SCIENCE FORM 4

CHAPTER 2: BODY COORDINATION

Body coordination is the adjustment of the body in response to

whatever stimulus received by some parts of the body.
There are two types of body coordination : nervous coordination
and hormonal coordination.
The central nervous system is the control centre of the body. This
system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous
system and the somatic nervous system.

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The neurone is a basic unit of the nervous system. There are three types
of neurone:
Sensory neurone- carries impulses from the receptor or
sensory organ to the central nervous
system.
relay neurone- connects sensory neurone with motor
neurone.
motor neurone- carries impulses from the central nervous
system to effectors, like muscles or glands.

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Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone

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Comparision between sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor
neurone.
Characteristic Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone
Position of cell In the middle of At the centre of At the end of
body neurone neurone neurone
Length of axon Short Changes Long

Movement of From the sensory From the sensory From the relay
impulse organ or the receptor neurone to the neurone going out
to the central nervous motor neurone in the from the central
system central nervous nervous system to
system the muscle or
effectors
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Function Carries impulses Transmit impulses Transmits impulses
from sensory organ from sensory from central
or receptor to central neurone to motor nervous system to
nervous system neurone effector
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The human brain consists of three parts:
cerebrum- controls the functions of sensory organs and
voluntary actions.
cerebellum – control body balance and coordinates body
movements.
medulla oblongata- control involuntary actions.

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CHAPTER 3: HEREDITY AND VARIATION
Comparision between meiosis and mitosis
Mitosis Differences Meiosis
Somatic cells Place occurs Testes and ovaries
One Number of cell Two
division
Two Number of Four
daughter cells
Same as Chromosomal Half the number of
parents,diploid (2n) number of chromosomes of the
daughter cells parent (n)
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Genetically identical to Genetic content Different from the
the parent cell parent cell and from
one another.
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Comparison between continuous and discontinuous variation
Continuous Differences Discontinuous
variation variation

Difference is not Differences in Difference is

obvious characteristic obvious and definite

Height, body Examples of Blood group, type of

weight, skin colour variation fingerprint, ability
to roll the tongue

Normal distribution Shape of graph Discrete

distribution
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Genetic and Factors that Genetic factor
environmental cause variation
factors
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CHAPTER 4: MATTER
Pure substances have a specific melting point (freezing point)
and boiling point.
Any impurity added to pure substance will raise the boiling or
lower the freezing point of that substance.
For example, water that is with salt will boil at a temperature
higher than 100° C and will freeze at a temperature lower than
0°C

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CHAPTER 5: ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

Exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases heat energy to the

surroundings.
Heat energy released from reactant to the surroundings causes the
surrounding temperature to rise.
Endothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs heat energy from
the surroundings.
Heat energy absorbed by the reactant from the surroundings
lowers the surrounding temperature.

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CHAPTER 6: RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
The characteristics of radioactive radiation
The
Radioactive Gamma rays
Alpha rays Neutral (in term
radiation
Nuclei of helium of electrical
Consists of charges)
positively Consists of high
charged (+) power
particles. electromagnetic
The penetrating waves.
power is low, can The penetrating
be blocked by a Beta rays power is very high,
sheet of paper. Consist of high speed can only be
electrons, which are blocked by a thick
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The penetrating power is concrete
higher, can be blocked by a
thin sheet of aluminium
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CHAPTER 7: LIGHT,COLOUR AND SIGHT
Primary colours are colours which cannot be obtained from mixing
other colours.
There are three primary colour, namely red, blue and green.
Secondary colours are colour produced by adding primary colours.
There are three secondary colours, namely yellow, magenta and
cyan.
Addition of primary colours and secondary colours can produce
white light.

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CHAPTER 8: CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (like bronze and

brass) or a metal with a small amount of non-metal (like steel)
Examples of alloy are steel, pewter, bronze, brass and
duralumin.
Alloying can:
Increase the hardness of metals
Prevent corrosion
Improve the appearance of metals

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CHAPTER 1: MICROORGANISMS
Vector is an agent that carries diseases.
Houseflies and mosquitoes are two main vectors that transfer
pathogen to humans.
Diseases like cholera and hepatitis A can be prevented if the
population of houseflies is controlled.
Dengue fever and malaria can be prevented is mosquito
reproduction is prevented.
Knowledge on the life cycle and behaviour of vectors can help us
to eliminate them.

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The lifeThe
cycle
lifeof a mosquito

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The life cycle of a housefly

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CHAPTER 2: NUTRITION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

The quantity of energy needed by an individual depends on the

factors:
Gender
Age
Body size
Weather
Physical activity
Health condition

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Gender
Males need more energy than females because they are more
active

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Age
Young people need more energy than old people because they
are more active

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Body size
A bigger body needs more energy because the metabolic rate
of those with bigger bodies are higher.

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Weather
People in cold places need more energy to maintain
their body temperature.

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Physical activities
Active people or those doing laborious jobs need more
energy.

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Health condition
Sick people need more nutritious food to fight diseases as
compared to healthy people.

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CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUND
Organic carbon compounds originate from living things.
Examples: sugar, starch and cellulose.
Inorganic carbon compounds originate from non living things.
Examples: carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate.
Hydrocarbon compounds are compound that are made up of only
hydrogen and carbon elements.
Petroleum, natural gas and coal are examples of natural resources
of hydrocarbon

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CHAPTER 5: MOTION
Comparision between speed, velocity and acceleration
SPEED VELOCITY ACCELERATION

Meaning Distance travelled Rate of change Rate of change in

within one unit of in distance in a velocity of a moving
time specific direction object

Formula Speed=distance Velocity: Acceleration:

time Displacement Final velocity-initial
time velocity
time
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Unit Metre per second Metre per Metre per second per
Or ms¯¹ second or ms¯¹ second or ms¯²
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Application of Bernoulli’s principle in aircraft flight.
Wings of aircraft have an aerofoil shape.
The flow of air is faster at the top than that at the bottom of the
aerofoil.
According to Bernoulli principle, the top part of an aerofoil
will have low pressure where the air flow is faster. At the
bottom of the aerofoil where air flow is slower, the pressure is
higher and will produces a lift force that pushes the wing
upwards.

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CHAPTER 6: FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION

Among the effords conducted to increase the quality and

quantity of food production include:
Usage of quality breeds
Usage of modern technology
Education and guidance to farmers
Research and development
Optimum usage of land and water catchment areas.
Efficient management of land.

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CHAPTER 7: SYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY

Low melting point causes Resistant to most chemical

it to soften easily substances such as acid and alkali
when hot and return to
its original shape once cooled
The properties Good electrical insulator
of thermoplastics
Did not have cross linkages
between molecule
Most thermoplastics materials
dissolve in organic solvents
Can be stretched and burned easily

exit The ability to mould repeatedly Colourless and transparent

enables thermoplastic to be recycled
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The properties of thermoset

High melting point causes Harder, more shock and heat

thermoset harden resistant compared
when cooled and is unable to thermoplastic
to melt once again although
heated at high temperature
Have cross linkage
between molecules
The properties
Does not bend or burn easily of thermoset
Good electrical insulator

Can be moulded only once Resistant to most chemical

and thus, cannot be recycled substances such as acid and alkali
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Do not dissolved in any organic solvent
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CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
The properties of waves and their description
Property of waves Description

Wavelength The distance between two successive

of waves

Wave frequency The number of complete waves

generated in one second

Wave amplitude The maximum displacement of a wave

from its original position (or
exit equilibrium position)
Wave velocity The distance travelled by a wave in one
second
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THE END….
GOOD LUCK !!!!

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