Topic 4

Four Thematic Areas of the

Philippine Disaster Management System

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Avoid hazards and mitigate their potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities

and exposure and enhancing capacities of communities.

Overall responsible agency: Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

Outcome Lead Agency(ies)

1. DRRM and CCA mainstreamed and Office of Civil Defense (OCD)

integrated in national, sectoral, regional
and local development policies, plans and
budget
2. DRRM and CCA-sensitive environmental Department of Environment and Natural
management Resources (DENR)

3. Increased resiliency of infrastructure systems Department of Public Works and Highways

(DPWH)

4. Enhanced and effective community-based OCD

scientific DRRM and CCA assessment,
mapping, analysis and monitoring
 5. Communities access to effective and Department of Finance (DOF)
applicable disaster risk financing and insurance

6. End-to-end monitoring (monitoring and Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

response), forecasting and early warning
systems are established and/or improved

Disaster Preparedness

Establish and strengthen capacities of communities to anticipate, cope and recover from the
negative impacts of emergency occurrences and disasters.

Overall responsible agency: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

Outcome Lead Agency(ies)

7. Increased level of awareness and enhanced Philippine Information Agency (PIA)

capacity of the community to the threats and
impacts of all hazards

8. Communities are equipped with necessary Department of Interior and Local Government
skills and capability to cope with the impacts of (to coordinate) and OCD (to implement)
disasters

9. Increased DRRM and CCA capacity of Local DILG

DRRM Councils, Offices and Operation Centers
at all levels

10. Developed and implemented comprehensive DILG and OCD

national and local preparedness and response
policies, plans, and systems

11. Strengthened partnership and coordination DILG

among all key players and stakeholders

Disaster Response

Provide life preservation and meet the basic needs of affected population based on acceptable
standards during or immediately after a disaster.

Overall responsible agency: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

 Outcome Lead Agency(ies)

12. Well-established disaster response Department of Social Welfare and Development

operations (DSWD)

13. Adequate and prompt assessment of needs Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
and damages at all levels Councils (DRRMCs), OCD and DSWD

14. Integrated and coordinated Search, Rescue Department of National Defense (DND), DILG,
and Retrieval (SRR) capacity Department of Health (DOH)

15. Safe and timely evacuation of affected Local government units (LGUs)
communities

16. Temporary shelter needs adequately DSWD

addressed

17. Basic social services provided to affected DOH

population (whether inside or outside
evacuation centers)

18. Psychosocial needs of directly and indirectly DOH

affected population addressed

19. Coordinated, integrated system for early DSWD

recovery implemented

Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

Restore and improve facilities and living conditions of affected communities, reduce risks in
accordance with the “build back better” principle.

Overall responsible agency: Secretary of National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)

Outcome Lead Agency(ies)

20. Damages, losses and needs assessed OCD

21. Economic activities restored, and if possible Agency to be determined based on the affected
 strengthened or expanded sectors

22. Houses rebuilt or repaired to be more National Housing Authority (NHA)

resilient to hazard events; safer sites for housing

23. Disaster and climate change-resilient DPWH

infrastructure constructed/reconstructed

24. A psychologically sound, safe and secure DOH and DSWD

citizenry that is protected from the effects of
disasters is able to restore to normal functioning
after each disaster

Challenges

 Cooperation and buy-in of our stakeholders

 Correct the notion that DRRM is only a government concern
 Consider DRRM as a way of life
 National and local officials to prioritize DRRM
 Continuous development, review and improvement of existing DRRM policies, plans and
programs in view of the “new normal”
 Topic 5

Role of the Youth in Disaster Preparedness and Management,

Basic Disaster Preparedness and Response Training
(Survival Training)
Basic First Aid/Basic Life Support
FIRST – preceding all
others in time or order
First Aid
---------------------------
First Aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or AID – to provide with
what is useful or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance
necessary
is not available or delayed.
Goals of First Aid

 Alleviate Suffering
- One of the main objectives is to be able to help to reduce or totally alleviate suffering
 Prevent Further Injury or Danger
- Also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening or danger of further injury
 Prolong Life
- First aid measures aim to preserve and sustain life. Also to save the victim from imminent
danger.

Characteristics of a Good First Aider

1. GENTLE – First aider should not cause, inflict pain as much as possible.
2. RESOURCEFUL – Makes the best use of things at hand.
3. OBSERVANT – Should notice all signs. Aware of what is happening and what might happen
4. TACTFUL – Handling the victim with utmost care and in a calm manner.
5. EMPATHIC – Should be comforting.
6. RESPECTABLE – Maintain a professional and caring attitude.

