Directional Drilling: by Jacques Orban Advisor - SLB SHTC Oct 2009

Directional drilling
D&M overview
By Jacques Orban
Advisor– SLB SHTC
Oct 2009
Directional Drilling
Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1
Sand A Zone 2 Zone 2 Sand A
Zone 3 Zone 3 Zone 3
Zone 4 Sand B Zone 4 Sand B Zone 4 Sand B
Zone 1
Zone 2 Sand A
Zone 3
Zone 4 Sand B
Methods for Directional drilling
• Behavior of BHA in inclined well
– Natural BHA shape in inclined / Walk tendency
• Down-hole adjustable stabilizer
• “Old” deviation methods
– Bend sub with motor or turbine / Jetting
• Straight turbine and straight motor
• Steerable motor
• Rotary steerable System
– “Push the bit” system versus “tilt the bit” system
• Drill-bit for directional drilling
• Well trajectory prediction
• BHA behavior (vibration, whirl)
JO 2/20/2010 Slide 3 of 94 Directional drilling

Natural tendency of a BHA
In the vertical plane
Build-up Drop
assembly assembly
Natural flexing of the drill-string!
The “beam” is loaded by the

lateral component of its own
weight
Well-bore trajectory is approximated
The BHA can be considered by the “circle” passing by the contact
as a continuous beam on supports points at stabilizer and edge of bit
-Analytical formula to determine beam
deformation
Tilt of bit-face versus support line
 potential estimate of well-bore trajectory
Formula given later
Well-bore contact at stabilizers Well-bore contact at stabilizers
Well-bore trajectory
BHA behaviour - example

In the horizontal plane – Bit walk
View from top (inclined well)
The BHA in inclined well has tendency
To drift to right:
- Friction effect at it bottom side while rotating
- Walk depends on side cutting action of the bit
Rotation
Bit contact on The ”walk” can be controlled by

the side due to usage of more stabilizers & side
BHA friction cutting at the bit
BHA Friction pushes bit
and BHA to the right
The walk depends on formation

Effect of drilling parameters
• WOB:
– High WOB may induced BHA buckling  reinforce the
BHA natural trend
– Low WOB  slow ROP  give time to side cutting effect
of bit (drop and walk)
• Bit RPM
– In some lithology, may affect the deviation trend of the
BHA.
• Highly depending on a lot of local conditions (bit type,
stabilizers, inclination, dip, formation hardness, WOB…)

Old Directional drilling methods
• Small or no change in trajectory trend during one bit run

• A lot of trips
– Adjust BHA configuration
• Stabilizers. Bend sub, bit type and bit nozzles
• Depends strongly on experience of the Directional drillers
• Reliable Low cost equipments
– Good MTBF
• Limited average drilling rate

Adjustable stabilizer
- Down-hole adjustment of stabilizer
(2 setting for pads)
-Hydro-mechanical system
* Order of WOB and flow
* allow selection between 2 setting
-System can change the

build/drop tendency of BHA
- Can be used stand-alone
Correction only in vertical
plane
- Can be sued with steerable motor
* increase steering flexibility process
* most of time in rotary mode

Adjustable stabilizer
• Example : ANDERGAUGE
Can be used stand-alone or with motor (steerable motor)
Above or below motor!

2D –RSS – variable gauge
Low cost operation BHA design
Need T&S system Example form ANDERGAUGE
Well trajectory
Series of build and drop sections, depending on setting

Kick-off from vertical
• Jetting:
– No risk of damage “near-by” cased well
– Low reaction torque / accurate tool-face
– Slow process
• Usage of Whipstock
Often departure from cased hole
• Associated with casing milling system
• Anchoring in casing
• Choice depends on type of casing, formation…
– Critical reduction of number of trips
• Combined tasks
– Installation of whipstock, milling, short hole
– Can be combined with down-hole motors
drilling
“Kick-off” from vertical
Jetting Whipstock
Bend-sub
& motor
The bit is
equipped with a
large nozzle and Install whipstock
2 smaller one. at proper tool-face
Whipstock often run

