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Continuous Time Signals Part I Fourier Series PDF
Continuous Time Signals Part I Fourier Series PDF
(a) Basics
𝜔1 8𝜋
= =1 𝑠𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐
𝜔2 8𝜋
(c) 𝑠(𝑡) = exp(−7𝑡) . sin 10𝜋𝑡
= 𝑒 −7𝑡 . sin 10𝜋𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋 1
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒, 𝑇= = =
𝜔 10𝜋 5
Due to 𝑒 −7𝑡 it is decaying function, so not periodic
(d) 𝑠(𝑡) = cos 2 𝑡 . cos 4 𝑡
Note, 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
1
𝑠𝑜, 𝑠(𝑡) = [cos 2 𝑡 + cos 6 𝑡]
2
𝑝 𝜔1 2 1
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒, = = =
𝑞 𝜔2 6 3
Rational
So, (a) , (b) and (d) are periodic.
𝑇/2 𝑇/2
1 1
= lim ∫ 𝑓 2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = lim ∫ |𝑓(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 𝑇→∞ 𝑇
−𝑇/2 −𝑇/2
𝐸 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝐸𝑠 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑑𝑝
Let 2𝑡 = 𝑝 𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑡 =
2
∞
𝑑𝑝
= ∫ [𝑓(𝑡)]2
2
−∞
𝐸
𝐸𝑠 =
2
Option (b)
0 1 2 3 4 t
-1
The ratio of the power in the 7th harmonic to the power in the 5th
harmonic for this waveform is closest in value to ------
[GATE 2014: 1 Mark]
1
Soln. For a periodic square wave nth harmonic component ∝
𝑛
1⁄
72 = 25 ≅ 0.5
1⁄ 29
52
Answer 0.5
6. The waveform of a periodic signal 𝑥(𝑡) is shown in the figure.
-2 1 4 t
-4 -3 -1 2 3
-3
𝑡−1
A signal 𝑔(𝑡) is defined by𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥 ( ). The average power of 𝑔(𝑡) is
2
_________ .
[GATE 2015: 1 Mark]
Soln. The equation for the given waveform can be written as
𝑥 = −3 𝑡
The period of the waveform is 3 (i.e. from -1 to +2)
1
𝐴𝑣. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∫[𝑥(𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0 1 2
1
= [ ∫(−3 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 + ∫(−3 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 02 . 𝑑𝑡]
3
−1 0 1
1 𝑡3 0 𝑡3 1
= [9. | +9 | + 0]
3 3 −1 3 0
1 9 9
= [ . {0 − (−1)} + (1 − 0)]
3 3 3
1 9 9 1 18
= [ + ]= × =2
3 3 3 3 3
Answer 2
7. The RMS value of a rectangular wave of period T, having a value of +V
for a duration 𝑇1 (< 𝑇) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑉 for the duration 𝑇 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 , equals
(a) V 𝑉
(c)
𝑇1 −𝑇2 √2
(b) 𝑉 𝑇1
𝑇 (d) 𝑉
𝑇2
+V
T t
-V
𝑇
1
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = √ ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0
𝑇1 𝑇
1
= √ [∫ 𝑉 2 𝑑𝑡 + ∫(−𝑉)2 𝑑𝑡]
𝑇
0 𝑇1
1
= √ [𝑉 2 . (𝑇1 − 0) + 𝑉 2 (𝑇 − 𝑇1 )]
𝑇
1
= √ . 𝑉 2 [ 𝑇1 + 𝑇 − 𝑇1 ] = √𝑉 2 = 𝑉 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎)
𝑇
(b) Fourier series
8. The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function of time does not
have
(a) the dc term (c) sine terms
(b) cosine terms (d) odd harmonic terms
[GATE 1996: 1 Mark]
Soln. For periodic even function, the trigonometric Fourier series does not
contain the sine terms (odd functions)
It has dc term and cosine terms of all harmonics.
Option (c)
∞ ∞
Thus the series has cosine terms of all harmonics: 𝑛𝜔0 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 − − −
Where 0th harmonic = dc term (average or mean) = a0 and sine terms of
all harmonics: 𝑛𝜔0 , 𝑛 = 1,2, − − − −.
12. The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function does not have the
(a) dc term (c) sine terms
(b) cosine terms (d) odd harmonic terms
[GATE 2011: 1 Mark]
Soln. The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function has cosine terms
which are even functions.
It has dc term if its average value is finite and no dc term if average value
is zero
So it does not have sine terms
Option (c)
𝜔1 𝜋
= 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝜔2 1
So 𝑥(𝑡) is aperiodic or not periodic
(c) 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝑡 + 0.5 is a periodic function with 𝜔0 = 1
(d) 𝑥(𝑡) = 2 cos(1.5𝜋)𝑡 + sin(3.5𝜋)𝑡 first term has frequency 𝜔1 =
1.5𝜋 2nd term has frequency 𝜔2 = 3.5𝜋
14. Choose the function 𝑓(𝑡), −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞, for which a Fourier series
cannot be defined.
(a) 3 sin(25𝑡)
(b) 4 cos(20𝑡 + 3) + 2 sin(710𝑡)
(c) exp(−|𝑡|) sin(25𝑡)
(d) 1
[GATE 2005: 1 Mark]
Soln. Fourier series is defined for periodic function and constant
(a) 3 sin(25 𝑡) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝜔 = 25
(b) 4 cos(20 𝑡 + 3) + 2 sin(710 𝑡) sum of two periodic function is also
periodic function
(c) 𝑒 −|𝑡| sin 25 𝑡 Due to decaying exponential decaying function it is not
periodic. So Fourier series cannot be defined for it.
(d) Constant, Fourier series exists.
Fourier series can’t be defined for option (c)
15. A periodic signal 𝑥(𝑡)𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇0 is given by
|𝑡| < 𝑇1
1,
𝑥(𝑡) = { 𝑇0
0, 𝑇1 < |𝑡| <
2
The dc component of 𝑥(𝑡) is
𝑇1 2𝑇1
(a) (c)
𝑇0 𝑇0
𝑇1 𝑇0
(b) (2𝑇 ) (d)
0 𝑇1
-T
∞
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0
𝑇0
𝑇0⁄
2
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇
−𝑇0⁄
2
𝑇0⁄
−𝑇1 𝑇1 2
1
= ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇0
−𝑇0⁄ −𝑇1 𝑇1
[ 2 ]
1
= [0 + 2𝑇1 + 0]
𝑇0
2𝑇1
=
𝑇0
Option (c)
∞
1
(𝑎) ( ) ∑ exp(−𝑗2𝜋𝑛 𝑡/𝑇0 )
𝑇0
𝑛=−∞
∞
1
(𝑏) ( ) ∑ exp(−𝑗𝜋𝑛 𝑡/𝑇0 )
𝑇0
𝑛=−∞
∞
1
(𝑐) ( ) ∑ exp(𝑗𝜋𝑛 𝑡/𝑇0 )
𝑇0
𝑛=−∞
∞
1
(𝑑) ( ) ∑ exp(𝑗2𝜋𝑛 𝑡/𝑇0 )
𝑇0
𝑛=−∞
Soln.
0
The given impulse train 𝑠(𝑡) with strength of each impulse as 1 is
aperiodic function with period T0
∞
2𝑇
𝑠(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜔0 =
𝑇0
𝑛=−∞
+𝑇0⁄
2
1 1. 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑛 = ∫ 𝛿(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = |𝑡 = 0 = 1⁄𝑇
𝑇0 − 𝑇0 0
𝑇0
⁄2
17. The Fourier series expansion of a real periodic signal with fundamental
frequency f0 is given by
∞
𝑔𝑝 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑒 𝑗 2𝜋𝑛 𝑓0 𝑡
𝑛=−∞