 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣٧
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


?‫?א‬   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC TELEPHONE


 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?? ‫א‬K١٨٧٥
phone‫א‬??Tele-‫א‬WTelephone‫א‬
 ‫א‬?‫א‬??‫?א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬??
‫א‬Telephony‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K  

 Nature of soundW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KE F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Sound WaveW‫א‬‫א‬
KWave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KElastic waves‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KElasticityMass‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Transfer ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FInertia‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬momentum
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 KLongitudinal‫א‬‫א‬Transversal waves

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬





 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١F
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
w5w1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ks8s1‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬w1‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
  s1‫א‬‫א‬Ks1EF
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬w2‫א‬‫א‬
Kw1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ s2‫א‬ w2‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬Elastic medium E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 EdBdbFDecibelW‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Reference
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬


 SoundIntensity LevelW‫א‬
W‫א‬IIL‫א‬

I

IL = 10 log10
Io

 ‫א‬‫א‬ IL 
 10 −12 w.m −2 ‫א‬‫א‬ I o 

 Phone unitW‫א‬
 ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
THE VOICE AND AUDIOTRY SYSTEMS PROPERITIES

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬،Vocal cords‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Larynx‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Naso Pharynx‫א‬‫א‬،Oro pharynx‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬Nasal Cavity‫א‬‫א‬،Laryngeo Pharynx

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Mouth‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Pitch‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Articulation CurvesW‫א‬
E٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Articulation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Upper freq.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Understandability
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KLower freq.‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥٠٠ ٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥F

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Outer ear‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 Middle ear‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Inner ear‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Audiotry canal‫א‬‫א‬،Pinna‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Eardrum‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Hammer‫א‬J ١
 Anvil‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Stirrup‫א‬J ٣

Ligaments‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Oval window‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Eustachain tube‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Yawning‫א‬Swallowing‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

ELymphFELabyrinthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Round‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Oval‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Auditory nerve‫א‬

 Audibility threshold CurvesW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٤‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠‫א‬
 Kcut off‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬cut off‫א‬K٣٠‫א‬
١٥‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٤٠‫א‬‫א‬،٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬?‫א‬E١٢٠،٨٠،٦٠،٤٠،٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?Tickling Sensation
Threshold of ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?١٢٠‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K?feeling
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

K١٤٠‫א‬Pain‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KETTSF?Temporary Threshold Shift

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬KEPTSF?Permanent Threshold Shift‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPTSF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬٤٠٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٢٠
 


   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤٠٠٣٠٠


 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Voice frequency ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠ ٢٠band
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،٢٥٠٠‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬
 K٤٠٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥٠٠٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٧٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣٤٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣٤٠٠ ٣٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣


 E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 MICROPHONE AND LOUDSPEAKER
IN TELEPHONE SETS

 WCarbone microphone‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬


   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬Fspinning operation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣‫א‬K

 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١F
 ‫א‬ E٢F
  E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥F


 Electromagnetic Loudspeaker‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
permeability‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ polarize‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬saturation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KELenz’s LawF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F

‫א‬ Stalloy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Effect of Polarizing a ReceiverW‫א‬‫א‬


 KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

φ (+ )

‫א‬‫א‬

φ (− )
‫א‬‫א‬ 




 E١٤F

KE١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬






per. Mag.‫א‬
φ p − φ ac

φP 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
φ P + φ ac 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F









  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 KW‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
E
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Main Distribution Frame ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Distribution Box Unit (DBU)‫א‬ ‫א‬(MDF)
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Primary Telephone Network‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 Secondary Telephone Network ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬  ‫א‬Primary Telephone Network‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cabinets‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MDF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Manholes‫א‬J ١
 Hand Holes ‫א‬J ٢
 DuctsE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
Cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬Secondary Telephone Network‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Joint Box Unit (JBU)‫א‬ J ١
Distribution Box Unit (DBU)‫א‬ J ٢
Protector‫ א‬J ٣
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WMain Distribution Frame (MDF)‫א‬‫א‬J ١
Vertical ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬
‫א‬KHorizontal Blocks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Blocks
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KJumper Wires‫א‬










 MDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F


E‫א‬‫א‬F١٠٠MDF‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١٠٠١٨KE ‫א‬‫א‬F٢٠٠
٩، ١٨٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠٠‫א‬

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ١٨٠٠‫א‬MDF‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

 WCabinets ‫א‬J ٢
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬٨٠٠‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬
٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠٠١٨٠٠‫א‬
 K١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،


-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ١٨٠٠‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F


 WDBU‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬DBU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKK،٣٠،٢٠،١٠‫א‬
 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤F


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
J ١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،٢٤٠٠J ١٨٠٠J ١٥٠٠J ١٢٠٠J ١٠٠٠J ٩٠٠J ٦٠٠J ٤٠٠J ٣٠٠J ٢٠٠
J ٥٠J ٢٠W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠٠J ٢٠٠J ١٠٠
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
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


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 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
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
 WManhole‫א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KRECEIVERTRANSMITTER  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬
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

 

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
  

‫א‬E٧F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬J ٣
 J ٤
 J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

‫اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬ 
‫اﻟﻘﺸﺮة‬
JACKET 
CLADDING
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
‫اﻟﻠﺐ‬ 
CORE
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
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPU J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١



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









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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬




- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 W  
 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١





-١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Block Diagram of Telephone Exchange