Start deviation attached to a small
by jetting bit (shear attachment
No rotation pin and start drilling

One example of Whipstock
The ramp is adapted to

window milling process
- Minimize milling time
- Opium dog-leg

Down-hole hydraulic/mechanical system
• Goal: Convert hydraulic power (contained in the mud) into
mechanical drilling power
– Hydraulic power= flow rate X Differential pressure
– Mechanical power= rotating torque X Rotation speed
• Objective:
– Rotate the drill-bit (and lower part of BHA)
at higher speed than the drill-string
– The drill-string may staystatic (sliding mode)
• Devices:
– Drilling turbine
PDM (Positive displacement motor)
Rotor Stator
Turbodrill Gear box
Tu rb ine sectio n s
Pressure
Power
Torque
Bearing section
Thrust bearing Efficiency
Turbodrill with gear box

(gear box ratio 3.3 – 3.86)
Turbodrill
Flow rate
Torqu e Kg M
Turbine
55 l/s section
65 l/s
RPM Adjustable
bend-housing
Fluid density
Pressu re - Bar
3
1000 Kg/m Adjusting ring
Bearing
RPM system
Dimensions
in mm

Turbodrill
Drilling Turbine: applications
• Fast ROP in soft formation
• HPHT application : No rubber as with PDM
• Drilling with chemically aggressive mud
• Drilling with diamond bit
Lack of cooling of the PDM
• Foam drilling: low performance of PDM
• Situation of low noise requirement for MWD telemetry
– No low frequency noise generation
• No flow blocking when stalled
– keep circulation / no risk of triplex stall (small rigs)
West Siberia – Typical Turbine
drilling application
Скв.5554 Куст.596 Мало-балыкское - Джуфер
сутки Days Cost of drilling
0 5 10 15 20 (Top hole)
USD/Meter
Depth M
0
-Turbine = 80
500
-PDM = 175
1000 -Rotary = 200
глуббина, м
1500
Turbine =
2000 fast ROP in soft formation
2500
3000
3500
Proposed Version Actual

20 JO
Gear-boxes for turbine
• Allow fast rotation at turbine
– More compact / shorter turbine for same power output
– Normal speed range at bit box

Drilling motor description
Positive displacement motor
RPM=K1Q
Theoretical curves
Torque = K2 P

Motor design and operation
- The motor rotates in one direction

- The rotor nutates at higher frequency
with a backwards rotation
- The motor rotor is off center

Drilling motor application
• Nominal diameter : from 2 1/8” to 10” (approx)
• For most size; multiple power section configuration
– For a given power, different speed/torque
– Different power length for more power
• Different stator constructions
– Type of rubber (versus temperature or drilling fluid)
– Type of stator (conventional rubber stator or thin wall rubber)
• Overall mechanical construction
– Straight of bend motor (adjustable or fixed bend housing)
– Type of bearing package (mud or oil lubricated)
Usage of drilling motor
• Down-hole generation of drilling power
– Extra (or main) generation of bit RPM
– Applications:
Bend-sub
• Drill-rig with insufficient (or no) rotary generation capability
& motor
• None rotary drill-string
– Kick-off with straight motor and bend sub (above motor)
– Aluminum drill-pipe (no fatigue survival in curve)
Coil-tubing drilling
• Voluntary limitation of drill-string rotary speed
– Limitation of well equipment wear
 Limitation of casing wear after critical deviation
 Trough tubing re-entry drilling
– Usage of RSS
• Steerable motor
Method to steer the well
– Alternated sections of curved and straight sections
Drilling Method Comparison
Similar Tool OD
comparison
Rotary Drilling PDM (A675) Turbine drilling
(Std Rig) (6.5” OD)
Characteristics Low RPM Low RPM High RPM

High Torque Moderate Torque Low Torque
Torque 10,000 ft.lbf 3,000 ft.lbf 1,500 ft.lbf
Rotating speed 200 RPM 250 RPM 500 RPM

