DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1 In side diamentions 3.50 m x 3.50 m

2 Super imposed load 12000 N/m 3

3 Live load 45000 N/m2

4 Wieght of soil 18000 N/m2
5 Angle of repose 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top / bottom 50 mm Nominal cover side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 kg/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel 415 Water side sst 150 N/m2 sst 190 N/m2
8 Thickess of side wall 330 mm thickness of side wall is OK
Thickness of top slab 320 mm O.K.
Thickness of bottom slab 350 mm
9 Reinforcement
Top slab Main 20 mm F @ 130 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F @ 130 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ 200 mm c/c
Bottom slab Main 20 mm F @ 120 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F @ 120 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ 300 mm c/c Through out slab at bottom

Side vertical wall Vertical 20 mm F @ 300 mm c/c Both side O.K.

Distribution 8 mm F @ 130 mm c/c

20 mm F @ 260 mm c/c
8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
8 mm F @ 130 mm C/c

320

700 20 mm F @
20 mm F @ 130 mm C/C
300 mm C/C

3.50

8 mm F @
130 mm C/C

20 mm F @
120 mm c/c

350

20 mm F @ 8 mm F @ 8 mm F @
240 mm c/c 200 mm C/C 130 mm C/c
330 3.50 330
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
 DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT
1 In side diamentions 3.5 x 3.5 m
2 Super imposed load 12000 N/m3
3 Live load 45000 N/m2
4 Wieght of soil 18000 N/m2 wt. of water 9800 N/m3
5 Angle of repose 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top/bottom 50 mm Nominal cover Side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 N/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel Fy 415 Out side s st 190 N/m2
water side side s st 150 N/m2
1 Solution Genral
For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.

Let the thicness of Horizontal slab 330 mm = 0.33 m

Vertical wall thicness 320 mm = 0.32 m
Effective slab span 3.5 + 0.33 = 3.83 m
Effective Height of wall 3.5 + 0.32 = 3.82 m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
Self weight og top slab = 0.33 x 1 x 1 x ### = 8250 N/m2
Live load and dead load = 45000 + ### = 57000 N/m2
Total load on top = 65250 N/m2
Weight of side wall = 3.82 x 0.32 x ### = 30560 N/m
\ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 65250 x 3.83 )+( 2 x ### )=
81208.2 N/m2
3.83
1 - sin 30 1 - 0.5 0.5 1
Ka = = = = = 0.33
1 + sin 30 1 + 0.5 1.5 3
\ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
p = ### x 0.333 = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h = 0.333 x ### h = 6000 h
Hence total pressure = ### + 6000 h
Latral presure intencity at top = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure intencity at bottom = ### + 6000 x 3.82 = 41920 N/m2
w = 65250 N/m2

Fig 1 show the box culvert 19000 19000

frame ABCD, along with the external A E B
loads, Due to symmetry, half of
frame (i.e. AEFD) of box culvert is
considered for moment distribution. h 3.83
Since all the members have uniform 19000 3.82
thickness, and uniform diamentions, 6000 h
the relative stiffness K for AD will be
equal to 1 while the relative stiffness D F C
for AE and DF will be 1/2. 41920 19000 22920
w = 81208 N/m 2

Fig 1
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
1 1/2
Distribution factore for AD and DA= = 2/3 Distribution factore for AB and DC= = 1/3
1+1/2 1+1/2
wL2 ### x 3.82 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -79346 N - m
12 12
wL2 ### x 3.82 2=
Mfdc= + = 98751.9 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 15
19000 x 3.82 +
2
### x 3.82 3.82
MFAD = + x = 34254 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15
19000 x 3.82 2-- ### x 3.82 3.82
MFDA = - x = -23105 -16723 = -39828
12 2 10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 55075 65250 55075
98751.91 -39828 34254 -79346 46852

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 124627.5 124627.5
Member DC DA AD AB 46852
55075
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000 64569
Fix end moment 98751.91 -39828 34254 -79346 A A
Balance -19641 -39283 30061 15031 55075 1.91
Carry over 15031 -19641
7197
balance -5010 -10020 13094 6547 3.82 m
Carry over 6547 -5010
balance -2182 -4365 3340 1670 71023 1.91
Carry over 1670 -2182 22920 D D
balance -557 -1113 1455 727 41920 69810 77881
71023
Carry over 727 -557
balance -242 -485 371 186 155514 155514
Carry over 186 -242 69810
balance -62 -124 162 81
Carry over 81 -62 81208
balance -27 -54 41 21 Fig 2
Carry over 21 -27
balance -7 -14 18 9
Final moment 71023 -71023 55075 -55075