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 Switching Unit‫א‬J ١
 Control unit ‫א‬J ٢
 Interface Unit‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 Main Distribution Frame‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 WE١F‫א‬



 E١F


-١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Switching Unit‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W


 E٢F

 Control Unit‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬class of service ‫א‬
 WE٣F‫א‬

 incoming signalsEKKKKKKKKF‫א‬‫א‬J 
signal processing unit‫א‬‫א‬J 
outgoing signals unitEKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
 clearing signal unit‫א‬J 

-١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E٣F

 Interface Unit‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Main Distribution Frame‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٤F

-١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 K
 E٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEmother board
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Kjumper‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫ א‬J ١
 E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 E٥F‫א‬‫א‬









 

 E٥F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬wake-up signal‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬
Kclass of service‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ F
KE٧F






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 E٧F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨F‫א‬



-١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬last digit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩F‫א‬‫א‬


 E٩F‫א‬

incoming ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ outgoing path‫א‬path
KE١٠F‫א‬

-٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

E١٠F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٧
E١١F‫א‬

E١١F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٨
‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
speech path‫א‬

time slot ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢F

 E١٢F‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hybrid circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 E١٣F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W

-٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 C  B,D A
 D  A,C  B
 A  D,B  C
B C,A D


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 K


-٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E١٥F‫א‬




 ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E١٦F‫א‬



-٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Subscriber Line Circuit (SLC)
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Outgoing Trunk Circuit (OTC)E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Tie Line Circuits‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬


Local Exchange W‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TIE‫א‬SLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

multiplexing‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 de-multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١٧F

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 OTC‫א‬SLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TIE‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E١٨F
 Transit Exchange‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١٩F

-٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬de-multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬
 .multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢٠F

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TIE‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 E٢١F




-٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

W J ٢
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬–MDF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  J 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  J 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ J 


 W
 –٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬–
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦






-٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬






-٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Manual Switch‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 Crossbars Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 rosspoints switching unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 KJ ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١




- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Switching‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬



 E١F


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬


- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٢F

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬"center"‫א‬

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E٤F
٠٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠E F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥F‫א‬‫א‬



 E٥F

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦F?‫א‬?‫א‬



 E٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
Cross-bar Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . Cross-point Switches‫א‬‫א‬

Cross-point Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cross-point Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Cross-point Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E٧F

step-by-step switches‫א‬ J ٢

 ‫א‬selectors‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٨F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 E١٠F

 Cross-bar Switches‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

K‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cross points Switches‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cross points Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cross points ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬١٠٠ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Single Stage Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬M‫א‬‫א‬N ‫א‬
 E١٢F‫א‬‫א‬MxN‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E١٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬N=M=100

Number of Cross- Points used = NxM Cross-Points
= 100 x 100 cp
= 10000 cp

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠10000 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬cross-points‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 Multi Stages Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
Two Stages Switching Unit‫א‬–١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٣FM=N=100 ,K=25  ‫א‬K K<NMxK




KxM
NxK 


 E١٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 N=M 100 , K=25
Number of cross points = number of cross points in inlet
+ number of cross points in outlet

= 100 x 25 + 100 x 25 cp
= 5000 cp
‫א‬ ٪٥٠٥٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥
 ‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 Vertical and horizontal Partitioning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٤F‫א‬

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E١٤F

α  N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 n- inlet , k-outlet
α  M  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m- inlet , k1-outlet
 ‫א‬
 N= 100 , M= 100
N= 20 , m= 20
K=5 , k1 =5
=(M/m)=5α =(N/n)=5 α
x mxk1 cpα x nxk +α number of cross-points =
x k (n+m) cpα =
= 5x5(20+20) cp
= 1000 cp

90% 1000 cp ‫א‬‫א‬

W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ٢
E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E١٥F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E١٦F‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬





 E١٦F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x k x m + k x kα x n x k + α Noof Cross-points =
x k( n+m) + k2α =
2
= 5x 5(20+20) + (25) cp
= 1625 cp

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬


 Fundamentals of PCM‫א‬‫א‬

 Sampling theoremW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WfS‫א‬fA‫א‬
 fA ≥ fS
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
٨٠٠٠fASampling frequency‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ٨٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،٣٤٠٠
 WETAZ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1
 TA = = = 125µs
f A 8000 Hz

low pass filter
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kelectronic switch
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٢٥‫א‬‫א‬،٨٠٠٠‫א‬
 KPAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 PAME١٧F

 Quantization‫א‬

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KQuantizationE‫א‬F‫א‬
 KQuantizing intervalsEPAM‫א‬‫א‬F

K١٦‫א‬KE١٨F‫א‬
‫א‬٨–١–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨H١H‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬decision values‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬

  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Quantizing distortion ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬uniform Quantizing‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬discrepancies‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٨F
٢٥٦‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 WEE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WG.711CCITT‫א‬

٣٠‫א‬‫א‬،A–LawF?13 segment characteristic?١٣E
 E‫א‬‫א‬PCM30

‫א‬‫א‬، µ J LawF?15 segment characteristic?١٥E
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM24٢٤




 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬KEA-lawF?١٣?E٢٠F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE?١٣?‫א‬‫א‬F١٣‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?١٣?‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢١F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،reference١‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢٨١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kfine‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬coarse‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬

 WEncodingE‫א‬F‫א‬

K‫א‬PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،8-bits‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE١١‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬PCM
KEF  PCME٢١F‫א‬
WE٨٢Z٢٥٦Z١٢٨H١٢٨F١٢٨ ١٢٨
PCM‫א‬EbitF‫א‬‫א‬K٨PCM
PCM‫א‬EbitF‫א‬‫א‬،?1?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٨،٦،٤، ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?0?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 KG.732G.711‫א‬CCITT‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



١٣E٢٠F،١٣‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F
 
 



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 WMultiplexing‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8-bits ‫א‬PCM‫א‬
‫א‬PCMW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PCM
 KPCM-TDM‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬PCM‫א‬synchronous‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬KA‫א‬PCM-TDM‫א‬‫א‬
TIME ?
 PCM ‫א‬time interval‫א‬
 KSLOT

‫א‬?PCM‫א‬bit train‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬Kpulse frame‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KS4S1‫א‬‫א‬  PCM،PCM
 KPCM٣٢‫א‬‫א‬PCM30

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WDe-multiplexing‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬PCM‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬8-bits‫א‬PCM
E١٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬PCMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F

 WDecoding ‫א‬
KPCMVout‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KE٢١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vout‫א‬‫א‬
KPCM ‫א‬Vout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KPAM‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PAM

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J KPAM
‫א‬PCM‫א‬، J
 K
 PCM‫א‬‫א‬J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
،PCM-TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 KPCMJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J


Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬

E0 ,1F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠Binary Bits‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ time slot ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  t5time slot‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ t18 time slot‫א‬
 ٠ t5 t18t18t5


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Space Switching‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٣F‫א‬space switching



(٢٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

 time switching‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KE٢٤F‫א‬



 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E٢٤F

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 multiplexing‫א‬Kswitching‫א‬multiplexing ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬high way paths‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Space Switch ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 8-bits PCM word Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٥F



 E٢٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

F 4PCM ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬٣E 32PCM
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8000 ‫א‬‫א‬AND
 125‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Connected high way
Time AND gate ‫א‬
slot ON Incoming Outgoing
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
1-2 1 2
t1 2-3 2 3
3-1 3 1
1-1 1 1
t2 2-3 2 3
3-2 3 2
1-3 1 3
t3 2-1 2 1
3-2 3 2
1-2 1 2
t4 2-3 2 3
3-1 3 1
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


- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

Time Switch‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٦F



A D
B ‫א‬‫א‬ H
C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A
F
D B
E G

F E
C
G

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬


 E٢٦F

‫א‬m ‫א‬‫א‬d ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬Ktime slots ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬ K١



- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E٢٧F

E٢٨F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 E٢٨F


- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢E٢٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬multiplexing ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 high way ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬high way ‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٩F‫א‬de-multiplexing



 E٢٩F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬de-multiplexingJ multiplexing - switching
 ٤٧٠‫א‬٤٤٤‫ א‬K١
 ٤‫א‬‫א‬٤٣٣‫ א‬K٢
١٢٠١٨٠١٥٠٤٥٥‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W   K٤
K٣‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬time switching unit‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 KX,Y,Z,M‫א‬‫א‬A,B,C,D‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬h‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬


- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 KJ ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١





- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ Local exchanges‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬interconnect
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

Knetwork hierarchy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ nodes
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،K
star‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEdirect routes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬mesh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E١F
- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
transit ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬exch.


‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬? ‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ،‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

،?
 ?  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

 international exchange ‫א‬‫א‬J ١

national transit exchange ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 regional transit exchange‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 local exchange‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Ktandem‫א‬،‫א‬
.٣{٣٤‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


  ‫א‬‫א‬، K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

،K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،،concentrator‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K٤‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE F‫א‬   ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 hierarchical routs‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬overflow‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 non- hierarchical routs‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Routing Scheme‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ) fixed routing scheme‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FDynamic routing schemeE
 KE‫א‬‫א‬

  fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬call attempts
 KPermanent change to a fixed routing scheme

  fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 time-dependent routing‫א‬‫א‬J ١J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٥F
 state-dependent routing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢J ٢


 ‫א‬‫א‬automatically‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ adaptive routing scheme
 E٧F‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬

 E٦F

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 E٧F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 automatic alternative routing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Automatic Rerouting (ARR)
KE٨F


 E٨F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 E٩Fload sharing ‫א‬


- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ A 13%

‫א‬
‫א‬

B 29%
‫א‬


 E٩F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
















- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩


















- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬



 
- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Signaling‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬register signals‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ،line signals
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬




‫א‬

‫א‬





‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬


‫א‬ 


‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ 

‫א‬



 

 L 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
" dial tone"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K"ring back signal"
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬busy tone"‫א‬?
"metering ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Kpulse"
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 general signalsW‫א‬J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K"Addressing signals "
 "Supervisory signal" :‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
visual and audible signalsW‫א‬J 
{
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 


 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـــﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬

 W  
  W 
J  ‫א‬‫א‬J
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J
J
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬J J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
J
   - J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬J

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
J
 ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

tone messages‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEbusy tone‫א‬،ringing tone‫א‬،dial tone‫א‬F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

 Subscriber Signals‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F

 wake- up signal J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦F


Dial toneE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٧F

 dialing signal‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (pulse dialing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 (push-button dialing)


