Wind-Seismic - Basic Concept

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT
BY THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES
PVHE DESIGN TRAINING PROGRAM

CES TRAINING SERIES…
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

BASIC OVERVIEW
BY:
MUKESH B. CHOPRA
THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES
COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

PVHE DESIGN TRAINING PROGRAM

CES TRAINING SERIES…
MODULE – 7
UNDERSTANDING WIND & SEISMIC LOADS
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS

Pictures showing Effects of Wind & Earthquake on Vertical Equipment / Buildings.

Let us consider a typical tower.
Initially there is no Wind and no Earthquake. W

Let us say it is subjected to weight only at any section
Producing a compressive axial stress in the shell
Compressive Stress = W / Area
Area

We now add a lateral force like this
We now have a bending moment about X‐X
Compression on one side
x x
tension on the other

Now we will see the effect of Pressure.
Internal pressure will gives rise to tensile stress in the shell.
However a vacuum gives rise to compressive stress.
P
So, there are 3 basic load cases to consider
x x
1 Weight ‐ compressive W
2 Moment – comp / tensile M
3 Pressure – comp / tensile P

Now we can form the basic axial stress equation from below considered cases:
First we consider the weight W
t
This is the (compressive) stress equation:
D
σ = ‐ W / Cross‐sectional Area
=-W/πDt (-ve sign for compressive)
Let us consider the effect of pressure P.
Stresses can be tensile or compressive.
σ = P x Total Area / Cross‐sectional Area
+‐
= P D / 4 t (tensile or compressive)
Finally let us consider the moment M
Tensile and compressive stresses exist
σ = M / Section Modulus
= M / π
+‐ D2 t (tensile or compressive)

Hence we now have the final complete equation as below:
‐W PD + 4M
σ = +
‐ 4t ‐
π D t π D2 t
Weight Pressure Moment
Empty No pressure No moment

Operating Operating pressure Wind moment
Hydrotest Hydrotest pressure Seismic moment
Vacuum Hydrotest moment
These load cases can exist in any combination. The above represent 48 basic load cases.

Wind Loadings: Let us now consider the effects of wind – metric units

Wind is nothing but air in motion.
Speed ‘v’ m/s
It has density. Density ρ = 1.226 kg/m3 Air
ρv2
So it has Kinetic Energy
2
The units of this equation result in the following:
kg m2
x From Newtons law f = ma
m3 sec2
Units become Newtons / m2 = Pascal
These are units of Pressure……………. From the Bernoulli equation
Putting value of ρ = 1.226 kg/m3 in above equation
We get, pressure q = 0.613 v2 Pascal
Likewise in US Customery units, pressure q = 0.00256 v2 lbs/ft2

Let us we will see how the wind has an effect on tower
D
Wind Pressure
q L
L/2 Centroid
x x
Force on this element is Pressure x Area
F = q D L Moment about x‐x = F L / 2

As noted: F = q D L Moment about x‐x = F L / 2
Here are the forces and moments acting on the tower made of different sections
F6
F5
F4 Forces and moment can be
taken at any section as shown.
F3
F2
F1
Base Shear = Sum of the Forces

Characteristics of the wind:
Let us see below graph for the altitude and wind speed
At lower altitudes (Upto 10m / 30ft) there is ground friction.
Buildings, Flora, Structures etc., slows the wind
Altitude m / ft
10m / 30ft
Datum
Wind speed v m/s | mph
Seismic loading:
Sudden ground movement results in vertical and horizontal components
We sometimes ignore the vertical component
The horizontal component distorts
the vessel and we are interested
Vertical
horizontal ground movement
Horizontal
This is what really happens
This produces a bending moment in the shell
In turn we get axial stresses
Let us see at the basic equation that applies for seismic load design.

