FINAL PROJECT

BASIC ENGLISH WRITING SPRING’20

TOPIC
VEGETATION COOKBOOK
Submitted TO: SIR NASIR MEHMOOD
Submitted by:
DANIYAL KASHIF L1S20BBAM0229
ZAHEER IQBAL L1S20BBAM0220
MUHAMMAD DANIAL L1S20BBAM0213
ABDUR REHMAN L1S20BBAM0244
MUHAMMAD RIZWAN L1S20BBAM0241
 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS VEGETATION?
Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide.
It is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere. Vegetation serves
several critical functions in the biosphere, at all possible spatial scales. First,
vegetation serves as wildlife habitat and the energy source for the vast array of
animal species on the planet and, ultimately, to those that feed on these.
Secondly, vegetation strongly affects soil characteristics, including soil volume,
chemistry and texture, which feedback to affect various vegetational
characteristics, including productivity and structure. Thirdly, vegetation regulates
the flow of numerous biogeochemical cycles, most critically those of water,
carbon, and nitrogen. It is also of great importance in local and global energy
balances.

Types of vegetation
1) Natural vegetation
2) Cultivated crop vegetation
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has
grown naturally without any human aid have been left
untouched by humans for a long time.

Types of natural vegetation

1) FORESTS
2) GRASSLAND
3) TUNDRA
 4) DESERTS

Cultivated crop vegetation

Cultivated vegetation are plants growing around wetlands or watercourses
for the purpose of human consumption. These include different vegetables
and fruits which are healthy for your diet and contain many minerals.
Vegetables and fruits are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or
other animals as food. Fruits and vegetables contain many vitamins and
minerals that are good for your health. These include vitamins A, C and E,
magnesium, zinc, phosphorous and folic acid.

Vegetables are naturally good and contain lots of minerals and vitamins.
They help in protecting our body against cancers, diabetes and heart
diseases. Almost all the vegetables are low in fat and calories, none have
cholesterol and many of them are great sources of fiber. The high levels of
fiber in vegetables keep the digestive system healthier allowing you to
avoid issues with constipation. Vegetables can be stored by 3 different
methods. They are either frozen, canned or stored in dry a place.

RATIONAL
We created this project according to the instructions of our Basic English teacher
professor Mr. Nasir Mehmood because it is requirement of our professor. We are
a group of five members and this is a our collaborative work. We prepared it on
vegetarian cookbook. In this project we have completed our research on
vegetation and its benefits for people. In this project we have study about various
standards of vegetation we have also studies about different vegetation AL lands.
We also research on vegetation people and their way of eating standards. In this
project we have focus on almost every aspects of vegetation
Describe the type of vegetation

Tundra

Tundra are the coldest of all of these biomes and include both Arctic and Alpine
tundra biomes the tundra definition depends on both the type of tundra you're
discussing, the geographical location, the tundra climate and the vegetation of
the region. In terms of vegetation and climate, tundra is defined by their lack of
trees, extremely cold tundra climate, a permafrost layer and mostly low-
growing plants like shrubs, mosses, lichens and grasses.

There are two main types of tundra: the arctic tundra and the alpine tundra.

The arctic tundra is by far the largest in terms of land area. Circling the North
Pole and extending over all land down to the northern limits of the tree line, the
arctic tundra is made up of flat expanses of low-growing plants.

Alpine tundra exist on tall mountains, above the level where trees can grow.
The altitude of this type of tundra is determined by the surrounding
environment, but the features of low grasses and flowering plants are similar
for all alpine tundra.

Desert

A desert is any large and dry area mostly dominated by sand or rocks, that
receives little rainfall, and have unfavorable conditions for crops and agriculture,
and poses harsh living conditions for human-beings .One third or 33 percent of
Earth’s land surface is covered with deserts. World’s largest desert is Antarctica, is
a polar desert measuring 5.5 million square miles. Sahara, the largest non-polar
desert, measures around 3.5 million square miles. A geographical region is turned
into a desert it loses more water by evaporation then it gains by natural
precipitation. The life in a desert is tough due to lack of rainfall, high temperature,
and less vegetation. Nevertheless, when you look closely, you will see that deserts
are filled with life in their nooks and crannie