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 65250 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 65250 x 3.82 = 124628 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ ### N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 81208.22 x 3.83 = 155514 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 3.83 ) + 55075 - ### + ### x 3.83 x 3.83 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 22920 x 3.83 x 3.83 x 1/3
-ha x 3.83 + -15948 + 139355 + 56035.2
From which, ha = 46852
 Hence , hd =( 19000 + ### )x 3.83 - ### = 69810 N
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in 2
65250 x 3.83 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 119644 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 119644 - 55075 = 64569 N-m
81208.2245 x 3.83 = 2
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 148904 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 148904.416 - 71023 = 77881 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
19000 x 3.83 +
2
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x ### x 3.83 = 55852
2
8
71023 + 55075
Net B.M. = = 63049 - ### = 7197 N-m
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and 9800 x 3.82 = 37436 N/m2
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures
w = 65250 N/m2
are marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus
be subjected to a net latral pressure of 19000 19000 19000

Itensity = 19000 N/m At the Top

2
A E B 14516

Net latral pressure diagram

And = 41920 - 37436
= 4484 N/m at the bottom
2 3.83
3.82

D F C
41920 41920 4484
w = 81208 N/m 2

Fig 3
wL2 = ### x 3.83 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= -79762 N - m
12 12
wL2 ### x 3.83 2=
Mfdc= = 99269.6 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 10
4484 x 3.83 +
2
### x 3.83 3.83
MFAD = + x = 16128 N-m
12 2 10
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15
4484 x 3.83 2- ### x 3.83 3.83
MFDA = - x = -12579 N -m
12 2 15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 45069 65250 45069
99269.61 -12579 16128 -79762 23451

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 124627.5 124627.5
Member DC DA AD AB
45069
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000 23451 73951
Fix end moment 99269.61 -12579 16128 -79762 A A
Balance -28897 -57794 42423 21211 45069 1.91
Carry over 21211 -28897
30523
 30523
balance -7070 -14141 19265 9632 3.82
Carry over 9632 -7070
balance -3211 -6422 4714 2357 58813 1.91
Carry over 2357 -3211 4484 D D
balance -786 -1571 2141 1070 21404 89315
58813
Carry over 1070 -786
balance -357 -714 524 262 155108 155108
Carry over 262 -357 21404
balance -87 -175 238 119
Carry over 119 -87 81208
balance -40 -79 58 29 Fig 4
Carry over 29 -40
balance -10 -19 26 13
Final moment 58813 -58813 45069 -45069

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 65250 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 65250 x 3.82 = 124628 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ ### N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 81208 x 3.82 = 155108 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 3.82 ) + 45069 - ### + 4484 x 3.82 x 3.82 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 14516 x 3.82 x 3.82 x 2/3
-ha x 3.82 + -13744 + 32716.16 + 70607.8
From which, ha = 23451
Hence , hd =( 4484 + ### )x 3.82 - ### = 21404 N
2
65250 x 3.82 =
2
Free B.M. at mid point E = 119020 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 119020 - 45069 = 73951 N-m
81208 x 3.82 =
2
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 148128 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 148127.862 - 58813 = 89315 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4484 x 3.82 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x ### x 3.82 2= 21418
8
58813 + 45069
Net B.M. = = 51941 - ### = 30523 N-m
2

4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '= 65250 N/m2
and the bottom slab is subjected to a load w = 65250 N/m2
Itensity = 81208 N/m2 4000 4000
Net latral pressure diagram