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨F

 Ring Signal‫א‬J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F


- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Busy tone ‫א‬J ٥


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬


 ‫א‬E١٠F

 Clear signalE‫א‬F‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬



 E‫א‬F‫א‬E١١F




- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F

 Line Signals ‫א‬‫א‬W 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Man / Machine interaction signals ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Machine / Machine interaction signals )‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


  


  


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F

"Forward signals"" ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"Backward signals
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

Forward signals
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫א‬‫א‬
A A
B B
Backward signals


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Idle Busy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Register Signals‫א‬‫א‬W 

 A‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬B‫א‬y
‫א‬ ‫א‬B‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Link – by – Link signaling‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬




- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬E١٦F

 End – to- End SignalingJ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K



 E١٧F





- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Signaling methods‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

Channel-Associated Signaling (CAS) ‫א‬‫א‬
Common Channel Signaling (CCS) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،R1,R2 system No.5‫א‬CAS‫א‬
 KSS7‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F


- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬CCS‫א‬‫א‬CAS‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCAS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ SS7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CAS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CAS‫א‬‫א‬،
،speed‫א‬،capacity‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSS7
 Keconomy‫א‬،flexibility‫א‬،security‫א‬،reliability‫א‬

 WCAS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، PSTNCAS‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬CCS‫א‬‫א‬

 –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–CAS‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 (DC)‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 (VF)‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W

 (DC)‫א‬‫א‬J ١
- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،Eon-hook, off-hookF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬Kinterconnection‫א‬‫א‬،dial pulses‫א‬
 Kon-offJ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

reverse battery signaling‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬central offices‫א‬‫א‬?
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kidle
   ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E&M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kshort-haul toll trunks‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬KM‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 E١F
 M‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫א‬
    on-hook‫א‬
 ‫א‬    off-hook‫א‬
 
 (VF)‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
AC signaling‫א‬tone signaling‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬tones‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،dial tone‫א‬،‫א‬KK 
‫א‬K٤٤٠٣٥٠‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٠{١٠{١
‫א‬،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kin-band signaling‫א‬


 ‫א‬in-band‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
single ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kout-band‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ٣٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٦٠٠frequency (SF)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬SF‫א‬ E&M‫א‬

 ‫א‬Multifrequency Signalling (MF)‫א‬‫א‬K
address ‫א‬‫א‬١٧٠٠–١٥٠٠–١٣٠٠–١١٠٠–٩٠٠J ٧٠٠W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

٩ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬Finformation

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DTMF‫א‬

 E٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ freq–‫א‬ freqJ ‫א‬
EF EF
J  ٤٤٠H٣٥٠ dial‫א‬
٠{٥ ٠{٥ ٦٢٠H٤٨٠ busy‫א‬
٤ ٢ ٤٨٠H٤٤٠ ،‫א‬‫א‬
ringback
٣ ١ ٤٨٠H٤٤٠ ،‫א‬‫א‬
PBX
٠{٣ ٠{٢ ٦٢٠H٤٨٠ ‫א‬
congestion
٠{٢ ٠{٣ ٦٢٠H٤٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
reorder-recall
٠{١ ٠{١ ٢٦٠٠H٢٤٥٠H٢٠٦٠H١٤٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
receiver 
off-hook
، ، ٤٠٠٢٠٠ ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
١ ١

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

voice time slots‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦‫א‬‫א‬F،PCM


- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
on-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬0,1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬off
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F
‫א‬ E١٩F‫א‬،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
،t8t1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d7 d0٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬

٨F‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K٢٥٥‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬٢٣٤‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
ASCIIT‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F



- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


voice time slots‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦‫א‬‫א‬F،PCM
register signals‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Kline signals‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬seizure‫א‬‫א‬
KErelease،‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPCM١٦

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CAS ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
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 WPCM30CAS‫א‬
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‫א‬KPCM30١٦‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠F‫א‬K‫א‬١٦‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


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 KCAS‫א‬E٢٠F
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 W‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬K‫א‬١٦،١٦
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 E٢١F
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‫א‬K‫א‬ 
١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KPCM
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬١‫א‬، ١٦‫א‬، ١٥ ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،١٥
K ١٦‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0000‫א‬،‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬١٦‫א‬E٢٢F
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 CCS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F
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 ‫א‬K \
 ٦٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F‫א‬K‫א‬
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 E٢٤F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 E٢٥F
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?
 ‫א‬?
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?K‫א‬
 KE٢٦F‫א‬
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

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPCM

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PLMN،ISDN،PSTN

 WSS7‫א‬
 J ١
 J ٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٣
 J ٤
 J ٥

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E
 ‫א‬‫א‬FECCITTFITU-T
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٩٦٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SS6،K
‫א‬ ١٩٨٠‫א‬‫א‬SS7‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬SS6‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L

 WSignaling networks‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ SS7‫א‬‫א‬ 
E F‫א‬E٩F‫א‬K‫א‬ interconnected
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

EFK،
 K

 ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K      ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K? (SP)‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬E٢٧F

 W‫א‬
‫א‬      ،       E٢٨F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Signal      – ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     – Transfer Point (STP)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   – ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

W‫א‬  Stand-alone STP‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

  transit exchange ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، STP
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، SS7  ‫א‬  
 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬




 E٢٨F


- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

signal Generated from Sent to

Dial tone

Ring
signal

Ring
control
tone

Mixed
frequency

Pulse of
dialing


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

Off-hook

Off-hook

conversation

On-hook

on-hook

 .E‫ )א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٨






- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬




- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

Numbering System‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬، ١٤‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،J ‫א‬  ،‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 local calls‫א‬‫ א‬K١
regional (national) callsE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
international calls‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬
 xx + xx + xxxxx



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬
 xxx Hxxx + xx + xxxxx


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 linked numbering scheme‫א‬‫ א‬J
non-linked numbering scheme‫א‬‫ א‬J
flexible numbering scheme‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Krepeat code‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 fixed numbering scheme‫א‬‫ א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬local area
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

International Numbering Plan‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٦ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ ‫א‬
E‫א‬F
٧  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ 

٨ F‫א‬‫א‬  ٤٣ 
E‫א‬
٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ ‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ،international prefix‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?00?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?009?‫א‬?19??91??010

  ‫א‬EF‫א‬١٩٦٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
Netherlands‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KE
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
trunk access‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?prefix ?‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬H‫ א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 K



- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ?٦٣٦٤٠٠٠?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ?٠٢J ٦٣٦٤٠٠٠?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ?٠٠٩٦٦٢J ٦٣٦٤٠٠٠?
 ‫؟‬‫א‬


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬

02 



- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬

- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢




- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬
 multimetering‫א‬‫א‬J
 detailed billing‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ •

 Kperiodic pulse metering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬
SCR KSoftware Charging Register (SCR)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EPBX, lineF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬J ‫א‬–W‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫• א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MM‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬central toll


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬




 E١F




- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬،SCR،MM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
AM‫א‬‫א‬PAS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
DEMAND‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬data-link‫א‬‫א‬

Automatic Message Accounting (AMA) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ International Traffic Accounting Data (ITAD)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Basic Call, ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
KLong Duration Call‫א‬‫א‬،Supplementary Service Call
‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K5ESS‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J

- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬
 ،
K‫א‬




- ١٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬


 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬

- ١٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Telephone Traffic
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

KE١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E
 F، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Grade of ‫א‬، Facilities‫א‬Demand‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KService
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KE ‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ 



‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Call Attempt‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Call‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬dialing‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Call-Holding Time‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
Epacket switching   F‫א‬‫א‬ data calls‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬KEcomputer data dumps)‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

 Telephone density‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEF ١٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬١٠٠٧E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ xKE٤F
 K

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

 How to predict telephone density‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Traffic Density and Traffic Intensity‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Traffic density‫א‬

Eoccupancy‫א‬F‫א‬Traffic intensity‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Offered, Carried, and Blocked Traffic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫ א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ،، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Traffic Variation‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F

 Busy Hour‫א‬
KE  F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
‫א‬Kam‫א‬١١W٣١٠W٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

E٦F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F


- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Congestion‫א‬
،EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ E٧F‫א‬
‫א‬KB‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،junction lines‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،congestion or busy tone‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K



 ‫א‬ E٧F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 The costs for a good grade of service‫א‬‫א‬


،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٥٪٠{١‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{١
access‫א‬route‫א‬،‫א‬٢٠١٠٠٠
 KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬٪٥،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F

K‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬
‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F

 Traffic Flow‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬

 Traffic Flow = ( Number of Calls ) ( Mean Call − Holding Time ) ( 2 − 1)


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬٥،J ‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A = C ×T
 ‫א‬‫א‬ C 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ T 

J  ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

BH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٣٧
 ‫א‬
 A = 237 × 2.5 = 592.5 call − min utes
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K١‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
A 1
 C = = = 20 calls per hour
T 1
20
 K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 Erlang and Unit Call‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z١
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٠{٥
 K‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬Z٠{١
10
 E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 1 Erlang = 1 Call − Hour / Houre ( 2 − 2)

  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE

 E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬

 Erlangs = ( Calls / Busy Hour ) ( Mean Call − Holding Time ) ( 2 − 3)

 W
K
 ‫א‬ ٢‫א‬‫א‬
،١٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬٢{٤٥‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Traffic = ( 1 call ) ( 45 min ) ( 1 h / 60 min ) = 0.75 Erlangs

- ١٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K٠{٧٥٤٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬E١٠F




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

unit ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
??hundred-call-seconds ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?call (UC)
 WE٤J ٢F‫א‬،ECCSF‫א‬?centum-call-seconds

 CCS = ( Calls / Busy Hour ) ( Mean Call − Holding Time ) / 100 ( 2 − 4)

 W
٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬CCS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬

 Traffic = ( 5000 lines ) ( 0.6 calls / lines ) ( 250 s / call ) / 100 = 7500 CCS

 WCCS‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٦٠٠

 1 Erlang = 36 CCS ( 2 − 5)

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٥٠٢٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬CCS‫א‬K‫א‬٢٠٠

 Traffic = ( 50 calls ) ( 200 s / call ) / 100 = 100 CCS

 100 CCS / 20 subscriber s = 5 CCS per subscriber 

 5 CCS / 36 ≈ 0.139 Erlang per subscriber 



- ١٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CCS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬KCCS‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W
‫א‬CCS٦٠٠٣٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 600 CCS / 36 ≈ 16.7 Erlangs 

 16.7 Erlang / 30 trunks ≈ 0.557 Erlangs per trunk 

 Trunk − group efficiency ≈ 0.557 = 55.7 percent 


K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬CCS‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬





- ١٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 WJ ١
 Call Attempt‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Call‫א‬‫• א‬
 Call-Holding Time‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬Z
10

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

‫א‬K١‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ١٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬


 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

5ESS
 5ESS

٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

5ESSW‫א‬‫א‬

 5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Switching Module ( SM )‫א‬J ١
 Communication Module ( CM )‫א‬J ٢
 Administrative Module ( AM )‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 5ESS‫א‬‫א‬٥H١٥W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬5ESS‫א‬J ٢
 K5ESS‫א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬J ٢



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Electronic Switching System
(ESS)

 W
‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Switching Module ( SM )‫א‬J
 Communication Module ( CM )‫א‬J
 Administrative Module ( AM )‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬K5ESS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Master Control Center ( MCC)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KRemote Switching Module (RSM)E‫א‬‫א‬F
5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬ digital exchange  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬local
  tandem‫א‬toll
١٠٠Kinternational
 ١٠٠٠٠٠


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 5ESS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬internal digital network‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬


 SM , CM , AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

‫א‬K‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSM , CM , AM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬trunks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


?‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬Kdegrowth‫א‬،?growth
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SM‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٪٩٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SMK5ESS
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


K ‫א‬SM١٩٢ 5ESS‫א‬

 K،
 ٥٠٠
 ٥١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢٥٠٠٠SM2000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬SM2000‫א‬K٣٦٠٠

 E٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLocal Switching Module (LSM )J
Integrated ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KServices Digital Network , ISDN
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHost Switching Module (HSM)‫א‬‫א‬J
Remote Switching ‫א‬‫א‬LSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬KModule (RSM)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRemote Switching Module (RSM)‫א‬J
5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KHSM RSM‫א‬‫א‬K  
K ‫א‬‫א‬٢٤٢RSM‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠٠١٦٠٠٠RSM‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬RSMK
‫א‬E٤F‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPosition Switching Module (PSM)J

 KOperator Services Position System (OSPS)‫א‬

KInterface Modules (IM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IM‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 WSM‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SM‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬interface units‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬packet data
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬service units‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F

 WSM‫א‬‫א‬
Switching Module Processor (SMP)‫א‬SM

 ‫א‬‫א‬KTime Slot Interchanger (TSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 KModule Controller and Time Slot Interchanger (MCTSI) 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSMPKSM
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

- ١٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 SM‫א‬J
 SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 WTime Slot Interchanger (TSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSM‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬J ‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TSI
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،

NCT
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TSI
‫א‬‫א‬TSI،‫א‬‫א‬KCMSM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 SM‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 WSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 Line Unit (LU)‫א‬J
 K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WAnalog Trunk Unit (ATU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، PBX
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 Integrated Services Line Unit (ISLU)‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬SMK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ISDN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KISDN

 WDigital Line Trunk Unit (DLTU)‫א‬‫א‬J
RSM
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ٢‫א‬PCMT1

 WPacket Switch Unit‫א‬
KPacket Switch Unit (PSU)‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٦‫א‬J
 KDSL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ISLU/2‫א‬G

 SM‫א‬E٦F

 WService Units‫א‬‫א‬
Digital Service Units ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K( DSU or DSU2)
 
 Local Digital Service Unit ( LDSU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬ LDSU‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 WGlobal Digital Service Unit (GDSU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬GDSU‫א‬5ESS‫א‬
 WGDSUK‫א‬SM
 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 WDSU2-RAF‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬٢‫א‬J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬

 WModular Metallic Service Unit (MMSU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 WPeriodic Pulse Metering Unit (PPMU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬،‫א‬،coinbox‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KPPMU
 
 W‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬،5ESS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬hubCM‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
CMKSM
 ‫א‬AM‫א‬
 WCMK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬J ٣
SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Dual Serial ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CMAM‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KChannel (DSCH)
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Nework Control and Timing (NCT)‫א‬
NCT
 KCM‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?Control?K ‫א‬‫א‬?Data?W
voice , ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬data

FSMCLNK‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MSPU‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
SM، CM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬CLNK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٧F

 WCM‫א‬‫א‬
Message Switch ‫א‬WCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KTime Multiplexed Switch (TMS)‫א‬‫א‬،(MSGS)
 KCM2CM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CM‫א‬ ‫א‬KTMSMSGS‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WMSGSJ
 Message Switch Control Unit (MSCU)‫א‬J ١
 WMessage Switch Peripheral Unit (MSPU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 WTMSJ
 Comm. Module Control Unit (CMCU)‫א‬J ١
 Time Multiplexed Switch Unit (TMSU)‫א‬‫א‬J ٢


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬KMSPU‫א‬MSCU
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،CM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSCUKSM‫א‬‫א‬
 KSM‫א‬AM

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSPU‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KSMAM
‫א‬،MSPU‫א‬SMK
 KMSCU‫א‬

KTMS‫א‬timing‫א‬CMCU‫א‬
 KMSPU،MSCU،AMTMS‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NCT‫א‬TMSU‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TMS‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬CM
 K‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬


 CM‫א‬‫א‬E٨F

- ١٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
 WCM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬CM2‫א‬KCM‫א‬‫א‬WCM1‫א‬J ١
 KCM2‫א‬‫א‬KK
،‫א‬SM١٩٢،‫א‬‫א‬WCM2‫א‬J ٢
١٢‫א‬،KSM2000‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
–Quad Link Packet SwitchCM2‫א‬J ٣
KSM2000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬CM2
 K‫א‬،CM2‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
AMK5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬
AMKECMFSM‫א‬‫א‬CM
،‫א‬‫א‬KCM‫א‬
 KAME٩F‫א‬K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬E٩F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 WAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WAM‫א‬‫א‬
 Control Unit (CU)‫א‬J ١
 Input/Output Processor (IOP)‫א‬L‫א‬J ٢
 Disk unit‫א‬J ٣
 Master Control Center (MCC)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 KAM‫א‬‫א‬MCCtape unitdisk unitIOP‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


 AM‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F

 Control Unit‫א‬
Memory ‫א‬‫א‬Central Control (CC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KModule (MM)

 WCentral Control (CC)‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 KAM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬SM–‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 (Out-Of-Service) OOS
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬J ٦
 KIOP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ WMemory Module (MM)‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WInput/Output Processor‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬ IOP‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
OMC‫א‬‫א‬KOperation and Maintenance Centers (OMC)
 K‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 SCSI Disk Unit‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬،MM
‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬

 Tape Unit‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬backup ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
conventional computer ‫א‬E٩F ‫א‬‫א‬
KDigital Audio Tape (DAT)nine track tape drive
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Master Control Center‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AM
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KMCC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Recive-Only Printer  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 KMCC‫א‬‫א‬(ROP)

 WMCC‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5ESS‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ،line-to-line‫א‬ J ١
 ،line-to-trunk‫א‬ J ٢
،trunk-to-line‫א‬ J ٣
Ktrunk-to-trunk‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬K‫א‬
 5ESS
K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥

originating SM‫א‬‫א‬SM،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬SM K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
terminating ‫א‬SM  K‫א‬‫א‬AMSM
E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM
 Kringing

‫א‬CM‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬AM
 KSM‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬SM, AM, CM‫א‬‫א‬
originating SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬SM ‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬،E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬E١٢F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 W5ESS‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬5ESS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 Local exchange‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 Toll exchange‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Gateway exchange‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 KOperator Service Position System (OSPS)‫א‬J ٤
 KIntegrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 Signaling Transfer Point (STP)‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
Action ‫א‬ Services Switching Point (SSP) ‫א‬J ٧
 KControl Point
 KWireless‫א‬Mobile Switching Center (MSC)‫א‬‫א‬J ٨


- ١٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬5ESS‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CMs , SMsJ AMs , SMsJ SMsJ AMsJ CMsJ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬J ٢
 ٪١٠٠J ٪٩٥J ٪٩٠J ٪٢٠J ٪١٠J 

 ‫؟‬MSCU‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬J ٤
 IOPJ CCJ MMJ 

 ‫؟‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

- ١٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5ESS  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
K‫א‬





- ١٧٤ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

1- " TelecommunicationsTransmission Handbook"
reeman 3rd editRoger L. F
John Wily & Sons
New York , 1991
2- " A history of Switching "
R. Deese
Telecommunications Feb 1984
3- "Digital Telephony"
J.C. Bellamy 2nd edit
John Wily & Sons
New York , 1991
4- " Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook"
IEEE Press New York 1995.
5- " Telecommunication Systems Engineering"
reeman 3rd editRoger L. F
John Wily & Sons
New York , 1996

- ١٧٥ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
٢ ..........................................................................................................
٣ ........................................................................................‫א‬
١ ............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٣ ...................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣ .................................... WMain Distribution Frame (MDF)‫א‬‫א‬J ١
٤ ............................................................................. WCabinets ‫א‬J ٢
٥ ..................................................................... WDBU‫א‬J ٣
٦ .................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
٧ ........................................................................ WManhole‫א‬J ٥
٨ .....................................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩ .................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٢ ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣ ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤ ........................................................................... Switching Unit‫א‬
١٤ .............................................................................. Control Unit‫א‬
١٥ ........................................................................... Interface Unit‫א‬‫א‬
١٥ ............................................................ Main Distribution Frame‫א‬‫א‬

١٧ ....................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨ ................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣ .................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢
٢٦ ..................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦ ....................................................................... Local ExchangeW‫א‬‫א‬1-
٢٨ ................................................................... Transit Exchange‫א‬J ٢

- ١٧٦ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

٣١ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬
٣٤ .............................................................................. Switching‫א‬
٣٤ ............................................................................................ ‫؟‬‫א‬
٣٨ ..................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٨ ................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
٣٩ ..................................................... step-by-step switches‫א‬2-
٤٠ .................................................. Cross-bar Switches‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
٤١ ................................................. Cross points Switches‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
٤١ .............................. Single Stage Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬W
٤٣ ............................ Multi Stages Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٤٣ ........................................ Two Stages Switching Unit‫א‬–١

٤٣ ... Vertical and horizontal Partitioning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

٤٧ .......................................................................Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧ ........................................ Fundamentals of PCM‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧ ...............................................................Sampling theoremW‫א‬
٤٧ ................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧ ....................................................................................... W‫א‬
٤٨ .............................................................................. Quantization‫א‬
٥١ ...................................................................... WEncodingE‫א‬F‫א‬
٥٣ ............................................................................... WMultiplexing‫א‬
٥٣ .................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٣ .......................................................... WDe-multiplexing‫א‬EF
٥٤ ..................................................................................... W‫א‬
٥٤ .....................................................................................W‫א‬
٥٥ .................................................................................. W‫א‬
٥٥ ................................................................... Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦ ................................... Space Switching‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

