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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2868744, IEEE
An Overview on the Second Generation Voltage
Conveyor: Features, Design and Applications
L. Safari, G. Barile, Student Member, IEEE, V. Stornelli, Senior Member, IEEE,
G. Ferri, Senior Member, IEEE
 voltage integration, so resulting in higher power consumption
Abstract— This work presents a comprehensive study on a
particular kind of conveyor called second-generation voltage
conveyor (VCII). This building block is based on voltage
conveying concept and is the dual of second generation current
conveyor (CCII). It is shown that VCII is a very useful block in
those configurations where CCII is limited, in terms of number of
active blocks. The results of this study are helpful in choosing the
best building block between CCII and VCII for each specific
application. Finally, for the first time, the CMOS implementation
of VCII is also presented. Simulation results with PSPICE using
0.35µm CMOS technology and supply voltage of ±1.65V are
given to approve the theory.
Index Terms— Current Conveyor, Voltage Conveyor,
Integrated circuits, CMOS.
I. INTRODUCTION
S ince the emergence of current mode signal processing
idea, the second-generation current conveyor (CCII) [1-2]
has found wide applications in realizing amplifiers [3-4],
sensor read-out circuits [5-6], instrumentation amplifiers [7-8]
etc. Functionally, CCII is a flexible unity gain active building
block for both voltage and current signals with high linearity,
wide dynamic range and high frequency performance. Its
operation at relatively low frequencies is defined by the
following matrix:
𝑖𝑦 1/𝑟𝑦 0 0 𝑣𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 𝛼 𝑟𝑥 0 𝑖𝑥
𝑖𝑧 0 ±𝛽 1/𝑟𝑧 𝑣𝑧
where rx, ry, rz, α and β are parasitic resistance at Y terminal,
parasitic resistance at X terminal, parasitic resistance at Z
terminal, voltage gain between Y and X terminals and current
gain between X and Z terminals, respectively. The +β and –β
are related to CCII+ and CCII- , respectively. Several works
show the use of CCII in realizing various transfer functions
and signal operations. When compared to Op-Amp, CCII
provides a simplified approach to the design of analog systems
with wide frequency performance. The reason is that unlike
the Op-Amp which operates in closed loop configuration and
suffers from gain-bandwidth conflict, CCII operates in open
loop configuration. However, CCII has limitations in some
applications. For example, we have to employ two different
CCII blocks (instead of one in the case of op-amps) to realize
some of the transfer functions such as voltage amplification,
voltage differentiation, current to voltage conversion and
This manuscript is submitted for review on 9 March 2018.
The authors are with the Department of Industrial and Information
Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila,
(emails:leilasafari@yahoo.com, gianluca.barile@graduate.univaq.it,
[Type text]
vincenzo.stornelli@univaq.it, giuseppe.ferri@univaq.it).
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Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs
and larger chip area. Other circuits realized by one CCII block
such as current amplifier, current integrator and current
differentiator suffer from serious drawbacks. For example, in
the application of CCII as a current amplifier, the current gain
is simply found by the ratio of loading resistor at Z to the sum
of X node loading resistor and X terminal parasitic resistance
rx (by assuming α and β equal to unity) [9]. In this case, a
higher gain can be obtained by either increasing Z node
resistance or decreasing X node resistance. However,
increasing Z node resistor deteriorates input resistance of
current amplifier. In addition, to reduce gain error, X node
external resistor must be much higher than rx. Therefore, there
is a tradeoff between the value of current gain, input
impedance and gain error. Similarly, CCII based current
integrator and CCII based current differentiator suffer from
high input impedance. However, CCII is suitable for voltage
buffer, current buffer and voltage to current converter
applications since, in these cases, only one CCII is needed and
the input and output impedances are appropriate. Based on
these observations, there is the necessity for a new building
block to be used in those applications where CCII
performances are limited. Many years after the introduction of
current conveyors, in [10-12] the concept of voltage conveyors
was introduced. Unlike current conveyor, voltage conveyor
operation relies on conveying voltage signals. Based on this
concept, the dual of CCII is called second generation voltage
(1) conveyor (VCII). Having a dual operation, it is expected that a
VCII performs better in those applications where a CCII is
limited. Especially in those applications related to voltage
signals, VCII is more suitable because it has a voltage output
terminal. In addition, as VCII operates in open loop
configuration, it is preferable to Op-amp in terms of reduced
complexity and wider frequency operation. Although the
introduction of voltage conveying concept dates back to 2001,
up to now it is not clear from the literature which advantages a
VCII can offer compared to a CCII. State-of-the-art survey
also shows that the internal design of VCII is not considered
so far. In this environment it is necessary to perform an in-
depth study on VCII applications and new opportunities it can
provide. This paper is devoted to VCII as a new building
block, its operation, applications and internal design. It is
shown that VCII is a convenient building block that provides a
simplified approach to the design of analog systems with
either current or voltage outputs. The results proposed in this
work aim to help the designer to select the best building block
for each application. A simple CMOS implementation of the
VCII is also presented and employed in voltage applications.
Italy
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2868744, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