Lateral pressure due to dead load = A E B 4000

1/3 x 12000 = 4000 N/m2

Lateral pressure due to soil = 3.83
1/3 x 18000 = 6000 N/m 2
3.82

Hence earth pressure at depth h is =

4000 + 6000 h D F C
26920 26920 14516
 Earth pressure intensity at top = 4000 N/m2 37436 w= 81208 N/m237436
Fig 5
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom= 4000 + 6000 x 3.82 = 26920 N/m2
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and 37436
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
wL2 ### x 3.83 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -79762 N - m
12 12
wL2 ### x 3.83 2=
Mfdc= = 99269.6 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + -
12 15
4000 x 3.83 -
2
### x 3.83 3.83
MFAD = + x = -2209 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL 4890 - 7098
MFDA = - +
12 10
4000 x 3.83 -
2
### x 3.83 3.83
MFDA = - x = 5757 N -m
12 2 10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 35902 65250 35902
99269.61 5757 -2209 -79762 =
The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1
Joint D A 124627.5 124627.5
Member DC DA AD AB
35902
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 4000 83742
Fix end moment 99269.61 5757 -2209 -79762 A A
Balance -35009 -70018 54647 27324 35902 1.91
Carry over 27324 -35009
48748
balance -9108 -18216 23339 11670 3.82
Carry over 11670 -9108
balance -3890 -7780 6072 3036 49646 1.91
Carry over 3036 -3890 0 D D
balance -1012 -2024 2593 1297 14516 99258
49646
Carry over 1297 -1012
balance -432 -864 675 337 155108 155108
Carry over 337 -432 5200
balance -112 -225 288 144
Carry over 144 -112 81208
balance -48 -96 75 37 Fig 4
Carry over 37 -48
balance -12 -25 32 16
Final moment 49646 -49646 35902 -35902

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 65250 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 65250 x 3.82 = 124628 N
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ ### N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 81208 x 3.82 = 155108 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 3.82 ) + 35902 - ### + 4000 x 3.82 x 3.82 x 1/2
 - 1/2 x 14516 x 3.82 x 3.82 x 1/3
-ha x 3.82 + -13744 + 29184.8 - 35304
From which, ha = 5200
Hence , hd =( 14516 x 3.82 )- 4000 x 3.82 - 5200 = 7245.6
2
65250 x 3.83 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 119644 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 119644 - 35902 = 83742 N-m
81208 x 3.83 = 2
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 148904 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 148904.416 - 49646 = 99258 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4000 x 3.83 2
+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x ### x 3.83 = 5973.9
2
8
49646 + 35902
Net B.M. = = 42774 + 5974 = 48748 N-m
2

5 Design of top slab :

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
Case B.M. at Center (E) B.M. at ends (A) Direct force (ha)
(i) 64569 55075 46852
(II) 73951 45069 23451
(II) 83742 35902 5200

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 83742 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = ### N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm 2
wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
Provide over all thickness = 320 mm so effective thicknesss = 270 mm
Mr = R . B .D2 = 1.155 x 1000 x 270 2
= 84216794 > 83742000 O.K.
83742000 = 2365 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 270
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using ### mm F bars A = = = 314 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 2365 = 133 say = 130 mm
Hence Provided 20 mm F Bars @ 130 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 130 = 2415 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 3.83 / 5 = 0.80 m
0.1 x( 320 - 100 %
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.24
450 - 100
Ast = 0.24 x 320 x 10 = 759 mm2 area on each face= ### mm2
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm F bars A = = = 50 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 380 = 132 say = 130 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 130 mm c/c on each face
 Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 55075 N-m. There is direct compression of 46852 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.892 R = 1.011
55075000
\ Ast = = 1204 mm2
190 x 0.892 x 270
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 2415 / 2 = 1208 mm2
1204 < 1208 Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c
6 Design of bottom slab:
The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 77881 71023 69810
(II) 89315 58813 21404
(II) 99258 49646 7246

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 99258 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = ### N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm 2
wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
99258416
\ d = = 294 mm D = 344 mm
1000 x 1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 350 mm so that d = 300 mm
99258416 = 2523 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 300
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using ### mm bars A = = = 314 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 2523 = 124 say = 120 mm
Hence Provided 20 mm F Bars @ 120 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 120 = 2617 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 3.83 / 5 = 0.80 m
0.1 x( 350 - 100
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.23 %
450 - 100
Ast = 0.23 x 350 x 10 = 800 mm2 area on each face= 400 mm2
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = = 50 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 400 = 126 say = 120 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 120 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 71023 N-m. There is direct compression of 69810 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.892 R = 1.011
71023000
\ Ast = = 1397 mm2
 \ Ast = = 1397 mm2
190 x 0.892 x 300
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 2617 / 2 = 1308 mm2

1397 > 1308 Fail , hence additional reinforcement will provided.

