Copyright © Ann Wong Science . Form 4 .

Chapter 8

CHAPTER 8: CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY

8.1 Alloy and Their Uses

A. Alloys
1. Alloy – mixture of metals or metal and carbon
2. Alloying – process of making alloy
3. Characteristics of alloy:
a) Stronger / Harder
b) More resistant to corrosion
c) More shiny / beautiful
4. Arrangement of atoms in alloy:

Main atom / metal

Foreign atom

Foreign atoms prevent the layers of pure metal atoms from sliding over one another.
This makes the alloy stronger / harder.

B. Properties of Alloys and Their Uses

Composition
Alloy Uses
Main atom Foreign atom
Steel Iron Carbon Buildings, bridges, railway lines
Chromium
Stainless steel Iron Cutlery, surgical instrument, machines
Nickel
Duralumin Aluminium Copper Aircraft framework
Bronze Copper Tin Medals, coins, statues
Brass Copper Zinc Musical instruments
Antimony
Pewter Tin Copper Mugs, jugs, teapots, ornaments
Lead
Solder Lead Tin Soldering work

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 Copyright © Ann Wong Science . Form 4 . Chapter 8

C. Superconductor Alloys
1. Superconductor alloy – allow electricity to flow through it without any resistance (energy saving).
saving)
2. Use in different fields in industry:
a) Generation and transmission of electricity
b) Medicine – machine for scanning organs
c) Transport – bullet train
d) Telecommunication
e) Electronics

8.2 The Production and Uses of Ammonia

1. Properties – Colourless, Alkaline gas,
gas Choking smell, Less dense than air
2. Haber Process – process of making ammonia

Nitrogen + Hydrogen Ammonia

Conditon :
a) Catalyst: Iron b) Temperature: 450-500°C c) Pressure: 220-250 atm

2 One
ne part of nitrogen is mixed
3 with three parts of hydrogen.
hydrogen
1. Mixer
Ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen =
1 1:3
2. Drying
Mixture
ixture is dried.
dried
chamber
4 Mixture
ixture is compressed at
3. Compressor
220-250 atm.
5 Compressed
mpressed mixture is passed
4. Catalyst over iron granules at 450-500°C.
450
chamber Iron
ron catalyst speed up the
reaction.
5. Cooling Condenser
ondenser cools and condenses
chamber gas into liquid ammonia.
ammonia

3. Uses of ammonia:
a) Fertiliser
b) Nitric acid – paint, explosive, plastic
c) Detergent
d) Cooling agent
e) Prevention of latex coagulation

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 Copyright © Ann Wong Science . Form 4 . Chapter 8

4. Production of ammonium salt fertiliser:

a) Ammonia solution + Dilute sulphuric acid Ammonium sulphate + Water
b) Ammonia solution + Dilute nitric acid Ammonium nitrate + Water
c) Ammonia solution + Dilute phosphoric acid Ammonium phosphate + Water

neutralisation crystallisation
Ammonia Ammonium Ammonium
solution + Acid salt solution salt crystals

5. Production of urea:

Ammonia + Carbon dioxide Urea

Condition:
a) Temperature: 150 – 200°C
b) Pressure: 150 – 200 atm

1 2 3

6 5 4

1. Mixer Ammonia is mixed with carbon dioxide at 150-200

150 °C and 150-200 atm.
2. Reacting chamber Liquid urea is formed.
3. Separation chamber Liquid urea and uncombined gase are separated.
4. Heater Liquid urea is evaporated and make concentrated.
5. Cooling chamber Concentrated liquid urea is cooled by condenser.
6. Storage tank Crystallisation and crystals of urea are collected.

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 Copyright © Ann Wong Science . Form 4 . Chapter 8

8.3 Effects of Industrial Waste on the Environment

Source Toxic waste Effects Ways to control

• Corrode respiratory system and cause
respiratory disease (bronchitis and
Acidic gases: Vehicles:
asthma)
Sulphur dioxide,
• Cause acid rain – corrodes buildings • Install catalytic
Nitrogen dioxide converter at
and property, lower crop yield, kill
aquatic organism exhaust pipes of
vehicles
• Cause severe headache
Burning of Carbon monoxide • Deprive the body of oxygen and cause
Factories:
fossil fuels death
• Install
(vehicles and • Greenhouse effect:
electrostatic
factories) Earth becomes warmer
precipitator / air
Icebergs in the poles melt
Carbon dioxide filter at the
Sea level rise
chimney of
Flood in low-lying area
factories
Drought
• Build taller
• Irritates the respiratory system, causes chimney
Soot cough and asthma
• Reduces vision
• Mercury – Minamata disease
• Lead – High blood pressure and
Toxic Heavy metals damage nervous system
substance • Cadmium – damage kidney and lung Treated before
from chemical • Nickel – lung cancer disposing
industry • Change pH of water
Acid and alkali
• Cause death of aquatic organisms
Detergent Cause algal bloom
Kept in thick lead
Radioactive Radioactive Cause mutation, cancer, deformity in
container and throw
substance radiations foetus, infertility
into deep sea

Organic waste
Pollute the air and water Burn in incinerator
(oil palm, rubber)

Waste from Chemical fertiliser

• Cause algal bloom Use natural fertiliser /
agricultural (Phosphates,
• Eutrophication manure
industry nitrates)
• Accumulate in plants and pass to
human Practice biological
Pesticides
• Damage liver, cause deformity in control
foetus and cancer
• Thinning of ozone layer
Aerosol can, • Reduce the use of
Skin cancer
refrigerator Chlorofluorocarbon CFC
Cataract
and air- (CFC) • Replace CFC with
Lower immunity
conditioner HCFC
Lower crop yield

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 Copyright © Ann Wong Science . Form 4 . Chapter 8

Greenhouse effect:

Eutrophication: