Experiment No.

07
Active First Order Filters
Objective:
 To understand the characteristics and working of high and low pass filter.
Introduction:
In this lab session, we find out gain and cut-off frequency of low-pass
filter using the transfer function. While, we learn to design high-pass filter
keeping in view the gain and cut-off frequency. We obtain BODE plot of gain
verses frequency using MATLAB. And also observe the behaviour of both
circuits using AC analysis simulation software.

LAB EXERCISE:
Low-Pass Filter
Circuit Diagram:

Data Table:
 High-Pass Filter
Diagram:

Data Table:
QUESTION AND ANALYSIS
4.1:
a) Low-Pass Filter:
High-Pass Filter:

B)
Low-Pass Filter:

High-Pass Filter:
4.2: For high-pass filter:
Calculated cut-off frequency = 1kHz
Measured cut-off frequency = 1kHz
% error = [|calculated – measured| / calculated]*100
% error = 0%
Yes, they are very close to each other and the error is zero.
For low-pass filter:
Calculated cut-off frequency = 3.3 kHz
Measured cut-off frequency = 2kHz
% error = [|calculated – measured| / calculated]*100
% error = 1.2/ 3.3 *100
% error = 0.3636*100
% error = 36.36 %
No, they are not close to each other. The difference is because we take standard
values in calculations and in experiment, each equipment has tolerance.
4.3:
For high-pass filter:
Calculated gain = 1.5
Measured gain = 3.89
% error = [|3.89-1.5| / 1.5 ]*100
% error = [2.39 / 1.5]*100
% error = 1.59*100
% error = 159%
For low-pass filter:
Calculated gain = 4.7
Measured gain = 4.9
% error = [|4.9-4.7| / 4.7 ]*100
% error = [0.2 / 4.7]*100
% error = 0.042*100
% error = 4.2%
4.4:
For high-pass filter:
The measure frequency response using MATLAB and AC analysis frequency
response from circuit simulation has the same behaviour. This filter is passing
high frequencies while blocking low frequencies.
For low-pass filter:
The measure frequency response using MATLAB is giving accurate results but,
AC analysis frequency response from circuit simulation is giving inaccurate
response. Rather than blocking high frequencies and passing low frequencies. It
is showing opposite response, passing high frequencies and blocking low
frequencies.

Conclusion:
In this lab session, we studied working and principle of first order Low
pass and High pass filters. We designed both the filters and verified the
behaviour using MATLAB and AC analysis frequency response.