II. VCII CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS Ly ry

iy Y Lz
Fig. 1 shows a general voltage conveyor symbol with rz
VCII± Z
parasitic components at its nodes. It is a three-port block, vx vz
X
where terminals are denoted by X, Y, and Z. Unlike CCII, Y
and Z terminals in VCII have a low impedance (ideally zero) Cx rx
while X is a high impedance (ideally infinite) terminal. The
outputs of its three ports in terms of their corresponding inputs Fig 1. VCII symbol with parasitic resistances
at relatively low frequencies are represented by (2). It is seen
that a VCII consists of a current buffer between Y and X R2
X
terminals and a voltage buffer between X and Z ones. ± Z
Vout

1 IY VCII

𝑖𝑥 + 𝑠𝐶𝑥 ± 𝛽 0 𝑣𝑥 Y
𝑟𝑥 𝑖𝑦
𝑣𝑦 = (2) R1
0 𝑟𝑦 + 𝑠𝐿𝑦 0 Vin
𝑣𝑧 𝑖𝑧
𝛼 0 𝑟𝑧 + 𝑠𝐿𝑧
In (2), α, β, ry, Ly, rx , Cx, rz and Lz are the voltage gain Fig 2. VCII as voltage amplifier
between X and Z terminals, the current gain between Y and X
terminals, the parasitic resistances associated to Y terminal R C
(ideal value=0), the parasitic inductance at Y terminal X
Vout X
VCII Z
(ideal=0), the parasitic resistance at X terminal (ideal=∞), the VCII Z

parasitic capacitance at X terminal (ideal=0), the parasitic Y

Y
resistance at Z terminal (ideal=0) and the parasitic inductance Vin
C
R
at Z terminal (ideal=0), respectively. With a suitable design, Vin

negligible values for the parasitic can be obtained. If β=+1, we

are considering a VCII+ whereas for β= –1, we have a VCII–. (a)
(b)
Fig. 2 shows the application of VCII as voltage amplifier. Fig 3. VCII based a) voltage differentiator b) voltage integrator
By ignoring parasitics, a simple analysis on (2) gives IY as:
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝑌 = (3) Again, in this case, the advantage of using a VCII as a voltage
𝑅1 differentiator is that only one building block is required.
As a result of the current-following action between Y and X Similarly, Fig.3-b shows a voltage integrator realized by VCII.
terminals, VX is found as: Compared to CCII based voltage integrator, a VCII based
𝑉𝑖𝑛 voltage integrator needs only one building block. Therefore,
𝑉𝑋 = 𝐼𝑥 𝑅2 = ±𝛽 𝑅 (4)
𝑅1 2 VCII is preferable in this application. The transfer function of
VCII based voltage integrator (by ignoring parasitic) is
From (2) and (4), voltage gain is found as:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅2 expressed as:
𝐴𝑉 = ≅ ±𝛽𝛼 (5) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1 ≈ ∓𝛽𝛼 (7)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝐶𝑅

As it is seen from Fig.2, a voltage amplifier can be realized It is important to note that, for integrator/differentiator
using only one VCII, while two CCIIs are required for the application, the output is inverted. Compared to Op-amp
same purpose [9]. Therefore, compared to CCII, the Based integrator/differentiator, VCII based circuits enjoy low
advantage of using VCII in voltage amplifier application power consumption and reduced complexity.
consists of reduced power consumption and a simpler The application of VCIIs as trans-resistance amplifiers is
circuitry. In fact, in the CCII based voltage amplifier, an extra shown in Fig 4-a. By assuming Zx>>R, we have:
voltage buffer is needed while the VCII can produce voltage
output. In comparison to Op-amps, transfer functions 𝑉𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥 𝑅 =≈ ±𝛽𝐼𝑖𝑛 𝑅 (8)
implemented with VCII exhibit wider frequency performance. Using (8), voltage Vout and transfer function are found as:
Since the op-amp typically operates in negative feedback loop, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝛼𝑉𝑥 = ±𝛽𝛼𝑅𝐼𝑖𝑛 → 𝑅𝑚 = = ±𝛽𝛼𝑅 (9)
there is a gain bandwidth trade off in all applications 𝐼𝑖𝑛

implemented with Op-amp. The voltage amplifier Here also VCII is much more suitable for this application
implemented with Op-amps suffers from fixed gain-bandwidth since only one VCII is required to realize an I to V converter,
product, while the voltage amplifier implemented with VCII instead of two CCIIs [9]. Fig. 4-b, on the other hand, shows
enjoys a fixed -3dB bandwidth. the application of VCII as V to I converter. By ignoring
Fig. 3-a shows the application of VCII to perform a terminals parasitics, a simple analysis gives its transfer
voltage differentiation. In this circuit, the transfer function is function as:
found as (by ignoring VCII parasitic): 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 ±𝛽
𝐺𝑚 = ≈ (10)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
≈ ∓𝛽𝛼𝑠𝐶𝑅 (6) Similarly to the CCII based V to I converter, also its VCII
𝑉𝑖𝑛
counterpart consists of just one building block, so for this
application the use of either a CCII or a VCII is equivalent.

[Type text]

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2868744, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

where:
𝑔𝑚 4 𝑔𝑚 5 𝑔𝑚 4 𝑔𝑚 7
R 𝑔𝑚′4 = , 𝑔𝑚′6 =
𝑔𝑚 5 +𝑔𝑚 4 𝑔𝑚 5 +𝑔𝑚 4 (16)
X Vout
±
X
VCII Z
VCII ± Z
R
while gmi, roi denote the transconductance and the output
Y
Y impedance of the related transistor respectively and roIBi is the
Iin
Vin
output impedance of related current source. Then, Req is also
the equivalent resistance seen from drain of M4.
Also, a super transistor (MA1-MA3) [13-14] has been used in
(a) (b) the implementation of voltage buffer. The negative feedback
Fig 4. VCII as a) I to V converter b) V to I converter loop in the super transistor provides a very low impedance at
Z terminal and a high accuracy in transferring voltage signals
Iout X
X
between X and Z terminals. The small signal analysis of the
± Vout
VCII Z
VCII
±
Z super transistor is given in [14]. Using the latter, the voltage
Vin
Y transfer between X and Z terminals is found as:
Y
Iin
𝑣𝑧 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵4 1
(a) (b) 𝛼= =
𝑣𝑥 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵4 + 𝑔𝑚8 −1 1 + [𝑔𝑚𝐴1 𝑔𝑚𝐴2 (𝑟𝑜𝐴1 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵5 )(𝑟𝑜𝐴2 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵6 )]−1 (17)
Fig 5. VCII application as a) current buffer b) voltage buffer

Figs. 5a and 5b show the application of VCII as voltage and
current buffer, respectively. The transfer function of a current
buffer is found as in (11). The input impedance is equal to Zy
and the output impedance is Zx. For a voltage buffer, the
transfer function is found as in (12). For VCII-based voltage
buffer, the input impedance is equal to Zx and the output
impedance is Zz. In both the considered cases, α and β must be
designed, at transistor level, as unitary.
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
= ±𝛽
𝐼𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=𝛼
𝑉𝑖𝑛
Comparing classical CCII-based voltage and current
buffers with VCII-based voltage and current buffers of Fig.5,
it comes out that for these applications both CCII and VCII
show similar performances.
III. CMOS IMPLEMENTATION
A CMOS implementation of a VCII+ is shown in Fig.6. It is
composed of a current buffer between Y and X terminals and a
voltage buffer between X and Z terminals. The current buffer
is formed with transistors M1-M7 and current sources IB1-IB4,
while the voltage buffer is also made of M8, MA1-MA3 and IB5-
IB7 current sources. Negative feedback loop, established by
M1-M3, sets the offset voltage at Y terminal equal to ground
and reduces its impedance. The second negative feedback
loop, formed by M4-M7 transistors, further reduces the
impedance at Y terminal and transfers input current to X
terminal. A small signal analysis, based on Fig.7 equivalent
circuit, gives the impedance at Y and X terminals and also the
current transfer gain β between X and Y terminal as follows:
1 case, the output impedance is only 0.7Ω and the circuit
𝑟𝑌 =
𝑔𝑚3 𝑔𝑚1 (𝑟𝑜1 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵 1 ) 𝑔𝑚′4 (𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵3 𝑟𝑜3 )
(𝑟𝑜7 + 𝑟𝑜6 + 𝑔𝑚6 𝑟𝑜6 𝑟𝑜7 )(𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵4 + 1 𝑔𝑚8 )
𝑟𝑋 =
(𝑟𝑜7 + 𝑟𝑜6 + 𝑔𝑚6 𝑟𝑜6 𝑟𝑜7 + 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵4 + 1 𝑔𝑚8 )
𝑖𝑥 𝑔𝑚′6 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵3 (𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵2 ) 𝑔𝑚′ 6 𝑔𝑚7
𝛽= = ≈ = (15)
𝑖𝑦 1 + 𝑔𝑚′4 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵3 (𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐵2 ) 𝑔𝑚′ 4 𝑔𝑚5
The impedance at Z terminal is given by [14]:
1
𝑟𝑍 = (18)
𝑔𝑚 𝐴 1 𝑔𝑚 𝐴 2 𝑔𝑚 𝐴 3 (𝑟𝑜 𝐴 1 𝑟𝑜 𝐼𝐵 5 )(𝑟𝑜 𝐴 2 𝑟𝑜 𝐼𝐵 6 )
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The VCII of Fig.6 is designed using 0.35µm CMOS
technology parameters and supply voltage of ±1.65V. The
transistors aspect ratios chosen for simulations are given in
(11) Table-I. All the current sources are implemented by means of
simple current mirrors whose dimensions have been chosen in
order to provide the biasing currents shown in Table-II. Table-
(12)
III summarizes the main characteristics of the proposed VCII.
As it is seen, it exhibits very low input impedances at Y and Z
terminals and high impedance at X terminal. The current and
voltage transfer gains are very close to unity (with a load
impedance of 1pF//1kΩ). The frequency performance is high
while power consumption is only 330µW with a very low
nodes voltage offset.
As case study we have utilized the proposed VCII in the
applications where VCII is the best candidate, i.e. I-to-V
converter, voltage differentiator, voltage integrator and
voltage amplifier. Figure 8 shows the frequency performance
and step response of the VCII-based I-to-V converter which
results to be excellent for different values of gain. The VCII-
based I-to-V converter also takes advantage of the very low
input and output impedances (6.7Ω and 0.7Ω respectively) as
shown in Table-III. The Simulations of the VCII as V-to-I
converter in frequency domain and time domain to a step
response of 10 mV are shown in Fig.9. This circuit enjoys a
high output impedance of 1.2MΩ and very high frequency
performance. Frequency and time domain performances of
the VCII based voltage amplifier are shown in Fig 10. In this
(13)
exhibits approximately constant bandwidth independent of
gain. Finally, the simulations of VCII as voltage differentiator
(14) and integrator in time domain are shown in Fig.11 and Fig. 12
respectively. Both of these circuits exhibit very low output
impedance of 0.7Ω.

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2868744, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

V. CONCLUSIONS TABLE-II. The value of current sources

In this paper, the VCII as a new building block, its Current source Value (μA)
characteristics, applications and a possible implementation and IB1,B2 9.2
design of its internal circuit in a standard CMOS technology
have been presented. VCII is proved to be the dual of the more IB3 8.5
famous CCII and offers new solutions in applications where IB4,5 17.7
the latter is limited. Also, a CMOS implementation, at
IB6 8.2
transistor level, of this new block has been given. Simulation
results have been also provided to confirm the presented IB7 30
theory.
VDD TABLE-III The proposed VCII performance parameters

Parameter Value
IB3 IB4 IB5 IB6
rx, Cx 1.2MΩ, ~30fF
MA3
IB1 IB2
M8 MA2 ry, Ly 6.7Ω, ~1.5µH
M3 MA1
Z rz, Lz 0.7Ω, ~9µH
M1 M2 VoX=33 µV, VoY=27µV, VoZ=370µV
Super Offset Voltage
Transistor (0.997, 217MHz)
Y X α (DC value, -3dB BW)
IB7 β (DC value, -3dB BW) (0.988, 200MHz)
M4 M6
THD Vz (input Vx = 1
0.068% (-63dB)
Vp-p @1MHz, 10 harm)
M5 M7
THD Ix (input Iy = 20
Vss μAp-p @1MHz, 10 0.1% (-59dB)
harm)
Current Buffer Voltage Buffer Static Power
330µW (200µA)
Consumption
Fig 6. CMOS implementation of a VCII+
70
v2 i2

gm3(v1-vin) 2 R1 = 2k; Gain = 65.8dB - 3dB BW = 195.3MHz

ro3
roIB3 65

iX
Gain(dB)

v1 vin gm'6v2 R1 = 1k; Gain = 59.8dB

X
1 1/gm2 Y iin - 3dB BW = 192.4MHz
RX
gm1v3 ro1 roIB1 v3 Req i=gm'4v2
55
roIB2

50
Fig 7. Small signal equivalent circuit of Fig 6 circuit 100m 1.0 10 100 1.0K 10K 100K 1.0M 10M 100M 1.0G
Frequency (Hz)
(a)
15 15

TABLE-I. Transistors aspect ratios Iin

Vout
Transistor W (μm) L (μm) Type GTI = 10 3

10 10
M1,2,3 35 0.35 nMOS
Vout (mV)

Iin (μA)

M4,6 2.1 2.1 nMOS

M5,7 1.4 1.4 nMOS 5 5

M8,A1 57.05 1.05 nMOS

MA2 3.5 0.35 nMOS
0 0
MA3 16.1 0.35 nMOS 0 100 200 300
Time (ns)
(b)
Fig 8. VCII based I-to-V converter a) Frequency response and b) step
response to a current input with amplitude of 10µA

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2868744, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

- 60 800

400

Vin, Vout (mV)

- 70 -3dB BW= 185.655MHz
Vin
R1 =5k , Gain=-74dB
Gain(dB)

Vout
0
R1 = 10k, Gain=-80dB
- 80
-3dB BW=203.699MHz 400

- 90
800
20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0
Time (µs)

- 100
100m 1.0 10 100 1.0K 10K 100K 1.0M 10M 100M 1.0G Fig 11. Time Domain Response of VCII based voltage differentiator.
800
Frequency (Hz)

(a) Vin
400
12 12

Vin, Vout (mV)

Iout Vout
Vin 0
GTC = 10-3 S
8 8
- 400
Vin (mV)
Iout (μA)

- 800
4 4 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0
Time (µs)

Fig 12. Time Domain Response of VCII based voltage integrator.

0 0
0 100 200 300 400
Time (ns)
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