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API-510
PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTOR
PREPARATORY TRAINING PROGRAM
Final Exam (Close Book)

1. Prior to pressure testing an equipment, determination must be made whether

hydrostatic test can be conducted on such equipment by considering the:

1. Supporting structure & foundation design

2. Location of other equipment
3. Location of personnel property
4. Location of the gauge

2. What is the permissible percentage of ovality in a cylindrical shell?

1. 0.5
2. 1.5
3. 1.0
4. 2.0

3. What positions are used to qualify a welder for all position pipe welding?

1. Must use the fixed horizontal (2G) and the fixed vertical (5G).
2. Fixed vertical (5G) and the multiple position (6G).
3. Fixed horizontal (2G) and the multiple position (6G).
4. Fixed horizontal (2G) and the fixed vertical (5G) or the multiple position
(6G).

4. A welding procedure is a detailed plan developed by whom to ensure sound

welds.

1. API-510 Inspector
2. Welder
3. Quality Control Manager
4. Fabricator

5. The primary cause of deterioration in pressure vessels is:

1. Corrosion
2. Operating conditions
3. Improper installation
4. Water damage
 (API-Final-CL)- 2/20

6. High pressure may develop in a vessel as a result of:

1. Rapid venting of a vessel’s pressure source

2. Lowering heat below normal operating conditions
3. Thermal contraction of trapped fluids .
4. locking off against a pressure source

7. Qualifications requirements for personnel performing magnetic particle

examination or repair welds are found in:

1. ASNT-TC-1A
2. Sect V
3. Sect VIII
4. APl-510

8. When performing ultrasonic examination for wall thickness measurement,

calibration is performed on :

1. three measurements
2. at least two measurements
3. two or three measurements
4. two measurements where the thickness covers the range to be
measured

9. . Design an overlay patch that has rounded corners. . The inspection of a

vessel to determine if a hydrogen blister is present is often best performed by;
 
1. Researching the inspection records.
2. Shining a flash light parallel to the vessel’s surface
3. Determine the vessels material to see if hydrogen attack is likely.
4. . Recommending metallurgical tests for blisters in a laboratory.

10. Vessels containing acidic corrodents are subject to hydrogen blistering,

where is this normally found inside the vessel?

1. Below and above liquid level

2. Around manways
3. In longitudinal welds
4. Inlet nozzles
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11. An individual using the automatic SAW process may be qualified by

radiography on production weld. How much of the weld must be
radiographed?

1. 6" '
2. 12"
3. 3"
4. 3’

12. Longitudinal joints that are not staggered at a distance of at least 5 times the
thickness of the shell:

1. Must be radiographed 4" in length on each side

2. Is not permitted by code
3. May be acceptable provided calculations are being performed
4. Must be radiographed 6" in length on each side

13. Replica transfer techniques are used to :

1. Another name for a portable hardness tester

2. Part of the Brinnell Test
3. Detect metallurgical changes in place
4. A sub part of an Eddy Current test

14. Who is responsible for the preparation of design calculations to show

compliance for the Code rules for construction of vessels to be stamped
with the (U) stamp?

1. The Manufacturer
2. Authorized Pressure Vessel Inspector
3. An Engineer
4. ASME code committee

15. Who is required to verify the application of the Code Symbol Stamp to a Code
vessel?

1. The Manufacturer
2. Authorized Inspector
3. An Engineer
4. ASME code committee
 (API-Final-CL)- 4/20

16. Which item below is not an organization permitted by the code to make
repairs to pressure vessels?

1. The holder of a valid ASME Certificate of Authorization that authorizes

the use of an appropriate ASME Code symbol.
2. An owner or user of pressure vessels who repairs his own equipment
in accordance with this inspection code.
3. A contractor whose qualifications are not acceptable to the owner or
user and who makes repairs in accordance with any nationally
recognized code.
4. An individual or organization that is authorized by the legal jurisdiction.

17. Which item below is not a requirement that must be met before a pressure
vessel can be re-rated by changing the temperature or the maximum allowable
working pressure.

1. Calculations from a manufacturer or owner-user engineer with

pressure vessel experience and knowledge to justify re-rating.
2. Re-rating is in accordance with the requirements of the construction
code, or by formula from the latest edition of the ASME Code.
3. Re-rating is acceptable to the Inspector.
4. Re-rating is acceptable to the ASME Quality Control Committee

18. The first step in an internal inspection is to:

1. Inspect all ladders, stairs and walkways

2. Obtain a confined space permit .
3. Review the previous inspection report
4. Review the as built records

19. An example of a non-typical pressure relieving device is:

1. Safety valve
2. Relief valve
3. Control valve
4. Pilot-Operated valve

20. What may a pressure vessel manufacture do to transfer the required

markings on plate material?

