`HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD

ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION LESSON 1-2

PRIMARY MODE OF TRANSPORTATION
BY LAND
- Rail Transportation
- Road Transportation
Traffic Engineering
- Highway Engineering
- Railroad Engineering
BY AIR
- Aviation
BY WATER
- Maritime Transport
ROAD HIERARCHY
HIGHWAY TYPES / CLASSIFICATION
Functional classification groups highways by the
character of service they provide and is primarily based
on motor vehicle travel characteristics and the degree
of access to adjacent properties.
HIGHWAY TYPES
- From the standpoint of engineering design and
construction at least 2-traffic lanes should be
considered in any proposed highway regardless
of how low the traffic volume may be.
2-LANE HIGHWAYS
- Constitute most of the total length of highways,
varying from gravel or other loose surface
roads to high type pavement.
- It desirable to construct all 2-lane highways
with 3.35m lanes with usable shoulders 3m
wide.

4-LANE UNDIVIDED HIGHWAYS

- Narrowest highway on which each traffic lane

TYPES OF TOPOGRAPHY
- Flat Topography
- Rolling Topography
- Mountainous Topography
DESIGN DATA
• Field Survey Information
• Field Investigations
• Soil Investigations
• Existing Pavement Evaluation
• Drainage Recommendation
is intended to be used by traffics in one
direction and passing is accomplished on lanes
not subject to use by opposing traffic.
DIVIDED HIGHWAYS
- It is one with separated roadways for traffic in
opposite direction. It ha at least two full lanes
for each direction of travel and a median of
1.20m or more in width constructed in a
manner to preclude its use by vehicles except
in emergencies.
CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAYS ACCORDING TO
SYSTEM
In the Philippines roads or highways are classifies as
national, provincial, city, municipal or barangay roads.

• Design Controls NATIONAL ROADS

• Requirements for Speedy Plan Preparation - Categorized as PUBLIC ROAD under Executive
Order No.113
- Classified as Primary and Secondary Roads.
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PROVINCIAL ROADS
- Roads connecting one municipality to another,
with the terminal to be the public plaza: plus,
roads extending from one municipality or from
a provincial or national roads to a public wharf
or railway station.
CITY ROADS
- Roads within the urban area of a city not
classified as provincial or national roads.
MUNICIPAL ROADS
- Roads within the población area of a municipal
not classified as provincial or national roads.
BARANGAY ROADS
- Roads located outside the población are of a
municipality or urban area of a city and those
outside industrial, commercial, or residential
subdivision, and which as a feeder from Farm-
to-market road, and are not otherwise
classified as national, provincial, city or
municipal roads.
TOURISM ROADS
- Roads which marketed as particularly suited for
tourist.
FARM TO MARKER ROAD
- Refers to roads linking the agriculture and
fisheries production sites, coastal landing
points and post-harvest facilities to the market
and arterial and highways.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PRIMARY
FUNCTION
EXPRESSWAY
- These are divided arterial highways for through
traffic, with full a partial control of access and
generally with grade separations at major
intersections.
PARKWAYS
- These are arterial highways for non-
commercial traffic with full or partial control of
access, usually located within a park or a
ribbon of park-like development.
DESIGN DATA
FIELD SURVEY INFORMATION
- Topography is a major factor in determining the
physical location, alignment, gradients, sight
distance, cross sections, and other design of a
highway.
HIGHWAY LOCATION
- It is concerned with gathering of pertinent data
for more effective highway planning, design,
construction, and operation.
RECONNAISSANCE
- It is carried out in order to plan the best
possible horizontal and vertical alignments.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
- The topography of the strip s flagged is
obtained and from which topographic map will
be used as the basic framework for projection
of the line in the office.
UTILITY SERVICE ROADS
Depending on the location of a project, the utilities
involved could include the following:
1. Sanitary sewers.
2. Water supply lines.
3. Oil, gas, and petroleum product pipelines.
4. Overhead and underground power and
communication lines including fiber optic
cables.
5. Cable television lines.
6. Wireless Communication towers.
7. Drainage and irrigation lines.
8. Special tunnels for building connections.
OFFICE PROJECTION
- The proposed highway line is projected on the
topographic map which is fitted as close as
possible into the terrain within the desired
standards.
FINAL LOCATION SURVEY
- It is done to transfer the office projection of the
best line to the actual site in the field.
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FIELD INVESTIGATIONS SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

PROPOSED SITES FOR STREAM CROSSINGS
The location of a highway when crossing a stream is
important for several reasons.
- Hydrologic and hydraulic considerations are
different when crossing near the confluence of
two streams as compared to a single stream,
- Higher backwaters may be better tolerated in
rural areas than in urban locations.
- Tidal areas present a list of entirely different
hydraulic considerations.
- Whether the structure is a bridge, or a culvert
can make a difference in the hydraulic study.
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
- It is a combination of circular curves, transition
curves, and tangents. Horizontal alignment
must provide safe and continuous operation at
a uniform design speed for substantial lengths
of highway.
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
- It consists if a series of gradients connected by
vertical curves.
The topography of the land has influence on alignment,
with the three terrain classifications commonly used
internationally being:
1. Level or flat
2. Rolling
3. Mountainous
- It includes investigation of the area below the
subgrade level. The required depth of
exploration along the alignment of road shall
be based on the knowledge of subsurface
conditions from geology, soil surveys and
previous explorations, and on the
configuration of the highway at any given
point.
SUBGRADED INVESTIGATION
- It involves detailed investigation of the soil
surface on which the pavement is constructed.
WIDENING OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS
- Sample of subgrade should be taken at a level
below that of the existing pavements, as any
pavement widening should have a design
depth of at least as thick as of the existing
pavement.
SAMPLING AND TESTING
- In-Situ
- Laboratory test
LESSON 3
SCOPE AND APPLICATION
These guidelines shall apply to the design of all types of
highways the Philippines.
GOVERNING LAWS, LOCAL ORDINANCES, RULES AND
REGULATIONS, CODES AND DEPARTMENT ORDERS

EXISTING UTILITY SERVICES

- Records obtained from utility service providers

should be verified in the field, and not simply
assumed to be correct.

SOIL INVESTIGATIONS
The Geotechnical Engineer should direct its
investigation towards verification of probable
Geohazards and obtaining design date for the
construction or improvement of the road, and to this
end analyze in detail soil types along the road in order
to decide the mot suitable investigation, method, and
equipment to be used. All investigations shall be
performed according to ASTM or AASHTO standards,
and soil shall be classified according to the AAHSTO
system.
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REFERANCE MATERIALS PHYSICAL ELEMENTS

- A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and - It includes highway capacity, access control and
Streets (2011) management, pedestrians, bicycle facilities,
- AASHTO Guide for Designs of Pavements safety and environmental.
Structures (1993)
ECONOMICAL FACTORS
- Roadway Lighting Design Guide
- Highway economics is concerned with the cost
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of proposed improvement and the benefits
resulting from it.

VEHICLES

- Passenger cars
- Buses
- Trucks
- Recreational Vehicles