Power 280 kW (380 HP) 100 kW (130HP) 100 kW (130 HP)
Length n/a 6 m (20 ft) 25 m (82 ft)

Steerable Motor – steering the well
Concept of well steering Steerable motor usage
The hole can be made
Controlling the Hole Trajectory
of succession of
Mud Motor
curved & straight
section
Power Rotary mode:
section
- Constant hole trajectory
- String rotation + Change of mode
motor internal drive without trip
Adjustable
- Over-gauge hole
Bend
Curve radius depends:
-Bend angle
Stabilizer Sliding Mode:
- motor stabilizer
Internal Torque - To change hole trajectory - line stabilizer
Transmission - NO string rotation
to Bit - Only motor internal drive Constant tool-face
- On-gauge hole of bend-housing
Bit
during sliding.
Definition of plane of
the curve
Controlling steering: Dog-leg capability
D1 = distance bit face to middle of
bearing stabilizer
D2 = distance between 2 stabilizer
α = bend housing angle
Intersection of median 1 &

Median 2 defines the center
Median 2
of the curve
- Depends on D1, D2, α
Contact point
Rotary mode behavior:
build/ hold / drop tendency
• The BHA drilling tendency can be (in vertical plane)
• Build inclination; Drop inclination; Hold inclination
• Tendency depends on:
– difference of diameters between bit and 2 stabilizers
• Similar as rotary BHA
• Example : bit 8 1/2”, near-bit stab : 8 3/8”, String stab: 8 ¼”
– Can be a holding angle in horizontal drain
– Well-bore gauge
• Over-gauge  dropping effect
• Over-gauge effect depends on:
– formation properties (jetting effect) ; Bit side cutting effect
– Motor bending rigidity

Example: well steering with steerable motor
At the bit face:
B
-well-bore tangent more
F B = Axial force at bit face tilted than bit rotary axis
F = Axial force on top of motor
R - The bit lower side has
R= Radial force onto stabilizer
tendency to cut into the
well-bore
Could limit dog-
legNeed to install
bit with
proper gauge control
Side force generation

-Axial push on top of motor
Not aligned with real WOB
-Side force on bit and stabilizer
bending of drive shaft
Side force depends on:

- WOB,
- Hole gauge
- Motor bending rigidity
Steerable Motor Out of sliding

Steerable Motor-
Sliding Problems & low ROP
• Maintaining orientation – Tool-face is torque dependent
• Low effective ROP
– high axial friction, axial stick & slip
– No predictable real WOB  no predictable torque  tool-face problem
– Inability to slide / stabilizer hanging
• Poor hole cleaning
– No cutting agitation in inclined
section
• Differential sticking
• Buckling and lock up
Well-Bore Tortuosity
• Continuous
72 20
18
monitoring of 16
inclination and
71
14
azimuth reveals 70
12
10
DLS (deg/100 ft)

the effects of
Inclination(Deg)
8
sliding and Survey points

6
69
rotating with a Cont, Incl Estim. Incl(based on survey)

4
motor 68
Azimuth 0
2
19950 20050 20150 20250 20350
Depth (MD) Depth

Steerable motor - Well-bore quality
• Steerable motor in rotary
mode:
– Vibration
– None –uniform bit cutting
• Consequences:
– Well bore over gauge
– Spiral shape bore-hole
• Impact on well plan
– Higher friction with drill-
string and casing
– Higher risk of hanging
– Risk of bore-hole collapse

Rotary steerable

3D Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS)
Principle of Operation
• The drill-sting is in rotary mode for the whole drilling
– No “sliding” mode
– Surface equipment generates drilling torque & rotation
• Rotary table or top-drive
• RSS = “Intelligent” active system controlling the
bit trajectory
– Trajectory information transmitted from surface to RSS
– RSS applies control to generate proper trajectory
deviation if required
– Autonomous device / internal feed-back control
RSS classification
• Trajectory correction method
– “Push the bit” system
• The bit cuts the hole forwards and on the side (if required)
– “Point the bit” system
• The bit face is tilted in the desired direction
• RSS mechanical implementation
– Everything rotates
• Minimum risk of stabilizer hanging
• Minimum effect of variable hole geometry
– Averaging effect around the well-bore
– Free “none-rotating” devices behind the bit

