Lecture 5

September 24, 2020

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 1

Learning Outcomes

• Examples of current and voltage dividers

• Understanding the concept of dependent sources in circuits

• Introducing nodal analysis to analyze circuit behavior

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 2

Series and Parallel Combinations
Example
• Find 𝑣" :

There is most usually more than one way to find the solution

𝑣# can be found using a voltage divider Then 𝑣" from a second voltage divider
20𝑘Ω 20𝑘Ω
𝑣# = 12V ( = 6𝑉 𝑣" = 𝑣# ( = 2𝑉
20𝑘Ω + 20𝑘Ω 40𝑘Ω + 20𝑘Ω
09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 3
 Series and Parallel Combinations
Example 90𝑘Ω
• Find a source current that will provide a designed
𝑉" = 3𝑉
𝐼"
output of 𝑉" = 3𝑉

60𝑘Ω 30𝑘Ω
𝐼!

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 4

 Series and Parallel Combinations
Example 90𝑘Ω
• Find a source current that will provide a designed
𝑉" = 3𝑉
𝐼"
output of 𝑉" = 3𝑉

60𝑘Ω 30𝑘Ω
• In order to get 3V across the 30𝑘Ω resistor, 𝐼!
require
𝐼" ( 30𝑘Ω = 3V or 𝐼" = 0.1 𝑚𝐴

6!"
• Using a current divider 𝐼" = 𝐼5 , here the current splits between the 60𝑘Ω and
78"9:
the branch with 30𝑘Ω + 90𝑘Ω = 120𝑘Ω

7 78"9: C"9:?D"9:?E"9:
Where 𝑅=> = # # = 40𝑘Ω So 𝐼5 = 𝐼" = 0.3𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐼5 = 𝐼" = 0.3𝑚𝐴
?
$%&' #(%&' @"9: E"9:

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 5

 Wye-Delta Transformations

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 6

 Wye-Delta Transformations

• A ’bridge’ circuit is often used in sensor

(ex. Wheatstone Bridge). This uses a ‘delta’
configuration (shown right). We can analyze these
circuits with what is known as a wye-delta
transformation.

• The wye-delta configuration is commonly used in power

circuits which have 3 sinusoidal sources connected to
the wye (Y) or delta (∆) configuration. Allows constant
instantaneous power.

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 7

Wye-Delta Transformations

• We can transform from a delta to a wye

configuration

• Make the resistance between the two

terminals equal

𝑅. 𝑅, + 𝑅-
𝑅*+ = 𝑅* + 𝑅+ = (𝑅, +𝑅- )\\𝑅. =
𝑅, + 𝑅. + 𝑅-

𝑅- 𝑅, + 𝑅. 𝑅, 𝑅. + 𝑅-
𝑅+/ = 𝑅+ + 𝑅/ = 𝑅/* = 𝑅/ + 𝑅* =
𝑅, + 𝑅. + 𝑅- 𝑅, + 𝑅. + 𝑅-

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 8

Wye-Delta Transformations
• We now have 3 equations and 3 unknowns and can solve for 𝑅G , 𝑅I , 𝑅J , in terms of 𝑅7 , 𝑅8 , 𝑅D

*K *L *L *M *K *M
𝑅) = 𝑅, = *K +*L +*M
𝑅- = *K +*L +*M
*K +*L +*M
Or

𝑅G 𝑅I + 𝑅I 𝑅J + 𝑅J 𝑅G 𝑅G 𝑅I + 𝑅I 𝑅J + 𝑅J 𝑅G 𝑅G 𝑅I + 𝑅I 𝑅J + 𝑅J 𝑅G
𝑅7 = 𝑅8 = 𝑅D =
𝑅I 𝑅J 𝑅G

• For the “balanced” case 𝑅G = 𝑅I = 𝑅J , then 𝑅7 = 𝑅8 = 𝑅D

/
𝑅. = 𝑅
0 ∆
or 𝑅∆ = 3𝑅.

