ROTC FINALS REVIEWER
AFP Personnel-Oriented Programs:
DISASTER RELIEF AND RESCUE OPERATIONS
 Fires and typhoons are the most frequent ca-
lamities that Filipinos experience.
Civil Defense
 Destructive capacity can be enormous and
the problem is made more difficult by the ab-
sence of warning.
 This is a preparation in advance of the
measures necessary for our protection when
disaster strikes.
Its purpose is to:
 Prevent loss of life by rescue and removal of
people to places of safety
 Prevent needless suffering of people
 Protect property and
 Minimize damages during disaster calamities
Concept:
 One of self-help and mutual assistance
 Utilize all available resources in the area be-
fore asking for assistance
The Secretary of National Defense (SND) heads the
NDRRMC with the heads of 18 departments/
agencies as members.
Secretary of National Defense
 Hon Delfin H. Lorenzana
CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS
 Encompasses those economic, psycho-
political and psycho-social activities undertak-
en by the AFP in coordination with Civil Gov-
ernment Agencies (CGA), Local Government
Units (LGU) and Non-Government Organiza-
tions (NGO) prior to or during subsequent to
combat operations and/or natural or man-
made disasters and calamities.
CMO Objectives
 Are pursued through six interrelated AFP pro-
grams
Lanete, She CE-1107
 Military Values Education (MILVED)
 Livelihood Enhancement (LIVELIHOOD)
 Community Relations (COMREL)
 Civic Action (CIVAC)
 Public Information (PUBLIC INFO)
Enemy-Oriented Programs
 Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)
CMO Components:
 MILVED—the dynamic process od learning
internalizing, upholding and practicing univer-
sal truths, moral principles and time-honored
intrinsic military values and ethics essential to
the pursuit of AFP goals and objectives.
 LIVELIHOOD—designed to provide necessary
assistance to the soldier and his dependents
to embark on productive ventures that ena-
ble him to cope with harsh economic realties
while in the active service and during retire-
ment.
 CIVAC—the use of AFP resources in predomi-
nantly non-military projects and activities use-
ful to the people and supportive of combat
operations in such fields as socio-economic:
health and sanitation, agri-industrial, educa-
tion and the like.
 COMREL—the active participation of AFP per-
sonnel, individual or collectively as an AFP
unit, in people—oriented rallies like: anti-drug
abuse, anti-smut and other campaign against
immoral activities.
 It also includes open-houses, static displays of
military hardware, and use of camp facilities/
utilities for people oriented projects.
 PUBLIC INFO—is the dissemination of military
information through all forms of communica-
tion media
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER
COMBAT TRAINING AND TACTICS
Factors to be considered in movement:
 Terrain
 Security
Techniques and aids to day movement:
 Take advantage of anything that provide
concealment in the movement: (Fogs, Haze,
Darkness, Rain, Smoke)
 Tall grasses give good concealment when
properly used
 Move only when the wind blows
 Avoid moving in straight line through out
 Change direction from time to time
 Be alert on movement of any kind
 Flight of birds of any kind
 Absence of birds and animals
 Unusual rustle of leaves and twigs
 Take advantage of destruction
 When land moves
 Exploding shells
 Flying airplanes
 Avoid leaving footprints
 Select spots
 Avoid loose rocks or stones
 Avoid wet surface
 Know how to cross streams
 Keep arms and ammunitions dry
 Improvise craft to float equipment if possible
remove
 Boots and clothing
 When crawling plowed fields
 Avoid string dust
 Take route over the hardest surface
Lanete, She CE-1107
 Follows the furrows
 Avoid loading yourself with unnecessary
equipment
Individual Movement (Crawling and Creeping)
High Crawl and Creeping
 Is used when cover and concealment is avail-
able and speed is needed to close up with the
objectives
Low Crawl
 Is used when cover and concealment are few
and speed is not needed. Body and chest is
flat to the ground.
Rushing
 Fastest movement executed from a prone to
the next dropping position when crossing an
open terrain.
Prone to Rushing
 Keep body as flat as possible to the ground.
Slightly raise head and select a new good po-
sition and concealed to cover position.
Dropping
 Fall forward, breaking fall with the butt of the
rifle. Shift weight to your/right side and roll sev-
eral times going to your new position.
Movement at Night
1. Walking at night
 Keep weight on one foot as you step. Feel the
ground with your toe before stepping it down.
Do it alternately in the same manner.
2. Hitting the Ground at Night
 Crouch slowly and hold rifle under armpit and
fell the ground with free hand.
3. Crawling at Night
 Keep on hand on the spot and bring forward
knees until it meet the hand. With hands feel
the ground for the knees, clear again next spot
for other knees do the same way alternately
and silently.
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107
Rules of Concealment
4. Sound
 Avoid unnecessary movement
 Depends mostly upon ears to get into the
enemy and exercise care to keep enemy  Blend with the background
for hearing you. When shouting, stop fre-  Take advantage of the shadow
quently to listen.
 Break the regular outline of the object
5. Smell
 Keep of the skyline
 Sense of smell may warn you of any enemy
Camouflage
fire, cooking lines, gasoline and oil engines.
 Anything you use to keep yourself, your equip-
Problems During Night Movements
ment and your position from looking like what
1. Night Vision—adopts eye in seeing at night they are.
2. Appearance and Sizes—darkness changes  Both natural and man-made material can be
the appearance and size of an object used for camouflage.
3. Touch—learn to operate and adjust equip-
Basic Combat Formation
ment by tough alone
1. Firing and Movement
4. Concealment—provided by darkness unless
there is moonlight  When a unit makes contact with the enemy, it
normally starts firing at and moving toward the
Cover
enemy or move away from the enemy.
 The protection against enemy fire or hostile
 It is conducted either to close with or destroy the
weapons
enemy, or move away from the enemy so as to
Types of Cover break contact with him.
 Natural Cover—made by nature/need no  The firing and moving takes place at the same
change time. There is a fire element and a movement
Ex: ditches of canals, depression, embankment, element.
boulders  The fire element covers the move of the move-
 Artificial Cover—constructed from issued ment element by firing at the enemy.
materials or made by man.  Team leader should be one to tell you to fire or
Ex: sandbags, foxholes, trenches to move as well as when and where to fire and
move.
 Concealment—protection against the ene-
my observation but not enemy fire  When moving, use the low crawl, high crawl or
rush.
Types of Concealment
Four types of Fire Team Formation
 Nature Concealment—made by matters/
need no change 1. Column Formation