Rotary Steerable System / Methods
“Push the Bit”
 Uses application of a Side
force against formation
Relies on side cutting action of bit
 Build rates may be influenced by
hole gauge
Dog-leg depends on ROP
time to cut sideways
Need enough time to cut sideways
“Point the Bit”

 Uses geometry of BHA to
provide directionality
 Relies on offset of drive-shaft
from axis of collar
Steering analogous to bent
motorsThe bit cuts only at its
front face
- Efficient process
- High WOB can be used
Less sensitivity to hole size
PowerDrive Xseries
The “fully rotating” rotary steerable family…
Directional drilling in rotary mode
PowerDrive Xceed
18 ¼”-17 ½” Bit Sizes PowerDrive Xtra 1100
14 ¾”-12 ¼” Bit
PowerDrive Xtra 900
Sizes
10 5/8” Bit Size PowerDrive Xtra 825
9 7/8”-8 ½” Bit PowerDrive Xtra 675
Sizes
6 ½ ”-5 ¾” Bit Sizes
PowerDrive Xtra 475

PowerDrive Xtra System
Flex Joint String Stabilizer Control Unit Bias unit
• Bias Unit : a rotary valve assembly,

– controls the hydraulic actuation of the three externally mounted pads which direct the bit.
• Control Unit : Independently mounted electronics module.

– Unit is free to rotate about its axis regardless of string rotation from surface.
• Survey module
• opposing turbines / torquers at each end to control its rotation rate.
• Stabilizer : 3rd point of contact for BHA directional response.

• Flex Joint: for increased DLS capability and provides
• RT communications
JO 2/20/2010 Slide 40 of 94 Directional drilling PowerDrive – “Push the bit”

PowerDrive X-Tra
Flow to
3 push
pistons Pad out
Control
shaft
Disk Valve
Pad in
Specifications
PowerDrive X5 475
Tool size 4¾ in. nominal
Hole size 5¾ – 6½ in.
Tool length 14.95 ft (4.56m)
Weight of assembly in air 2754 lbf (3300 N)
Flow range 220 – 400 gpm (830 – 1500 L/min)
Max temperature 302°F (150°C)
Max WOB 50,000 lbf (223,000 N)
Max TOB 4,000 ft-lbf (5420 N-m)
Max rotary speed 250 rpm
Dogleg severity – rotating 10°/100 ft
JO 2/20/2010Slide 42 of 94 Directional drilling PowerDrive – “Push the bit”

Specifications
PowerDrive X5 675
Tool size 6¾ in. nominal

Hole size 8½ – 97/8 in.
Tool length 25 ft (7.61m)
Max WOB 55,000 lbf (290,000 N)
Max TOB 16,000 ft-lbf (21,700 N-m)

Specifications
PowerDrive X5 900
Tool size 9.0 in. nominal
Hole size 12¼ – 14¾ in.
Tool length 14.60 ft (4.45m)
Max WOB 65,000 lbf (290,000 N)
Max TOB 48,000 ft-lbf (65,000 N-m)

Rotary Steerable Well Profile
45 60
4.02 DLS
65
40
70
1.83 DLS
<<<rig ht AZI (deg) left>> >

0.29 DLS
(deg)
35 75
INCL
80
inclination
30 wiper trip
85
azimuth
290deg@20% N 315deg@60% 288deg@100%

25 90
12000 12100 12200 12300 12400 12500 12600 12700 12800 12900 13000
MD (ft)
NB Dog-leg achieved using bit length 1.3 ft

PowerDrive - summary
• ALL Parts of the tool rotate all the times
– Fast ROP
– Better hole clean-up
– Full Backreaming Capabilities
– Reduce Stuck Pipe Potential
– No Annular Bottlenecks
• Can Kick Off from Vertical.
• Inclination AND Azimuth at Bit.
• Available for ALL hole sizes: 6” to 18” hole size
• 2-ways telemetry
• Gamma-ray detector – Improve hole placement
• Down-link with flow variation

Superb Directional Drilling Performance
– Fully rotating design
– Optimized cutting flow
– Reaming and back
reaming capability

Simple, Rugged Design
• Simple design
– minimal parts
– Same control unit for all collar sizes
• Easy usage in BHA
– Short system
Minimum specific
requirement related to drilling
• Robust
– Long drilled section with failure
– Design similar to other MWD-LWD
tools (but lower shock level
as stabilized unit)

Efficient Communication from the Bit
• Short distance e-mag telemetry to “enter” in
the down-hole SLB bus (the LTB)
• Near-bit measurements in real time
– Inclination and azimuth
– Gamma-ray
• Excellent survey accuracy
– Identical sensor as MWD
– No guess the curvature from
MWD survey depth to bit depth

The Tangent Optimizer
• Optimum design to straight tangent
section minimum trajectory correction
– Smooth, accurate wellbore
– Automatic internal steering management
to keep the wellbore on target
• Everything rotates,
– No stabilizer hanging
– Minimum drag
– Good WOB transfer: steady ROP
– Optimum wellbore conditions

Targeting the Sweet Spot
• Azimuthal gamma ray at bit
• Good sensitivity
– Minimum time averaging
• Early lithology information
• Possibility to steer the
well into the proper layer

PowerDrive X5 Benefits/Features
– Completely redesigned bias unit

– Number of bolts reduced from 60 to 6
– Increased seal and piston life
Rugged steering
section

– Temperature rating
increased
• 150 degC
• 302 degF
– Schlumberger
standard
High
electronics temperature
rating

– Schlumberger standard D&I package close to bit
– Improved downlink
– Inclination hold function
– Real-time azimuthal gamma ray
– Ruggudized design
Near Bit
Measurements

PowerExeed - Introduction
• A 3-D fully Steerable tool capable of
changing both the inclination and azimuth
of the well bore while maintaining
continuous drillstring rotation
• “Tilt the bit” system
• All external components rotate with

string RPM
JO 2/20/2010 Slide 55 of 94 Directional drilling PowerExceed – “Point the bit”

Overview of Xceed
Control Steering
Power Sensor
Generation Module Electronics Section
Module

PowerDrive Xceed Tool Operation
 Every Internal and External
part rotates; no stationary
sleeve to hold back progress
 Designed as a drilling tool;
looks and acts like a motor
2 Sleeve-type spiral
stabilizersBit and stabilizers
create a fixedcurve that
determine curvature
rate
Driller friendly tool

Power Xceed - components
PowerDrive Xceed Components
Made up of 4 sections:
Power Generation
Module

Overview of Xceed-
Power Generation Module
 Mud flow is converted
into power by the
turbine driven alternator
 2kw power used for
steering and control
 No power dependence
on other tools
 Batteries not required; power
does not limit run length

Power Xceed - components
PowerDrive Xceed Components
Module
Sensor Module

Power Xceed - Sensor Package
 Standard 6-axis package
used in MWD tools
Measures collar rpm,
inclination and azimuth
 Equivalent survey quality
to PowerPulse MWD;
surveys transmitted
through MWD to surface
 Measurements used
by control electronics

Power Xceed - Survey Quality
Comparison of PowerPulse & Xceed D&I

60 240
50
40 180
Inclination
30
20 120
10
0 60
10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000
Depth
PowerPulse Inclination PowerDrive Xceed Inclination PowerDrive Xceed Azimuth "PowerPulse Azimuth"

Power Xceed - Sensor Package
PowerDrive Xceed
Components
Module
Sensor Module
Control Electronics

Power Xceed - Control System Electronics
 Based on PowerPulse
design; proven electronics
 Built to be rugged
and reliable
 Active control of
electric motor
Demodulates and interprets
turbine rpm changes for
downlink commands

Power Xceed - Steering Section
Controls the toolface by
PowerDrive Xceed
controlling the speed of the
Components
electric motor (in red)
The bit shaft is connected
eccentrically to the motor
giving a 0.6° bit tilt
Module
Torque andweight
isSensor Module
transmitted through the collar
ControltothebitElectronicsshaftbya
universal
joint (drive balls
S teer ingSect ion
in yellow)
 DLS is adjusted by
controlling the steering
ratio over a duty cycle

Steering Section – Drill Ahead Mode
BHA tendency is neutral

Straight drilling
involvesnutating
toolface in steps every
10 secs
Gives a very even
distributionof toolface
Good quality hole shape
Drills a 1/8-in. overgauge hole

Steering Section – Steering Mode
Toolfaceisheldconstantb
ymatching motor and collars

speeds to cancel out rotation.
A downlink to change
toolfacewill alter the motor
speed allowing the bit shaft
offset to rotate relative to the
earth.
The new toolface is held
byresuming the matched
speed between motor and
collar.
Steering Section – Drill Ahead Mode
Drill Ahead Mode

Steering Section – Steering Mode
Steering Mode

Power Xceed - Specifications
Parameter Xceed675 Xceed900

Nominal Tool OD (in) 63/4 9
Hole Size ( in) 83/8 to 97/8 121/4 to 171/2
Tool Length (ft) 25 28
Top Connection 5 ½ FH Box 6 5/8 FH Box or 75/8H90 Box
Bottom Connection 4 ½ Reg Box 6 5/8 Reg Box or 75/8 Reg Box
Maximum Operational WOB ( lbf) 55 75
Maximum RPM 350 350
Max Torque at bit ( ft-lb) 20 35
Maximum Temperature ( Deg C) 150 150
Max operating pressure(psi) 20,000 20,000
Dogleg Severity ( Deg /100ft) 0-8 0-6.5
Flow range ( GPM) 290-800 450-1800
Sand (%) 2 2
Bit pressure drop required (psi) N/A N/A
Max LCM(lb/bbl) Medium Size Nut plug 50 50

Xceed Feature and Benefits
Increased Drilling Performance
 Hole cleaning
 Hole quality
Everything rotates  Less propensity for sticking
 Improved ROP
 Good Weight transfer
Borehole and formation Independent Steering

 Reliable DLS in Soft and Hard formations
Steering Mechanism  OH Sidetracking
 Real time well placement through
inter-bedded formations
 Bi-centre Bit drilling
Enhances Performance
Built for Driller  On bottom down linking
 Hold the Line closed loop algorithm
 Improved Hydraulics
 Abrasive formations

RSS – typical overall performances
High ROP All time in rotary - No sliding Smooth trajectory

“All rotary” RSS = the fastest
hole 3D visualization
with ultrasonic caliper
Up East
North
75” Hole Radius

Trajectory control with RSS
Location: US Land, HR Sullivan

Inclination
Inclination
85 90 95
85 90 95
XX,100
Excellent vertical control of less than XX,400
2 m over a 1456 m horizontal section XX,700

XX,400
XX,000
XX,700
XX,300
Depth
DepthXX,
000
XX,600
XX,900
XX,300
XX,200
XX,600
XX,500 Actual
Actual Plan
Plan
XX,800 XX,900
PowerDrive
Motor
X5* system
(inclination
hold)

Hole Quality – Motor versus RSS
Drilling with Xceed
Good Hole Quality
Smooth profile
Good gauge
No spiralling
Drilling with Motor
Poor hole quality

Hole Quality with RSS
250
Actual Csg up weight
Actual Csg down weight
Theor. Up weight
200
Theor. Down weight
150
(T)
100
Weight
7- x 5.5-in. liner
50
8.5-in. section
0
Depth (m)
Casing running dynamics
 PowerDrive Xceed hole quality gives better than theoretical values.
Good bore shape – limited totuosity

RSS Applications: challenging environments
• Preference for “Power Xceed”
– “Point the bit”  no side force  less drags  less torque
• Extreme challenges:
– Extended Reach wells: minimum torque and drag
– Open hole sidetracks and over gauge holes
• No (less) dependence on hole size (no side push)
– Doglegs to accommodate difficult well designs in hard and

soft formations
• Directional drilling with a bi-center
JO 2/20/2010 Slide 76 of 94 Directional drilling Open-hole side tracks

Build-up rate versus DD equipment
Radius of curvature Always critical to verify if all required
equipment for the well can pass
(operate) trough the curve: Drill-
string, Casing, Completion
DT epth (m)VD
Short Radius
0
Intermediate Radius
Medium Radius
150
Long Radius
500

Well planning versus DD equipments
3D Steered Wells
• 2D well trajectory
– The whole well is in the
same vertical plane
– Steering mainly use to
correct inclination
• Occasionally to correct
azimuth
• Steerable motor OK Clear preference for RSS
- No sliding
– Can be associated with - less friction in
adjustable stabilizer complex well geometry
– RSS can provide higher
ROP if lot of corrections
required
Combination: motor + RSS
• High RPM at bit
– Fast cutting action
• Lower RPM at string
– Less friction (wear) in casing and drill
string
• Combined method to transmit power
to the bit
– Mechanical power (Surface RPM & torque
– Hydraulic (Flow and pressure) across
motor
• High ROP and accurate trajectory

PDC bit versus
steering requirements
“Push the bit” “point the bit”

Roller-cone bit and
Well Steering
“Push the bit”

“point the bit”

Drill-sting behaviour

Friction on the string
Loading on the tubular

element
Flexing of the tubular in the curve  radial contact force with the formation
Friction and none-uniform axial load
Friction force in opposed direction to movement
Force equilibrium
R = pipe radius
θ = inclination
φ = azimuth
Friction on the string (Part 2)
The friction force is opposed to the pipe movement
With pipe rotation:

- Friction force is independent of velocity
- Projection to the axial direction is reduced
- The pipe move axially easier when
rotated - Axial load is more uniform over
pipe length - Easier transfer/ control of WOB

Well Plan
1000
2000 Drag & torque – one example
The axial load in the drill-sting depends
- on rotation
- Direction of the movement
Difficult WOB &Torque transmission in sliding mode

6000
Ft
1000 4000 Ft
Computer modeling
Friction factor = 0.2 Computer modeling
Friction factor = 0.2

Weight & Torque on Bit
Weight & Torque transfer to bit Weight-On-Bit
Surface
Down-hole
D epth
Poor
Transfer
Drilling
Adjustment
Down-hole measurement of
Weight-On-Bit & Torque-On-Bit

Drill-string vibration & erratic movements
The drill-sting is a long shaft with multiple modes of resonance.
They can be excited, and large displacements occurs: shocks and/or fatigue may be generated

Comments on drill-string axial vibrations
• Very damaging on bit duration (broken teeth and bearing)
• Inefficient cutting action
• Can excite torsional vibration (stick & slip)
– Lost of bit torque during poor contact period
• May damage thrust bearing of motor
• Potential method for resonance reduction
– Modify WOB and operate drawwork brake smoothly
– Install as “shock sub” in BHA
• Potential origins of the problem:
– Axial stick & slip.
• Improved mud lubrication and cutting clean-up may help.
– Natural axial resonance (BHA weight, elasticity of drill-pipe).
• Change BHA mass or drill-pipe size

Shock Subs
http://www.hofco.com.au/index.php
http://www.siismithservices.com/index.asp
Radial shock
• Vary damaging on MWD, LWD, RSS system
• Risk of damaging the well-bore
– Collapse of wall / Large block of rock
• Risk of stuck pipe
• General problem due to overgauge (cementing
operation, logging…)
• Reduction of drilling performance (ROP reduces)
• Potential improvement
– Small change in sting RPM or/and WOB

Torsional “Stick & Slip”
• Fast reduction of drill-bit cutting performance
– Broken teeth on PDC
• Drill-string fatigue
– Risk of pipe twist-off
• Difficulty to in sure proper steering with RSS
• Potential fast wear of motor power section
– Stall (even during short time)
– Relative backward rotation
• Potential improvement
– Reduce WOB; avoid axial “stick & slip”; improve mud
lubricating properties
Simplified model of drill-string behavior
Brake
• Hook-load: The driller controls draw-work winch Hookload slack
• Bit torque fluctuates out-of-phase with WOB
• Motor RPM fluctuates with bit torque WOB
• ROP fluctuates with WOB and bit RPM Time

• The drill-string twists backwards with torque RPM
Motor
• Motor tool-face is modified (if sliding mode)
Bit performance
P
Example of mathematical regression
Nb = bit RPM
db = bit dimater
R=ROP
M = bit torque
Wb = WOB
Lt = drilled interval
Directional drilling
The end

Directional Drilling: by Jacques Orban Advisor - SLB SHTC Oct 2009

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Directional Drilling: by Jacques Orban Advisor - SLB SHTC Oct 2009

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Directional drilling

Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1

Sand A Zone 2 Zone 2 Sand A

Zone 3 Zone 3 Zone 3

Zone 4 Sand B Zone 4 Sand B Zone 4 Sand B

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 3 of 94 Directional drilling

The “beam” is loaded by the

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 5 of 94 Directional drilling

Bit contact on The ”walk” can be controlled by

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 6 of 94 Directional drilling

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 7 of 94 Directional drilling

• Small or no change in trajectory trend during one bit run

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 8 of 94 Directional drilling

-System can change the

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 9 of 94 Directional drilling

Can be used stand-alone or with motor (steerable motor)

Above or below motor!

Series of build and drop sections, depending on setting

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 11 of 94 Directional drilling

Whipstock often run

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 13 of 94 Directional drilling

The ramp is adapted to

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 14 of 94 Directional drilling

Thrust bearing Efficiency

Turbodrill with gear box

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 17 of 94 Directional drilling

Proposed Version Actual

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 21 of 94 Directional drilling

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 22 of 94 Directional drilling

- The motor rotates in one direction

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 23 of 94 Directional drilling

Characteristics Low RPM Low RPM High RPM

Torque 10,000 ft.lbf 3,000 ft.lbf 1,500 ft.lbf

Rotating speed 200 RPM 250 RPM 500 RPM

Length n/a 6 m (20 ft) 25 m (82 ft)

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 26 of 94 Directional drilling

Intersection of median 1 &

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 29 of 94 Directional drilling

Side force generation

Side force depends on:

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 31 of 94 Directional drilling

DLS (deg/100 ft)

sliding and Survey points

rotating with a Cont, Incl Estim. Incl(based on survey)

19950 20050 20150 20250 20350

Depth (MD) Depth

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 33 of 94 Directional drilling

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 34 of 94 Directional drilling

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 35 of 94 Directional drilling

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 37 of 94 Directional drilling

“Point the Bit”

18 ¼”-17 ½” Bit Sizes PowerDrive Xtra 1100

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 39 of 94 Directional drilling

• Bias Unit : a rotary valve assembly,

• Control Unit : Independently mounted electronics module.

• opposing turbines / torquers at each end to control its rotation rate.

• Stabilizer : 3rd point of contact for BHA directional response.

JO 2/20/2010 Slide 40 of 94 Directional drilling PowerDrive – “Push the bit”

JO 2/20/2010Slide 42 of 94 Directional drilling PowerDrive – “Push the bit”

Tool size 6¾ in. nominal

JO 2/20/2010Slide 43 of 94 Directional drilling PowerDrive – “Push the bit”

JO 2/20/2010Slide 44 of 94 Directional drilling PowerDrive – “Push the bit”

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