General Guidelines in Administering First Aid

Getting Started

1. Planning of Action
- Established based on anticipated needs and available resources.
 Example: Getting to know where the First Aid Kits are located as well as other
emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire alarm switchers and fire exits. Also
by being aware of the emergency numbers such as Ambulance providers, Hospital
emergency room, Fire department and Police Stations.
2. Gathering of needed materials
- Preparation of equipment and
personnel.
  Initial Response (Sequence of Actions)

Ask for HELP

A

Intervene. Give
I appropriate interventions

Do not further harm

D

Getting Started

 SURVEY THE SCENE

- Is the scene safe? Safe for your injured person?
- What happened?
- How many people are injured?
- Are there someone who can help?
- Get consent before giving first aid care.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Wounds – is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external. Wounds
can be classified as closed wound and open wound.

Classifications:

1. Closed Wound
 Break in the continuity of a body tissue without the
skin being broken down.
 Causes:
 Blunt object resulting in contusion or bruises
 Application of external forces
 Signs and Symptoms
 Pain and tenderness
 Swelling
 Discoloration
 Hematoma
 First Aid Management
 Rest the affect area. Movement may aggravate the closed wound condition.
 Ice compress. Apply ice compress to affected areas. It promotes
vasoconstriction and it has an anesthetic effect.
 Compression. Application of firm pressure. To avoid further hematoma.
 Elevate the affected area. (For extremities) To promote venous return of blood
and avoid pooling in the area.
  Splinting. For immobilizing the affected area. This helps in avoiding
unnecessary movements.
 Perform further assessment and put the injured person under observation.
SEEK FOR MEDICAL ADVISE IF:
 The pain is unbearable
 Hematoma is spreading
 The affected area is the head (including face and neck)
 Involves the spine area.
 Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and nose.
 Coughing and vomiting blood.
2. Open Wound
 Is an injury involving an external or internal
break in body tissue, usually involving the
skin.
 Classifications:
 Puncture – wound caused by sharp and
pointed object penetrating the skin.
 Abrasion (grazes) – caused by
rubbing/scraping of the skin against
rough surfaces.
 Laceration – the skin is torn by sharp
objects with irregular edges.
 Avulsion – tissues are forcefully separated from the body.
 Incision – skin tissues are cut by a sharp bladed instrument.
 Dangers of an Open Wound
 Hemorrhage – severe bleeding.
 Infection – introduction of bacteria/parasites.
 Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood) volume. ( a fatal condition)
 First Aid Management for Open Wounds
 For wounds with severe bleeding.
 INSPECT – Inspect for foreign object lodged in the wound area. It can be
removed manually by hand or using a pick up forceps. Flushing with
normal saline solution or just clean water is also applicable.
 CONTROL BLEEDING – Done by applying pressure. Dressing can be
secured with a bandage and splints.
 REFER TO A PHYSICIAN – it is essential in severe bleeding wounds.
Further medical/surgical management may be needed like suturing or
administration of medications that control bleeding.
 CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT SND OBSERVATION FOR SHOCK –
Pale/cyanotic, cold and clammy skin, irregular breathing, weak/rapid pulse,
weakness, thirsty sensation are common signs and symptoms.
 For wounds with mild to moderate bleeding.
 CLEAN – Clean with mild soap and water.
 DISINFECT – Apply topical antiseptics. Povidone Iodine or Topical
Antibacterial (Mupirocin, Fusidic Acid)
  DRESS – Apply sterile gauze pad with dressing. Secure with adhesive
tapes.

Burns – is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This
results from exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals,
electricity, solar or other forms of radiation. It can be
classified as thermal burns, chemical burns and
electrical burns.

Classifications:

1. Thermal Burns
 Caused by direct or indirect contact
to flames and other hot objects,
steams or liquids.
 Three (3) Classifications According to Depths and Severity:
a. First Degree Burn – Affects only the first (epidermis) layer of the skin. Very
painful and skin is red.
b. Second Degree Burn – Affects the first and second layer (epedermis + dermis)
of the skin. Blisters are expected to form.
c. Third Degree Burn – Affects the first and second layer of the
skin and may extend up to the proximal subcutaneous tissues.
Usually less painless.
 First Aid Care for Thermal Burns
 For First and Second Degree Burn.
 RELIEVE PAIN – Relieve pain by immersing burned area into clean tap
water/iced water for maximum of five (5) minutes for iced water and ten
(10) minutes for tap water. Prolonged exposure to extremely cold
temperature may cause total numbness due to extreme vasoconstriction.
 COVER – Cover the burned area with clean cloth or dressing (if available)
and make sure that it is non-sticking. Of blisters are forming, do not
attempt to pop it out to prevent infection. Always maintain cleanliness on
the burned area. Apply Burn Ointment if available.
 For Third Degree Burn.
 COVER – Cover the burned area with a dry and non-sticking dressing. Do
not apply anything unto the skin. Immersing into water is not advisable.
 PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY
TRANSFER – Continuously monitor for
signs of dehydration and shock. Keep the
victim warm by covering with blankets
during the transfer. Extend the flexed
burned extremities to avoid contractures.

2. Chemical Burns

 Burns caused by direct contact of chemical into skin.