Ex: bushes, grasses, log pile  Permits rapid controlled movement

 Artificial Concealment—constructed from  Favors fire and maneuver to the flanks

issued materials or individually found in the  Vulnerable to fire from the front
vicinity
 Provides the least amount of fire to the front
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107

2. Wedge First Aid

 Permits good control  An immediate and temporary care given to a

victim of an accident or sudden illness before
 Provides all-security
the services of a physician is obtained.
 Formation is flexible
Objectives of First Aid
 Fire is adequate in all directions
 To save life
3. Skirmishes (right/left)
 To prevent further injury
 Maximum fire power to the front
 To preserve vitality and resistance to infection
 Used when location and strength of enemy
Hurry Cases in First Aid
are known
1. Stoppage of breathing
4. Squad Formations
2. Severe bleeding
Squad Column
Types of Hemorrhage
 The squad most common formation
 Arterial Bleeding—blood from an open artery.
 Provides good dispersion laterally and in
The color of the blood is bright red. The blood
depth without sacrificing control, and facilities
spurts which are synchronized with the pulse.
maneuver
 Venous Bleeding—blood from an open vein.
 The lead fire team is the base fire team
The color of the blood is dark red. The blood
Squad Line escapes in a slow steady flow.

 Provides maximum firepower to the front  Capillary Hemorrhage—blood from damaged

 When a squad is acting as the base squad,
the fire team on the right is the base fire team
Squad File
 Has the same characteristics as the fire team
file
 If the squad leader desires to increase his con-
trol over the formation, exert greater morale
presence by leading from the front
capillaries. The color of the blood is intermedi-
ate between bright and dark red. The blood
only oozes from the wound. This is a common
type of hemorrhage.
Controlling External Bleeding
-Direct Pressure
(digital pressure/pressure points)
Facial—Temporal

 Additional control over the rear of the for- Carotid—Subclavian

mation can be provided by moving a team
Auxiliary—Brachial Femoral
leader to the last position
-Compress and Bandage
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Ligation—tying
Personal Hygiene
Torsion—twisting
 Individual concern of every soldier.
Elevate the injured parts to lessen the flow of blood
 A command responsibility that under the
Indirect pressure—tourniquet
guideline of a command, it is the mirror image
of its commander
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107

3. Poisoning Signs and Symptoms of Shock

a. Swallowed—antidote is to dilute with water or  The casualty is pale

milk to lessen the concentration of the poison.  Skin is cold and clammy
Milk coats the lining of the intestines.
 Pulse is rapid and weak
b. Inhaled—proper ventilation at once (open air)
 Respiration is rapid, irregular and shallow
c. Contacted person—wash with soap and wa-
 Dull expression, pupil may be enlarged
ter. Bath soap is recommended.
 Listless and drowsy and complain of thirst and
Snake Bite
dryness in mouth
 Immediately expose the wound then remove
Fracture
clothing, remove shoes, remove casualty’s
jewelry and place it on casualty’s pocket.  A break in the continuity of the bone

