Lab # 01:

Title:
Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-phase Power Transmission System Trainer.
(Lab-Volt)
Objective:
In this lab we will study & analysis about the characteristics of 3-Phase power
transmission system.

Theory:
The three-phase system is an economical way of bulk power transmission over long distances
and for distribution. The three-phase system consists of a three-phase voltage source connected
to a three-phase load by means of transformers and transmission lines. Two types of connections
are possible, namely delta (Δ) connection and star or wye (Y) connection. The load and the
source can be either in delta or star. The transmission line will be in delta connection. Normally
the power system is operated in balanced three-phase condition. Most of the bulk loads such as
industrial loads are three-phase balanced loads in nature. However, when there is a mix of single-
phase and three-phase loads such as residential loads, the load will be unbalanced. Nevertheless,
an unbalanced load can be resolved into a set of more than one balanced system. Hence, the
analysis of a balanced system at steady state will be enough to understand three-phase systems.
Three-phase electric power is a common method of electric power transmission. It is a type of
polyphase system mainly used to power motors and many other devices. A three-phase system
uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase, two-phase,
or direct-current systems at the same voltage.

In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same
frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one conductor
as the reference, the other two currents are delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one
cycle of the electrical current. This delay between "phases" has the effect of giving constant
power transfer over each cycle of the current, and also makes it possible to produce a rotating
magnetic field in an electric motor.
Advantages of three-phase systems over single-phase supplies include:
(i) For a given amount of power transmitted through a system, the three-phase system
requires conductors with a smaller cross-sectional area. This means a saving of
copper (or aluminium) and thus the original installation costs are less.
(ii) Two voltages are available
 (iii) Three-phase motors are very robust, relatively cheap, generally smaller, have self-
starting properties, provide a steadier output and require little maintenance compared
with single-phase motors.

Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-phase Power Transmission System Trainer. (Lab-

Volt) What is meant by electrical power
transmission?!
Transfer of
► Power
► Current
► Electrons
► Energy

Power, Where it came from?

Generation Stations
► Hydro power plants
► Combined cycle power plants
► Coal power plant
► Nuclear power plants
► Solar Plants

► Wind farms etc.

Need of Power Transmission:
Power transmission is the movement of energy
from its place of generation to a location where it
is applied to perform useful work. Since the
development of technology, transmission and
storage systems have been of immense interest to
technologists and technology users.
Energy producing units are
► Far located ► Have impact on health
► Located nearby to resources ► Nearby water
stream
Bridge between supply and load to meet
► Energy demands ► Keep factories on track ► Illuminated homes/streets ► Commercial life
etc.

Figure:1.1 Electrical Power Transmission Trainer

Modules of EPT Trainer:

Electrical Power Transmission Trainer consist of following modules;
Power Supply:
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. ... The
source power may come from the
electric power grid, such as
an electrical outlet, energy storage devices
such as batteries or fuel cells, generators
or alternators, solar power converters, or
another power supply as shown in figure
1.2.
Regulation Transformer:
Transformer voltage regulation is the
ratio or percentage value by which
a transformers output terminal voltage
varies either up or down as shown in
fig:1.2. Figure:1.2 Power
Supply & RT
Short Transmission Line Model:
A short transmission line is defined
as a transmission line with an
effective length less than 80 km (50
miles), or with a voltage less than 69
kV. Unlike medium transmission
lines and long transmission lines,
the line charging current is
negligible, and hence the shunt
capacitance can be ignored.
Figure:1.3 Short TL Model

Medium (Nominal T) Transmission Line Model:

In a nominal T model of
a medium transmission
line, the series
impedance is divided
into two equal parts,
while the shunt
admittance is
concentrated at the centre
of the line. The nominal
T model of a medium
transmission line is
shown in the figure:1.4. Figure:1.4 Medium (N-T) TL Model

Medium (Nominal Pi) Transmission Line Model:

In the nominal pi model of a medium transmission line, the series impedance of
the line is concentrated at the centre and half of each capacitance is placed at the centre of
the line. The nominal Pi model of the line is shown in the diagram below.

Figure:1.5 Medium(Nominal-Pi) TL Model

Load End Capacitance Model:

Figure:1.6 Load-End Capacitance Model

RLC Load Bank:

Figure:1.7 RLC Load Bank

Transformer (Step-up) & Transformer (Step-Down):

Figure:1.8 Transformer (Step-up) & Transformer (Step-Down)

Procedure:
 Connect Voltmeter with Power Supply to determine the input Voltage.
 Connect Power Meter in series with Power Supply to determine the input power to input
terminal of Power meter
 Now connect power meter with input terminal of Medium (Nominal-T) Transmission
Line (TL) Model through the output terminal of Power Supply.
 Connect ammeter in series with Medium (Nominal-T) TL Model to determine the Load
current.
 Connect Power meter with medium (Nominal-T) TL model through output terminal of
Medium (Nominal-T) TL model
 Connect voltmeter parallel to power meter to determine the output power
 Connect power meter negative terminal with load negative terminal and positive terminal
to positive terminal of load
 Now switch on the power supply and take reading
 Now switch off power supply and disconnect the circuit

Observation & Calculations:

Input Voltmeter Power meter Ammeter O/P Power meter O/P Voltmeter

Conclusion:
It is concluded that Electricity is generate for away from population and near to
the source and to run electrical appliances that energy is transmitted to load through
Transmission Line. It behave as inductance and resistance. Short transmission line is used for
length or distance of less than 80km. if distance is upto 80km and less than 240km then Medium
Nominal-T Transmission line (TL) is used, in this TL inductance and resistance is divided into
two part. Medium Nominal-Pi TL in this Capacitance is divided into two parts. If the distance is
greater then 240km then Load-End Capacitance model is used, its capacitance value is very high
due to its conductivity.

Comments:
 It is used to power large motors and other heavy loads. 
 A three-wire three-phase circuit is usually more economical than an equivalent two-wire
single-phase circuit at the same line to ground voltage because it uses less conductor
material to transmit a given amount of electrical power.
 A three-phase system uses less conductor material to transmit electric power.
 A three-phase circuit provides greater power density than a one-phase circuit at the same
amperage, keeping wiring size and costs lower.
 In addition, three-phase power makes it easier to balance loads, minimizing harmonic
currents and the need for large neutral wires.