BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

Chapter 1
Introduction to Highway
Technology

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FUNCTION OF
THE ROAD????

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 Principles of highway technology
i. Drainage is needed to drain water away from the pavement.
ii. The material must be evaluated and selected properly so that they
can withstand the effects of the traffic and the environment.
iii. The mix must be designed properly such that it can withstand traffic
and environments factors.
iv. The structure should be designed properly such that it has
adequate thickness to resist excessive deformation under traffic and
under different environmental condition.
v. The pavement must be constructed properly such that it has
desirable qualities.
vi. The pavement must be maintained/managed properly through
periodic work, regular testing, and timely rehabilitation.
vii. Generation of knowledge through research is critical for ensuring
good pavement in the future.

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HISTORY OF ROADS

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Jalan Tanah

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 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

HISTORY OF ROADS

ROMAN ROAD SURFACE TYPICAL ROMAN ROAD STRUCTURE

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BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

HISTORY OF ROADS

TELFORD ROAD (after Collins & Hart, 1936)

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BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

HISTORY OF ROADS

MACADAM ROAD (after Collins & Hart, 1936)

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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

HISTORY OF ROADS

TAR MACADAM PAVEMENTS

• Built using the basic Macadam pavement but the surface material was bound using tar.
• The tar (coal tar) was a residue from coal gas lighting.
• The first tar macadam road was build in Lincold Road in 1848.
• “Tarmac” was also introduced in the early 1900s using blast furnace slag coated with tar,
pitch, portland cement and a resin.

SHEET ASPHALT PAVEMENTS

• Introduced in the mid-1800s, it consisted of sheet asphalt placed on a concrete base which
had a thickness of between 4 inches (for light traffic) and 6 inches (for heavy traffic).
• Traffic load, concrete strength and soil support were the parameters used to determine the
final concrete layer thickness.

BITHULITIC PAVEMENTS
• One of the earliest Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements in history.
• Introduced by Frederick J. Warren when he issued patents for a hot mix asphalt paving
material and process which he called ‘bitulithic’.
• A typical bithulitic mix contained 6% bituminous cement and graded aggregates
proportioned for low air voids. 9
 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

TAR ASPHALT
- Call as “coal tar” - Petroleum residue
- Product of left over from the
destructive distillation of crude
distillation of coal to oil
form coke - More elastic
- More brittle & less
elastic than asphalt
- Not dissolve as
easily
- generally limited to
sealant use.

The first recorded use of asphalt by humans was by

the Sumerians around 3,000 years.

Around 1500 A.D., the Incas of Peru were using a

composition similar to modern bituminous
macadam to pave parts of their highway system.
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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

ROAD CROSS-SECTIONAL ELEMENTS

RIGHT-OF-WAY (ROW)

Shoulder
Clear zone Travel lanes Median
Verge

Embankment

Ditch
Divided Rural Highway 11
BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

ROAD CROSS-SECTIONAL ELEMENTS

C
D

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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

ROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIA

Standard Description
R6 / U6 - highest geometric design standard
- serves long trips with high speeds, comfort and safety
- with divided carriageway
- full access control
- e.g. rural and urban expressways
R5 / U5 - high geometric design standard
- serves long to intermediate trips with high to medium speeds
- partial access control
- e.g. highways, primary roads and arterials
R4 / U4 - medium geometric standard
- serves intermediate trip lengths with medium speeds
- partial access control
- e.g. primary roads, secondary roads, minor arterials and
major collectors

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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

ROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIA

R3 / U3 - low geometric standard

- serves mainly local traffic
- partial or no access control
- e.g. secondary roads, collectors and major local streets
R2/ U2 - lowest geometric standard for two-way flow
- applied only to local traffic with low volumes of vehicles of
commercial traffic
- e.g. minor roads and local streets
R1 / U1 - very low geometric standard
- applied to very low traffic where the chances of two-way flow
is low
R1a applied to local access to restricted areas such as access to
microwave stations and security areas
U1a applied to local access to low cost housing areas

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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

ROAD CLASSIFICATION IN MALAYSIA

CATEGORIES
OF
ROADS

RURAL ROADS URBAN ROADS

Expressway Expressway
Highway Arterial
Primary Road Collector
Secondary Road Local Street
Minor Road

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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

Schematic illustration of an urban road network

URBAN STREETS
Expressway
Arterial
Collector
Local Street

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ROAD ADMINISTRATION
IN MALAYSIA

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- link cities/towns/new Tolled Highways
developments in order to
increase mobility and reduce
congestion on federal
highways
- for through traffic with full
access control
- involve grade-separated
intersection
- each carriageway consists of
two to three traveling lanes
and an emergency
lane
- provide facilities such as rest
and relax areas, shelters for
motorcyclists,
emergency phone service,
etc.
- e.g. PLUS, NKVE, ELITE,
SPRINT, KESAS
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 Federal Road
- roads that are gazetted
under the Federal Road
Ordinance
- roads linking state capitals,
airports, railway stations
and ports
- also includes roads within
FELDA land schemes and
those in other regional land
schemes constructed with
federal funds
- maintenance of these roads
is the responsibility of the
federal government
- maintenance is carried out
through the state JKR and
funded by the federal
government

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 State Road (Local Authority Roads)

- all roads within the limits of the local authority (city hall, municipal or town council)
- the local authority is responsible for the maintenance of such roads
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Jalan Kampung (Village / District Office Roads)

- all roads directly under the jurisdiction of the district office

- usually unpaved roads with no right of way
- the district office is responsible for the maintenance of these roads
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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

Summary of the Functions of Government Agencies in Road and transport

Administration
Function Department / Agency Involved
Planning, financing and control of road Economic Planning Unit
construction Highway Planning Unit

Design, construction and maintenance Public Works Department

of roads and highways Malaysian Highway Authority

Road licensing Road Transport Department

Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board

Control and enforcement State Police

Road Transport Department

Road Safety Road Safety Council

Preservation of the environment Department of Environment

Town and country planning Department of Town and Country Planning

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Providing urban traffic facilities Local Authorities
 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF

ROADS IN MALAYSIA

Economic Planning Unit (EPU) Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPE)

- forming and planning policies for all aspects of socioeconomic developments
for the country
- the Infrastructure and Utilities Section plays a role in
 the planning, formation and evaluation of transportation policies and
programs
 identifying, analyzing, evaluating and coordinating all road developments
plans

Highway Planning Unit (HPU) Unit Perancang Jalan (UPJ)

- conducts traffic engineering studies such as traffic volume, origin-destination,
traffic growth rate, vehicle speed, accident-prone areas, etc.
- among the function of the HPU are :
- data collection of travel characteristics and traffic operations
- incorporating highway planning and land use planning
- establishing the needs of the highway sector for long-term/short-term
programs
- studying the feasibilities of highway projects
- studying the causes of accidents, identifying areas prone to accidents and23
coming up with steps to reduce/prevent accidents
 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM)

LLM is responsible in
- the supervision and execution of highway design, construction and
maintenance
- the supervision and execution of the design, construction and
maintenance of rest and relax areas and other facilities
- toll collection from highway users
- planning and research of effective usage of highways and its facilities
- taking steps to further develop existing highways and its facilities

Public Works Department (PWD) Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR)

- responsible for development projects, especially in the construction of public
buildings, federal roads, state roads and bridges
- involved in planning, construction and maintenance
- the Road Branch (Cawangan Jalan) is responsible for planning and
preserving the conditions of roads for the safety and comfort of the road users
- the Road Branch is also involved in pavement rehabilitation, road widening,
and the strengthening and repair of pavements, pavement drainage systems
and road furniture
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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

Road Transport Department (RTD) Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)

Objectives :
- improve road safety by monitoring motorized vehicles and drivers
- collection of road taxes

Functions :
- enforce the Road Transport Act 1987
- update the tax collection system
- assist in reducing road accidents
- assist the government in their effort reduce the effects of transport on the
environment

Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (CVLP)

Lembaga Perlesenan Kenderaan Perdagangan (LPKP)

- responsible for issuing and controlling of license permits of commercial vehicles

and public transport such as taxis, buses and rented cars
- the function of this board is limited to the consideration of applications for
licenses and the imposing restrictions after applications are approved
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 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

State Police Polis Negeri

- the Traffic Branch is responsible for ensuring safety and discipline of drivers
on the road, and law enforcement against traffic offenders
- the role of the State Police include
- ensuring smooth traffic by patrolling the roads and easing traffic congestion
manually if the need arises
- issuing summons to traffic offenders and collecting compounds from them
- recording, analyzing and investigating road accidents
- controlling traffic during large-scale functions

Department of Town and Country Planning

Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (JPBD)
- arrange and control developments in accordance with the Town and Country
Planning Act 1976
- in the transportation sector, JPBD is in charge of carrying out planning of
transportation systems within a town
- the State JPBD assists the State government and Town Councils in the
planning of land use and the control of development in accordance with state
and national policies
- the State JPBD also prepares structure plans and local plans covering all
aspects related with planning, which includes transportation 26
 BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

Local Authorities Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT)

- District Council, Town Council, Municipality Council, and City Hall
- plan and develop areas within its administration
- the PBT is responsible for
- infrastructure allocation and road planning
- managing and controlling traffic congestion
- creating adequate parking space and managing parking fee collection
- street landscaping
- providing public transportation services which are prompt, affordable and
effective
- constructing and maintaining roads

Department of Environment (DOE) Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS)

- controls and monitors environmental pollution
- preserve and conserve the environment
- in the context of road transport, the DOE plays its role in
- enforcing the Motorized Vehicle Regulations 1977 through the Environment
Quality Act 1974
- controlling and monitoring of exhaust and noise emission of vehicles
- studying and analyzing the impacts of transportation on the environment
- producing Environmental Impact Assessment reports for new projects and
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developments
BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGMENT
Lecturer: Mdm. Noor Khazanah A Rahman

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