- ١٧٧ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

٥٦ ................................................... time switching‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

٥٨ .............................................................. Space Switch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٩ .......................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠ ................................................................ Time Switch‫א‬‫א‬
٦٣ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬
٦٥ ....................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦ ............................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٧ ........................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٧ ...............................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٩ ......................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٠ ...................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧١ ........................................................... hierarchical routs‫א‬‫א‬J ١
٧١ ................................................. non- hierarchical routs‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
٧١ .......................................................... Routing Scheme‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
٧١ ...................................................... fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
٧١ ...................................................... fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
٧٢ .................................. time-dependent routing‫א‬‫א‬J ١J ٢
٧٢ .................. state-dependent routing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢J ٢
٧٥ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬
٧٧ .................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٨ .......................................................................................... ‫؟‬‫א‬
٨٠ .............................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨١ ......................................................... general signalsW‫א‬J ١
٨١ ............................................................................ ‫א‬J 
٨١ ............................................................................ ‫א‬J 

٨١ ......................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
٨١ ........................................................................... W‫א‬J 
- ١٧٨ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

٨١ ........................................................... "Supervisory signal" :‫א‬J 

٨١ ............................................ visual and audible signalsW‫א‬J 
٨٣ ............................................................. Subscriber Signals‫א‬‫א‬W
٨٣ ............................................................ wake- up signalJ ١
٨٤ .............................................................. Dial toneE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J ٢
٨٤ ..............................................................dialing signal‫א‬J ٣
٨٥ .................................................................. Ring Signal‫א‬J ٤
٨٦ ..................................................................... Busy tone‫א‬J ٥
٨٦ ..................................................... Clear signalE‫א‬F‫א‬J ٦
٨٧ ....................................................................... Line Signals‫א‬‫א‬W 
٨٩ ................................................................Register Signals‫א‬‫א‬W 
٨٩ .................................... Link – by – Link signaling‫א‬J ١
٩٠ .................................................. End – to- End SignalingJ ٢
٩١ .............................................................Signaling methods‫א‬‫א‬
٩٢ ............................................................................ WCAS‫א‬‫א‬
٩٢ ..................................................................... (DC)‫א‬‫א‬J ١
٩٤ .................................................................... (VF)‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
٩٥ ................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
٩٧ ................................................................ WPCM30CAS‫א‬
٩٩ ............................................................................... CCS‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٢ ......................................................... WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٢ ........................................................... WSignaling networks‫א‬
١٠٣ ................................................................................... W‫א‬
١٠٥ ....................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٠٩ ................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٠ ..................................................................... Numbering System‫א‬
١١٤ .............................................................. fixed numbering scheme‫א‬‫א‬-
- ١٧٩ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

١١٥ .................................................. International Numbering Plan‫א‬‫א‬

١١٦ ....................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١٨ ....................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٢٠ ............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢١ ................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢١ ........................................................................................ W
١٢١ ................................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٢ ................................................................................................ W‫א‬
١٢٣ ........................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٤ ........................................................................................ W‫א‬
١٢٤ .................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٤ .............................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٥ ................................................................................................ W‫א‬
١٢٥ .............................................................................................. W‫א‬
١٢٦ ................................................................................... W‫א‬
١٣٠ .................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٣٢ .......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٣ ........................................................................................ Telephone Traffic
١٣٤ .......................................................................... Call Attempt‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٤ ............................................................................................ Call‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٤ ......................................................... Call-Holding Time‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٥ .................................................................. Telephone density‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٧ ................................. How to predict telephone density‫א‬
١٣٧ ..................................... Traffic Density and Traffic Intensity‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٨ ........................... Offered, Carried, and Blocked Traffic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٨ ............................................................... Traffic Variation‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٩ ............................................................................ Busy Hour‫א‬
- ١٨٠ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

١٤١ .................................................................................. Congestion‫א‬

١٤٢ ................................ The costs for a good grade of service‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٣ ............................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٣ ...................................................................... Traffic Flow‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٥ ....................................................... Erlang and Unit Call‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٩ ....................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٥١ .................................................................................... 5ESSW‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٢ ................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٢ ............................................................ W5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٣ ............................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٤ ................................................................................. W‫א‬
١٥٥ .................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٧ .................................................................................. W‫א‬
١٥٧ .............................................................................. WSM‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٧ ................................................................................... W‫א‬
١٥٨ ........................................... WTime Slot Interchanger (TSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٨ ..........................................................................WSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٠ ......................................................................... WService Units‫א‬‫א‬
١٦١ ................................................................................. W‫א‬
١٦٢ ............................................................................... W‫א‬
١٦٣ ............................................................................. WCM‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٥ .................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٥ ................................................................... WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٦ ......................................................................... WAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٦ .............................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٧ ..............................................................................Control Unit‫א‬
- ١٨١ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

١٦٨ ............................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٨ ................................................. WInput/Output Processor‫א‬L‫א‬
١٦٨ ..................................................................... SCSI Disk Unit‫א‬
١٦٨ .......................................................................... Tape Unit‫א‬
١٦٨ ................................................. Master Control Center‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٠ ......................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٠ ....................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٢ ....................................................................... W5ESS‫א‬
١٧٣ ................................................................................. ‫א‬
١٧٥ ..................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٢ -
 






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS