b)
GS
exclusively in eukaryotic plants, fungi, and

few prokaryotic organisms. Explanation:
Animal cells do not have cell walls. Option (b) is correct: The correct order is:
Phylum >Class>Order >Genus>Species
43. Correct Option: (a) Supplementary notes:
Explanation: The Hierarchy of Classification- Groups
Option (a) is correct Biologists, such as Ernst Haeckel (1894),

Robert Whittaker (1969) and Carl Woese
Supplementary notes: (1977) have tried to classify all living
organisms into broad categories, called
Leptons kingdoms.
A lepton is a particle not affected by The classification Whittaker has proposed
the strong nuclear forces, but is only five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi,
subjected to the weak forces. Plantae and Animalia, and is widely used.
There are six leptons of two types. These groups are formed on the basis of their
(i) Charged leptons viz. electrons, muon, cell structure, mode and source of nutrition
and tau. and body organisation. The modification
Woese introduced by dividing the Monera
(ii) Uncharged leptons viz. three types of into Archaebacteria (or Archaea) and
neutrinos. Eubacteria (or Bacteria) is also in use.
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 14
Further classification is done by naming the antibodies to fight the invader. The body
sub-groups at various levels as given in the also remembers how to fight the microbe if
following scheme: it enters again.
Kingdom If dead or weakened microbes are introduced
Phylum (for animals) into a healthy body, the body fights and kills
the invading bacteria by producing suitable
Class
antibodies.
Order
The antibodies remain in the body and
Family we are protected from the disease-causing
Genus microbes forever.
Species This is how a vaccine works. Several
diseases, including cholera, tuberculosis,
smallpox and hepatitis can be prevented by
46. Correct Option: (c) vaccination.
Explanation:
Statement 2 and 3 are incorrect: Cholera 48. Correct Option: (d)
and Tuberculosis are caused by bacteria.
Explanation:
RE
Supplementary notes
All pairs are correctly matched.
Viral disease
Measles and Hepatitis are caused by
virus. Measles is also called rubeola, Disease causing Microorganisms in
contagious viral disease marked by fever, Plants
cough, conjunctivitis, and a characteristic
O Several microorganisms cause diseases in
rash. Measles is most common in children plants like wheat, rice, potato, sugarcane,
but may appear in older persons who escaped orange, apple and others.
it earlier in life. Infants are immune up to
four or five months of age if the mother has The diseases reduce the yield of crops.
had the disease. They can be controlled by the use of certain
SC
chemicals which kill the microbes.
Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver that
results from a variety of causes, both Some Common Plant Disease Caused by
infectious and noninfectious. Infectious Microorganisms
agents that cause hepatitis include
viruses and parasites. Noninfectious Plant Diseases Micro- Mode of
causes include certain drugs and toxic Organism Transmission
agents. In some instances hepatitis results Citrus Canker Bacteria Air
from an autoimmune reaction directed
GS
against the liver cells of the body. Rust of Wheat Fungi Air, Seeds
Tuberculosis (TB), infectious disease Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Insect

that is caused by the tubercle bacillus, of Bhindi (Okra)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In most
forms of the disease, the bacillus spreads 49. Correct Option: (d)
slowly and widely in the lungs, causing the
formation of hard nodules (tubercles) or Explanation:
large cheeselike masses that break down the
respiratory tissues and form cavities in the Statement 3 is incorrect: Convex mirrors
lungs. Blood vessels also can be eroded by are commonly used as rear-view (wing)
the advancing disease, causing the infected mirrors in vehicles.
person to cough up bright red blood.
Uses of Concave mirrors and Convex
47. Correct Option: (a)
mirrors
Explanation:
Concave mirrors
Option (a) is correct.
Concave mirrors are commonly used in
Supplementary notes: torches, search-lights and vehicles
headlights to get powerful parallel beams
Vaccine of light.
When a disease-carrying microbe They are often used as shaving mirrors to
enters our body, the body produces see a larger image of the face.
15 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
The dentists use concave mirrors to see Supplementary notes:
large images of the teeth of patients.
Pollination
Large concave mirrors are used to
concentrate sunlight to produce heat in The transfer of pollen from the anther to the
solar furnaces. female stigma is termed pollination. This is
accomplished by a variety of methods.
Convex mirrors
Entomophyly is the transfer of pollen by an
Convex mirrors are commonly used as insect. Anemophyly is the transfer of pollen
rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles. by wind. Other pollinators include birds,
These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the bats, water, and humans.
vehicle, enabling the driver to see traffic Some flowers (for example garden peas)
behind him/her to facilitate safe driving. develop in such a way as to pollinate
Convex mirrors are preferred because they themselves. Others have mechanisms to
always give an erect, though diminished, ensure pollination with another flower.
image. Flower colour is thought to indicate the
Also, they have a wider field of view as they nature of pollinator: red petals are thought
are curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors to attract birds, yellow for bees, and
enable the driver to view much larger area white for moths. Wind pollinated flowers
RE
than would be possible with a plane mirror. have reduced petals, such as oaks and
grasses.

Explanation:
Explanation:
Statement 4 is incorrect: Cortisol is not a
plant hormone. Option (b) is correct:
CO
Supplementary notes: Hormone Secreted By
A. Glucagon 2. Pancreas
Plant Hormones
B. Renin 4. Kidney
These are chemical compounds released by
stimulated cells. These chemical compounds C. Growth Hormone 1. Pituitary
help in growth and development of plants. D. Releasing Hormones 3. Hypothalamus
When growing plants detect light, a hormone
S
called auxin, synthesised at the shoot tip,

helps the cells to grow longer. When light Some Important hormones and their
is coming from one side of the plant, auxin functions
diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot.
This concentration of auxin stimulates the Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands
GS
cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot and have specific functions.
which is away from light. Thus, the plant
Hormone Endocrine Functions
appears to bend towards light.
Gland
Another example of plant hormones is Growth Pituitary Stimulates
gibberellins which, like auxins, help in the Hormone Gland growth in all
growth of the stem.
organs
Cytokinins promote cell division, and it Insulin Pancreas Controls blood
is natural then that they are present in glucose by
greater concentration in areas of rapid cell lowering blood
division, such as in fruits and seeds. These
glucose levels
are examples of plant hormones that help
in promoting growth. But plants also need Glucagon Pancreas Increases
signals to stop growing. blood glucose,
stimulates
Abscisic acid is one example of a hormone
breakdown of
which inhibits growth. Its effects include
glycogen and fat
wilting of leaves.
Renin Kidneys Assists in blood
pressure control
Releasing Hypothalamus Stimulates
Explanation: Hormones the pituitary
gland to release
Option (d) is correct: All of the above are
hormones
pollinating agents.
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 16
Oestrogen Ovaries Development The Structural gene
of female Terminator
sex organs,
regulates
menstrual cycle, 55. Correct Option: (c)
etc.
Explanation:
Testosterone Gonads Development of
male sex organs, Option (c) is correct:
facial hair and
change in voice.
List-I List-II
A. Bryophyte 1. Amphibians of the
53. Correct Option: (d) plant kingdom.
Explanation: B. Thallophyta 4. Do not have well

differentiated body
C. Angiosperm 3. Flowering plants.
D. Gymnosperm 2. Bear naked seeds
Total internal reflection
RE
It is the phenomenon which involves the
reflection of all the incident light off the Differentiation in Plants
boundary.
Thallophyta: Plants that do not have well
Total internal reflection only takes place
differentiated body design fall in this group.
when both of the following two conditions
The plants in this group are commonly called
are met: O algae. These plants are predominantly
The light is in the more dense medium and aquatic. E.g. : Spirogyra, cladophora and
approaching the less dense medium. chara.
The angle of incidence is greater than
Bryophyte: These are called the
the so-called critical angle.
amphibians of the plant kingdom. There is
SC
Total internal reflection will not take place no specialized tissue for the conduction of
unless the incident light is traveling within water and other substances from one past
the more optically dense medium towards of the plant body to another. E.g. : moss
the less optically dense medium.
(fumaria) and marchantia
Pteridopheysta: In this group plant
54. Correct Option: (a) body is differentiated into roots, stem and
Explanation: leaves and has specialized tissue for the
GS
conduction of water and other substances

Option (a) is correct.
from one plant of the plant body to another.
Supplementary notes: Eg- marsilea, ferns, and horse tails.
Transcription Gymnosperms: The plant of this group
The process of copying genetic bear naked seeds and one usually perennial
information from one strand of the DNA and evergreen and woody. Eg- pines such as
into RNA is termed as transcription. deodar.
In transcription only a segment of DNA and Angiosperms: The seeds develop inside
only one of the strands is copied into RNA an organ which is modified to become a
because if both strands act a template, they fruit. These are also called flowering plants.
would code for RNA molecule with different Plant embryos in seeds have structures
sequences and the sequences of amino acids called cotyledons. Cotyledons are called
in the coded protein would be different. seed leaves because in many instances
The two RNA molecules would be they emerge and become green the seed
complementary to each other and would germinates. The angiosperms are divided
form a double stranded RNA which would into two groups on the basis of the number
prevent translation. of cotyledons present in the seed. Plants
Transcription unit with seeds having a single cotyledon are
called monocotyledons or monocots. Eg-
A transcription unit consists of:
paphiopedilum. Plants with seeds having
A Promoter two cotyledons are called dicots. Egipomoce
17 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
56. Correct Option: (b) 58. Correct Option: (a)
Statement 3 is incorrect: Gravitational Option (a) is correct
force is directly proportional to the mass of
the objects. Therefore, it is dependent on Supplementary notes:
the masses of the object involved.
Light
Supplementary notes
When light traveling in a vacuum enters a
Gravitation Force new transparent medium, such as air, water,
Gravitational force is a universal force or glass, the speed is reduced in proportion
and governs the motion of all the heavenly to the refractive index of the new material.
objects in the universe. That is, Speed of light in any medium =
speed of light in vacuum/refractive index.
Gravitational force is inversely proportional
to square of distance. Therefore, it decreases Light has its maximum speed in vacuum
with distance between the objects. as the refractive index in vacuum is 1.
Gravitational force is directly proportional As the refractive index increases speed of
to the mass of the objects. Therefore, it
RE
light in the medium decreases.
is dependent on the masses of the object
involved.
57. Correct Option: (c) Explanation:
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect: Embryonic stem
Option (c) is correct: cells are stem cells that are derived from the
CO

inner cell mass of a mammalian embryo at a
List-I List-II very early stage of development.
A. Vitamin B1 4. Beriberi Supplementary notes:
B. Calcium 1. Osteopenia Stem Cells

C. Iodine 2. Goiter Stem cells are cells that have the
capacity to self-renew by dividing
D. Iron 3. Anaemia
S
and to develop into more mature,

Supplementary notes: specialised cells.
Some diseases/disorders caused by Stem cells can be unipotent, multipotent,
deficiency of vitamins and minerals pluripotent or totipotent, depending on the
GS
Vitamin/ Deficiency Symptoms number of cell types to which they can give
Mineral disease/ rise.
disorder There is great interest in stem cells because
Vitamin A Loss of Poor vision, loss of vision they have potential in the development of
vision in darkness (night), therapies for replacing defective or damaged
sometimes complete cells resulting from a variety of disorders
loss of vision and injuries, such as Parkinson disease,
Vitamin Beriberi Weak muscles and very heart disease, and diabetes.
B1 little energy to work
There are two major types of stem cells:
Vitamin C Scurvy Bleeding gums, wounds embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells,
take longer time to heal
which are also called tissue stem cells.
Vitamin D Rickets Bones become soft and
bent Embryonic stem cells are stem cells
that are derived from the inner cell
Calcium Bone and Weak bones, tooth
mass of a mammalian embryo at a very
tooth decay/ decay
Osteopenia early stage of development when it is
composed of a hollow sphere of dividing
Iodine Goiter Glands in the neck
cells (a blastocyst). Embryonic stem cells
appear swollen, mental
from human embryos and from embryos of
disability in children
certain other mammalian species can be
Iron Anaemia Weakness grown in tissue culture.
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 18
60. Correct Option: (a) Supplementary notes:
Explanation: Magnetism
Statement 2 is incorrect: According to the The properties of a magnet
law of conservation of energy, energy can
The properties of a magnet are:
only be converted from one form to another;
it can neither be created or destroyed. It attracts small piece of iron towards it.
Supplementary notes It always cmes to rest in north-south
According to the law of conservation of Direction when suspended freely.

energy, energy can only be converted from Like poles repel, unlike poles attracts
oneform to another; it can neither be each other
created or destroyed. The total energy
Magnetic poles always exist in
before and after the transformation remains
pairs.
the same. The law of conservation of energy
is valid in all situations and for all kinds of The strength of a magnet is maximum at
transformations. poles located near the poends
Magnetic line of force
RE
61. Correct Option: (a) A curve in a magnetic field, along with a
Explanation: free north magnetic pole will move, is called
magnetic line of force.
Option (a) is correct: Increase in pressure
raises the boiling point of water which The direction of magnetic lines of force
results in water boiling at a temperature is the direction in which free north
higher than 100 degrees centigrade inside pole will move in a magnetic field.
the pressure cooker.
O Earth as a magnet
The earth behaves as a magnet with the
magnetic field pointing approximately from
Pressure Cooker
SC
the geographic south to the north.
The boiling point of a liquid depends on
At a particular place on earth, the
external pressure. When the atmospheric
magnetic north is not usually in the
pressure is 76 cm of mercury, water boils
direction of the geographic north.
at 100°C.
The angle between the two directions called
But when the pressure is increased, the
declination.
boiling point of water is raised. For example,
at a pressure of two atmospheres, water
GS
boils at 120°C. 63. Correct Option: (a)

In a pressure cooker, water boils at Explanation:
temperatures higher than 100°C due
to increased pressure. The increased
boiling temperature allows water Supplementary notes:
to hold more heat which cooks food
faster. Heavy Water (D2O)
At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure Heavy Water contains two atoms of

is reduced. This lowers the boiling point Deuterium (D) and one atom of oxygen.
of water and food takes much longer to This is also known as Deuterium Oxide
cook. Thus a pressure cooker becomes more (D2O).
essential for cooking on hill stations. Out of numerous isotopes of Hydrogen, only
Protium and Deuterium are stable. D2O
is used as both moderator and coolant in
nuclear reactors
Explanation:
Statement 2 is incorrect: At a particular 64. Correct Option: (d)
place on earth, the magnetic north is not
usually in the direction of the geographic Explanation:
north. Both statements are correct.
19 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
Supplementary notes: A control device to control the flow of
neutrons by absorbing some of them.
Antibiotics Generally boron or cadmium rods, that
The source of antibiotics is microorganisms. can be moved in or out of the reactor, arc
These medicines kill or stop the growth used for this purpose.
of the disease-causing microorganisms.
Such medicines are called antibiotics. Breeder Reactor
These days a number of antibiotics are A reactor that produces more fissionable
being produced from bacteria and fungi. material than it burns is called as
Streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin Breeder reactors.
are some of the commonly known antibiotics
which are made from fungi and bacteria.
The antibiotics are manufactured by
growing specific microorganisms and Explanation:
are used to cure a variety of diseases. Both statements are correct
Antibiotics are even mixed with the feed Supplementary notes:
of livestock and poultry to check microbial
infection in animals. They are also used to Rainfall
control many plant diseases.
RE
When water bodies are heated during the
day, a large amount of water evaporates
65. Correct Option: (c) and goes into the air. Some amount of water
vapor also gets into the atmosphere because
Explanation: of various biological activities. This air also
Option (c) is correct gets heated.
The hot air rises up carrying the water
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vapor with it. As the air rises, it expands
Ohm’s law and cools. This cooling causes the
water vapor in the air to condense in
According to Ohm’s law, states that the the form of tiny droplets.
current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the voltage This condensation of water is facilitated if
across the two points. some particles could act as the ‘nucleus’ for
these drops to form around. Normally dust
Therefore, the current flows towards and other suspended particles in the air
decreasing potential. perform this function.
S
Once the water droplets are formed,

they grow bigger by the ‘condensation’
66. Correct Option: (b) of these water droplets. When the
drops have grown big and heavy, they
GS
Explanation: fall down in the form of rain.