Additional reinforcemet required = 88.67 mm2

3.14xdia2 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = = 50 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 89 = 567 say = 560 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 300 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 7197 71023 155514
(II) 30523 58813 155108
(II) 48748 49646 155108

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 71023 N -m, and direct force = 155514 N
71023 x 1000
Eccentricity = = 457 mm
155514
proposed thickness of side wall '= 330 mm \ e/D 457 / 330 = 1.38 < 1.5 OK
thickness of side wall is OK
Let us reinforce the section with 20 mm F bars @ 300 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
in fig xxx . With cover of 50 mm and D = 330 mm
1000 3.14 x 20 x 20
Asc = Ast = x = 1047 mm2
300 4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
3 3 n D
= e+ - dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc D - dt - n 2
- m Ast
n n

1000 n n 1047
330 - 50 - + 12 x x n - 50 x -100
or 2 3 n
1000 n+ 1047 1047
12 x x n - 50 - 13 x x 330 - 50 -n
2 n n

n -1E+06
500 n 280 - + n - 50 x
3 n
= 457 + 115
12560 ###
500 n+ x n - 50 - x 280 - n
n n

-62800000
140000 n - 167 n2 + -1256000 -
n
= 572
628000 3809867
500 n + 12560 - - + ###
n n
multiply by n
140000 n2 - 167 n3 + -1256000 n - -62800000
= 572
500 n2 + 12560 n- 628000 - 3809867 + ### n

140000 n2 - 167 n3 + -1256000 n - -62800000

= 0
 = 0
286000 n2 + 14967333 n - 2538459733

-146000 n2 - 13711333 n - -2475659733 = 167 n3

-876 n2 + 82268 n - 14853958 = n3

Solwing this trial and error we get, n = 91.47 mm
12 x 1047 13 x 1047
\ c' ( 500 x 91.47 + ( 91.47 - 50 )-
91.47 91.47
x( 330 - 50 - 91.47 )
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
or 45734 + 137.3 x 41.47 - 149 x 188.53 = 23383
155514
\ c' = = 6.65 < 7 N/mm2 Stress is less than permissiable
23383
m c' 13 x 6.65
Also stress in steel t = (D-dc-n) = x ( 330 - 50 - 91.47 )
n 91.47
= 178.2 N/mm2 < 190 N/mm2 O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
 Box culverts

20 mm F @ 260 mm c/c
8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
8 mm F @ 130 mm C/c

320

700 20 mm F @
20 mm F @ 130 mm C/C
300 mm C/C

3.50

8 mm F @
130 mm C/C

20 mm F @
120 mm c/c

350

20 mm F @ 8 mm F @ 8 mm F @
240 mm c/c 200 mm C/C 130 mm C/c
330 3.50 330
 Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Tensile stress N/mm2 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for
Grade of concrete Bending acbc Direct (acc) plain bars in tention (N/mm2)

(N/mm2) Kg/m 2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2

M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- --
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Modular ratio m 31 19 13 11 9 8 7
(31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18
scbc N/mm2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst = 140 N/mm2 jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
(Fe 250) Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254
Pc (%) 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329
jc 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
(b) sst = 190 N/mm2
Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289
(c ) sst = 230 N/mm2 jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904
(Fe 415) Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698
(c ) sst = 230 N/mm2
(Fe 415)
Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816

