Circuit Analysis

15EECC201

Unit: I
Chapter No: 01
Basic Concepts

Dr Sujata Sanjay Kotabagi

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 1

Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis is a straightforward analysis based on KVL technique when only voltage sources are
present, and current sources are easily accommodated with the Supermesh concept.
Mesh analysis is applicable to only planar circuits

If it is possible to draw the diagram of a circuit on a plane surface in such a way that no branch
passes over or under any other branch, then that circuit is said to be a planar circuit.

The mesh is a property of a planar circuit and is undefined for a nonplanar circuit.
Mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loops within it.
9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 2
Mesh Analysis
Summary of Basic Mesh Analysis Procedure
1. Determine if the circuit is a planar circuit. If not, perform nodal analysis instead.

2. Count the number of meshes (M). Redraw the circuit if necessary.

3. Label each of the M mesh currents. Generally, defining all mesh currents to flow clockwise results in a simpler
analysis.

4. Write a KVL equation around each mesh. Begin with a convenient node and proceed in the direction of the
mesh current. Pay close attention to “−” signs. If a current source lies on the periphery of a mesh, no KVL
equation is needed and the mesh current is determined by inspection.

5. Express any additional unknowns such as voltages or currents other than mesh currents in terms of
appropriate mesh currents. This situation can occur if current sources or dependent sources appear in our
circuit.

6. Organize the equations. Group terms according to mesh currents.

7. Solve the system of equations for the mesh currents (there will be M of them).
9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 3
 Mesh Analysis
Ex.1: Determine the mesh currents
Applying KVL for the meshes shown

Mesh 1 : 𝟎. 𝟐𝑰𝟏 + 𝟐 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟑 + 𝟑 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎
𝟓. 𝟐𝑰𝟏 − 𝟑𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐𝑰𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟏)

Mesh 2 : 𝟑 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 + 𝟒 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
−𝟑𝑰𝟏 − 𝟕. 𝟐𝑰𝟐 − 𝟒𝑰𝟑 = −𝟏𝟓 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟐)

Mesh 3 : 𝟓𝑰𝟑 + 𝟐 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟏 + 𝟒 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎
−𝟐𝑰𝟏 − 𝟒𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟑)

Solving equations 1, 2 and 3 using Cramer’s rule

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑨
𝟓. 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟎
−𝟑 𝟕. 𝟐 −𝟒 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟏𝟓 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝑨
−𝟐 −𝟒 𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝟑 𝟎
𝑰𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟗𝑨
9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 4
Mesh Analysis
Ex.2: Determine the current 𝑖1 in the circuit shown

For the left mesh, KVL now yields

−5 − 2𝑣𝑥 + 4(𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) + 4𝑖2 = 0

and for the right mesh

4(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) + 2𝑖1 + 3 = 0

𝑣𝑥 = 4(𝑖2 − 𝑖1 )

𝑖1 = 1.25 𝐴.

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 5

Mesh Analysis
Ex.3: Determine 𝒊𝟐 in the circuit shown if the controlling quantity A is equal to (a) 𝟐𝒊𝟐 ; (b)
𝟐𝒗𝒙 .

Ans: (a) 1.35 A; (b) 546 mA.

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 6

Supermesh Analysis
Ex.4: Mesh analysis with independent current sources
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨

𝑲𝑽𝑳 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝟑,

4 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰2 + 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟏 + 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑰𝟑 − 3 = 0

𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝟐

𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝑨

𝑽𝟎 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑰𝟑 − 𝟑

𝑽𝟎 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝑽

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 7

 Supermesh Analysis
Ex. 5: Determine the three mesh currents in the circuit shown. 𝑲𝑽𝑳 𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝟏
−𝟕 + 𝟏(𝑖1 − 𝑖𝟐 ) + 𝟑(𝑖𝟑 − 𝑖𝟐 ) + 𝟏𝑖𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒐𝒓
𝑖1 − 𝟒𝑖𝟐 + 𝟒𝑖𝟑 = 𝟕 … … … … … … … … … [𝟏]

𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝟐,

𝟏(𝑖𝟐 − 𝑖1 ) + 𝟐𝑖𝟐 + 𝟑(𝑖𝟐 − 𝑖𝟑 ) = 𝟎

𝒐𝒓
Create a supermesh (shown in pink) whose interior is that of
meshes 1 and 3 as shown −𝑖1 + 𝟔𝑖𝟐 − 𝟑𝑖𝟑 = 𝟎 … … … … … … … … … … … [𝟐]

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅

𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔,

𝑖1 − 𝑖𝟑 = 𝟕 … … … … … … … … [𝟑]

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝒒𝒏𝒔. 𝟏 , [𝟐] 𝟑 ,

𝑖1 = 𝟗 𝑨,
𝑖𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨,
9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 8
𝑖𝟑 = 𝟐 𝑨.
 Supermesh Analysis
Ex. 6: Determine the current 𝒊𝟏 in the circuit

Ans: −1.93 A.

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 9

Supermesh Analysis
Ex. 6: Evaluate the three unknown currents in the circuit

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝟏𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑲𝑽𝑳 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝟐

𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆

𝒗𝒙 𝟑(𝒊𝟑 − 𝒊𝟐 ) 𝟏(𝒊𝟐 − 𝒊𝟏 ) + 𝟐𝒊𝟐 + 𝟑(𝒊𝟐 − 𝒊𝟑 ) = 𝟎

= 𝒊𝟑 − 𝒊𝟏 = 𝒐𝒓
𝟗 𝟗
𝟔𝒊𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟐)

𝒊𝟐 𝟐𝒊𝟑 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝒒𝒔. 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐 ,

−𝒊𝟏 + + =𝟎
𝟑 𝟑
𝒊𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑨
𝒊𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑨.
𝒊𝟐 𝟐𝒊𝟑 𝒊𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕 𝑨;
+ = 𝟏𝟓 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟏)
𝟑 𝟑

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 10

Supermesh Analysis
Ex. 7: Obtain values for all three mesh currents as
labeled in circuit shown

𝐵𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖1 = 5 𝐴.

𝑣𝑥
𝑖3 – 𝑖1 =
3

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑥 = 13𝑖3.

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑖3 = – 1.5 𝐴.

𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ,

– 13𝑖1 + 36𝑖2 – 11𝑖3 = 0

𝑠𝑜 𝑖2 = 1.347 𝐴.

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 11

Supermesh Analysis
Ex. 8: Determine the power supplied by the
1 V source in the circuit shown – 1 + (4 + 3 + 1)𝑖1 – 3𝑖2 – (1)𝑖3 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ [𝟏]

(1)𝑖3 – (1)𝑖1 + 3𝑖2 – 3𝑖1 – 8 + 2𝑖3 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ [2]

𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑖2 – 𝑖3 = 5𝑖1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ [3]

(𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡,

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. )

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔,

𝑖1 = 19 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑

ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = (1)𝑖1 = 19 𝑊

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 12

Supermesh Analysis
Summary of Supermesh Analysis Procedure
1. Determine if the circuit is a planar circuit. If not, perform
nodal analysis instead.
2. Count the number of meshes (M). Redraw the circuit if
necessary.
3. Label each of the M mesh currents. Generally, defining all
mesh currents to flow clockwise results in a simpler analysis.
4. If the circuit contains current sources shared by two
meshes, form a supermesh to enclose both meshes. A
highlighted enclosure helps when writing KVL equations.
5. Write a KVL equation around each mesh/supermesh. Begin
with a convenient node and proceed in the direction of the mesh
current. Pay close attention to “−” signs. If a current source lies
on the periphery of a mesh, no KVL equation is needed and the
mesh current is determined by inspection.
9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22
6. Relate the current flowing from each current source
to mesh currents. This is accomplished by simple
application of KCL; one such equation is needed for each
supermesh defined.
7. Express any additional unknowns such as voltages
or currents other than mesh currents in terms of
appropriate mesh currents.
This situation can occur if dependent sources appear in our
circuit.
8. Organize the equations. Group terms according to
nodal voltages.
9. Solve the system of equations for the mesh currents
(there will be M of them).
13
 Mesh Analysis

HW1: Employing mesh analysis procedures, HW2: Determine the power dissipated in the 4
obtain a value for the current labeled i in the resistor of the circuit shown
circuit

i2 = –902.4 mA so P4 = (i2)2(4) = 3.257 W

–260.8 mA

9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 14

 Mesh Analysis
HW3: Calculate the three mesh currents labeled HW4: Employing the supermesh technique to best
in the circuit shown advantage, obtain numerical values for each of the
mesh currents identified in the circuit

i1 = 705.3 mA, i1 = 1.4 A,

i2 = 1.705 A and i2 = 2.4 A and
i3 = –2.295 A i3 = 3.4 A
9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 15
9/30/2020 School Of ECE-Prakalp18-22 16