Introduction

Objectives:
You should be able to…
• extend equilibrium analysis of forces to
include the determination of stress of the
structural components
• determine the effects of resultant forces and
couple moments on the materials
• differentiate the different types of simple
stress
• solve problems involving normal stress
 BRANCHES OF MECHANICS

Mechanics

Rigid Bodies Deformable Bodies Fluids

(Things that do not change shape) (Things that do change shape)

Statics Dynamics Incompressible Compressible

• Only the external • Internal effects of the forces on

effects of the forces the body will be considered
acting on the body are • Deformations will be of great
considered importance
• The bodies are
assumed to be perfectly
rigid
The difference between rigid body mechanics and
mechanics of materials can be appreciated if we consider
the bar shown below.

• Equilibrium analysis will determine the force P, but not

the strength or rigidity of the bar.

• In mechanics of materials, the statics solution is

extended to include analysis of the forces acting on the
bar to be certain that the bar will neither break nor
deform excessively.
 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

External forces acting on Free-body diagram for

the body determining the internal force
system acting on section 1

The effect of the external forces in section 1 can be

expressed in terms of a resultant force R and a resultant
couple moment CR
It is convenient to represent both R and CR in
terms of two components:

• one perpendicular to the cross-section, and

• the other lying in the cross-section

These components are given physically

meaningful names
Resolving the internal force R into
axial force P and the shear force V.
P – normal force or axial force
• the component of the resultant
force that is perpendicular to the
cross section
• Tends to elongate or shorten the
bar
V – shear force
• the component of the resultant
force lying in the plane of the
cross section
• Tends to shear (slide) one segment
of the bar relative to the other
segment
Resolving the internal couple CR into torque T
and bending moment M
T – twisting moment or torque
• the component of the resultant
couple moment that is
perpendicular to the cross section
• Tends to twist or rotate the bar
M – bending moment
• the component of the resultant
couple moment lying in the plane
of the cross section
• Tends to bend the bar
 SIMPLE STRESS

Stress is known as the intensity of load

per unit area

Stress is also a measure of the unit

strength of the material
TYPES OF SIMPLE STRESS

1. Normal Stress

2. Shearing Stress

3. Bearing Stress
Normal Stress
• The resisting
area is
perpendicular to
the applied
force, thus
normal
 TYPES OF NORMAL STRESS

1. Tensile Stress

2. Compressive Stress
The normal stress acting
at any point on a cross-
section is given by the
equation

where:
σ – normal stress
P – axial force
A – cross sectional
area
The normal stress acting
at any point on a cross-
section is given by the
equation
• Although it is relatively easy to use the
𝑷
equation 𝝈 = , determining the load
𝑨
P is usually a challenge.

• As you begin your study of Mechanics of

Materials, I suggest that you review your
understanding of equilibrium analysis
focusing upon:
 the construction of FBD’s
 the number of independent equilibrium equations
that are available for various force systems
 the writing and solving of equilibrium equations
The compound bar ABCD consists of three
segments, each of a different material with
different dimensions. Compute the stress in
each segment when the axial loads are
applied.
Stress in segment AB:
𝑃𝐴𝐵
𝜎𝐴𝐵 =
PAB 𝐴𝐴𝐵
40𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐴𝐵 =
1400𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 40𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
𝝈𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝑪)
Stress in segment AB:

PAB
Stress in segment AB:

PAB

𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 40𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

Stress in segment AB:
𝑃𝐴𝐵
𝜎𝐴𝐵 =
PAB 𝐴𝐴𝐵
40𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐴𝐵 =
1400𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 40𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
Stress in segment AB:
𝑃𝐴𝐵
𝜎𝐴𝐵 =
PAB 𝐴𝐴𝐵
40𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐴𝐵 =
1400𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 40𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
𝝈𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝑪)
Stress in segment BC:
𝑃𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
PBC 𝐴𝐵𝐶
10𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
2000𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 10𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
𝝈𝑩𝑪 = 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝑪)
Stress in segment BC:

PBC
Stress in segment BC:

PBC

𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 10𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

Stress in segment BC:
𝑃𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
PBC 𝐴𝐵𝐶
10𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
2000𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 10𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
Stress in segment BC:
𝑃𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
PBC 𝐴𝐵𝐶
10𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
2000𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 10𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
𝝈𝑩𝑪 = 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝑪)
Stress in segment CD:

PCD
Stress in segment CD:

PCD

𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 20𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

Stress in segment CD:
𝑃𝐶𝐷
PCD 𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
𝐴𝐶𝐷
20𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
1600𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 20𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
Stress in segment CD:
𝑃𝐶𝐷
PCD 𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
𝐴𝐶𝐷
20𝑥103 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
1600𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 20𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
𝝈𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝑻)
Neglecting the weights of bars OAB and AC,
determine the stress in the bar AC.
6000 lb PAC