 Determine the nature of bite Kinds of Fracture

Non-poisonous  Open (compound) fracture—bone has broken

through skin
 Four to six rows of teeth
 Close (simple) fracture—skin has not been
 No fang marks on victim
penetrated on both ends
Poisonous
Signs and Symptoms of Fracture
 Two rows of teeth—two fangs which create
 Deformity
puncture wound
 Pain at the point of fracture
Signs and Symptoms of Snake Bite
 Crepitation (grating sound)
 Less than an hour—headache, vomiting, tran-
script faintness, confusion, unconscious  Felt and heard when bones rubbed together

 One to three hours later—dropping eyelids,  Discoloration

double vision (diplopia), difficulty in swallow-
 Loss of motion
ing—enlarged lymph, glands, abdominal
pain— dark urine, rapid pulse—hemorrhage  Exposed bones

 After three hours—paralysis in large muscle—  Swelling (endema)

respiratory paralysis, circulatory failure  Possible loss of pulse below fracture
Shock Splinting
 A condition in which there is sufficient blood in  A device to immobilize an injured part of the
the circulation to fill the vessels. body
Main Cause of Shock Burn
 Hemorrhage, vomiting, loss of water, loose  An injury that results from heat, chemical
bowel movement agent or radiation.
 Severe injuries such as burns and fractures  It may vary depth, size and severity.
 Asphyxiation—lack of oxygen Scalds

 A burn caused by a liquid.

 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107

Classification of Burn Depths BASIC WEAPON TRAINING

1, First Degree M16 5.56mm Rifle
 The outer skin is reddened and
welted or slightly swollen

2. Second Degree

 The under skin is affected and

blisters are formed

3. Third Degree

 The skin is destroyed and tissues

underneath is damaged

Fainting

 Loss of consciousness caused by

a temporary reduction of the
blood to supply the brain.

Causes of fainting

 Emotional

 Hunger

 Fatigue

Signs and Symptoms of Fainting

 Weakness

 Dizziness

 Pallor

 Cold Sweat

 Unconsciousness

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

Methods of Administering Artificial Res-

piration (AR)

1. Mouth—To—Mouth Method

2. Chest—Pressure, Arm Lift Method

3. Closed—Chest, heart massage

(casualty with no heartbeat)
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107

Hand Grenade

 The word grenade is derived from the French

grenade meaning pomegranate.

 Known to have been made with the discovery

of explosives

Grenades are further classified as:

 Explosive—produce fragmentation or blast,

are primarily used for anti-personnel, harassing,
incendiary, smoke-screening, or signaling pur-
poses.

 Chemical

 Practice

Two basic types of Grenades

1. Hand Grenade

 Is thrown away and fitted with a delayed ac-

tion fuse.

 For explosive grenades, the delay is about 4.5

M14 7.62mm Rifle seconds.

2. Launched Grenade

 Is fired from a launcher and most likely to be

either the anti-personnel explosive type, with
fragmentation warhead, or high explosive anti
-tank one.

Techniques or Procedures to be Employed

 Grip the hand grenade

 The safest way to grip a hand grenade for

throwing is to hold it so that the safety lever is
held down by the thumb, while keeping the
pull ring free and facing the non-throwing
hand.

 You should always be in comfortable and nat-

ural position

 Make sure you properly arm the grenade be-

fore you throw it

 The safety pin and clip should be removed

while behind cover
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107

Fuses of Hand Grenades Fundamentals of Firing

 Fuses for hand grenades are classified as ei-
ther detonating and igniting.
 A detonating fuse contains a small quantity of
violent and comparatively sensitive explosive
which sets off the more inert explosive charge
in the body of the fragmentation grenade.
 A soldier's development of good marksman-
ship skills is generally based on how well he
masters the two principles of: proper aiming
and keeping proper and steady hold of the
rifle.
Principles of Good Rifle Marksmanship

 An igniting fuse contains a small quantity of 1. Proper Aiming

black powder, or a powder pellet which ig-
nites the filler though lighted match were ap-
plied.
 Has a simple functioning system
SAFETY CONSIDERATION
The following constitute the precautionary measures
in handling grenades:
 Do not drop a grenade after the safety pin
has been removed.
 In aiming, the firer must concern himself on
how to correctly point his rifle so that his pro-
jectile will hit the target when he fires.
 To do this, he must have his rear sight, the
blades of his front sight and the target or aim-
ing points in their proper relationship. This is
known as the proper sight picture.
Elements of Correct Sight picture:
 Sight Alignment

 Do not use ball ammunition or ordinary blank  Placement of Aiming Point

cartridge to proper grenades.
 Do not tamper with duds or non-exploding
grenades.
 Do not pull the safety pin until you are ready
to throw the grenade.
2. Keeping Proper and Steady Hold
 By assuming proper hold of the rifle, the firer is
able to steadily hold the weapon, when he
aligns the sights and when he fires the weap-
on.