Shear stress tc Reiforcement % Value of angle

100As 100As Degree sin cos
M-20 M-20
bd bd 10 0.17 0.98
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.15 11 0.19 0.98
0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18 12 0.21 0.98
0.17 0.18 0.2 0.21 13 0.23 0.97
0.18 0.19 0.21 0.24 14 0.24 0.97
0.19 0.19 0.22 0.27 15 0.26 0.97
0.2 0.19 0.23 0.3 16 0.28 0.96
0.21 0.2 0.24 0.32 17 0.29 0.96
0.22 0.2 0.25 0.35 18 0.31 0.95
0.23 0.2 0.26 0.38 19 0.33 0.95
0.24 0.21 0.27 0.41 20 0.34 0.94
0.25 0.21 0.28 0.44 21 0.36 0.93
0.26 0.21 0.29 0.47 22 0.37 0.93
0.27 0.22 0.30 0.5 23 0.39 0.92
0.28 0.22 0.31 0.55 24 0.41 0.92
0.29 0.22 0.32 0.6 25 0.42 0.91
0.3 0.23 0.33 0.65 30 0.50 0.87
0.31 0.23 0.34 0.7 35 0.57 0.82
0.32 0.24 0.35 0.75 40 0.64 0.77
0.33 0.24 0.36 0.82 45 0.71 0.71
0.34 0.24 0.37 0.88 50 0.77 0.64
0.35 0.25 0.38 0.94 55 0.82 0.57
0.36 0.25 0.39 1.00 60 0.87 0.50
0.37 0.25 0.4 1.08 65 0.91 0.42
0.38 0.26 0.41 1.16
0.39 0.26 0.42 1.25
0.4 0.26 0.43 1.33
0.41 0.27 0.44 1.41
0.42 0.27 0.45 1.50
0.43 0.27 0.46 1.63
0.44 0.28 0.46 1.64
0.45 0.28 0.47 1.75
0.46 0.28 0.48 1.88
0.47 0.29 0.49 2.00
0.48 0.29 0.50 2.13
0.49 0.29 0.51 2.25
0.5 0.30
0.51 0.30
0.519999999999999 0.30
 0.53 0.30
0.539999999999999 0.30
0.55 0.31
0.559999999999999 0.31
0.57 0.31
0.579999999999999 0.31
0.59 0.31
0.599999999999999 0.32
0.61 0.32
0.619999999999999 0.32
0.63 0.32
0.639999999999999 0.32
0.65 0.33
0.659999999999999 0.33
0.67 0.33
0.679999999999999 0.33
0.69 0.33
0.699999999999999 0.34
0.71 0.34
0.719999999999999 0.34
0.73 0.34
0.739999999999999 0.34
0.75 0.35
0.760000000000001 0.35
0.77 0.35
0.780000000000003 0.35
0.79 0.35
0.800000000000005 0.35
0.81 0.35
0.820000000000007 0.36
0.83 0.36
0.840000000000009 0.36
0.85 0.36
0.860000000000011 0.36
0.87 0.36
0.880000000000013 0.37
0.89 0.37
0.900000000000015 0.37
0.91 0.37
0.920000000000017 0.37
0.93 0.37
0.940000000000019 0.38
0.95 0.38
0.960000000000021 0.38
0.97 0.38
0.980000000000023 0.38
0.990000000000024 0.38
1.00 0.39
1.01000000000003 0.39
1.02 0.39
1.03000000000005 0.39
1.04 0.39
1.05000000000007 0.39
1.06 0.39
1.07000000000009 0.39
1.08 0.4
1.09000000000011 0.4
1.10 0.4
1.11000000000013 0.4
1.12 0.4
1.13000000000015 0.4
1.14 0.4
1.15000000000017 0.4
1.16 0.41
1.17000000000019 0.41
1.18 0.41
1.19000000000021 0.41
1.20 0.41
1.21000000000023 0.41
1.22 0.41
1.23000000000025 0.41
1.24 0.41
1.25 0.42
1.26 0.42
1.27 0.42
1.28 0.42
1.29 0.42
1.30 0.42
1.31 0.42
1.32 0.42
1.33 0.43
1.34 0.43
1.35 0.43
1.36 0.43
1.37 0.43
1.38 0.43
1.39 0.43
1.40 0.43
1.41 0.44
1.42 0.44
1.43 0.44
1.44 0.44
1.45 0.44
1.46 0.44
1.47 0.44
1.48 0.44
1.49 0.44
1.50 0.45
1.51 0.45
1.52 0.45
1.53 0.45
1.54 0.45
1.55 0.45
1.56 0.45
1.57 0.45
1.58 0.45
1.59 0.45
1.60 0.45
1.61 0.45
1.62 0.45
1.63 0.46
1.64 0.46
1.65 0.46
1.66 0.46
1.67 0.46
1.68 0.46
1.69 0.46
1.70 0.46
1.71 0.46
1.72 0.46
1.73 0.46
1.74 0.46
1.75 0.47
1.76 0.47
1.77 0.47
1.78 0.47
1.79 0.47
1.80 0.47
1.81 0.47
1.82 0.47
1.83 0.47
1.84 0.47
1.85 0.47
1.86 0.47
1.87 0.47
1.88 0.48
1.89 0.48
1.90 0.48
1.91 0.48
1.92 0.48
1.93 0.48
1.94 0.48
1.95 0.48
1.96 0.48
1.97 0.48
1.98 0.48
1.99 0.48
2.00 0.49
2.01 0.49
2.02 0.49
2.03 0.49
2.04 0.49
2.05 0.49
2.06 0.49
2.07 0.49
2.08 0.49
2.09 0.49
2.10 0.49
2.11 0.49
2.12 0.49
2.13 0.50
2.14 0.50
2.15 0.50
2.16 0.50
2.17 0.50
2.18 0.50
2.19 0.50
2.20 0.50
2.21 0.50
2.22 0.50
2.23 0.50
2.24 0.50
2.25 0.51
2.26 0.51
2.27 0.51
2.28 0.51
2.29 0.51
2.30 0.51
2.31 0.51
2.32 0.51
2.33 0.51
2.34 0.51
2.35 0.51
2.36 0.51
2.37 0.51
2.38 0.51
2.39 0.51
2.40 0.51
2.41 0.51
2.42 0.51
2.43 0.51
2.44 0.51
2.45 0.51
2.46 0.51
2.47 0.51
2.48 0.51
2.49 0.51
2.50 0.51
2.51 0.51
2.52 0.51
2.53 0.51
2.54 0.51
2.55 0.51
2.56 0.51
2.57 0.51
2.58 0.51
2.59 0.51
2.60 0.51
2.61 0.51
2.62 0.51
2.63 0.51
2.64 0.51
2.65 0.51
2.66 0.51
2.67 0.51
2.68 0.51
2.69 0.51
2.70 0.51
2.71 0.51
2.72 0.51
2.73 0.51
2.74 0.51
2.75 0.51
2.76 0.51
2.77 0.51
2.78 0.51
2.79 0.51
2.80 0.51
2.81 0.51
2.82 0.51
2.83 0.51
2.84 0.51
2.85 0.51
2.86 0.51
2.87 0.51
2.88 0.51
2.89 0.51
2.90 0.51
2.91 0.51
2.92 0.51
2.93 0.51
2.94 0.51
2.95 0.51
2.96 0.51
2.97 0.51
2.98 0.51
2.99 0.51
3.00 0.51
3.01 0.51
3.02 0.51
3.03 0.51
3.04 0.51
3.05 0.51
3.06 0.51
3.07 0.51
3.08 0.51
3.09 0.51
3.10 0.51
3.11 0.51
3.12 0.51
3.13 0.51
3.14 0.51
3.15 0.51
 Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
tbd (N / mm2 -- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars

concrete tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = L d F
M 15 0.6 58 0.96 60
M 20 0.8 44 1.28 45
M 25 0.9 39 1.44 40
M 30 1 35 1.6 36
M 35 1.1 32 1.76 33
M 40 1.2 29 1.92 30
M 45 1.3 27 2.08 28
 M 50 1.4 25 2.24 26

of angle Value of angle

tan tan Degree sin cos
0.18 0.18 10 0.17 0.98
0.19 0.19 11 0.19 0.98
0.21 0.21 12 0.21 0.98
0.23 0.23 13 0.23 0.97
0.25 0.25 14 0.24 0.97
0.27 0.27 15 0.26 0.97
0.29 0.29 16 0.28 0.96
0.31 0.31 17 0.29 0.96
0.32 0.32 18 0.31 0.95
0.34 0.34 19 0.33 0.95
0.36 0.36 20 0.34 0.94
0.38 0.38 21 0.36 0.93
0.40 0.40 22 0.37 0.93
0.42 0.42 23 0.39 0.92
0.45 0.45 24 0.41 0.92
0.47 0.47 25 0.42 0.91
0.58 0.58 30 0.50 0.87
0.70 0.70 35 0.57 0.82
0.84 0.84 40 0.64 0.77
1.00 1.00 45 0.71 0.71
1.19 1.19 50 0.77 0.64
1.43 1.43 55 0.82 0.57
1.73 1.73 60 0.87 0.50
2.14 2.14 65 0.91 0.42
 150 or less

: 456-2000)
50
1.4