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 9

Wye-Delta Transformations
Example
• Consider the delta part of the circuit first

Using our formulas

*K *L *L *M *K *M
𝑅) = 𝑅, = *K +*L +*M
𝑅- = *K +*L +*M
*K +*L +*M

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 10

Wye-Delta Transformations
Example
• Consider the delta part of the circuit first

36 18 18
𝑅* = 54 4 = 18𝑘Ω 𝑅/ = 54 4 = 9𝑘Ω 𝑅+ = 36 4 = 6𝑘Ω
108 108 108

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 11

Wye-Delta Transformations
Example
• We can now redraw the circuit using
the delta equivalent

• Then solve for 𝑅=> using the tools we have

encountered thus far

𝑅=> = 6𝑘Ω + 18𝑘Ω + 2𝑘Ω + 24𝑘ΩO /O /12𝑘Ω = 34𝑘Ω

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A bit about Resistor Specification
• In practice, it is essential to knowledgeable about the limitations for a resistor

• Most common Parameters of interest: value tolerances and power rating

• Common electronics failure is for a resistors power rating to be exceeded (burn out!),
typically 0.25W

• Resistors are available in standard values for different order of magnitudes. These are
allocated to a range based on the tolerance

Example: A 4.7𝑘Ω resistor with 10% → values could be 4.23𝑘Ω to 5.17𝑘Ω. This overlaps
with ranges of 3.9𝑘Ω and 5.6𝑘Ω resistor. So smaller tolerance resistors = more values.

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 13

 Circuits with Dependent Sources

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 14

Circuits with Dependent Sources

• Dependent sources are key in applications involving bipolar transistors (BJTs) and
field effect transistors (FETs) which are the foundation of analog and digital circuits

• When including dependent sources, our analysis techniques primarily remain the same
Can still employ single loop KVL or single node pair KCL strategies

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 15

Circuits with Dependent Sources
Example – Dependent voltage source 3𝑘Ω
• Determine 𝑉" in the circuit shown 𝐼 -+
V= = 2000 𝐼/
+ 5𝑘Ω 𝑉"
• Apply KVL -
12𝑉
−12𝑉 + 3𝑘Ω 7 𝐼 − 𝑉= + 5𝑘Ω 7 𝐼 = 0
We know
𝑉= = 2000 7 𝐼 Leading to 𝐼 = 2 𝑚𝐴

Then solving for 𝑉"

𝑉" = 5𝑘Ω 7 𝐼 = 10𝑉

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 16

Circuits with Dependent Sources
Example – Dependent current source
• Determine 𝑉" in the circuit shown 2𝑘Ω
10𝑚𝐴
• Apply KCL 3𝑘Ω
+ 4𝐼" 𝑉!
𝑉! 𝑉! 4𝑘Ω 𝑉"
10𝑚𝐴 + + − 4𝐼" = 0 𝐼"
2𝑘Ω + 4𝑘Ω 3𝑘Ω -
𝑉!
Can substitute for 𝐼" 𝐼" =
3𝑘Ω Then for 𝑉"
4𝑘Ω
Then solving for 𝑉! 𝑉" = 𝑉!
2𝑘Ω + 4𝑘Ω
𝑉Q 𝑉Q 𝑉Q
10𝑚𝐴 + +
2𝑘Ω + 4𝑘Ω 3𝑘Ω
−4
3𝑘Ω
=0 ⟹ V! = 12𝑉 𝑉" = 8𝑉

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 17

 Nodal Analysis

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 18

Nodal Analysis

• Extend treatment to include multi-node and multi-loop circuits.

• Variables are chosen to be node voltages and are defined with respect to
a common point in the circuit.

• Often chosen as the node with the most branches connected and is
commonly defined as the ground.