1. Keep a record of such markings

2. Have a shop foreman remember which plates have been cut
3. The Authorized Inspector must stamp cut plates
4. The data report must state that unmarked plate was used
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21. Under what conditions may surface defects in material be repaired by the
manufacturer?

1. By prior approval of the Authorized Inspector

2. Obtaining after completion approval of the Authorized inspector
3. By a certified NDT lab
4. Approval of an engineer

22. What is the permitted under tolerance for plate material in Section VIII
provided the material specification permits plate to be furnished to an
under tolerance?

1. 0.01” or 6% of plate thickness whichever is less

2. 0.01" or 4% of plate thickness whichever is less
3. 0.001" or 6% of plate thickness whichever is less
4. 0.02" or 6% of plate thickness whichever is less

23. What part of Section VIII applies specifically to low alloy and carbon
steel fabrication of vessels?

1. Part UCL
2. Part ULC
3. Part UCS
4. Part UHA

24. What is the maximum carbon content of carbon and low alloy steels to be
used in welded construction or to be shaped by thermal cutting process?
1. 3.5%
2. 0.15%
3. 0.30%
4. 0.35%

25. Which material product form always requires a Material Test Repc-. 7

1. Bar
2. Pipe
3. Plate
4. Structural shapes

26. Which welding process may not be used for qualifying a welder by
radiography?

1. GMAW short circuit transfer

2. SAW
3. GTAW
4. SWAW
 (API-Final-CL)- 6/20

27. Erosion on an internal inspection would usually appear

1. smooth
2. bright
3. confined to a local area .
4. all of the above:

28. An SMAW WPS specifies an amperage range of 50-300 amps for E7018
electrodes. The welder wants to use 400 amps to weld a groove weld.
What must be done as a minimum?

1. Re-qualify the procedure

2. Revise the WPS.
3. Make a new coupon with a new PQR
4. Revise the old PQR

29. A welder was qualified with a P-l test coupon using SMAW E7018
electrodes. What below would not be permitted for this welder for this
qualification?

1. P5 or P-8
2. P1 to P1
3. P25 to P8
4. P8 to P8

30. For Typical process services, the maximum interval between pressure relieving
device inspections is;

1. 5 years
2. 10 years
3. As per vendor recommendations
4. dependent of service

31 Which welding below would not be permitted for a welder who is qualified
using a double-groove weld?

1. A lap weld
2. A fillet weld
3. A single V-groove weld with backing
4. A single V-groove weld without backing
 (API-Final-CL)- 7/20

32. Who is responsible for the quality of welding and welding qualifications in a
repair of pressure vessels?

1. The certifying Lab

2. The repair organization
3. The Authorized Inspector.
4. The welder

33. What other welding technique may be used in lieu of Post Weld Heat
Treatment for P-1 and P-3 materials?

1. None
2. SAW never needs PWHT
3. Twin arc welding
4. Temper bead welding.

34. Which below is unacceptable for identifying welder identification

performed in production?

1. Welder ID Stamping every 3'

2. Welder ID Stamping every 4'
3. Welder ID Stamping every 2'
4. A record of welded joints and the welders making the joints

35. Section VIII. Division 1 magnetic particle nondestructive examination

personnel shall be qualified in accordance with

1. Section VIII, Division 1 (Appendix) standards

2. Section IX
3. SNT-TC-IA-1980
4. ASME Code Section V

36. Pressure vessels shall be inspected at time of installation. This includes

external and internal inspection, except when:

1. The original data report is available and it satisfies the intended use of
the vessel. internal inspection is not required.
2. The nameplate is verified and as the necessary information
required.
3. The original data report has seen reviewed and is satisfactory to the
Inspector,
4. The vessel will be inspected at a frequency established by owner.
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37. When rerating a pressure vessel, one of the steps of the rerating is the
documentation of the;
 
1. Calculations from the manufacturer or the owner-user’s engineer.
2. Approval of the operation’s engineering department.
3. Report from a professional engineer.
4. Approval of the ASME.