Note: If a grenade is accidentally dropped after the 8 factors that may affect proper holding of a rifle in a
safety pin has been removed immediately pick up, steady position:
throw it in the intended direction, should “grenade,” 1. Left hand grip
and then seek nearby shelter, or drop to the ground
2. Rifle butt in the pocket of the shoulder
with the helmet toward the grenade.
3. Right hand grip
Proper way of Handling Grenades
4. Right elbow placement
a. Pulling the pin
5. Constant stock weld
b. Preparing to throw
6. Breathing
c. Throwing the grenade
7. Relaxation
d. Following through
8. Trigger control
MARKMANSHIP
Rifle Firing Positions
 Skillful art of shooting with a rifle and hitting the
1. Prone Position 3. Kneeling Position
target at a given or known distance.
2. Sitting position 4. Standing Position
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107

Triangulation Base

 A method in pre-marksmanship training  The element on which a movement is regulat-

wherein a shooter is taught of proper sight ed.
alignment of his rifle with respect to his target. Cadence
 Usually done during dry firing  The uniform rhythm in which a movement is
Coach executed.

 Assigned assistant to individual firer during fir-  Drills movements are normally executed at the
ing cadence of quick time.

 Provides the firer’s most needed materials like
magazines, ammunitions and target papers.
 Also serves as the firer’s adviser whether he is
hitting or not on his target
 Also reminds the firer about range safety.
DRILLS AND CEREMONIES
Drills
 Consist of certain movements by which a unit
or individual are move in orderly, uniform man-
ner from one place to another.
 Slow time—cadence at a rate of 60 counts or
steps per minute. Usually used in funeral
march.
 Quick time—cadence of 120 counts or steps
per minute
 Double time—cadence of 180 counts or steps
per minute
Center
 The middle point or element of a command.
 Placement of Aiming Point

 Movements are executed in unison and with Column

precision.  Formation in which the elements are placed
Ceremonies one behind another.

 Are formation and movements in which a Cover

number of troops execute movements in
unison and with precision just as in drill.
 The primary value is to render honors, stimulate
spirit de corps.
Alignment
 A straight line upon which several elements or
terms are formed.
 Dressing of elements upon a straight line
Arms Swing
 The swinging of the arms must be 6 inches
straight to the front and 3 inches straight to the Elements
rear of the trouser seams, with knuckles out
facing forward and fingers formed into a fist
with the thumb over the forefinger.
 Aligning yourself directly behind the man to
your immediate front while maintaining a cor-
rect distance.
Depth
 Space from front to rear of any formation or
position
 Include the front and rear elements
Distance
 Space when the element are one behind the
other
 An individual, squad, section, platoon, compa-
ny, or larger unit forming as part of the next
higher unit
 ROTC FINALS REVIEWER Lanete, She CE-1107

Eye Right  Close Interval—lateral space between men

measured from right to the left by the man on
 Direction of the face during the eyes right
the right
should be 45 degrees to the right side.
 Double Interval—lateral space between men,
Flank
measured from right to left
 Flank’s right or left on any formation as sensed
Left/Right
by an element within that formation
 Left/right extremity or element of a larger body
File
or troops
 Two men, the front rank man and the corre-
Line
sponding man of the rear rank
 Formation in which the different elements are
 Applies also to a single man in a single rank
abreast
formation.
 The expression “abreast of each other” means
 A single column of men one behind the other.
on the same line
Formation
Oblique
 The arrangement of elements of a unit in line,
 Angle between 0 and 45 degrees.
in column or any other prescribed manner.
Piece
 Line Formation—the elements are side by side
or abreast of each other  Rifle or automatic rifle

 Column Formation—elements are one behind Post

the other
 Correct place for the officer to stand in a pre-
Front scribed formation

 Direction in which command faces Rank

Frontage  Line in which only one element in depth

 Space occupied by an element measured Step

from one flank to the opposite flank
 The prescribed distance measured from heel
Guide of a marching man.

 Man with whom the command or element Note: Read the lecture about Arrival Honor and Cer-
thereof regulates its march emonial Parade.

Head

 Leading elements of a column

Interval

 Lateral space between elements on the same

line

 Normal Interval—lateral space between the

men measured from right to left by the men
on the right holding his left arm shoulder high,
finger touching the right shoulder of the man
to his left.