 Car Battery Solutions

 Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic Acid)
 Bleach
  ammonia

 First Aid Care for Chemical Burns

 Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water. Remove the victim’s
contaminated clothing. Use mild soap for the final rinse.
 Pat dry the area using clean cloth and apply dressing into affected area.
 If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at least 20 minutes using low pressure.
 Seek medical attention immediately for chemical burns.

Basic Life Support (BLS)

Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to the care that healthcare providers and public safety professional
provide to patients who are experiencing respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest or airway obstruction.

BLS includes psychomotor skills for performing high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),
using an automated external defibrillator (AED) and relieving an obstructed airway for patients of all
ages.

Chain of Survival

Simplified Adult BLS

Components of BLS

 Ensure safety
 Check for response
 Activate EMS
 Check compressions
 Check airway and ventilate
 Defibrillate

Steps of BLS

1. ENSURE SAFETY
 Safety of Self
 Safety of Patient
 Movement of a trauma victim – only when necessary
 (unstable cervical spine – injured spinal
cord)
2. ASSESS RESPONSE
 Ask the victim “Are you okay?”
 Tap and shout
If the victim responds
 Leave the victim and call for help
 Return as quickly as possible and
reassess the condition of the person
3. ACTIVATE EMS (EMERGENCY
MEDICAL SERVICE)
 Call Emergency Hotline
 Describe the emergency to the operator
o Include where you are (address and location)
o Condition of the victim
4. CHANGE FROM A-B-C (AIRWAY-BREATHING-CPR)
TO C-B-A (CPR-BREATHING-AIRWAY)
 In the A-B-C sequence, chest compressions are often
delayed while the responders opens the airway to give
mouth-to-mouth breaths, retrieves a barrier device, or
gathers and assemble ventilation equipment.
5. CIRCULATION
 Check pulse. If pulse is not definitely felt within ten
(10) seconds, proceed with chest compressions.
Position of the victim
 Must be supine on a firm flat surface for CPR to be effective
 Victim lying facing down – logroll the victim

Prone CPR

 Standard CPR is performed with the person in supine position.

 Prone CPR or reverse CPR is CPR performed on a person lying on
their chest, by turning the head to the side and compressing the back.
Due to the head’s being turned, the risk of vomiting and complications
caused by aspiration pneumonia may be reduced.

Pregnancy

 During pregnancy, when a women is lying on her back, the uterus may compress the inferior
vena cava and thus decrease venous return. It is therefore recommended that the uterus be
pushed to the woman’s left; if this is not effective, either roll the woman 30° or healthcare
professionals should consider emergency resuscitative hysterotomy.

Cervical Spine Stabilization

 Use cervical collar if available

  Any hard objects that restrict neck movement
 Firm surface (backboard or floor)

Position of Rescuer

 Firm surface (backboard or floor)

 Kneel beside victim’s chest or stand beside bed
 Hell of one hand on the inter-mammary line (which is the lower half of the sternum)
 Heel of the other hand on top of the first so that the hands are overlapped and parallel
 Lock elbows

Chest Compression

 Rhythmic applications of pressure over the lower half of the sternum.

 Increase intrathoracic pressure and directly compress heart

Characteristics of Good Chest Compression

 “Push hard, push fast”. Push at a rate of

100-120 per minute
 Compression depth – at least two (2) inches
(5 cm) not more than 2.5 inches
 Release completely to allow the chest to
fully recoil
 A compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2
 Do not bounce your hands up and down on
the victim’s chest
 Never use the palm of your hand, use the
heel of your hand

BLS for Chest Compression

 When two (2) or more rescuers are available

o Switch the compressor about every two (2) minutes (or after every five (5) cycles of
compressions and ventilations at a ratio of 30:2
o Accomplish this switch in ≤5 seconds.
 Advanced airway and 2 rescuers
o Continuous chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute without pauses for
ventilation
o The rescuer delivering ventilation provides 8 to 10 breaths per minute.
 Lay rescuers should continue CPR until an AED arrives

Airway

 Open Airway
o Head tilt and chin lift
o Jaw thrust maneuver
o No blind finger sweep
 Airway Obstruction
o Adult - Conscious

o For Infants
 Breathing
o Check
breathing
o No “look,
listen, feel” for signs
in new guidelines.
o After the
first set of chest
compressions, the airway is now opened and the rescuer delivers two (2) breaths
 Giving Rescue Breaths
o Use a barrier device of some type while giving breaths.
o Deliver each rescue breath over one (1) second.
o Give a sufficient tidal volume to produce visible chest rise (500-600ml).
o Avoid rapid forceful breaths.
o When an advanced airway is in place during 2-person CPR, ventilate at a rate of 8 to 10
breaths per minute.
 Giving Rescue Breaths

 Early Defibrillation
AED – Automatic External
Defibrillator
o A battery operated

device
o Detects and assesses cardiac rhythm and prompts the user for further action
o AED BOX contains
- AED machine with battery and charger
- Two self-sticking pads with cables and connectors
- One razor
o AED MACHINE
- On/off switch
- Plug with flashing light near it
- Shock delivery button (orange)
- Speaker and volume control for voice prompt
- Battery