38. What item below is not part of a pressure relieving device inspection?

1. Determine physical condition.

2. Determine operating condition.
3. That performance meets requirements.
4. That the vendor is on the approved list.

39. _____is a device used to determine the image quality of a radiograph.

1. A step wedge comparison film,

2. A densitometer.
3. An IQI
4. All of the above.

40. Under ASME Code Section V. what are the upper and lower densities
acceptable for viewing if the density through the body of the IQI is 2.7?
Assume single film viewing.

1. 2.295 to 3.510
2. 1.890 to 3.105
3. 1.8 to 4.0
4. 1.3 to 4.0

41 Repair work shall be authorized by the inspector:

1. Prior to commencement of work.

2. Prior to completion of repair plans being drawn.
3. After the work is completed.
4. After the successful hydrostatic test.
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42. Stress corrosion cracking is:

1. Spontaneous failure under the combined effects of corrosion and

tensile stress.
2. Long-term failure under the combined effects of corrosion and tensile
stress.
3. Spontaneous failure under the combined effects of corrosion and
compressive stress.
4. Spontaneous failure under the effect of corrosion or tensile stress.

43. On a pressure vessel of welded steel construction, the hydrostatic test

pressure must not be less than -----times the maximum allowable working
pressure.

1. 1.1
2. 1.25
3. 2.0
4. 1.3

44. When conducting a pressure test as part of a periodic inspection. What shall
be temperature as during the test for a 1" thick vessel ?

1. 10F above MDMT to 120 F

2. 30F above MDMT to 135
3. 30F above MDMT to 120
4. MDMT - not to exceed yield point

45. How does the API-510 define Alteration

1. A physical change in any component or a rerating that has design

implications that affect the pressure containing capability of a pressure
vessel beyond the scope of the items described in the existing data
report.
2. The work necessary to restore a vessel to a condition suitable for safe
operation.
3. Can be the addition or replacement of pressure and nonpressure parts
that do not change the rating of the vessel.
4. A physical change in any component or a rerating that has design
implications that may affect the pressure containing capability of a
pressure vessel within the scope of the items described in the existing
data report.
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46. Which item below would not permit exempting a vessel with a known
corrosion rate less than 0.005 inch per year from an internal inspection.

1. It remains in same service.

2. External inspections are periodically made per code.
3. Contents are subject to inadvertent contamination by corrosives.
4. No questionable conditions are disclosed by external inspections.

47.0 For alterations or repairs initially post weld heat treated as a code requirement,
what postweld treatment alternative may not be used?
1 Preheat to not less than 3000 F
2 Temper bead technique
3 Duplication of the original heat treatment
4 Preheat to not less than 8850F
48 Rerating of a pressure vessel is considered complete when ;

1. The first production use brings the vessel up to pressure and

temperature limits.
2. The original manufacturer has reviewed the calculations
3. Only after the local jurisdiction has made its inspection.
4. The inspector oversees the attachment of an additional name plate or
additional required stamping.

49The owner of a pressure vessel requires a head of the vessel to be changed with
same head design due to corrosion. This will be classified as:

1. Either a repair or alteration

2. An alteration
3. A repair
4. Neither a repair or alteration
50 PH is a relative measure of the acidity or alkalinity of materials. The
definition of pH is;

1. All pH values below 7 indicate alkalinity increasing with

decreasing numbers, 7 is neutral and values above 7 indicate
increasing acidity with increasing numbers up to 14.
2. All pH values below 7 indicate caustics increasing with decreasing
numbers. 7 is neutral and values above 7 indicate increasing acidity
with increasing numbers up to 14.
3. All pH values below 7 indicate increasing acidity with decreasing
numbers. 7 is neutral and values above 7 indicate increasing alkalinity
with increasing numbers up to 14.
4. All pH values below 7 indicate increasing alkalinity with increasing
numbers, 7 is neutral and values above 7 indicate increasing acidity
with increasing numbers up to 14.
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51. Are nondestructive procedures allowed in lieu of hydrostatic testing, if so what

must be done?
 
1. Engineer experienced in pressure vessel design and the API inspector must
be consulted.
2. The API inspector and NBIC inspector must be consulted.
3. The API inspector must be consulted.
4. An experienced engineer must be consulted.
 
52. A new vessel has been installed, what must be done in order accept the vessel
for operation?
 
1. A first internal inspection.
2. A first internal inspection, however if a manufactures’ data report (U1)
assuring that the vessel is satisfactory for its intended service is available the
first internal may be waived.
3. Base line thickness readings must be taken per OSHA 1920 (j).
4. Base line thickness reading must be taken per OSHA 1910(j).
 