Seismic loading:
Let us look at the basic equation that applies
Newtons 2nd law: Force = Mass x Acceleration
This is the result for one element ‐ And reaction
Plus the other element forces
m x a reaction force
Acceleration a
This is the basis of seismic analysis
The element tries to rotate and results in axial stresses:
‐ tension on one side and compression on other

Let us see again our basic stress equation, what we have derived
‐W PD + 4M The moment comes
σ = +
‐ 4t ‐ from wind and
π D t π D2 t seismic effects

We now return to our basic stress equation
‐W PD + 4M The moment comes from
σ = +
‐ 4t ‐ wind and seismic effects
π D t π D2 t
Let us consider a particular wind code
ASCE Part 7 – 1993 Wind Code
This is just one of the many wind codes that can be specified in PV Elite

PV Elite Data with respect to particular wind code
This is how we enter the data in PV Elite
91.65 Basic wind speed
Grade

Exposure
Buildings
Forest
Exposed at coast
Etc.

Exposure
Importance
This is a factor of
safety to ensure the
structure will stand

Exposure
Importance
Roughness
Roughness increases the
resistance to the wind –
higher wind forces

Exposure
Importance
Roughness
β Factor
This is a vibration
characteristic
β is known as the logarithmic decrement
This concerns how vibrations die away
This is the decay characteristic of vibration

Example‐Wind
We can do a sample calculation now
Consider this tower – we do the skirt analysis
1.2 X 60 = 72”
2:1 Heads
All 3/8” thick walls throughout
60” outside diameter
Diameter multiplier is 1.2
120”
60”

Example‐Wind
z = height of tower = 180 inches
From ASCE: Exposure Category C
1.2 X 60 = 72”
120”
15 ft α = 7.0, zg = 900 x 12 =10 800 inches, Do = 0.005
180”
60”

Example‐Wind
α = 7.0, zg = 900 x 12 =10 800 inches, Do = 0.005
1.2 X 60 = 72”
kZ = Velocity Pressure Coefficient
120”
15 ft
180” = 2.28 ( 180 / 10800 ) ( 2 / 7 )
kZ = 0.801
60”

Example‐Wind
α = 7.0, zg = 900 x 12 =10 800 inches, Do = 0.005
1.2 X 60 = 72”
kZ = 0.801
I = 1.0 Importance Factor
v = 120 mph Wind Speed
120” qZ = 0.00256 x kZ x (I x v)2 Equation C1
15 ft
180” = 0.00256 x 0.801 x (1.0 x 120)2
qZ = 29.524 psf – Wind Pressure
60”

Example‐Wind
qZ = 29.524 psf – Wind Pressure
Projected Area of the skirt:
1.2 X 60 = 72”
A = 5 ft x 6 ft = 30 ft2
Wind force on the skirt
FW = qZ x A
= 29.524 x 30
120”
15 ft FW = 885.72 lbf force on the skirt
180”
60”

Example‐Wind
FW = 885.72 lbf force on the skirt
We have to adjust the wind force
We need TZ from equation C6
TZ = 2.35 x DO0.5 / (z/30)1/ α
= 2.35 x 0.0050.5 / (16.432 / 30)1/7
TZ = 0.181
120”
15 ft
16.432 ft
180”
60”

Example‐Wind
TZ = 0.181
Now we need the Gust Factor
GZ = 0.65 + 3.65TZ Equation C5
= 0.65 + 3.65 x 0.181
GZ = 1.31

Example‐Wind
TZ = 0.181
GZ = 1.31
Shape factor CF = 0.54
Now we can adjust the wind force
F = FW x GZ x CF
= 885.72 x 1.31 x 0.54
F = 626.6 lbf force on the skirt

Example‐Wind
F = 626.6 lbf force on the skirt
We can add the other forces
Total Base Shear Force
FB = 125.7+1251.4+626.6
125.7 lbf
FB = 2002.84 lbf base shear
1251.4 lbf
626.6 lbf
2002 lbf
Example‐Wind
M = 16031 ft‐lbf = 192375 in‐lbf
FB = 2002.84 lbf base shear
Now consider the moment at the base
M = 626 x 2.5 + 1251 x 10 + 125 x 15.5
M = 16031 ft‐lbf = 192375 in‐lbf
125.7 lbf
15.53
1251.4 lbf
10
626.6 lbf
2.5