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 19

Nodal Analysis
Choose node voltages to be positive relative
to the reference
Steps
• Choose a reference e.g. node 5
• Assign voltages 𝑉/, 𝑉>, 𝑉0, 𝑉?, and 𝑉@ = 0 (reference)
• Perform KCL for each node, with currents written
in terms of the node voltages Ex. Node 2
• Solve the system for node voltages
Ø Voltages sources fix voltage differences
between nodes
Ø Current sources fix the current in the branches
09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 20
Nodal Analysis
Choose node voltages to be positive relative
to the reference
Steps
• Choose a reference e.g. node 5
• Assign voltages 𝑉/, 𝑉>, 𝑉0, 𝑉?, and 𝑉@ = 0 (reference)
• Perform KCL for each node, with currents written
in terms of the node voltages Ex. Node 2
• Solve the system for node voltages 𝑉> − 𝑉/ 𝑉> 𝑉> − 𝑉0
− − − =0
Ø Voltages sources fix voltage differences 9𝑘Ω 6𝑘Ω 3𝑘Ω
between nodes
Ø Current sources fix the current in the branches
09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 21
 Nodal Analysis (Independent current sources)
• Begin with the cases that have independent current
sources (known). Use similar method as prior slide 𝑖. 𝑖-

• Number the nodes, choose a reference (e.g. Node 3),

assign voltages 𝑉7 , 𝑉8 𝑖,

Node 1 𝑖= − 𝑖/ − 𝑖> = 0

Node 2 𝑖> − 𝑖B − 𝑖0 = 0

Leaves us with 2 equations and

2 unknown node voltages

09/24/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 5 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 22

 Nodal Analysis (Independent current sources)
• Begin with the cases that have independent current
sources (known). Use similar method as prior slide 𝑖. 𝑖-

• Number the nodes, choose a reference (e.g. Node 3),

assign voltages 𝑉7 , 𝑉8 Use KCL, with node 1 𝑖,

𝑉7 𝑉7 − 𝑉8
𝑖? − 𝑖, − 𝑖. = 0 → 𝑖T − − =0
𝑅7 𝑅8
Rearrange to
1 1 1
𝑖T = + 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝑅7 𝑅8 7 𝑅8 8

• Now looking at node 2

𝑉7 − 𝑉8 𝑉8
𝑖. − 𝑖@ − 𝑖- = 0 → − 𝑖U − =0
𝑅8 𝑅D Leaves us with 2 equations and
Rearrange to
𝑉7 1 1
2 unknown node voltages
𝑖U = − + 𝑉8
𝑅8 𝑅8 𝑅D
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Nodal Analysis
• Now setting current and resistance values 𝑖T = 1𝑚𝐴, 𝑖U = 4𝑚𝐴,
𝑅7 = 12𝑘Ω. 𝑅8 = 6𝑘Ω, 𝑅D = 6𝑘Ω

𝑖. 𝑖-

𝑖,

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Nodal Analysis
• Using current and resistance values 𝑖T = 1𝑚𝐴, 𝑖U = 4𝑚𝐴,
𝑅7 = 12𝑘Ω. 𝑅8 = 6𝑘Ω, 𝑅D = 6𝑘Ω
• Our equations become
7 7 7 V# V 𝑖. 𝑖-
1𝑚𝐴 =
789:
+
E9:
𝑉7 − 𝑉
E9: 8
→ @9:
− (
E9:
= 1𝑚𝐴

V# 7 7 V# V 𝑖,
4𝑚𝐴 =
E9:
−
E9:
+
E9:
𝑉8 → E9:
− (
D9:
= 4𝑚𝐴

• Then solve for 𝑉8

2
𝑉8 + 4 − 2𝑉8 = 24
3
4
− 𝑉8 = 20 → 𝑉8 = −15𝑉
3
and →With knowledge of the voltages we
2 can now solve for the current values in
𝑉7 = −15𝑉 + 4𝑉 = −6𝑉 the branches
3

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