53. A vessel is in a service that subjects it to acidic fluids, what is a major concern
for this type of service?
 
1. Graphitic induced corrosion.
2. Caustic blistering
3. Caustic embrittlement and cracking.
4. Accelerated corrosion, Hydrogen blistering, and Hydrogen induced cracking
 
 
54. Ordinarily non-metallic coatings and linings can be most effectively inspected by
what technique?
 
1. Law holiday tester
2. Radiography
3. Hammer testing
4. Using a high voltage low current brush type electrode device. (Spark Tester)
 
55. A relief valve has been shipped lying down on its side; this is a problem
because;
 
1. Relief valves are often heavy and are sometimes difficult to upright.
2. Flange faces may be damaged during shipment.
3. Springs in the valve may shift and distort and as a result not exert the same
force on stems and seats.
4. Springs may slip out and be lost during shipment.
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56. A major concern(s) when inspecting a nozzle flange face is /are;

 
1. Brand name of the flange.
2. Brand name of the gaskets used in the flange.
3. Surface corrosion in the bolt circle.
4. Distortion of the flange and the condition of the gasket seating surfaces.
 
57. If there are leaks in a vessel’s insulation system or protective coatings,
corrosion can occur. At below what temperature is this corrosion most likely to be a
problem?
 
1. 250 oF
2. 212 oF
3. 350 oF
4. 275 oF
 
58. Which of the following are the materials could be expected to produce reliable
magnetic particle examination results?
 
1. Monels.
2. Cupro-Nickels.
3. Austenitic Stainless Steels.
4. Common Carbon Steels.
 
59. Titanium alloys are subject to loss of ductility in certain environments, what is
this condition called?
 
1. High temperature embrittlement.
2. Low temperature embrittlement.
3. Hi-alloy effect.
4. Hydriding.
 
60. Which of the following normally determines the frequency of shop
inspection/overhaul of a relief device?
 
1. Normal Basis.
2. Manufacturer’s Basis.
3. Other Basis.
4. Inspector’s basis and analysis.
 
61. Which of the following describes a crack in metal?
 
1. Cracks run parallel to the surface.
2. Cracks run at right angles to the surface.
3. Cracks are usually wide at one end and narrow at the other.
4. Cracks run at obtuse angles to the surface.
 
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62. Which of the following describes a lamination in metal plate?

 
1. Laminations usually represent large cavities.
2. Laminations are fish mouth type openings and are only found on the edges of
plate.
3. Laminations run at a slant to the plate surface.
4. Laminations run at an obtuse angle to the plate surface.

63. Above what temperature must hydrogen attack be considered a concern in an

operating carbon steel vessel?
 
1. above 650 oF
2. below 650 oF
3. below 450 oF
4. above 450 oF
 

64. When looking for surface cracks in a vessel made of ferrous material which of
the following is the most capable of detection?
 
1. Fluorescent Penetrant Method.
2. Radiography.
3. Fluorescent Magnetic Particle Method.
4. Close visual Inspection with good lighting.

 
65. One major area of concern when inspecting guy wires for a vessel is crevice
corrosion, where does this occur?
 
1. On the free end of the turn buckle.
2. In the threaded areas
3. On the guy wires.
4. Where the wires contact the ground.
 
66. You are inspecting a failure in a vessel wall, what conditions would you look for
if it was believed that the fracture was brittle?
 
1. There is almost a no lack of ductility.
2. The fractured surfaces has a smooth surface
3. The surface of the crack would have jagged edges.
4. There is an almost complete lack of ductility and the failure site will have a
faceted surface.

 
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67. If steel plate of a vessel has exceeded its yield point, upon the removal of
pressure and heat it will;
 1.        return to its original shape
2.        contain a permanent deformation
3.        split or rupture
4. be oblong

68. Of the types of stresses placed on a thin walled cylinder the most severe is;
 
1.        Circumferential
2.        Longitudinal
3.        Compressive
4.        Radial
 
69. The report for qualifying a welder is:
 
1. WPS
2. PQR
3. WPQ
4. WQR
 
70. Which of the following inspection techniques requires direct visual examination
of the test specimen?
 
1. Radiography testing
2. Ultrasonic testing
3. Magnetic particle
4. Eddy current
 
71. A welding procedure is a detailed plan developed by whom to ensure sound
welds.
 
1. API-510 Inspector
2. Welder
3. Quality Control Manager
4. Fabricator
 
72. The primary cause of deterioration in pressure vessels is:
 
1. Corrosion
2. Operating conditions
3. Improper installation
4. Water damage

 
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73. High pressure may develop in a vessel as a result of::

 
1. Rapid venting of a vessel’s pressure source
2. Lowering heat below normal operating conditions
3. Thermal contraction of trapped fluids
4. Blocking off against a pressure source  

74. Which of the following techniques is considered the primary means to determine
the minimum thickness of a vessel’s components?
 