Statement 1 is incorrect: A nuclear reactor Sometimes, when the temperature of air is
is a device in which fission i.e splitting up low enough, precipitation may occur in the
of the nucleus of heavy atom occurs. form of snow, sleet or hail.
Nuclear Fission 68. Correct Option: (d)
Fission is the splitting up of the nucleus Explanation:
of a heavy atom into two roughly equal
fragments, accompanied by the release Option (d) is correct
of energy. Supplementary notes
Nuclear Reactor H1N1
A nuclear reactor is a device which fission
Influenza pandemic (H1N1) is also called
occurs at a controlled rate. Common
H1N1 flu, byname swine flu, the first major
factors of nuclear reactor are:
influenza outbreak in the 21st century,
Nuclear fuel, generally uranium that has noted for its rapid global spread, which was
been somewhat ennriched in uraniumm- facilitated by an unusually high degree of
235 isotope. viral contagiousness.
A moderator to slow down fast neutrons. The pandemic virus caused a respiratory
Usually graphite or heavy water is used disease typical of that resulting from
as moderator. infection with seasonal influenza. However,
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 20
despite local, national, and international makes up about onefifth the volume of
efforts to contain the virus, its more Earth’s atmosphere today and is a central
contagious nature led to the infection of element of life as we know it. But that
millions of people. wasn’t always the case. Oxygen, although
always present in compounds in Earth’s
The calculation of accurate global figures
interior, atmosphere, and oceans, did not
by entities such as the World Health
begin to accumulate in the atmosphere as
Organization (WHO) was precluded by case
oxygen gas (O2) until well into the planets
underreporting and difficulty in obtaining
samples from affected individuals, history.
particularly in developing countries. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane
played an important role in Earth’s
subsequent development.
By 2.7 billion years ago, a new kind of
Explanation: life had established itself: photosynthetic
All statements are correct microbes called cyanobacteria, which were
capable of using the Sun’s energy to convert
Supplementary notes: carbon dioxide and water into food with
oxygen gas as a waste product. They lived in
Carbon shallow seas, protected from full exposure
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Carbon is found in various forms on to the Sun’s harmful radiation.
the Earth. It occurs in the elemental
These organisms became so abundant that
form as diamonds and graphite. In
by 2.4 billion years ago the free oxygen
the combined state, it is found as
they produced began to accumulate in the
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as
atmosphere.
carbonate and hydrogen carbonate
salts in various minerals. O
All life-forms are based on carbon-containing 71. Correct Option: (c)
molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, Explanation:
nucleic acids and vitamins.
Statement 1 and 5 are incorrect: Oxygen
The endoskeletons and exoskeletons of is produced in the process of Photosynthesis.
SC
various animals are also formed from It does not play any role in the process to
carbonate salts. occur. The process of nitrogen-fixing by
Carbon is incorporated into life- bacteria does not take place in the presence
forms through the basic process of elemental form oxygen.
photosynthesis which is performed
in the presence of Sunlight by all life- Supplementary notes:
forms that contain chlorophyll. Oxygen
GS
This process converts carbon dioxide from Oxygen from the atmosphere is used up
the atmosphere or dissolved in water into in three processes, namely combustion,
glucose molecules. These glucose molecules respiration and in the formation of
are either converted into other substances
oxides of nitrogen.
or used to provide energy for the synthesis
of other biologically important molecules. Oxygen is returned to the atmosphere
in only one major process, that is,
photosynthesis.
70. Correct option: (c)
And this forms the broad outline of the
Explanation: oxygen-cycle in nature bacteria, are poisoned
Statement 2 is incorrect: When Earth by elemental oxygen.
was created there was no oxygen in the The process of nitrogen-fixing by
atmosphere bacteria does not take place in the
presence of oxygen.
Supplementary notes
Combustion is a chemical reaction between
Earth substances, including oxygen and usually
The Earth’s Magnetic field has reversed accompanied by the generation of heat and
every few hundred thousand years. light in the form of flame.
This has been proved through Sea- Photosynthesis is the process used by plants,
Floor spreading. algae and certain bacteria to harness energy
When Earth was created there was from sunlight and turn it into chemical
no oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygen energy.
21 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
6CO2 + 12H2O + Light Energy C6H12O6 The atmospheric refraction occurs in a
+ 6O2 + 6H2O medium of gradually changing refractive
index. Since the atmosphere bends starlight
Respiration is a process in living organisms
towards the normal, the apparent position
involving the production of energy, typically
of the star is slightly different from its
with the intake of oxygen and the release of
actual position.
carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex
organic substances. The star appears slightly higher (above)
than its actual position when viewed near
the horizon.
Further, this apparent position of the star
Explanation: is not stationary, but keeps on changing
slightly, since the physical conditions of the
Option (a) is correct: It is least scattered earth’s atmosphere are not stationary. Since
by fog and smoke as it has the longest the stars are very distant, they approximate
wavelength. point-sized sources of light.
Supplementary notes: As the path of rays of light coming from the

star goes on varying slightly, the apparent
Scattering of Light position of the star fluctuates and the
RE
The molecules of air and other fine particles amount of starlight entering the eye flickers
in the atmosphere have size smaller than – the star sometimes appears brighter, and
the wavelength of visible light. These are at some other time, fainter, which is the
twinkling effect.
more effective in scattering light of
shorter wavelengths at the blue end Advance sunrise and delayed sunset
than light of longer wavelengths at the
The Sun is visible to us about 2 minutes
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red end.
before the actual sunrise, and about 2
The red light has a wavelength about 1.8 minutes after the actual sunset because of
times greater than blue light. Thus, when atmospheric refraction. By actual sunrise,
sunlight passes through the atmosphere, we mean the actual crossing of the horizon
the fine particles in air scatter the blue by the Sun.
color (shorter wavelengths) more strongly
than red.
The scattered blue light enters our eyes. If
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the earth had no atmosphere, there would Explanation:
not have been any scattering. Then, the sky Both statements are correct
would have looked dark.
GS
The sky appears dark to passengers flying

at very high altitudes, as scattering is not Sexual Reproduction
prominent at such heights. ‘Danger’ signal In sexual reproduction new individuals
lights are red in color. The red is least are produced by the fusion of haploid
scattered by fog or smoke. Therefore, gametes to form a diploid zygote.
it can be seen in the same color at a
distance. Sperm are male gametes, ova (ovum
singular) are female gametes.
Meiosis produces cells that are genetically
73. Correct Option: (c) distinct from each other.
Explanation: fertilization is the fusion of two such
Option (c) is correct distinctive cells.
Sexual reproduction offers the benefit
of generating genetic variation among
Twinkling of stars offspring, which enhances the chances
of the population’s survival.
The twinkling of a star is due to
atmospheric refraction of starlight.
The starlight, on entering the earth’s 75. Correct option: (c)
atmosphere, undergoes refraction
continuously before it reaches the Explanation:
earth. Both statements are correct
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 22
Supplementary notes Supplementary notes:
Theory of Relativity Separation Purpose What do we
Einstein’s general theory of relativity is process for which do with the
based on how we think gravity governs we do the separated
the behaviour of the Universe. We know separation components
that matter in the Universe warps the Separate To separate We throw
surrounding fabric of space-time, and stones from two different, away the solid
this warping effect is what we refer to as rice but useful component
gravity. Churning components We throw away
According to Einstein’s theory, light, just milk to obtain To remove the impurities
like any other form of matter, is affected butter non-useful We use both
by gravity. That is, light also “falls” in Separate tea components the components
a gravitational field. Just as a comet’s leaves To remove
trajectory is deflected by the sun when it impurities
passes nearby, a ray of starlight grazing the or harmful
sun would also be deflected or bent. When we components
(or our camera) look at the star, we presume
that the path taken by the light is straight.
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The effect of the bending of the light, then,
is to make the star appear to be located in a Explanation:
slightly different position in the sky.
Option (a) is correct: Dark-coloured
objects absorb radiation better than light-
76. Correct Option: (a) colored objects.
Explanation: Supplementary notes:

O Heat
Dark-coloured objects absorb
radiation better than light-coloured
SC
Stages in the Digestive Process objects. That is the reason we feel more
Food for the most part consists of various comfortable in light-coloured clothes in
organic macromolecules such as starch, the summer.
proteins, and fats. These molecules are
Woollen clothes keep us warm during
polymers made of individual monomer units
winter. It is so because wool is a poor
Breaking these large molecules into smaller
conductor of heat and it has air trapped
components involves:
in between the fibres.
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Movement: propels food through the

digestive system
Secretion: release of digestive juices in
response to a specific stimulus Explanation:
Digestion: breakdown of food into Option (b) is correct: It is produced due to
molecular components small enough to vibration of different objects and produces
cross the plasma membrane a sensation of hearing when it reaches the
ears.
Absorption: passage of the molecules
into the body’s interior and their passage Supplementary notes:
throughout the body
Sound
Elimination: removal of undigested food
Sound is a form of energy and like all
and wastes
other energies. It produces a sensation
of hearing when it reaches our ears.
77. Correct Option: (c) Sound cannot travel through vacuum.
Explanation: It is produced due to vibration of

different objects. The matter or
Pairs 1 and 2 are incorrectly matched: substance through which sound is
Separate stones from rice - To separate two transmitted is called a medium. It can
different, but useful components .Churning be solid, liquid or gas. Sound moves through
milk to obtain butter - To remove non-useful a medium from the point of generation to
components. the listener.
23 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
In longitudinal wave the individual Haemophilia
particles of the medium move in a direction
Haemophilia is a hereditary
parallel to the direction of propagation
bleeding disorder, in which there is
of the disturbance. The particles do not
move from one place to another but they a partial or total lack of an essential
simply oscillate back and forth about their blood clotting factor. It is a lifelong
position of rest. This is exactly how a sound disorder, that results in excessive
wave propagates; hence sound waves bleeding, and many times spontaneous
are longitudinal waves. Sound travels as bleeding, which, very often , is internal.
successive compressions and rarefactions Haemophilia A is the most common form,
in the medium. In sound propagation, it referred to as classical haemophilia.
is the energy of the sound that travels Cystic Fibrosis
and not the particles of the medium.
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder
that affects the respiratory, digestive
80. Correct Option: (c) and reproductive systems involving the
Explanation: production of abnormally thick mucus
linings in the lungs and can lead to
Option (c) is correct: If water is cooled fatal lung infections. The disease can
RE
from 8°C to 0°C Its volume decreases upto also result in various obstructions of
4°C and then increases. the pancreas, hindering digestion. An
Supplementary notes: individual must inherit two defective
cystic fibrosis genes, one from each
Anomalous expansion of Water parent, to have the disease.
A common observation seen in the behaviour Tay sachs disease
of the substances is that they expand when
CO
heated as the density decreases and vice Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal genetic
versa takes place when the material is disorder in which harmful quantities
cooled. This is how substances generally of a fatty substance called Ganglioside
react to heat. Let us now look at how water GM2 accumulate in the nerve cells in
behaves when heated. the brain. This is caused by a decrease in
the functioning of the Hexosaminidase A
The general tendency of cold water remains
enzyme. Abnormal Hexosaminidase A
unchanged until 4°C. The density of water
gradually increases as you cool it. When you enzyme activity causes an accumulation
S
reach 4°C, it’s density reaches a maximum. of fat in nerve cells, leading to paralysis,
What water does next will astound you. dementia, blindness, psychoses, and
When you cool it further to make some ice, even death. Though the degradation
i.e. 0°C, water expands with a further drop of the central nervous system begins
GS
in temperature, meaning the density of at the fetal stage, observations such as

water decreases when you cool it from 4°C loss of peripheral vision and motor co-
to 0°C. ordination are not seen until about 6
months of age.
81. Correct Option: (d) Sickle cell anemia
Explanation: Sickle-cell anemia is a blood

related disorder that affects the
All statements are correct haemoglobin molecule, and causes
Supplementary notes: the entire blood cell to change
shape under stressed conditions.
Thalassaemia In sickle cell anaemia, the haemoglobin
Thalassaemia is a blood related molecule is defective. After haemoglobin
genetic disorder which involves molecules give up their oxygen, some
the absence of or errors in genes may cluster together and form long, rod-
responsible for production of like structures which become stiff and
haemoglobin, a protein present in assume sickle shape.
the red blood cells. Each red blood
cell can contain between 240 and 300
million molecules of haemoglobin. The 82. Correct Option: (d)
severity of the disease depends on the Explanation:
mutations involved in the genes, and
their interplay. All statements are correct
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 24
Supplementary notes: 83. Correct Option: (a)
Genes Explanation:
Genes are specific lengths of DNA that Statement 1 is incorrect: The process
determine the order of amino acids by which heat is transferred from the
used to make protein. Some proteins hotter end to the colder end of an object
are needed in the functioning of all cells,
is known as the conduction.
others are not. In the second case, the gene
coding for the needed protein is switched off Statement 2 is incorrect: In convecntion
allowing different structures to exist at the heat is carried from one place to another
same time. by the actual movement of liquid and
Alternative forms of the same gene are gases.
called alleles. Each person can inherit only
one alternate form of a gene. The combined
effect of alleles results in the physical The flow of the Heat
differences in appearance among people like
The heat flows from a body at a higher
the color of their eyes and hair, the shape of
temperature to a body at a lower
their nose etc.
temperature.
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Dysfunctional gene behaviour is
There are three ways in which heat
commonly termed as a mutation.
can flow from one object to another.
These mutations are responsible for
These are conduction, convection and
causing illnesses. Moreover, if the gene
radiation.
mutations exist in the egg or sperm
cell, children can inherit the defective Conduction
gene from their parents. Diseases can
The process by which heat is transferred
occur due to a defect in a single gene or in a
O from the hotter end to the colder end
set of genes. According to the degree of gene
of an object is known as conduction. In
mutation, diseases are categorized into the
solids, generally, the heat is transferred by
following:
the process of conduction.
Chromosomal diseases: occur when the
The materials which allow heat to pass
SC

entire chromosome, or large segments
through them easily are conductors of heat.
of a chromosome, is missing, duplicated For examples, aluminium, iron and copper.
or otherwise altered. Down syndrome is
a prominent example of a chromosomal The materials which do not allow heat
abnormality. to pass through them easily are poor
conductors of heat such as plastic and wood.
Single-gene disorders: occur when an Poor conductors are known as insulators.
alteration occurs in a gene causing
one gene to stop working. An example Convention
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of a single gene disorder is sickle-cell In convection heat is carried from

anemia. one place to another by the actual
Multifactorial disorders: occur as the movement of liquid and gases. In
result of mutations in multiple genes, liquids and gases the heat is transferred by
frequently coupled with environmental convection.
causes. An example of a multifactorial
Radiation
disorder is diabetes.
The transfer of heat by radiation does
Mitochondrial disorders: are rare
not require any medium. It can take
disorders caused by mutations in non-
place whether a medium is present or not.
chromosomal DNA located within the
mitochondria. (The mitochondria are
subcellular organelles.) These disorders 84. Correct Option: (b)
can be found to affect any part of the body
including the brain and the muscles. Explanation:
Genes are also known to play a role in Statement 1 is incorrect: Its fibre is
the occurrence of infectious diseases like obtained from the stem of the jute plant.
tuberculosis and AIDS as well as some Supplementary notes:
non-communicable diseases like cancer
and diabetes. This section includes a brief Jute fibre
introduction to the role of genetics in some
Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of
major diseases that burden the human
the jute plant. It is cultivated during the
population globally.
25 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
rainy season. In India, jute is mainly grown substances can be classified into three
in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam. The jute types — insulators, conductors, and
plant is normally harvested when it is semiconductors
at flowering stage.
Conductors are materials through
The stems of the harvested plants are which electrical charges and heat
immersed in water for a few days. The energy can be transmitted very
stems rot and fibres are separated by easily. Almost all metals such as gold,
hand. silver, copper, iron, and lead are good
conductors.
85. Correct Option: (c) Insulators are materials which allow
very little electrical charges and heat
Explanation: energy to flow. Plastics, glass, dry air
Both statements are correct and wood are examples of insulators.
Supplementary notes: Semiconductors are materials which

allow the electrical charges to flow
Hydrogen better than insulators, but less than
conductors. Examples are silicon
Symbol H, formula H2. The first element in
andgermanium.
RE
the periodic table and the most basic and
common of all elements in the universe.
Over ninety percent of all the atoms in 87. Correct Option: (a)
the universe are hydrogen atoms and
they are the lightest of all elements.
Explanation:
Option (a) is correct: Watermelon is an
The name hydrogen comes from the Latin
word “hydro” which means water. Scientists example of a creeper
O
use the letter “H” to represent hydrogen in Supplementary notes:
all chemical equations and descriptions.
Creepers and Climbers
Hydrogen atom has one electron in its
valence shell like alkali metals. Plants with weak stems that cannot stand
SC
upright but spread on the ground are called
Hydrogen generally shows + 1 valency like
creepers while those that take support and
alkali metals.
climb up are called climber.
Hydrogen is a good reducing agent like
Examples of Creepers: Pumpkin,
other alkali metals.
Watermelon, sweet potato, etc.
The isotopes of hydrogen: Protium has
an atomic number 1, and mass number Examples of Climbers: Grapevine, money-
1, Deuterium, has an atomic number 1, plant, cucumber, bean, etc
GS
and mass number 2 and Tritium has an

atomic number 1, and mass number 3. 88. Correct Option: (d)
It has a vapour density of 1, which is 14.4
times lighter than air.
Explanation:
86. Correct Option: (b) Supplementary notes:
Explanation: Human Diseases
Statement 2 is incorrect : Insulators The mosquito carries pathogens of
are materials which allow very little or no Malaria, Typhoid and Dengue. Mosquito
electrical charges and heat energy to flow. vectored diseases include protozoan
Statement 3 is incorrect: Semiconductors diseases, i.e., malaria, filarial diseases such
are materials which allow the electrical as dog heartworm, and viruses such as
charges to flow better than insulators, but dengue, encephalitis and yellow fever
less than conductors. The disseises that last for a long time, even
as much as lifetime, are called chronic
disseises.
Insulators, Conductors, and
Tetanus is an infection caused by
Semiconductors bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When
On the basis of their ability to transmite the bacteria invade the body, they produce
electrical charges and heat energy a poison (toxin) that causes painful muscle
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 26
contractions. Another name for tetanus is 91. Correct Option: (b)
“lockjaw”. It often causes a person’s neck
and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to Explanation:
open the mouth or swallow.. Option (b) is correct: Even when an
electric heater is allowed to run for a long
time, its temperature does not increase
89. Correct Option: (d) infinitely. This is because the heat generated
Explanation: is dissipited to the surrounding medium

Explanation:
Desert Plants
Statement 1 is incorrect: It is a
Desert plants lose very little water microscopic single-celled organism found
through transpiration. The leaves in pond water.
in desert plants are either absent,
very small, or they are in the form of Supplementary notes:
spines.
Amoeba
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This helps in reducing loss of water from
the leaves through transpiration. The leaf- It is a microscopic single-celled organism
like structure in a cactus is its stem. found in pond water.
Photosynthesis in these plants is usually It has a cell membrane, a rounded, dense

carried out by the stems. The stem is also nucleus and many small bubble-like vacuoles
covered with a thick waxy layer, which in its cytoplasm. Amoeba constantly changes
helps to retain water in the tissues of
O its shape and position.
cacti. Most desert plants have roots that go It pushes out one, or more finger-like
very deep into the soil for absorbing water. projections, called pseudopodia or
false feet for movement and capture of
90. Correct Option: (b) food.
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Explanation:
93. Correct Option (c)
Statement 1 is incorrect: Dolphins and
whales do not have gills. They breathe in Explanation:
air through nostrils or blowholes. Both statements are correct
Aquatic Animals
GS
Velocity and Acceleration

Sea animals have streamlined bodies
to help them move easily in water. Velocity
There are some sea animals like squids and The distance covered by an object in a
octopus, which do not have this streamlined specified direction in unit time interval
shape. They stay deeper in the ocean, near is called velocity.
the seabed and catch any prey that moves
The S.I. Unit of velocity is m/s.
towards them.
Average velocity can be calculated by
However, when they move in water they
dividing displacement over time.
make their body shapes streamlined.
The instantaneous velocity shows the
Sea animals have gills to help them use velocity of an object at one point.
oxygen dissolved in water.
The difference between speed and velocity
There are some sea animals like is that Speed is the distance travelled by an
dolphins and whales that do not have object in a particular time. Velocity is the
gills. They breathe in air through speed in a particular direction.
nostrils or blowholes that are located
on the upper parts of their heads. This Acceleration
allows them to breathe in air when they When an object’s velocity changes, it
swim near the surface of water. They can accelerates.
stay inside the water for a long time without
breathing. They come out to the surface Acceleration shows the change in
from time to time, to breathe in air. velocity in a unit time.
27 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
Velocity is measured in meters per second, Supplementary notes:
m/s, so acceleration is measured in (m/s)/
s, or m/s2, which can be both positive and Yeasts
negative. Yeasts are single-celled organisms.
When the velocity decreases the body is said They respire anaerobically and during
to undergo retardation or deceleration. this process yield alcohol. They are,
therefore, used to make wine and
beer.
94. Correct Option: (d) Organisms such as yeast that can survive
Explanation: in the absence of air. They are called
anaerobes. They get energy through
Option (d) is correct anaerobic respiration. In the absence of
oxygen, glucose breaks down into alcohol
Supplementary notes: and carbon dioxide, as given below:
Mining of uranium Glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide +
When uranium is mined, it consists energy (In absence of Oxygen)
of approximately 99.3% uranium-238
(U238), 0.7% uranium-235 (U235), and < 97. Correct Option: (a)
0.01% uranium-234 (U234).
RE
The nuclear fuel used in a nuclear reactor Explanation:
needs to have a higher concentration of the Option (a) is correct: It is the breakdown
U-235 isotope than that exists in natural of glucose that uses oxygen to release carbon
uranium ore. dioxide and energy.
Respiration
Explanation:
O The process of breakdown of food in the cell
All statements are correct with the release of energy is called cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration takes place
Supplementary notes: in the cells of all organisms.
SC
Polar Regions In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken down
into carbon dioxide and water using oxygen.
The Polar Regions present an extreme
When breakdown of glucose occurs with the
climate. These regions are covered with use of oxygen it is called aerobic respiration.
snow and it is very cold for most part of the Food can also be broken down, without using
year. For six months the sun does not set at oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration.
the poles while for the other six months the Breakdown of food releases energy.
sun does not rise.
in the presence of oxygen
GS
In winters, the temperature can be as low

as –37°C. Animals living there have adapted Glucose carbon dioxide + water +
to these severe conditions. Examples are energy
polar bears and penguins. Breathing means taking in air rich in oxygen
Polar bears have white fur so that they and giving out air rich in carbon dioxide
are not easily visible in the snowy white with the help of respiratory organs. The
background. It protects them from their taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body
predators. is called inhalation and giving out of air rich
in carbon dioxide is known as exhalation.
It also helps them in catching their prey. To
protect them from extreme cold, they have
two thick layers of fur. 98. Correct Option: (c)
They also have a layer of fat under their Explanation:
skin. In fact, they are so well-insulated that
they have to move slowly and rest often to Option (c) is correct: The phenomenon
avoid getting overheated. metioned in the passage is an example of
Newton’s third law of motion.
96. Correct Option: (b) Supplementary notes:

