Holy Rosary College of Santa Rosa Laguna, Inc.

Tagapo, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

LEARNING MODULE
School Year 2020-2021

x
General Mathematics
Grade 11
nd
2 Quarter, Week 7
Mark Alexis K. Ferrer
mark.ferrer@hrcsrl.edu.ph

Chapter 5 Logic
Lesson 1 Proposition and Symbols
Lesson Description:
Logic is defined as the “Science of correct reasoning.” Aristotle is one of the earliest
logicians and one of the most renowned. In this module, we will apply the key concepts of
propositional logic, syllogisms, and fallacies in real life arguments.
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to
1. illustrate proposition.
2. Distinguish between simple and compound propositions.
3. Symbolize propositions.

Review and Prerequisite Activity

Classify each sentence as declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.

1. The principal will visit classes starting next week.

2. Ouch! I cut my finger.
3. Turn right at the fourth traffic sign.
4. Have you heard of the good news?
5. Please reserve December 7 for me.

Introduction
Kind of sentences

1. Simple sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause.

2. Compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses joined
by conjunction, semi-colons, or follwed by conjunctive adverb.
3. Complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or nore
dependent clauses.

Proposition

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false, but

no both.
Examples:
1. The number 4 is even and less than 12.
2. Binan is the capital of Laguna.
3. Narra is a tree.
4. Enemy has been slayed.

HRC General Mathematics, Grade 11, Second Quarter Page 1 of 4

 Holy Rosary College of Santa Rosa Laguna, Inc.
Tagapo, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

LEARNING MODULE
School Year 2020-2021

On the other hand, the following are not example of propositions.

1. How old are you? – Interrogative

2. Open your eyes. – Imperative
3. Aaron’s solution is incorrect. – Paradox

Types of Proposition

Simple proposition - a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.

Compound proposition - contains two or more simple propostitions that are put
together using connective words.

There are several ways in which simple propositions can be combined to form
compound propositions. Different combination of compound propositions can be formed
by using connectives.

Conjunction
Two simple propositions connected using the word and.

“Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday.”

“Roel was on time, but Tom was late.”

Disjunction
Two simple propositions connected using the word or.

“I will pass the math exam or I will be promoted.”

“Take it or leave it.”

Conditional
Two simple propositions that are connected using the word If ….. then.

“If you will recite the poem, then you will pass the oral examination.”
“If you did not study well then you will get failling grade.”

Biconditional
Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and consequent
of the first statement have been switched in the second statwement.

“Tomorrow will rain if and only if there’s a typhoon coming.”

Negation
The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false whenever the given
statement is true, and true whenever the given statement is false.

Herbert is good.

“Herbert is not good.”

HRC General Mathematics, Grade 11, Second Quarter Page 2 of 4

 Holy Rosary College of Santa Rosa Laguna, Inc.
Tagapo, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

LEARNING MODULE
School Year 2020-2021

“Herbert is bad.”

Today is rainy.

“Today is not rainy.”

“Today is sunny.”

The statements that make a compound propositions are called

component statements.

Symbols
Symbols are used to simplify work in logic. If x and y are frequently used letters
in algebra, the letters p, q or r are often used to represent propostions in logic. The table below
shows the several symbols for connectives.

Connective Symbol Type of Statement

and ∧ Conjunction
or ∨ Disjunction
not ∼ Negation
if ….. then → Conditional
If and only if (iff) ↔ Biconditional

Example:

1. Let p represent the proposition “He has a green thumb”.

Let q represent the proposition “He is a senior citizen”.

Convert each compound proposition into symbols.

1. He has a green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
2. He does not have a green thumb or he is not a senior citizen.
3. It is not the case that he has a green thumb or is a senior citizen.
4. If he has a green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen.

Solution:
1. p ∧q 2. ∼ p ∨∼ q 3. ∼( p ∨ q) 4. p →∼q

2. Let p represent “Robin can swim” and let q be “Tom plays the guitar”. Write
each symbolic statement in word.

a. . p ∨q
b. . p ∧∼q
c. ∼( p ∨ q)
d. ∼( p ∧ q)

HRC General Mathematics, Grade 11, Second Quarter Page 3 of 4

 Holy Rosary College of Santa Rosa Laguna, Inc.
Tagapo, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

LEARNING MODULE
School Year 2020-2021

Solution:
a. Robin can swim or Tom plays the guitar.
b. Robin can swim and tom cannot play the guitar.
c. it is not the case that Robin can swim or Tom can play the guitar.
d. It is not the case that Robin can swim and tom can play the guitar.

3. Identify each proposition as a conjunction, disjunction, conditional,

biconditional, or negation.

a. Tony is absent or Raquel is absent, and it is examination day.

b. Either jay passed the test, or Lina passed the test and Jon Failed.
c. It is false that if I go on vacation, then I have received my 13th month pay.
d. If my brother pays the rental and I pay the electricity, then my father pays the
tuition fees.

Solution:
a. conjuction
b. disjunction
c. negation
d. conditional

Parentheses in symbolic statements are used to tell what type of statements are being
considered. If there are no parentheses, we follow the dominance of connectives. the list below
gives the connectives in their dominat order ( from strongest to the weakest)

1. Biconditional
2. Conditional
3. Disjunction, Conjunction
4. Negation

The conjunction and disjunction are of equal value.

For more examples see pp. 271-273 of your book.

Application

Answer Vocabulary and concepts, Practice and Application I to II page 275 of your book
General Mathematics. Write your answers on Class Notebook – Exercises. You may also attach a
picture of your work on the indicated page of Class Notebook.

HRC General Mathematics, Grade 11, Second Quarter Page 4 of 4