Oy

Ox
 𝑀𝑜 = 0

3 4
6000 7.5 − 𝑃𝐴𝐶 5 =0
5 5
6000 lb PAC

Oy

Ox
 𝑀𝑜 = 0

3 4
6000 7.5 − 𝑃𝐴𝐶 5 =0
5 5
6000 lb PAC
𝑃𝐴𝐶 = 6750 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)

Oy

Ox
 𝑀𝑜 = 0

3 4
6000 7.5 − 𝑃𝐴𝐶 5 =0
5 5
6000 lb PAC
𝑃𝐴𝐶 = 6750 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)

𝑃𝐴𝐶
𝜎𝐴𝐶 =
Oy 𝐴𝐴𝐶
6750 𝑙𝑏
Ox 𝜎𝐴𝐶 =
0.5 𝑖𝑛2
 𝑀𝑜 = 0

3 4
6000 7.5 − 𝑃𝐴𝐶 5 =0
5 5
6000 lb PAC
𝑃𝐴𝐶 = 6750 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)

𝑃𝐴𝐶
𝜎𝐴𝐶 =
Oy 𝐴𝐴𝐶
6750 𝑙𝑏
Ox 𝜎𝐴𝐶 =
0.5 𝑖𝑛2

𝝈𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑻)

The cross-sectional area of each member of the
truss is 4.2 in2. Calculate the stresses in members
CD and CF.
Stress in member CD:

FBD of joint D
FCD

FDE

30,000 lb
Stress in member CD:

FBD of joint D
FCD

FDE

30,000 lb

𝐹𝑦 = 0

4
𝐹𝐶𝐷 − 30,000 = 0
2 13
Stress in member CD:

FBD of joint D
FCD

FDE

30,000 lb

𝐹𝑦 = 0

4
𝐹𝐶𝐷 − 30,000 = 0
2 13

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 54,083.27 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)

Stress in member CD:

FBD of joint D
FCD

FDE

30,000 lb
𝑃𝐶𝐷
𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
𝐴𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝑦 = 0
54,083.27 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
4 4.2 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝐶𝐷 − 30,000 = 0
2 13
𝝈𝑪𝑫 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑻)
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 54,083.27 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)
Stress in member CD:

FBD of joint D
FCD

FDE

30,000 lb
𝑃𝐶𝐷
𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
𝐴𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝑦 = 0
54,083.27 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
4 4.2 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝐶𝐷 − 30,000 = 0
2 13
𝝈𝑪𝑫 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑻)
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 54,083.27 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)
Stress in member CD:

FBD of joint D
FCD

FDE

30,000 lb
𝑃𝐶𝐷
𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
𝐴𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝑦 = 0
54,083.27 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝐶𝐷 =
4 4.2 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝐶𝐷 − 30,000 = 0
2 13
𝝈𝑪𝑫 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑻)
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 54,083.27 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)
Stress in member CF:

FCF
Stress in member CF:

FCF
 Stress in member CF:

FCF

𝑀𝐷 = 0
4
10,000 6 − 𝐹𝐶𝐹 6
2 13
6
−𝐹𝐶𝐹 4 =0
2 13
 Stress in member CF:

FCF

𝑀𝐷 = 0
4
10,000 6 − 𝐹𝐶𝐹 6
2 13
6
−𝐹𝐶𝐹 4 =0
2 13

𝐹𝐶𝐹 = 9013.88 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

 Stress in member CF:

FCF

𝑃𝐶𝐹
𝑀𝐷 = 0 𝜎𝐶𝐹 =
𝐴𝐶𝐹
4
10,000 6 − 𝐹𝐶𝐹 6 9013.88 𝑙𝑏
2 13 𝜎𝐶𝐹 =
6 4.2 𝑖𝑛2
−𝐹𝐶𝐹 4 =0
2 13

𝐹𝐶𝐹 = 9013.88 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)

 Stress in member CF:

FCF

𝑃𝐶𝐹
𝑀𝐷 = 0 𝜎𝐶𝐹 =
𝐴𝐶𝐹
4
10,000 6 − 𝐹𝐶𝐹 6 9013.88 𝑙𝑏
2 13 𝜎𝐶𝐹 =
6 4.2 𝑖𝑛2
−𝐹𝐶𝐹 4 =0
2 13
𝝈𝑪𝑭 = 𝟐, 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑪)
𝐹𝐶𝐹 = 9013.88 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)
A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100 mm must carry a
tensile load of 400 kN. Determine
the outside diameter of the tube if
the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100 mm must carry a
tensile load of 400 kN. Determine
the outside diameter of the tube if
the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either
end by a cable as shown in figure . Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to
exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
A homogeneous bar AB is supported at either end by
a cable as shown in figure . Given that the diameter
of the cables is 100mm, determine the maximum
weight of the bar if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa
in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
1. Aluminum rod is rigidly attached
between steel and bronze rods as
shown. Axial loads are applied to
the positions indicated. Find the
maximum value of P that will not
exceed a stress in steel of
140MPa, in aluminum of 190
MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.
2. Determine the cross-sectional
areas of members CD and DE
for the truss shown in the figure.
The stresses are not to exceed 20
ksi in tension and 14 ksi in
compression