Geología General, S.

Rosas

Magmas make their way into country rock in three basic ways: by invading cracks
and wedging open overlying rock, by breaking off rock, and by melting surrounding
rock. Here we see a magma intruding an area of surrounding folded rock (from Press
& Siever 2000).

Geología General, S. Rosas

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Texturas
de las
Rocas
Ígneas.
A. Afanítica
(grano fino).
B. Fanerítica A. Afanítica
(grano grueso).
B. Fanerítica
C. Porfídica o
porfirítica
(granos
grandes
rodeados por
una matriz).
D. Vítrea
(enfriamiento
demasiado
rápido para
formar
cristales) (de
Tarbuck & C. Porfídica o porfirítica D. Vítrea
Lutgens 2000). Geología General, S. Rosas

Geología General, S. Rosas

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 Minerales más importantes de las Rocas Ígneas
Grupo Composición Estructura
Mineral
Composicional Química silicatada
Cuarzo SiO2

Félsicos Feldespato de Potasio KAlSi3O8 Tectosilicatos

NaAlSi3O8
Plagioclasa CaAl2Si2O8

Muscovita (mica) KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Filosilicato

K
Mg SiO10(OH)2
Biotita (mica) Fe
Filosilicato
Al
Mg
Inosilicatos
Fe Si8O22(OH)2
Anfíboles de cadena

Geología General, S. Rosas

Ca
Máficos Na
doble
Mg
Inosilicatos
Fe SiO3
Piroxenos Ca
de cadena
Al
simple

Olivino (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 Nesosilicato

Classification
model of
igneous rocks.
The vertical axis shows
the mineral composition
of a given rock as a
percentage of its volume.
The horizontal axis is a
scale of silica content by
weight. Thus, if you knew
by chemical analysis that
a coarsely textured rock
sample is about 70
percent silica, you could
determine that its
content is about 6
percent amphibole, 3
percent biotite, 5 percent
muscovite, 14 percent quartz, and 50 percent orthoclase feldspar. Your rock would be
granite. Although rhyolite has the same mineral profile, its fine texture would eliminate it
(from Grotzinger et al. 2007). Geología General, S. Rosas

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A. Granito B. Riolita

Igneous rocks were first classified by texture. At the field geologists asses rock texture
with a small hand-hell magnifying glass. At the laboratory they do it accessing to high-
powered polarizing microscopes, with can produce photomicrographs of thin,
transparent rocks slices like those shown here (from Grotzinger & Jordan 2010).
Geología General, S. Rosas

Geología General, S. Rosas

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 Magmatic
activity is related
to plate
tectonics (from
Grotzinger &

Geología General, S. Rosas

Jordan 2010).

This cross section of a mid-ocean ridge shows a mushroom-shaped magma

chamber below the ridge´s central axis. Surrounding the chamber is a thick zone of
hot rock containing small amounts of partial melt (from Press & Siever 2000 and
Gotzinger et al. 2007).
Geología General, S. Rosas

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 Magmatic activity
is related to plate
tectonics (from
Grotzinger &
Jordan 2010).

Geología General, S. Rosas

Diagrammatic cross section of a subduction zone shows an irregular magma

chamber formed by the ascent of partial melt. The melt is formed as water is driven off
the sediment laters by heat and pressure accompanying subduction of the
lithospheric slab (from Press & Siever 2000 and Grotzinger et al. 2007).
Geología General, S. Rosas

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 Geología General, S. Rosas
Magma forms under conditions that are strongly connected to movements of
lithospheric plates. These movements control where rocks of the crust and upper
mantle melt and whether they will be intruded or extruded (from Press & Siever 2000).

Two stages in the evolution of a magma differentiated by

fractional crystallization. In the first stage (a), early crystals settle to the
floor of the magma chamber. As cooling proceeds, structural deformation may
squezze the remaining liquid from the chamber, segregating and compressing those
crystals to form a separate intrusive body (b). The separated liquid migrates to form
veins, dikes, and other magma chambers in new locations, where it continues to
crystallize (from Press & Siever 2000).
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Bowen’s reaction series provides a model of fractional cristallization
(from Grotzinger & Jordan 2010).

Geología General, S. Rosas

Basic extrusive and intrusive igneous structures. Notice that

dikes cut across layers of country rock, but sills run parallel to them. Batholiths are
the largest forms of plutons (from Grotzinger et al. 2007). Geología General, S. Rosas

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Geología General, S. Rosas

Geología General, S. Rosas

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Geología General, S. Rosas

Geología General, S. Rosas

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Geología General, S. Rosas

Geología General, S. Rosas

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