Newton’s Third Law of Motion:
Explanation:
For every action, there is an equal and
Option (b) is correct: They respire opposite reaction. The statement means
anaerobically and during this process yield that in every interaction, there is a pair of
alcohol. forces acting on the two interacting objects.
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 28
The size of the forces on the first object It is a strong alkali base used in green
equals the size of the force on the second cleaning products.
object. The direction of the force on the first
object is opposite to the direction of the force Often found in powder form, it’s used in a
on the second object. Forces always come in wide range of industries, such as cleaning
pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction and personal care products, as a fungicide,
force pairs. microbicide, herbicide, and pH adjuster.
The rocket’s action is to push down Sodium bicarbonate
on the ground with the force of its
powerful engines, and the reaction Sodium bicarbonate commonly known as
is that the ground pushes the rocket baking soda, is a chemical compound with
upwards with an equal force. the formula NaHCO3.
There’s also the example of shooting a In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in
cannonball. When the cannonball is fired baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts
through the air (by the explosion), the cannon with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which
is pushed backward. The force pushing the causes expansion of the batter and forms
ball out was equal to the force pushing the the characteristic texture and grain in
cannon back, but the effect on the cannon is pancakes, cakes, quick breads, soda bread,
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less noticeable because it has a much larger and other baked and fried foods.
mass. That example is similar to the kick
when a gun fires a bullet forward. Sodium peroxide
Faraday’s law of induction Sodium peroxide is the inorganic compound
Faraday’s law of induction is one of the with the formula Na2O2. This yellowish solid
important concepts of electricity. is the product of sodium ignited in excess
O oxygen. It is a strong base.
It looks at the way changing magnetic fields
can cause current to flow in wires. Basically, Sodium Thiosulphate
it is a formula/concept that describes how
Sodium thiosulfate (sodium hyposulfite),
potential difference (voltage difference) is
created and how much is created. Na2S2O3, is used by photographers to fix
SC
developed negatives and prints;
It’s a huge concept to understand that the
changing of a magnetic field can create It acts by dissolving the part of the silver
voltage. salts coated onto film which remain
unchanged by exposure to light.
Coulomb’s Law:
It’s a formula that measures the electrical
forces between two objects. F=kq1q2/r2. 100. Correct Option: (d)
GS
Where ”F” is the resulting force between the Explanation:

two charges.
Option (d) is correct
99. Correct Option: (c) Supplementary notes

Explanation: Organic Filter
Option (c) is correct: An organic filter that allows only near-
List I List II infrared (NIR) light to pass through has
been developed by scientists at the CSIR-
A. Sodium carbonate 2. Washing National Institute for Interdisciplinary
B. Sodium bicarbonate 3. Baking Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
based in Thiruvananthapuram.
C. Sodium peroxide 4. Source of
Oxygen The new NIR filter can be used for night
vision glasses, night photography, and will
D. Sodium Thiosulphate 1. Photography
have applications in security and forensics
Supplementary notes: such as identifying blood stains on a dark
fabric.
Compounds and their use
Currently available inorganic filters are
Sodium carbonate
expensive and brittle whereas organic filters
Sodium carbonate is the sodium salt of are easy to process and flexible too.
carbonic acid.
29 PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26
The filter was prepared by mixing a black while allowing the near-infrared light alone
dye (diketopyrrolopyrrole or DPP) having to pass through.
an amide group that helps the molecules
The nano fibres formed through the
to be in close contact with each other and
self-assembly of the DPP molecules are
interact, leading to changes in their optical
responsible for the broad light absorption of
properties.
the material, making it appear dark.
The organo gel-based filter has the ability
to absorb both ultraviolet and visible light

RE
O
SC
GS
PTS2020/PPP-15/112019/26 30

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Test No.

IAS Prelims - 2020 15

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - 1

Q. 9 (b) Q. 29 (c) Q. 49 (d) Q. 69 (d) Q. 89 (d)

Statement 2 is incorrect: They are single- Natural source Acid

Microorganisms Tamarind Tartaric acid

It is not the same as mass density. It

It means that 22 parts of pure gold is Supplementary notes:

Human Disease Causative Mode of Preventive

the surface. 4. The loudness is expressed in a unit called

interlocking. On rough surfaces, there are existence of the neutrino in 1930.

15. Correct Option: (c) Both the statement is correct

Explanation: Supplementary notes

Statement 2 is incorrect: Conversion of Waves

Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect:

21. Correct Option: (b)

Option (c) is correct

Supplementary notes: Electromagnetic waves or EM waves

The eye has a roughly spherical shape. The

resistant Enterococcus, and multidrug- vanish immediately from the retina. It

Supplementary notes: Halophytes

directly by eating plants or indirectly by concentrations. Despite high salt content in

The property of metal by which it can be In meteorology, to track storms.

The cells are then placed in an artificial Prolactin

Sound its ignition temperature.

of hearing when it reaches our ears. temperature.

exclusively in eukaryotic plants, fungi, and

43. Correct Option: (a) Supplementary notes:

Explanation: The Hierarchy of Classification- Groups

Option (a) is correct Biologists, such as Ernst Haeckel (1894),

Tuberculosis (TB), infectious disease Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Insect

50. Correct Option: (c)

called auxin, synthesised at the shoot tip,

Explanation: B. Thallophyta 4. Do not have well

conduction of water and other substances

A. Vitamin B1 4. Beriberi Supplementary notes:

B. Calcium 1. Osteopenia Stem Cells

and to develop into more mature,

Supplementary notes  It always cmes to rest in north-south

According to the law of conservation of  Direction when suspended freely.

boils at 120°C. 63. Correct Option: (a)

At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure Heavy Water contains two atoms of

Once the water droplets are formed,

Explanation: fall down in the form of rain.

Supplementary notes: As the path of rays of light coming from the

The sky appears dark to passengers flying

Explanation: Supplementary notes:

 Movement: propels food through the

Explanation: It is produced due to vibration of

in temperature, meaning the density of at the fetal stage, observations such as

81. Correct Option: (d) Sickle cell anemia

Explanation:  Sickle-cell anemia is a blood

of a single gene disorder is sickle-cell In convection heat is carried from

Supplementary notes: Semiconductors are materials which

and mass number 2 and Tritium has an

All statements are correct

Photosynthesis in these plants is usually It has a cell membrane, a rounded, dense

Velocity and Acceleration

In winters, the temperature can be as low

96. Correct Option: (b) Supplementary notes:

Where ”F” is the resulting force between the Explanation:

99. Correct Option: (c) Supplementary notes

Supplementary notes It always cmes to rest in north-south

According to the law of conservation of Direction when suspended freely.

Movement: propels food through the

Explanation: Sickle-cell anemia is a blood