Pak Studies

Quiz
Saad bin Hassan
17u00680
Section K2

Q 1: Discuss political reforms set by general ayub khan?

First reform was selective co-option act. Disciplinary actions such as dismissal or compulsory
retirement of the public servant could take place against corrupt officials. A public servant could
also be disqualified from holding any public office for 15 years. About 3,000 officials were
dismissed and many other were reduced in rank as a result of these measures.  A law called the
Elective Bodies Disqualification Order, popularly known as EBDO, was promulgated for the
disqualification of politicians. Under this law, a person could be disqualified from being a
member of any elective body. Under this harsh law, several politicians like Qayyum Khan were
disqualified. The EBDO, particularly its application, was severely criticized in the legal and
political circles throughout Pakistan.

Second one is containment in which political and religious elites were to be restricted from
getting involved in the government.  Ayub Khan used two main approaches to governing in his
first few years. He concentrated on consolidating power and undermining the opposition. He also
aimed to establish the groundwork for future stability through altering the economic, legal, and
constitutional institutions. The imposition of martial law targeted “antisocial” practices such as
abducting women and children, black marketeering, smuggling, and hoarding. This regime de
politicized the masses by banning political parties and activities.

Ayub’s policies of concentrating political power in his own hands, his control over the press and
media, imposing state of emergency in the country, and his interference in religion were also
responsible for problem in his reforms. Trade organizations, unions, and student groups were
closely monitored and cautioned to avoid political activity. Government took over largest and
most influential English and Urdu newspaper. Law and order break down by ayub khan reforms.

Q2: Problems faced by Pakistan?

 Widening regional disparities:

Due to the above mentioned point the disparity of east and west Pakistan was enhanced.
During the 60s west Pakistan was growing at a fast rate which also referred to the significant
increase in growth of east Pakistan due to which the disparity in the income widened
.Also ,West Pakistan’s per capita GDP was at least 60 % higher than that of East Pakistan in
1970.

 Negligence of the social sector :

Particularly after 1965 s after the war they were basically focusing towards the allocating
their budget towards defense . So they Pre occupied long-term investment in water and
power and also raised food grain production after the war in 1966 and because of this the
investments that had to be made towards the social sector were neglected. Moreover after the
war the health and education was also ignored.

 Foreign aid and domestic savings:

These problems also mainly started after the war of 1965 where more focus was on the
foreign aid mobilization and due to that the domestic savings were neglected to a great
extent. This led to the issue of covering the country in debt which is the problem which still
pertains.

 Divisions of Assets:

Pakistan share was 750 billion but India gave only 200 million. War of Kashmir started and
India stopped remaining money. And stated to pressurize Pakistan to forget Kashmir and
remaining money. Due to Gandhi influence 500 million was given to Pakistan so Pakistan
could buy weapons and prepare a force for security.

 Geographical problems:

Two wings 1600 km indian territory between east and west Pakistan, communication
difficult between two wings. East and west Pakistan would widen due to cultural, political
and historical differences.