1.        A boat sample remove from a thin area
2.        Measuring from a corroded area
3. Any suitable destructive method of examination
4. Ultrasonic thickness measurements.

75. The rules for impact testing of carbon steel in Section VIII vessel materials
require what kind(s) of impact test.
 
1. Brinell & Rockwell
2. Izod & Charpy V-notch
3. Charpy V-notch only is acceptable.
4. Brinell only is acceptable
 
76.. When a crack is discovered in a vessel that is in a highly stressed area. What
action should you recommend be considered as a first step in any effort to correct
the flaw?
 
1. use as is
2. Call in a pressure vessel engineer.
3. Using an insert patch.
4. Removing the crack using by grinding and inspect using an NDE procedure
before repair by welding.

77. What is the minimum length of weld metal to be radiographed for a Welder’s
Performance Qualification using an NPS 6 inch pipe coupon made of P No 5
materials utilizing the SMAW process?
 
1. Six inches of weld metal
2. The entire circumference of the pipe coupon
3. Stops and starts only
4. None, not allowed by Section IX
 
78. The API authorized pressure vessel inspector may give prior authorization for
repairs that do not involve; 
1. Pressure tests
2. Radiography
3. Pneumatic testing
4. Final visual inspections
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79. The two types of impact tests required by Section VIII Div. 1 are;
 
1. Izod and Drop Weight
2. Brinell and Rockwell
3. Charpy and Drop Weight
4. Weld metal and Base metal
 
80. In Section VIII Div. 1 acceptance of a radiograph is based on;
 
1. the speed of the film used.
2. the geometric unsharpness of the image.
3. the absence of backscatter.
4. the ability to see the essential hole or wire, if a wire type IQI is used.

81. A spot radiograph of a butt weld in a 1 inch thick shell of a vessel marked RT-3
was found to have a rounded indication, the dimension of such an
indication according to Section VIII Div. 1 is;
 
1. 1/32 of an inch.
2. 1/3 of an inch.
3. 2/3 of an inch
4. None, rounded indications are not a consideration with spot radiography.
 
82. Section VIII Div. 1, is very specific about the number of spot radiographs
required when applying it for quality control, the basic premise is to;
 
1. insure that all welds are made perfectly.
2. make sure someone is held responsible for any poor welding.
3. apply the radiographs immediately after welding in order to take corrective
steps if needed.
4. fire as many welders as possible.
 
83. A P No. 1 material that is plate has been rolled into a cylinder and butt welded.
The cylinder is exactly 1-1/4” thick, and it is used in the repair of a pressure
boundary on a U stamped vessel, the following is a true statement.
 
1. It must receive full radiography.
2. It may be not spot radiographed.
3. It may not be fully radiography.
4. It may receive either spot, full, or no radiography depending on
original U1 form.
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84. Charpy impact tests are intended to prove that a material is;
 
1. tough at the desired MDMT of the vessel to be constructed using that
material.
2. some what prone to brittle fracture.
3. acceptable for use in high temperature service.
4. not required to be heat treated.
 
85. According to Section IX, all welders must be re-tested for a process;
 
1. if they have not been tested before.
2. if they have not used a process in the past 9 months or longer.
3. if they have not used a process for the past 12 months or longer and have not
been welding with other processes.
4. if the welder’s ability to make sounds welds with process is in doubt.
 
86. The testing apparatus used, and the techniques for performing Charpy impact
tests are found in;
 
1. Section VIII Div. 1 Paragraph UG-84
2. SA-270
3. SA-370
4. Section IX paragraph 401.32
 
87. An above the ground vessel is required to receive an external inspection;
 
1. Every 4 years.
2. At the half corrosion-rate life.
3. Every 10 years.
4. Every five years or at the same interval as the internal inspection whichever is
less.