Cause and Effect of forest vegetation

Causes

The World Bank estimates that about 3.9 million square miles (10 million
square km) of forest have been lost since the beginning of the 20th century. In the
past 25 years, forests shrank by 502,000 square miles (1.3 million square km) —
an area bigger than the size of South Africa. In 2018, The Guardian reported that
every second, a chunk of forest equivalent to the size of a soccer field is lost
Natural fires in tropical forests tend to be rare but intense. Human-lit fires are
commonly used to clear land for agricultural use. First, valuable timber is
harvested, then the remaining vegetation is burned to make way for crops like soy
or cattle grazing. In 2019, the number of human-lit fires in Brazil skyrocketed.
As of August 2019, more than 80,000 fires burned in the Amazon,
an increase of almost 80% from 2018, National Geographic reported
Effects.
Forests can be found from the tropics to high-latitude areas. They are home to
80% of terrestrial biodiversity, containing a wide array of trees, plants, animals
and microbes, according to the World Bank, an international financial institution.
Some places are especially diverse — the tropical forests of New Guinea, for
example, contain more than 6% of the world's species of plants and animals.
According to a 2018 FAO report, three-quarters of the Earth’s
freshwater comes from forested watersheds, and the loss of trees can affect
water quality. The UN's 2018 State of the World's Forests report found that over
half the global population relies on forested watersheds for their drinking water
as well as water used for agriculture and industry.
Forest in tropical regions can also affect the way water vapor is
produced over the canopy, which causes reduced rainfall.

COMPARISON

Comparison between vegetarians and non-vegetarians:

There are
many different vegetarian diets when it comes to deciding what you choose to
eat, what’s acceptable and what’s not. It might be alright to eat fish and shrimp,
but you draw the line at eating beef and pork. Maybe eating no living thing
including the products that come from animals such as eggs and milk is what’s
right for you. It all comes down to the individual beliefs and how strongly they
feel about them. Some even restrict themselves of certain plants such as pure
garcinia cambogia. To take away some confusion on the different types of diets
here are a few categories that defines the difference.
1. Pescatarian: This applies to those that do not eat any meat with an exception
of fish. The word may seem foreign, but more and more people are adopting
this particular diet mainly for health purposes.
2. Vegetarian (lacto-ovo): Most people know of this diet where they eat no beef,
pork, poultry, fish, or shellfish, but do eat dairy products. “Lacto” is Latin for
milk and “ovo” is for egg.
3. Vegan: They do not eat meat of any kind including fish and do not eat products
that come from animals, such as eggs and milk. Some vegans also refrain from
eating foods that were made using animal products, but in the finished
processed the animal product is gone.
4. Flexitarian/Semi-vegetarian: Maybe you just like to eat vegetarian food! The
term flexitarian was coined to describe those who eat mostly a vegetarian diet
and only eat meat occasionally.

CONTRAST

Contrast between vegetarians and non-vegetarians:

Nowadays, we hear a lot
of people moving towards vegetarianism - from celebrities to models and to a lot
of health enthusiasts. For years there has been an on-going debate on whether or
not a vegetarian diet is healthy and aids weight loss. A Vegetarian diet can be
divided into three parts that is - total vegetarian, lacto vegetarian and lacto-ovo
vegetarian. A pure vegetarian diet includes fruits, nuts, vegetables, fruits, grains,
and legumes. The lacto vegetarian diet contains dairy products like milk, butter,
cheese etc., and plant food. According to the Delhi based nutritionist, Pooja
Malhotra, ''the lacto-vegetarian diets are very practical, easy to plan, wholesome
diets. They certainly help in losing weight without compromising on nutrients.
These are recommended for both adults and kids. '' On the other hand, lacto-ovo
vegetarian food includes eggs and dairy products like milk, butter, cheese and so
on. No doubt a vegetarian diet is full of vitamins and minerals, fiber, magnesium,
unsaturated fat and folic acid. Such diet protects us from various diseases like
diabetes, heart diseases, controls blood pressure, and prevents us from cancer
and lower cholesterol levels. A non-vegetarian diet includes chicken, meat, eggs
and fish. A non-vegetarian diet also has several health benefits because this type
of food is rich in protein and vitamin B. Non-vegetarian food strengthens our
muscles and helps them grow faster. It also helps to maintain body stamina and
hemoglobin.

CONCULISON

The term vegetation is a combination of different implies species which is a joint

occurrence of various types of plants in any given site. It is very necessary and
important part of human life because it is very helpful in obtaining many vitamins
which are very beneficial for human body. Vegetation regulates the flow of
numerous biogeochemical cycles, most critically those of water, carbon, and
nitrogen; it is also of great importance in local and global energy balances.
Vegetation is also critically important to the world economy, particularly in the
use of fossil fuels as an energy source Vegetarian region is divided into five part
forest, grassland, tundra, desert, and ice sheet. Perhaps most importantly, global
vegetation (including algal communities) has been the primary source of oxygen
in the atmosphere, enabling the aerobic metabolism systems to evolve and
persist. Vegetation is psychologically important to humans, who evolved in direct
contact with, and dependence on, vegetation, for food, shelter, and medicines.