Example‐Wind
M = 16031 ft‐lbf = 192375 in‐lbf
Recall our basic axial stress equation
‐W PD + 4M
σ = +
‐ 4t ‐
π D t π D2 t
We can now calculate stress for moment M
+ 4M + 4 x 192375
σ = ‐ = ‐
π D2 t π 602 x 0.375
+
σ = 184.87 psi
‐

Example‐Wind
+
σ = 184.87 psi
‐
Let us compare with report from PV Elite:
Note the negative stress on the other side.
Positive Negative

Example‐Seismic
We now consider an example calculation
g acceleration = 0.4 = 0.4 x 9.8067 m/s2
a acceleration = 3.9227 m/s2
1.5 m Mass 372.839 kg
Mass 372.839 kg
1.5 m
1.5 m Mass 372.839 kg

Example‐Seismic
a acceleration = 3.9227 m/s2
On each section f = m x a = 3.9227 x 372.839
f = 1462.42 Newtons (N) Set up forces on model

Reset the moment arms
1.5 m Mass 372.839 kg 1462.42 N
3750
Mass 372.839 kg 1462.42 N
1.5 m
2250
1.5 m Mass 372.839 kg 1462.42 N

750

Example‐Seismic
Moment at base = 1462.42 (750 + 2250 + 3750)
= 9.875E6 mm‐N
Next Level = 1462.42 (750 + 2250)
= 4.389E6 mm‐N
Last Level = 1462.42 (750)
= 1.097E6 mm=N
1462.42 N
1.097E6 mm‐N
3750
1462.42 N
2250 4.389E6 mm‐N
1462.42 N
750
9.875E6 mm‐N
Here are the results from PV Elite Example‐Seismic
1.097E6 mm‐N
4.389E6 mm‐N
9.875E6 mm‐N

Using the stress equation, we calculate base stress Example‐Seismic
‐W PD + 4M
σ = +
‐ 4t ‐
π D t π D2 t
1010 4 x 9.875E6
10 +
σ = ‐
π 10102 x 10
σ = 1.24 MPa (N/mm2)
9.875E6 mm‐N
Example‐Seismic
σ = 1.24 MPa (N/mm2)
Here are the results from PV Elite
This is the other side of the tower
positive negative

Earthquakes are more complex.

However, tried and trusted Codes & Standard make the problem easier.
PV Elite has many international standards for seismic design.
PV Elite has an option of

response spectrum analysis
that give more accurate
results.

‐‐ This was a simple overview of wind & seismic considerations‐‐
Do You Have Any Questions?
NOTE: OUR ALL TRAINING PROGRAMS & MATERIALS ARE ONLY FOR EDUCATION PURPOSE.
ONLY ASME CAN PROVIDE INTERPRETATIONS FOR ASME CODES.

THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES

ENGINEERING / DESIGN OF :
- PRESSURE VESSEL
- HEAT EXCHANGER
- FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
- TANKS & CRYOGENICS
- PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS
- STRUCTURALS
TRAINING : - PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN TRAINING

- HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN TRAINING
- ONLINE TRAINING
CONTACT : MUKESH B. CHOPRA (MD / PROPRIETOR)

Web : www.theculminates.com
Phone : +91 – 94285 00192 (M)
: +91 – 98795 26616 (M)
E-mail : theculminates@yahoo.com
: mukesh@theculminates.com

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WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

BY THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES

PVHE DESIGN TRAINING PROGRAM

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

PVHE DESIGN TRAINING PROGRAM

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

Let us consider a typical tower.

Initially there is no Wind and no Earthquake. W

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

Now we will see the effect of Pressure.

Internal pressure will gives rise to tensile stress in the shell.

However a vacuum gives rise to compressive stress.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

Weight Pressure Moment

Empty No pressure No moment

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Wind Loadings: Let us now consider the effects of wind – metric units

Putting value of ρ = 1.226 kg/m3 in above equation

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

As noted: F = q D L Moment about x‐x = F L / 2

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

At lower altitudes (Upto 10m / 30ft) there is ground friction.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WIND & SEISMIC LOADS : BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT

COPYRIGHT @ 2010-2016, THE CULMINATES ENGINEERING SERVICES, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

On each section f = m x a = 3.9227 x 372.839

f = 1462.42 Newtons (N) Set up forces on model