88. Before starting the inspection of a pressure vessel, especially one in severe
service, the inspector should determine;
 
1. The pressure and temperature conditions under which the vessel has been
operated since the first inspection.
2. The pressure and temperature conditions under which the vessel has been
operated during the period since the last two inspections.
3. The pressure and temperature conditions under which the vessel has been
operated since the current inspection.
4. The pressure and temperature conditions under which the vessel has been
operated since the last inspection.
 (API-Final-CL)- 18/20

89. The inability to draw the products of fractionation or distillation from certain trays
may
 
1.        indicate fouling or loss of tray parts in a process tower.
2.        indicate that instrumentation is giving false readings.
3.        prove that the piping diameter is too small.
4.        indicate that the trays have lost all bubble caps or tray valves, or possibly
the tray has collapsed.
 
90. Prior to witnessing a pneumatic test of a pressure vessel, which has been
repaired by welding, the inspector should;
 
1. Determine if the vessel has had all relief devices removed.
2. Observe that the digital pressure gage to be used for the test is of the proper
range.
3. Check that the personnel conducting the test have been properly trained to
perform hazardous tests.
4. Make sure that the analog pressure gage is of the proper range for the test
pressure.
 
91. Widely scattered pits may be ignored as long as the following are true:
 
a. No pit depth is greater than one half the vessel’s wall thickness exclusive of the
corrosion allowance.
b. The total area of the pits does not exceed 7 square inches (45 square
centimeters) within any 8-inch (20-centimeter) diameter circle.
c. The sum of their dimensions along any straight line within the circle does not
exceed 2 inches (5 centimeters).
d.?
 
What is the missing item in d above is?
 
1. The pit depths must be measured from the side the pit is located on.
2. The 8 inch diameter is to be measured from the center of the deepest pit.
3. There are no missing item there are only 3 items listed for this rule.
4. The total area of the pits cannot exceed 3.5 square inches in a 4-inch
diameter circle.
 (API-Final-CL)- 19/20

 
92. The surface remote from a welded joint is determined as follows;
 
1. 1 inch on either side of the toe of weld or twice the minimum thickness which
ever is greater.
2. 1 inch on either side of the weld or twice the minimum thickness which ever is
less.
3. For vessels with inside diameters less than 60 inches 20 inches or ½ the
vessel diameter.
4. 2 inches on either side of the weld.

93. Before any repair to a pressure vessel in accordance with its code of
construction, what if any additional requirements for inspection may need to be
considered?
 
1. Jurisdictional requirements that might override the API 510 Code.
2. Who is doing the repair?
3. The quality of the repair materials.
4. The need for qualified welding procedures.
 
94. Some jurisdictions require that welded repairs to a pressure vessel be
documented by the completion and filing of;
 
1. A detailed report of the location and extent of repairs.
2. A qualifications record of all repair personnel.
3. A permit issued by the jurisdiction.
4. The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors Form “R-1”.
 
95. While inspecting an operating vessel you observe that cracks are present in the
connecting welds for a gauge glass, you also notice vibrations are occurring in the
assembly. Before you recommend corrective actions you should;
 
1. Re-evaluate the materials used in the fabrication of the gauge glass.
2. Write a report of the location with a recommendation for the type of repairs
needed.
3. Research the inspection records for previous failures of this type.
4. Check with a pressure vessel engineer to see if the cracks are caused by
fatigue failure.
 
96. Carbon dioxide considered corrosive when?

1. When combined with glycol.

2. When combined with water and high temperatures
3. When combined with ethylene.
4. When combined with water
 
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97. The two types of graphitization are;

 
1. Localized and random graphitization.
2. Ferritic and martensite graphitization.
3. Austenitic and martensitic graphitization.
4. Circular or globular graphitization.

98. The main reason(s) for inspecting heat exchanger bundles after removal and
prior to cleaning is/are;
 
1. Location of scale on tubes can reveal non-operational problems.
2. Deposits on the tubes can reveal acid contamination problems.
3. Color of the tube ends can reveal de-zincification.
4. Color of deposits and scale can reveal corrosion problems.

99. Hydrogen chloride becomes a problem when;

 
1. Exposed to air, it will thermally react and result in a fire.
2. Exposed to water, it forms hydrochloric acid.
3. Exposed to water, it becomes unstable and can form an explosive compound.
4. Exposed to water and air it produces formic acid.
 
100. Which one of the following types of coating failures may not easily detected?
 
1. Film lifting.
2. Rust.
3. Blisters.
4. Film dispersions.