ch08 1 40

8-1 In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle using refrigerant R-134a, saturated vapor enters the
compressor at a temperature of –20 ºC with a volumetric flow rate of 1.5 m3/min. The refrigerant leaves
the condenser at 35 ºC, 10 bar. Determine:
a. the compressor power (in kW)
b. the refrigerating capacity (in tons)
c. the coefficient of performance (COP).
Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used
to determine its power. Likewise, an energy balance
on the evaporator can be used to calculate the input
heat transfer rate.
Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. The compressor is isentropic.
4. No work is done in the evaporator.
5. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.
Solution:
a) For compressor power, apply the energy and mass equations to the compressor. Assume reversible, adiabatic,
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and steady.
dE ⎛ V
2 ⎞ ⎛ V
2 ⎞ dm
= Q −W + ∑ m⎜ h + + g2 ⎟ − ∑ m ⎜ h + + g2 ⎟ and = ∑m −∑m
dt ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ dt
in
⎝ ⎠ out ⎝ ⎠ in out
Therefore, m1 = m2 = m and W = m(h1 − h2 ) = −Win where m = V1 v1

For the properties, use the R-134a tables, Appendices B-14—B-16:
v1 (T1 ,saturated vapor ) = vg1 (T1 ) = 0.1464 m3 / kg , h1 (T1 ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 (T1 ) = 235.31kJ / kg
Because of isentropic compression, s2 = s1 , and we want to evaluate h2 ( P2 , s2 )
s1 = sg1 (T1 ) = 0.9332 kJ / kg K
State 2 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation: h2 = 277.14 kJ kg . Therefore,
m = (1.5 m / min ) / ( 0.1464 m / kg ) = 10.2 kg / min
3 3
kJ ⎛ 1min ⎞ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
W = (10.2 kg )( 235.31 − 277.14 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = −7.11kW
kg ⎝ 60s ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
Win = −W = 7.11kW Answer
b) To obtain the refrigerating capacity, apply the energy and mass equations to the refrigerant flowing through the
evaporator. Assume steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and no work. Therefore,
m4 = m1 = m and Q = m ( h1 − h4 ) = Qin
Across the throttling value, h4 = h3 and h3 (T3 , P3 ) → This is a subcooled liquid, so we use the subcooled
liquid approximation
h3 ∼ h f 3 (T3 ) = 98.78 kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1min ⎞ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Therefore, Q = ⎜ 10.2 ⎟ ( 235.31 − 98.78 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ min ⎠ kg ⎝ 60s ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ / s ⎠
Q = Qin = 23.2 kW Answer
For the refrigerating capacity in tons, 1ton = 211kJ / min
⎛ 1kJ/s ⎞⎛ 60s ⎞ ⎛ 1ton ⎞
Qin = ( 23.2 kW ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 6.6 tons
⎝ 1 kW ⎠⎝ 1min ⎠ ⎝ 211kJ/min ⎠
c) Finally, COPRef = Qin Win = 23.2 kW 7.11kW = 3.26 Answer
8- 1
8-2 Refrigerant R-134a is used in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. Saturated vapor at 20 psia enters
the compressor, which has an isentropic efficiency of 80%, and leaves at 120 psia. Saturated liquid exits
the condenser, and saturated vapor exits the evaporator. The mass flow rate is 15 lbm/min. Determine:
a. the compressor power (in hp)
b. the refrigerating capacity (in tons)
c. the coefficient of performance (COP).
Approach:
heat transfer rate.
Assumptions:
3. The compressor is adiabatic.
Solution:
a) Apply the energy and mass equations to the compressor. Assume steady, adiabatic, with negligible potential
and kinetic energy effects. Therefore,
m1 = m2 = m1 and Win = m ( h2 − h1 )
From the R-134a tables, Appendices B-14—B-16: h1 ( P1 ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P1 ) = 101.39 Btu lbm
and s1 = sg1 (T1 ) = 0.2227 Btu / lbm R
To determine h2 we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency:
h1 − h2 s
ηC = → h2 = h1 − ( h1 − h2 s ) / ηC
h1 − h2
By interpolation in the superheat vapor region at 120 psia, knowing that s2 = s1 :
h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 117.3Btu / lbm
h2 = 101.39 − (101.39 − 117.3) / 0.80 = 121.3Btu / lbm
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu Btu
Win = ⎜ 15 ⎟ (121.3 − 101.39 ) = 298
⎝ min ⎠ lbm min
⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 60 min ⎞ ⎛ 1hp ⎞
= ⎜ 298 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 7.04 hp Answer
⎝ min ⎠⎝ 1hr ⎠⎝ 2544.5 Btu / hr ⎠
b) Apply the energy and mass equations to the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator, and assume steady, no
work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 − h4 )
From the throttling valve h4 = h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 40.91Btu lbm . Therefore,
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu Btu
Qin = ⎜ 15 ⎟ (101.39 − 40.91) = 907.2
⎝ min ⎠ lbm min
⎛ Btu ⎞⎛ 1ton ⎞
= ⎜ 907.2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 4.54 tons Answer
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ 200 Btu / min ⎠
Qin 907.2 Btu/min
c) COPRef = = = 3.04 Answer
Win 298.7 Btu/min
8- 2
8-3 A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle uses R-134a. Liquid at 1200 kPa exits the condenser at 40 ºC.
The evaporator operates at a pressure of 240 kPa. The compressor isentropic efficiency is 75%. Determine
the cycle coefficient of performance (COP) if the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as superheated vapor at
0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ºC above the saturation temperature.
Approach:
heat transfer rate. Their ratio is used to determine the
cycle COP.
Assumptions:
Solution:
The refrigeration cycle COP is
Q
COPRef = in
Win
Applying the mass and energy equations to the evaporator, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential
and kinetic energy effects:
m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 − h4 ) → Qin m = qin = h1 − h4
Applying the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible
potential and kinetic energy effects:
m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 − h1 ) → Win m = win = h2 − h1
From the throttling valve, h4 = h3 ( P3 , T3 ) .
Using the subcooled liquid approximation and Appendix A-14, h3 ≈ h f 3 (T3 ) = 106.19 kJ kg
To find h1 ( P1 , T1 ) , P1 and T1 are known, so h1 can be evaluated
To obtain h2 , we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency
h1 − h2 s
ηC = → h2 = h1 − ( h1 − h2 s ) / ηC
h1 − h2
where, because s2 = s1 , h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) is obtained by interpolation from the R-134a superheated vapor table,
Appendix A-16. Below is a table of all the values with Tsat ,1 = −5.37 C
T1 − Tsat ,1 T1 h1 ( P1 , T1 ) s1 ( P1 , T1 ) h2 s h2 win qin COP
( C) ( C) ( kJ / kg ) ( kJ / kg K ) ( kJ / kg ) ( kJ / kg )
0 -5.37 244.09 0.9222 277.4 288.5 44.4 137.9 3.11
5 -0.37 248.71 0.9392 283.0 294.4 45.7 142.5 3.12
10 4.63 253.03 0.9548 288.1 299.8 46.8 146.8 3.14
15 9.63 257.51 0.9709 293.6 305.6 48.1 151.3 3.15
20 14.63 262.01 0.9866 298.9 311.2 49.2 155.8 3.17
Comments:
As can be seen, with increasing superheat from the evaporator, the compressor power and heat input increase and
the COP decreases. This is a consequence of the density at the compressor inlet decreasing with increasing
temperature.
8- 3
8-4 An ice-making plant is designed to produce 10,000 lbm of ice each day. Liquid water enters the plant at 50
ºF and solid ice leaves it at 20 ºF; the enthalpy change for the water when it goes from the liquid to the solid
is 167.4 Btu/lbm. Refrigerant R-134a enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 20 lbf/in.2 and leaves the
condenser as a saturated liquid at 100 lbf/in.2. The compressor isentropic efficiency is 85%. Detemine:
a. the refrigerant flow rate (in lbm/s)
b. the compressor input power (in hp)
c. the cycle coefficient of performance.
Approach:
An energy balance on the evaporator can be used to
calculate the refrigerant flow rate, since we know the
water flow rate and can evaluate the enthalpies.
Likewise, an energy balance across the compressor
power can be used to determine its power.
Assumptions:
3. The compressor and evaporator are adiabatic.
Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the whole evaporator, and assume adiabatic, no work, and negligible
potential and kinetic energy effects for both the R-134a and the water
m1 = m4 = mR and mA = mB = mW and mR ( h1 − h4 ) = mW ( hA − hB )
hA − hB
Solving for the refrigerant flow rate: mR = mW
h1 − h4
From the R-134a table Appendix B-15, h4 = h3 ( P3 ,saturated liquid ) = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 36.99 Btu lbm
h1 ( P1 ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P1 ) = 101.39 Btu / lbm
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ 167.4 ⎞ ⎛ 1Day ⎞ ⎛ hr ⎞ lbm
mR = ⎜ 10000 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.301 Answer
⎝ Day ⎠ ⎝ 101.39 − 36.99 ⎠ ⎝ 24 hr ⎠ ⎝ 3600 s ⎠ s
b) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential
and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 − h1 )
For h2 , we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency
h1 − h2 s h1 − h2 s
ηC = → h2 = h1 −
h1 − h2 ηC
With s2 = s1 , and s1 = sg1 ( P1 ) = 0.2227 Btu lbm R , by interpolation in Appendix B-16
h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 115.64 Btu / lbm
101.39 − 115.64
h2 = 101.39 − = 118.16 Btu / lbm
0.85
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu Btu
Win = ⎜ 0.301 ⎟ (118.16 − 101.39 ) = 5.05 = 7.14 hp Answer
⎝ s ⎠ lbm s
c) The coefficient of performance is defined as
COPRef = Qin Win
From the energy balance on the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator
Qin = mR ( h1 − h4 ) = ( 0.301lbm s )(101.39 − 36.99 ) Btu lbm = 19.38 Btu s
19.38 Btu s
COPRef = = 3.84 Answer
5.05 Btu s
8- 4
8-5 A large frozen food storage building is to be maintained at –10 ºC. The cooling load is 243 kW. An ideal
R-134a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is to be used for the cooling. Saturated vapor enters the
compressor at 100 kPa, and saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 800 kPa. Water used to cool the
condenser experiences a 10 ºC temperature rise. Determine:
a. the mass flow rate of the refrigerant (in kg/s)
b. the power input to the compressor (in kW)
c. the cycle coefficient of performance
d. the water mass flow rate (in kg/s).
Approach:
Each process is evaluated with conservation of energy using
the appropriate assumptions. The water mass flow rate is
evaluated by applying the energy equation to the complete
condenser.
Assumptions:
1. The processes are steady.
2. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects.
3. No work occurs in the condenser or evaporator.
5. Water is an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat.
6. The condenser is adiabatic.
Solution:
a) Applying the mass and the energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator, and assuming
steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 − h4 )
Solving for m = Qin / ( h1 − h4 ) . From the refrigerant R-134a table, Appendix A-15:
h1 ( P1 ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P1 ) = 231.35 kJ / kg s1 = sg1 ( P1 ) = 0.9395 kJ / kg iK
For the throttling value
h4 = h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 93.42 kJ / kg
⎛ 1kJ/s ⎞
243kW ⎜ ⎟
Therefore, m= ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ = 1.76 kg / s Answer
( 231.35 − 93.42 ) kJ kg
b) Applying the mass and energy equation to the compressor and assuming steady, reversible, adiabatic, and
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
m1 = m2 = m and Win = m ( h2 − h1 )
The compressor is isentropic, s2 = s1 , so interpolation in the superheated vapor region, Appendix A-16, at 800 kPa
h2 ( P2 , s2 ) = 274.3kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Win = ⎜ 1.76 ⎟ ( 274.3 − 231.35 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 75.6 kW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
Qin 243kW
Win 75.6 kW
d) Apply the mass and energy equations to the condenser, and assuming steady, no heat transfer, no work, and
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects for both the water and R-134a
m2 = m3 = mR and mA = mB = mW mR ( h2 − h3 ) = mW ( hB − hA )
d) Assuming the water acts as an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat, so that ∆h = c p ∆T (for water
c p = 4.18 kJ / kgiK )
mR ( h2 − h3 ) (1.76 kg s )( 274.3 − 93.42 ) kJ kg kg
mW = = = 7.62 Answer
c p ∆TW ( 4.18 kJ kgiK ) (10 C ) s
8- 5
8-6 Data from an experiment on a new R-134a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle were obtained. The
motor driving the compressor consumed 2.14 hp. The refrigerant entered the compressor at 20 ºF and 20
lbf/in.2 and exited at 170 ºF and 160 lbf/in.2. Refrigerant exited the condenser at 155 lbf/in.2 as a saturated
liquid, and the pressure just downstream of the expansion valve was 22 lbf/in2. Determine:
a. the compressor isentropic efficiency
b. the cooling capacity (in tons)
c. the cycle coefficient of performance (COP).
Approach:
heat transfer rate.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Compressor isentropic efficiency is defined as
h −h
ηC = 1 2
h1 − h2
From the R-134a tables for a superheated vapor (Appendix B-16, by interpolation)
h1 ( P1 , T1 ) = 105.88 Btu / lbm s1 = 0.2323Btu / lbm R
h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = 132.42 Btu / lbm s2 = 0.2433Btu / lbm R
with s2 = s1 , h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 125.63Btu / lbm
Therefore,
105.88 − 125.63
ηC = = 0.744 Answer
105.88 − 132.42
b) For the cooling capacity, apply the mass and energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the
evaporator, assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 − h4 )
From the throttling valve, Appendix B-15, h4 = h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 46.85 Btu / lbm
To obtain the mass flow rate, we apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume
steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 − h1 )
⎛ 2545 Btu/hp ⎞
2.14 hp ⎜ ⎟
Win ⎝ 1 hp ⎠ = 205.2 lbm
m= =
h2 − h1 Btu hr
(132.42 − 105.88)
lbm
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu Btu
Qin = ⎜ 205.2 ⎟ (105.88 − 46.85 ) = 12,110 = 1.01ton Answer
⎝ hr ⎠ lbm hr
Qin 12113Btu/hr
Win ( 2.14 hp ) ⎡⎣( 2545 Btu/hr ) 1hp ⎤⎦
8- 6
8-7 A home is heated with a groundwater heat pump, which uses subterranean water at 50 ºF as the low
temperature reservoir. The heat pump is designed to blow air in the residential space at 30 ºF above the
thermostat set point. Heat loss from the building to the outside air is 358 W per degree Fahrenheit of
temperature difference between the inside of the house and the outside air. On a winter day when the
outside temperature is 20 ºF, the thermostat is set at 65 ºF. Determine the minimum possible electric power
that must be supplied to the heat pump under these conditions.
Approach:
Because the minimum possible power is sought, a heat
pump operating on the reverse Carnot cycle must be
analyzed. Sufficient information is given to evaluate
the required heat transfer rate.
Assumptions:
1. The heat pump operates on the reverse Carnot
cycle.
Solution:
Using the definition of COP for a heat pump and solving for Win
QH
Win =
COPHP
For the minimum power, we use the definition of the COP for a heat pump operating on the reverse Carnot cycle.
Q QH TH
COPHP = H = =
Win QH − QL TH − TL
The given information is:
QH = 358 (Tin - Tout ) where 358 has units of W/°F and T is in °F.
Tin = 65 F = TThermostat
Tout = 20 F
TH = Tin + 30 o F = 95 o F = 555 R
TL = 50 F = 510 R Groundwater
Substituting in the absolute temperatures:
TH 555R
COPHP = = = 12.33
TH − TL 555R-510R
From the given information about heat loss:
⎛ W⎞
QH = ⎜ 358 o ⎟ ( 65-20 ) o F = 16,110 W
⎝ F⎠
Therefore:
16,110W
Win = = 1310 W Answer
12.33
8- 7
8-8 In winter a building requires 94,000 kJ/hr of heat, and an ideal vapor-compression heat pump is used. R-
134a enters the isentropic compressor of the heat pump at 0.4 MPa, 10 ºC and exits at 1 MPa. Saturated
liquid leaves the condenser. Determine:
a. the mass flow rate of the refrigerant (in kg/s)
b. the power input to the compressor (in kW)
c. the cycle coefficient of performance (COP).
Approach:
to determine its power since we can evaluate the
enthalpies. Likewise, an energy balance on the
condenser can be used to calculate the heat output.
The definition is used to determine COP.
Assumptions:
4. No work is done in the condenser.
Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the condenser, and assume steady, no
m3 = m2 = m and Qout = m ( h2 − h3 ) → m = Qout ( h2 − h3 )
From the R-134a tables, Appendices A-14—A-16
With P3 = P2 , h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 105.29 kJ / kg
Because the compressor is isentropic, s2 = s1 , s1 ( P1 , T1 ) = 0.9182 kJ / kg K and h1 ( P1 , T1 ) = 253.35 kJ / kg
We need h2 ( P2 , s2 ) so, by interpolation, h2 ( P2 , s2 ) = 272.37 kJ / kg
( 94000 kJ / hr )(1hr 3600 s )
m= = 0.156 kg / s Answer
( 272.37 − 105.29 ) kJ / kg
b) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential
m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 − h1 )
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Win = ⎜ 0.156 ⎟ ( 272.37 − 253.35 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 2.97 kW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1kJ / s ⎠
c) The heat pump coefficient of performance is

Q ( 94000 kJ / hr )(1hr / 3600 s )
COPHP = out = = 8.78 Answer
Win ⎛ 1kJ / s ⎞
( 2.97 kW ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1kW ⎠
8- 8
8-9 A vapor-compression refrigeration system with a cooling capacity of 6 tons is to be used as a heat pump to
warm liquid water. The working fluid is R-134a. The water enters the condenser at 55 ºF and leaves at 80
ºF. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 40 lbf/in.2, and superheated vapor leaves at 120 lbf/in.2, 110
ºF. Heat transfer between the compressor and the surroundings occurs at a rate of 1.0 Btu/lbm of
refrigerant flowing through the compressor. Liquid refrigerant leaves the condenser at 85 ºF, 120 lbf/in2.
Determine:
a. the compressor power input (in Btu/min)
b. the water flow rate through the condenser (in lbm/min)
c. the coefficient of performance.
Approach:
Each process is evaluated with conservation of energy
using the appropriate assumptions. The water mass
flow rate is evaluated by applying the energy equation
to the complete condenser.
Assumptions:
3. No work occurs in the condenser or evaporator.
5. Water is ideal with a constant specific heat.
Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume steady with negligible potential and
kinetic energy effects:
m2 = m1 = mR and QC − WC + m1h1 − m2 h2 = 0
WC = QC + mR ( h1 − h2 ) → Win = mR ( h2 − h1 ) − mR qc = mR ( h2 − h1 − qC )
From the R-134a tables (Appendices A-14—A-16, by interpolation, as needed):
h1 ( P1 ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P1 ) = 105.88 Btu lbm and h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = 118.92 Btu / lbm
To determine m , apply the mass and energy equations to the evaporator, and assume steady, no work, and
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m1 = m4 = mR and Qin = mR ( h1 − h4 ) → mR = Qin ( h1 − h4 )
Across the throttling value
h4 = h3 ( P3 , T3 ) → using the subcooled liquid approximation h3 = h f 3 (T3 ) = 38.99 Btu lbm
6 tons ([ 200 Btu / min 1ton ]) lbm
mR = = 17.9
(105.88 − 38.99 ) Btu lbm min
Therefore, Win = (17.9 lbm min ) [118.92 − 105.88 − 1.0] Btu lbm = 216 Btu min Answer
b) Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the condenser, and assume steady, no work,
and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Q = mW ( hB − hA ) = Qout → mW = Qout ( hB − hA )
For a cycle ∑ Q = ∑W → Qout +QC - Qin = Win
Btu ⎛ 200 Btu/min ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu
Qout = Win +Qin - QC = 216 + 6 tons ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜1 ⎟ ⎜ 17.9 ⎟ = 1398
min ⎝ 1ton ⎠ ⎝ lbm ⎠ ⎝ min ⎠ min
Assuming the water is an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , and using c p = 1.0 Btu / lbmiR
1398 Btu / min lbm
mW = = 55.9 Answer
(1.0 Btu lbmiR )(80 − 55) R min
c) The coefficients of performance for the heat pump and for the refrigeration system are
Q 1398 Btu / min Q 1200 Btu / min
COPHP = out = = 6.47 Answer COPRef = in = = 5.56 Answer
Win 216 Btu / min Win 216 Btu / min
8- 9
8-10 An ideal vapor-compression heat pump cycle using R-134a is used to heat a house. The inside temperature
is 22 ºC; the outside temperature is 0 ºC. Saturated vapor at 2.2 bar enters the compressor, and saturated
liquid leaves the condenser at 8 bar. The mass flow rate is 0.2 kg/s. Determine:
a the power input to the compressor (in kW)
b. the coefficient of performance
c. the coefficient of performance if the system were used as a refrigeration cycle
d. the maximum theoretical COP working between thermal reservoirs at 22 ºC and 0 ºC.
Approach:
The definition is used to determine COP.
Assumptions:
4. No work is done in the condenser.
Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equation to the compressor, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential
m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 − h1 )
From the R-134a tables (Appendices A-14—A-16), h1 ( P1 ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P1 ) = 242.7 kJ kg
s1 = sg1 ( P1 ) = 0.9238 kJ / kg K
With s2 = s1 , by interpolation h2 ( P2 , s2 ) = 269.45 kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Win = ⎜ 0.2 ⎟ ( 269.45 − 242.7 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 5.35 kW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
b) The coefficient of performance is defined as
Q
COPHP = out
Win
The heating rate, Qout , is determined from mass and energy balance around the refrigerant flowing through the
condenser, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m3 = m2 = m and Qout = m ( h2 − h3 )
h3 ( P3 ,saturated liquid ) = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 93.42 kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Qout = ⎜ 0.2 ⎟ ( 269.45 − 93.42 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 35.2 kW
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1kJ/s ⎠
35.2 kW
COPHP = = 6.58 Answer
5.35 kW
c) COPHP = COPRef + 1 ⇒ COPRef = 6.58 − 1 = 5.58 Answer
TH ( 273 + 22 ) K
d) COPCARNOT = = = 13.4 Answer
HP TH − TL ( 273 + 22 ) K − ( 273 + 0 ) K
8-10
8-11 R-134a is used in a vapor-compression heat pump cycle in which the refrigerant enters the adiabatic
compressor at 2.4 bar, 0 ºC, with a volumetric flow rate of 0.8 m3/min, and leaves at 10 bar, 55 ºC. Liquid
leaves the condenser at 34 ºC. Determine:
a. the power input to the compressor (in kW)
b. heating capacity of the system (in kW)
c. the coefficient of performance
d. the isentropic compressor efficiency.
Approach:
Definitions are used to determine COP and isentropic
efficiency.
Assumptions:
3. The compressor and evaporator are adiabatic.
Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential
m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 − h1 ) where m = V1 / v1
From the R-134a tables (Appendices A-14—A-16,by interpolation)
h1 ( P1 , T1 ) = 248.89 kJ / kg v1 ( P1 , T1 ) = 0.08574 m3 / kg s1 ( P1 , T1 ) = 0.9399 kJ / kg
h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = 285.78 kJ / kg
Therefore,
m = ( 0.8 m3 min ) ( 0.08574 m 2 / kg ) = 9.33kg min = 0.156 kg / s
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Win = ⎜ 0.156 ⎟ ( 285.78 − 248.89 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 5.75 kW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
b) The heating capacity is Qout , so apply the mass and energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the
condenser. Assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m3 = m2 = m and Qout = m ( h2 − h3 )
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) ⇒ using the subcooled liquid approximation h3 ∼ h f 3 (T3 ) = 97.31kJ / kg
kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Qout = 0.156 kg ( 285.78-97.31) ⎜ ⎟ = 29.4 kW Answer
kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
c) The coefficient of performance for a heat pump is defined as
Q 29.4 kW
COPHP = out = = 5.11 Answer
Wout 5.75 kW
h1 − h2 s
d) Isentropic efficiency is ηC =
h1 − h2
Since s2 = s1 , by interpolation h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 279.27 kJ / kg
248.89 − 279.27
ηC = = 0.823 Answer
248.89 − 285.78
8-11
8-12 In an ideal Rankine cycle, saturated water vapor enters the turbine at 20 MPa and exits at 10 kPa. Saturated
liquid exits the condenser. Determine:
a. the net work per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg)
b. heat input per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg)
c. the cycle thermal efficiency
d. the heat rejection per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg).
Approach:
Basic definitions combined with conservation of mass
and energy are used to calculate the needed quantities.
Assumptions:
3. No work occurs in the boiler.
4. The turbine and pump are isentropic.
5. The water is incompressible.
Solution:
a) The net work is defined as: Wnet = WT − WP . To determine these quantities, we apply the mass and energy
equations to the turbine and pump, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy
effects:
m4 = m3 = m and m2 = m1 = m
WT = m ( h3 − h4 ) and WP = m ( h2 − h1 ) ⇒ Wnet m = ( h3 − h4 ) − ( h2 − h1 )
Evaluating the four enthalpies using Appendices A-10—A-12:
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = hg ( P3 ) = 2409.7 kJ / kg s3 = sg ( P3 ) = 4.9269 kJ/kg K
For h4 ( P4 , s4 ) because the turbine is isentropic, s4 = s3 , and state 4 is in the two-phase region
s4 − s f ,4 4.9269 − 0.6493
x4 = = = 0.570
s fg ,4 7.5009
h4 = h f ,4 + x4 h fg ,4 = 191.83kJ kg + ( 0.570 )( 2392.8 kJ kg ) = 1556.4 kJ kg
For the isentropic pump and assuming water is incompressible, WP = m∆h = mv∆P
h2 − h1 = ∆h = v f ,1 ( P2 − P1 ) = ( 0.001010 m3 kg ) [ 20000 − 10] kN m 2 ( kJ kN-m ) = 20.2 kJ kg
Therefore, Wnet m = ( 2409.7 − 1556.4 ) − 20.2 = 833.1kJ / kg Answer
b) To find the heat addition, apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and
m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 − hi ) ⇒ Qin m = h3 − h2
h2 = h1 + ( h2 − h1 ) pump with h1 = h f ( P1 ) = 191.83kJ / kg
h2 = 191.83 + 20.2 = 212.0 kJ/kg
Qin m = 2409.7 − 212 = 2197.7 kJ kg Answer
Wnet / m 833.1kJ / kg
c) Cycle thermal efficiency is ηcycle = Wnet Qin = = = 0.379 Answer
Qin / m 2197.7 kJ / kg
d) For a cycle, Wnet = Qnet = Qin − Qout
Qout Qin Wnet kJ
Qout = Qin − Wnet ⇒ = − = 2197.7 − 833.1 = 1364.6 Answer
m m m kg
Comments:
The exit quality from the turbine is very low and could damage the turbine. This is not a good design.
8-12
8-13 Data from a simple Rankine cycle power plant were measured to determine actual performance. The
measured steam flow rate was 6.8 kg/s. The measured conditions of the water are shown in the following
table.
Device Inlet conditions Outlet conditions

Pump P1 =10 kPa; T1 = 45 ºC P2 =5.2 MPa; T2 = 46 ºC
Boiler P3 =5.1 MPa; T3 = 45 ºC P4 =5.0 MPa; T4 = 500 ºC
Turbine P5 =4.5 MPa; T5 = 500 ºC P6 =15 kPa; x6 = 0.97
Condenser P6 =15 kPa; x6 = 0.97 P7 =12 kPa; T7 = 45 ºC
Determine:
a) the heat addition (in kW)
b) the net power produced (in kW)
c) the heat rejection (in kW)
d) the turbine isentropic efficiency
e) the pump isentropic efficiency
f) the cycle thermal efficiency.
Approach:
We are given information about the fluid state
upstream and downstream of each device. Hence,
application of conservation of mass and energy to
each device allows us to calculate the heat transfer
rate or power of each.
Assumptions:
5. The pump and turbine are adiabatic.
Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and
m4 = m3 = m and Qin = m ( h4 − h3 )
Evaluating the properties, h3 ( P3 , T3 ) is in the subcooled liquid region, so we use the subcooled liquid
approximation and Appendix A-10:
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) ≈ h f 3 (T3 ) + v f 3 ( P − Psat ,3 )
kJ ⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ 1kJ ⎞
= 188.45 + ⎜ 0.00101 ⎟ ( 5100 − 9.593) 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 193.6 kJ / kg
kg ⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎝ 1kN-m ⎠
State 4 is in the superheated vapor region (Appendix A-12), so h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3433.8 kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Qin = ⎜ 6.8 ⎟ ( 3433.8 − 193.6 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 22, 033kW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
b) The net work is
Wnet = WT − WP
Applying the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible
potential and kinetic energy effects:
WT = m ( h5 − h6 )
where state 5 is in the superheated vapor region, h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3439.6 kJ / kg
and state 6 is in the two-phase region:
8-13
h6 = h f 6 + x6 ( h fg ,6 ) = 225.94 + 0.97 ( 2373.1) = 2527.8 kJ / kg
Therefore,
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
WT = ⎜ 6.8 ⎟ ( 3439.6 − 2527.8 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 6200 kW
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
Likewise,
WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
State 1 is slightly subcooled liquid, so that h1 ( P1 , T1 ) ≈ h f 1 (T1 ) + v f 1 ( P − Psat ,1 )
kJ ⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ 1kJ ⎞
h1 = 188.45 + ⎜ 0.00101 ⎟ (10 − 9.593) 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 188.45 kJ / kg
kg ⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎝ 1kN-m ⎠
Likewise, for state 2 with interpolations

h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = h f 2 (T2 ) + v f 2 ( P2 − Pat ,2 ) = 192.6 + ( 0.001010 )( 5200 − 10.14 ) = 197.9 kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
WP = ⎜ 6.8 ⎟ (197.9 − 188.45 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 64.3kW
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
Therefore,
Wnet = 6200 − 64.3 = 6136 kW Answer
c) To find the output heat transfer, consider the overall cycle:

∑ Q = ∑W ⇒ Qin − Qout = Wnet
Qout = 22033 − 6136 = 15,897 kW Answer
d) Turbine isentropic efficiency definition is
W h −h
ηT = act = 5 6
Ws h5 − h6 s
For isentropic behavior, s6 = s5 , and s5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 7.0301kJ / kg K . Therefore, for h6 s ( P6 , s6 )
s6 − s f 6 7.0301 − 0.7549
By interpolation x6 s = = = 0.865
s fg 6 7.2536
h6 s − h f 6 h6 s − 225.94
And x6 s = = → h6 s = 2278.9 kJ / kg
h fg 6 2373.1
Therefore,
3439.6 − 2527.8
ηT = = 0.786 Answer
3439.6 − 2278.9
Ws
e) Pump isentropic efficiency definition is η P = . Recognizing that the liquid is incompressible,
Wact
⎛ m3 ⎞ kN
⎜ 0.001010 ⎟ ( 5200-10 ) 2
mv ∆P kg m
=⎝ ⎠
Ws
ηP = = = 0.56 Answer
Wact m ( h2 − h1 ) kJ
(197.9-188.45 )
kg
f) The cycle thermal efficiency is:
Wnet 6136 kW
ηcycle = = = 0.278 Answer
Qin 22033kW
8-14
8-14 A Rankine cycle power plant has a flow control valve (for use during partial load conditions) located
between the boiler and the turbine. At one partial load condtion, steam leaves the boiler at 6.0 MPa, 300
ºC, flows through the valve, which drops the pressure to 4.5 MPa, then enters the turbine in which it
expands to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Net power output is 500 MW. The turbine isentropic
efficiency is 82% and that of the pump is 68%. The condensate from the condenser leaves at 40 ºC.
Determine:
a. the steam flow rate (in kg/s)
b. the cycle thermal efficiency
c. the steam flow rate and cycle thermal efficiency if no valve is present between the boiler and
turbine.
Approach:
With the net power known and states up and down
stream of the turbine and pump, the energy
equation is combined with the known information
to calculate the mass flow. Cycle thermal
efficiency is determined from its definition and the
energy equation applied to the boiler.
Assumptions:
4. The turbine is adiabatic.
5. The pump is isentropic.
Solution:
a) To determine the steam flow rate, we know Wnet = WT − WP = Qin − Qout = 500 MW
We evaluate the pump and turbine work by applying the energy and mass equations, and assuming, steady,
adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m5 = m4 = m m2 = m1 = m
WT = m ( h4 − h5 ) WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
Combining these expressions: m = Wnet ⎡⎣( h4 − h5 ) − ( h2 − h1 ) ⎤⎦
We need the enthalpies at various locations. Using Appendices A-10—A-12, across the throttling valve,
h4 = h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 2884.2 kJ / kg . For h5 , we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency
Wact h −h
ηT = = 4 5 → h5 = h4 − ηT ( h4 − h5 s )
Ws h4 − h5 s
For h5 s ( P5 , s5 ) , we know s5 = s4 , so we need to find s4 ( P4 , h4 ) . By interpolation in the superheated vapor table,
s4 = 6.1776 kJ / kg K . State 5 is in the two-phase region, so
s5 − s f 6.1776 − 0.6493
x5 s = = = 0.737 → h5 s = h f ,5 + x5 h fg ,5 = 191.83 + 0.737 ( 2392.8 ) = 1955.4 kJ kg
s fg 7.5009
h5 = 2884.2 − ( 0.82 )( 2884.2 − 1955.4 ) = 2122.6 kJ kg
For the pump, because it is an ideal liquid (assumed)
h2 s − h1 = v f ,1 ( P2 − P1 ) = ( 0.001010 m3 kg ) [ 6000 − 10] kN m 2 (1kJ 1kN-m ) = 6.05 kJ / kg
Using the definition of pump isentropic efficiency:
W h −h h − h 6.05 kJ kJ
ηP = s = 2s 1 → h2 − h1 = 2 s 1 = = 8.9
Wact h2 − h1 ηP 0.68 kg kg
⎛ 1kJ / s ⎞
500 000 kW ⎜ ⎟
Therefore, m= ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ = 664.3kg / s Answer
kJ
⎡⎣( 2884.2 − 2122.6 ) − ( 8.9 ) ⎤⎦
kg
8-15
b) Cycle thermal efficiency is defined as ηcycle = Wnet Qin . We need to evaluate the input heat transfer rate. To do
so, we apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential
m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 − h2 )
Using subcooled liquid approximation to evaluate h1 ( P1 , T1 ) h f (T1 ) = 167.57 kJ / kg
h2 = h1 + ( h2 − h1 ) pump = 167.57 + 8.9 = 176.5 kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1 kW ⎞
Qin = ⎜ 664.3 ⎟ ( 2884.2 − 176.5 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1, 799, 000 kW
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
500, 000 kW
ηcycle = = 0.278 Answer
1, 799, 000 kW
c) If no valve is present, the analysis is the same but the properties upstream and downstream of the turbine
change, which changes the mass flow rate
s3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 6.0674 kJ / kg K
6.0674 − 0.6493
To evaluate the new h5 s ( P5 , s5 ) , we know s5 = s3 , so that the new x5 s = = 0.722
7.5009
NEW h5 s = 191.83 + 0.722 ( 2392.8 ) = 1920.2 kJ / kg
NEW h5 = 2884.2 − 0.82 ( 2884.2 − 1920.2 ) = 2093.7 kJ / kg
⎛ 1kJ/s ⎞
500 000 kW ⎜ ⎟
NEW m = ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ = 639.7 kg / s
⎡⎣( 2884.2-2093.7 ) − ( 8.9 ) ⎤⎦ kJ
kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
NEW Qin = ⎜ 639.7 ⎟ ( 2884.2 − 176.5 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1, 732, 000 kW
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1kJ/s ⎠
500, 000 kW
NEW ηcycle = = 0.289 Answer
1, 732, 000 kW
Comments:
The valve creates a pressure drop that represents an unrecoverable energy loss. Hence, without the valve, the
cycle efficiency increases.
8-16
8-15 In a 2 MW Rankine cycle, saturated vapor leaves the boiler at 2 MPa, and expands in the turbine to an
outlet condition of 15 kPa, 94% quality. Saturated liquid leaves the condenser. The pump is ideal. The
temperature rise of the cooling water in the condenser is 10 ºC. Determine:
a. the mass flow rate of steam (in kg/s)
b. the input heat transfer rate (in MW)
d. the cooling water flowrate (in kg/s).
Approach:
For the steam mass flow rate, we are given
information the net power output (2 MW) and about
the fluid state upstream and downstream of the pump
and turbine. These two pieces of information can be
combined to calculate the flow rate. Likewise,
sufficient information is given for the fluid states
around the boiler and condenser to calculate the input
heat transfer rate, and the cooling water flow rate,
respectively. Hence, we will apply conservation of
mass and energy to each device.
Assumptions:
3. No work occurs in the boiler or condenser.
5. The pump and turbine are adiabatic, and the pump
is isentropic.
6. The condenser is adiabatic.
Solution:
a) The net power is Wnet = WT − WP . Applying the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and
assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m4 = m3 = m and WT = m ( h3 − h4 )
Likewise, for the pump WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
Therefore, Wnet = m ( h3 − h4 ) − m ( h2 − h1 ) ⇒ m = Wnet ⎡⎣( h 3 − h4 ) − ( h2 − h1 ) ⎤⎦
Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10—A-12:
h3 ( P3 ,saturated vapor ) = hg ( P3 ) = 2799.5 kJ / kg
h4 = h f 4 + x4 h fg 4 = 225.94 + 0.94 ( 2373.1) = 2456.7 kJ / kg
Assuming the water is an ideal liquid, the across the pump ∆hP = h2 − h1 = v∆P = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 )
⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ 1kJ ⎞
∆h = ⎜ 0.001014 ⎟ ( 2000 − 15 ) 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 2.0 kJ / kg
⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎝ 1 kN-m ⎠
Therefore,
⎛ 1kJ/s ⎞
2000 kW ⎜ ⎟
m= ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ = 5.87 kg / s Answer
kJ
⎡⎣( 2799.5-2456.7 ) − 2.0 ⎤⎦
kg
b) Appling the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential
m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 − h2 )
Evaluating the properties:
h2 = h1 + ( h2 − h1 ) = h f ( P1 ) + ∆hP = 225.94 + 2 = 227.94 kJ / kg
8-17
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞ ⎛ 1MW ⎞
Qin = ⎜ 5.87 ⎟ ( 2799.5 − 225.94 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 15.1MW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1kJ/s ⎠ ⎝ 1000 kW ⎠
c) The cycle thermal efficiency is

W 2 MW
ηcycle = net = = 0.132 Answer
Qin 15.1MW
d) Appling the mass and energy equations to the condenser, and assuming steady, adiabatic, no work, and
negligible ∆PE and ∆KE for both fluids:
m1 = m4 = mst and mB = mA = mW
m4 h4 + mA hA − m1h1 − mB hB = 0
mst ( h4 − h1 ) − mW ( hB − hA ) = 0
⎛ h −h ⎞
mW = mst ⎜ 4 1 ⎟
⎝ hB − hA ⎠
Assuming the water is an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat ( c p = 4.18 kJ / kg K ) , ∆h = hB − hA = cP ∆T
kJ
( 2456.7 − 225.94 )
⎛ kg ⎞ kg kg
mW = ⎜ 5.87 ⎟ = 313.3 Answer
⎝ s ⎠ ⎛ kJ ⎞ s
⎜ 4.18 ⎟ (10 K )
⎝ kg K ⎠
8-18
8-16 A 1000 MW coal-fired Rankine cycle power plant uses coal that has a heating value of 13,390 Btu/lbm.
The inlet conditions to the steam turbine are 1000 psia, 750 ºF. Saturated liquid exits the condenser at a
pressure of 1 psia. The boiler has a combustion efficiency of 87%, and the electric generator has an
efficiency of 94%. The turbine isentropic efficiency is 91%, and the pump isentropic efficiency is 82%.
Determine:
a. the overall plant efficiency
b. the coal flow rate (in tons/day).
Approach:
Begin with basic definitions and use conservation of
mass and energy applied to the various devices to
evaluate the terms in the definitions. Sufficient
information is given to evaluate all properties up and
downstream of each device.
Assumptions:
4. The liquid water is incompressible, and the
subcooled liquid approximation is valid.
5. The pump and turbine are adiabatic.
Solution:
a) The overall plant efficiency is ηoverall = ηboilerηcycle where
ηcycle = Wnet Qin , Qin = Qcoalηboiler , and Wnet = η gen (WT − WP ) = 1000 MW
To find the mass flow rate, apply the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assume
steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m4 = m3 = m and m2 = m1 = m
WT = m ( h3 − h4 ) WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
Wnet
Combining these expressions, we obtain: m =
η gen ⎡⎣( h3 − h4 ) − ( h2 − h1 ) ⎤⎦
Evaluating the properties (Appendices A-10-A-12, by interpolation as needed:
h1 ( P1 ,saturated liquid ) = h f ,1 ( P1 ) = 69.74 Btu / lbm
For h2 , use the subcooled liquid approximation and the definition of isentropic efficiency
Btu ⎛ ft 3 ⎞ lbf ⎛ 144in.2 ⎞ ⎛ 1Btu ⎞ Btu

h2 s = h1 + v f ,1 ( P2 − P1 ) = 69.74 + ⎜ 0.01614 ⎟ (1000 − 1) 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 69.74 + 3.0 = 72.7
lbm ⎝ lbm ⎠ in. ⎝ ft ⎠ ⎝ 778.2ft-lbf ⎠ lbm
h1 − h2 s h1 − h2 s 3.0 Btu
ηP = ⇒ h2 = h1 + = 69.74 + = 73.4
h1 − h2 ηP 0.82 lbm
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1357.3Btu / lbm s3 = 1.5412 Btu / lbm R
To determine h4 s ( P3 , s4 ) , we first use s4 = s3 and recognize that state 4 is in the two-phase region:
s4 − s f ,4 1.5412 − 0.13266 h4 − h f ,4 h4 s − 69.74
x4 s = = = 0.763 = = ⇒ h4 s = 860.6 Btu / lbm
sg − s f 1.9779 − 0.13266 hg − h f 1105.8 − 69.74
h3 − h4
ηT = → h4 = 1357.3 − 0.91(1357.3 − 860.6 ) = 905.3Btu / lbm
h3 − h4 s
8-19
⎛ 1Btu/s ⎞
1, 000, 000 kW ⎜ ⎟
m= ⎝ 1.055 kW ⎠ = 2248.9 lbm / s
Btu
0.94 ⎡⎣(1357.3-905.3) − ( 73.4 − 69.74 ) ⎤⎦
lbm
To find the input heat transfer, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and
assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu ⎛ 1.055 kW ⎞

Qin = m ( h3 − h2 ) = ⎜ 2248.9 ⎟ (1357.3 − 73.4 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 3, 046, 460 kW
⎝ s ⎠ lbm ⎝ 1Btu/s ⎠
For the cycle thermal efficiency
1, 000, 000 kW
ηcycle = = 0.328
3, 046, 460kW
For the overall plant thermal efficiency:
ηoverall = 0.87 ( 0.328 ) = 0.286 Answer
b) To obtain the coal flow rate we use the required heat input and the energy content of the coal:
Qin = Qcoalηboiler = mcoal HVcoalηboiler
Solving for the coal flow rate:
⎛ 1Btu/s ⎞
3, 046, 460kW ⎜ ⎟
mcoal =
Q
= ⎝ 1.055 kW ⎠ = 247.9 lbm
HVcoalηboiler ⎛ Btu ⎞ s
⎜13390 ⎟ ( 0.87 )
⎝ lbm ⎠
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ 3600s ⎞ ⎛ 24 hr ⎞ ⎛ 1ton ⎞ tons
= ⎜ 247.9 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 10, 707 Answer
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 1hr ⎠ ⎝ day ⎠ ⎝ 2000 lbm ⎠ day
8-20
8-17 For Problem P 8-12 assume that the turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 91% and the pump has an
isentropic efficiency of 78%. Determine:
a. the net work per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg)
b. the heat input per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg)
d. the heat rejection per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg).
Approach:
and energy are used to determine the unknowns.
Assumptions:
4. The liquid water is incompressible.
5. The pump and turbine are isentropic.
Solution:
a) From the analysis in P 8-12, we know that
Wnet = WT − WP where both work terms for this problem represent the ideal power.
From the definitions of isentropic efficiency
W
Turbine: ηT = act → Wact = ηT Ws
Ws
Ws Ws
Pump: ηP = → Wact =
Wact ηP
Wnet kJ 20.2 kJ kJ
So that = 0.91( 2409.7 − 1556.4 ) − = 750.6 Answer
m kg 0.78 kg kg
b) For the heat input, Qin = m ( h3 − h2 )

Incorporating the isentropic efficiency does not change h3 , but h2 does because of the pump isentropic efficiency,
so
∆h 20.2
h2 = h f ,1 + P = 191.83 − = 217.7 kJ / kg
ηP 0.78
Qin
= 2409.7 − 217.7 = 2192 kJ / kg Answer
m
c) The cycle thermal efficiency changes because both the net work and heat input changed:
750.6 kJ / kg
2192 kJ / kg
d) For the heat transfer output, we start with basic information about the cycle performance:
Wnet = Qnet = Qin − Qout
Qout = Qin − Wnet
Qout Qin Wnet
= − = 2192 − 750.6 = 1441.4 kJ/kg Answer
m m m
Comment:
As expected, net work and cycle thermal efficiency decrease when the isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and
pump are included. Note, however, that most of the change is due to the inefficiencies of the turbine. The pump
inefficiencies have little effect.
8-21
8-18 Steam flowing at 15.9 lbm/s enters the turbine of a simple Rankine cycle power plant at 1000 psia, 800 ºF
and exits at 2 psia. Saturated liquid exits the condenser. The turbine and pump are isentropic. Determine:
a. the power output of the turbine (in hp and kW)
b. the power input to the pump (in hp and kW)
c. the heat input (in hp and kW)
d. the cycle thermal efficiency.
Approach:
and energy are used to determine the needed
quantities.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) To find the power produced by the turbine, apply the mass and energy equations, and assume steady, adiabatic,
m4 = m3 = m and WT = m ( h3 − h4 )
From the superheated vapor table for water, Appendix A-16:
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1388.5 Btu / lbm and s3 = 1.5664 Btu lbm R
Because the turbine is isentropic, s4 = s3 , and we need to evaluate h4 ( P4 , s4 ) . State 4 is in the two-phase region
(Appendix A-11):
s4 − s f ,4 1.5664 − 0.1745
x4 = = = 0.798
s fg ,4 1.7448
h4 = h f ,4 + x4 h fg ,4 = 94.02 + 0.798 (1022.1) = 909.4 Btu / lbm
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu ⎛ 1.055 kW ⎞
WT = ⎜ 15.9 ⎟ (1388.5 − 909.4 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 8037.6 kW Answer
⎛ 1hp ⎞
= ( 8037.6 kW ) ⎜ ⎟ = 10, 779 hp Answer
⎝ 0.7457 kW ⎠
b) Apply the same equations and assumptions to the pump to obtain:
m2 = m1 = m and WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
For a reversible process for an incompressible fluid, w = − ∫ vdP = v∆P = ∆h = h2 − h1
h2 − h1 = v f ,1 ( P2 − P1 ) = ( 0.01623ft 3 lbm ) (1000 − 2 ) lbf in.2 (144in.2 1ft 2 ) (1Btu 778.2 ft-lbf ) = 3.0 Btu lbm
As with the turbine
WP = (15.9 lbm s )( 3Btu lbm )(1.055kW Btu s ) =50.3kW = 67.5 hp Answer
c) To obtain the heat input, apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 − h2 )
h2 = h1 + ( h2 − h1 ) pump = h f ,1 + ∆hpump = 94.02 + 3 = 97.0 Btu / lbm
Qin = (15.9 lbm s )(1388.5 − 97.0 ) Btu lbm (1.055kW Btu s ) = 21, 666 kW = 29, 055 hp Answer
d) The cycle thermal efficiency is:
W W − WP 10779 hp − 67.5 hp
ηcycle = net = T = = 0.369 Answer
Qin Qin 29055 hp
8-22
8-19 For Problem P 8-18, assume the turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 87% and the pump has an isentropic
efficiency of 75%. All other conditions remain the same. Determine:
a. the power output of the turbine (in hp and kW)
b. the power input to the pump (in hp and kW)
c. the heat input (in hp and kW)
Approach:
and energy are used to determine needed quantities.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) From the analysis in P 8-18, we known that
WT = m ( h3 − h4 ) = Ws
Using the definition of isentropic efficiency
W
ηT = act → Wact = WsηT = ( 8037.6 kW ) 0.87 = 6992.7kW=9377.4 hp Answer
Ws
b) For the pump, WP = m ( h2 − h1 ) = Ws

W W 50.3kW
ηP = s → Wact = s = = 67.1kW=89.9 hp Answer
Wact ηP 0.75
c) For the heat input Qin = m ( h3 − h2 )

The enthalpy h3 does not change; but h2 does change, so
∆hpump 3
h2 = h f ,1 + = 94.02 + = 98.0 Btu / lbm
ηP 0.75
Qin = (15.9 lbm s )(1388.5 − 98.0 ) Btu lbm (1.055kW Btu s ) = 21, 650 kW = 29, 033hp Answer
d) The cycle thermal efficiency is

9377.4 − 89.9
29033
Comment:
As expected, when the pump and turbine are not isentropic, net work and cycle thermal efficiency decrease. Note,
though, that almost all of the change is due to the turbine inefficiency. In Rankine cycles, because the back work
ratio is small, inefficiencies in the pump do not have a significant impact on the overall cycle performance.
8-23
8-20 An ideal Rankine cycle uses one stage of reheat. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 10 MPa, 550 ºC,
expands to 1 MPa where it is extracted and routed to a reheater where the steam temperature is raised to
500 ºC. The steam is then expanded in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 20 kPa.
Saturated liquid exits the condenser. The net power produced by the plant is 100 MW. Both turbine
stages and the pump are isentropic. Determine:
a. the mass flow rate of the steam (in kg/s),
b. the cycle thermal efficiency.
Approach:
We are given the net power produced and have
enough information to analyze the power of the
turbine and pump. Combining these two facts allows
us to calculate the steam flow rate.
Assumptions:
3. No work occurs in the boiler or reheater.
Solution:
a) To find the flow rate, apply the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assume steady,
adiabatic, reversible, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m6 = m5 = m4 = m3 = m and m2 = m1 = m
WT = m ( h3 − h4 ) + m ( h5 − h6 ) and WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
Wnet
Because Wnet = 100 MW=WT − WP , then m=
( h3 − h4 ) + ( h 5 − h6 ) − ( h2 − h1 )
h1 = h f1 ( P1 ) = 251.4 kg / kJ
⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ kJ
h2 ∼ h1 + v f1 ( P2 − P1 ) = 251.4 + ⎜ 0.001017 ⎟ [10000 − 20] 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 261.5
⎝ K ⎠ m ⎝ 1 kN-m ⎠ kg
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3500.9 kJ / kg s3 = 6.7561kJ / kg iK
With s4 = s3 and s6 = s5
h4 ( P4 , s4 ) → superheated vapor, so by interpolation h4 = 2858.8 kJ kg
h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3478.5 kJ / kg s5 = 7.7622 kJ / kgiK
7.7622 − 0.832
h6 ( P6 , s6 ) → x6 = = 0.979 and h6 = 251.4 + 0.979 ( 2358.3) = 2560.2 kJ / kg
7.0766
⎛ 1kJ/s ⎞
100, 000 kW ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 kW ⎠ kg
m= = 64.5 Answer
⎡⎣( 3500.9-2858.8 ) + ( 3478.5 − 2560.2 ) − ( 261.5 − 251.4 ) ⎤⎦ kJ kg s
b) The definition of cycle thermal efficiency is ηcycle = Wnet Qin . Apply the mass and energy equations to the
boiler and reheater, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater = m ( h3 − h2 ) + m ( h5 − h4 )
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
= ⎜ 64.5 ⎟ ⎣⎡( 3500.9 − 261.5 ) + ( 3478.5 − 2858.8 ) ⎦⎤ ⎜ ⎟ = 248,910 kW
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1kJ/s ⎠
100,000 kW
248,910 kW
8-24
8-21 For Problem P 8-20, the both stages of the turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85%, and the pump
isentropic efficiency is 78%. All other conditions remain the same. Determine:
a. the mass flow rate of the steam (in kg/s)
b. the cycle thermal efficiency, and compare the efficiency to that calculated in P 8-20.
Approach:
The same approach is used as in P 8-20. The only
difference is the definition of isentropic efficiency is
now incorporated.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Using the information from problem P 8-20, and incorporating the definitions of isentropic efficiency:
h −h kJ
Turbine 1: ηT = 3 4 → h4 = 3500.9 − 0.85 ( 3500.9 − 2858.8 ) = 2955.1
h3 − h4 s kg
h5 − h6 kJ
Turbine 2: ηT = → h6 = 3478.5 − 0.85 ( 3478.5 − 2560.2 ) = 2697.9
h5 − h6 s kg
h1 − h2 s 251.4 − 261.5 kJ
Pump: ηP = → h2 = 251.3 − = 264.3
h1 − h2 0.78 kg
⎛ 1kJ/s ⎞
100, 000 kW ⎜ ⎟
m= ⎝ kW ⎠ = 76.1 kg / s Answer
⎡⎣( 3500.9-2955.1) + ( 3478.5 − 2697.9 ) − ( 264.3 − 251.4 ) ⎤⎦ kJ kg
b) For the new cycle thermal efficiency:

⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
Qin = ⎜ 76.1 ⎟ ⎡⎣( 3500.9 − 264.3) + ( 3478.5 − 2955.1) ⎤⎦ ⎜ ⎟ = 286,100 kW
⎝ s ⎠ kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
Wnet 100, 000 kW
ηcycle = = = 0.349 Answer
Qin 286,100 kW
Comments:
For the same net power output, a larger mass flow rate is required when non-isentropic pumps and turbines are
used since less energy is extracted in the turbine. In addition, cycle thermal efficiency drops significantly when
the isentropic efficiencies are taken into account.
8-25
8-22 A Rankine cycle has three turbine stages with two reheats between the stages. Superheated vapor leaves
the boiler at 30 MPa, 550 ºC; the vapor leaves the first reheater at 5 MPa, 500 ºC and the second reheater at
0.5 MPa, 400 ºC. The condenser pressure is 0.05 bar, and saturated liquid exits the condenser. Total mass
flow is 2.5×106 kg/hr. Determine:
a. the net power (in kW)
Approach:
Beginning with the definition of net power,
conservation of mass and energy can be applied to the
turbines and pumps to evaluate each power term.
Cycle thermal efficiency is determined from its
definition.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) For net power, we know Wnet = WT , A + WT , B + WT ,C − WP
Applying the mass and energy equations to each turbine and the pump, and assuming steady, isentropic,
WT , A = m ( h3 − h4 ) WT , B = m ( h5 − h6 )
WT ,C = m ( h7 − h8 ) WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10—A-12: h1 = h f ,1 ( P1 ) = 137.82 kJ / kg
State 2 is a subcooled liquid → h2 = h f ,1 + v f ,1 ( P2 − P1 )
kJ ⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎡ 1kJ ⎤ kJ
h2 = 137.82 + ⎜ 0.001005 ⎟ ( 30000 − 5 ) 2 ⎢ ⎥ = 137.82 + 30.1 = 167.9
kg ⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎣1kN-m ⎦ kg
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3275.4 kJ kg s3 = 6.0342 kJ / kg K
For isentropic turbines, s4 = s3 , s6 = s5 , and s8 = s7
State 4 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation h4 ( P4 , s4 ) = 2827.3kJ kg
h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3433.8 kJ / kg s5 = 6.9759 kJ / kg K
State 6 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation h6 ( P6 , s6 ) = 2818.0 kJ / kg
h7 ( P7 , T7 ) = 3271.9 kJ / kg s7 = 7.7938 kJ / kg K
s8 − s f ,8 7.7938 − 0.4764
State 8 is two-phase, so to find h8 ( P8 , s8 ) x8 = = = 0.924
s fg ,8 7.9187
h8 = 137.82 + 0.924 ( 2423.7 ) = 2377.5 kJ / kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1hr ⎞⎛ 1kW ⎞
WT , A = ⎜ 2.5 × 106 ⎟ ( 3275.4 − 2827.3) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 311,180 kW
⎝ hr ⎠ kg ⎝ 3600s ⎠⎝ 1kJ/s ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
WT , B = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3433.8 − 2818.0 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 427, 640 kW
⎝ 3600 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
WT ,C = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3271.9 − 2377.5 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 621,110 kW
⎝ 3600 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
WP = ( 2.5 × 106 ) (167.9 − 137.82 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 20,900 kW
⎝ 3600 ⎠
8-26
Wnet = 311,180 + 427, 640 + 621,110 − 20,900 = 1,339, 000 kW Answer
Wnet
b) The cycle thermal efficiency is ηcycle =
Qin
Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater ,1 + Qreheater ,2
To find the heat inputs, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flows through the boiler and both
reheaters, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
⎛ 1 ⎞
Qboiler = m ( h3 − h2 ) = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3275.4 − 167.9 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 2,158, 000 kW
⎝ 3600 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
Qreheater , 1 = m ( h5 − h4 ) ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3433.8 − 2827.3) ⎜ ⎟ = 421, 200kW
⎝ 3600 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
Qreheater ,2 = m ( h7 − h6 ) = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3271.9 − 2818.0 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 315, 200kW
⎝ 3600 ⎠
Qin = 2,158, 000 + 421, 200 + 315, 200 = 2,894, 000kW kW
1,339,000kW
2,894,000kW
8-27
8-23 For Problem P 8-22, assume the three turbine stages have isentropic efficiencies of 91%, 87%, and 83%,
respectively, and the pump isentropic efficiency is 80%. Determine:
Approach:
The same approach is used as in P 8-22. The only
difference is the definition of isentropic efficiency is
used.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Using information given in P 8-22 and incorporating the effects of isentropic efficiencies:
h −h kJ
Turbine A: ηT , A = 3 4 → h4 = 3275.4 − 0.91( 3275.4 − 2827.3) = 2867.6
h3 − h4 s kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1hr ⎞ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
WT , A = m ( h3 − h4 ) = ⎜ 2.5 × 106 ⎟ ( 3275.4 − 2867.6 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 283, 200 kW
⎝ hr ⎠ kg ⎝ 3600 s ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
h −h kJ
Turbine B: ηT , B = 5 6 → h6 = 3433.8 − 0.87 ( 3433.8 − 2818.0 ) = 2898.1
h5 − h6 s kg
WT , B = m ( h5 − h6 ) = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3433.8 − 2898.1)(1/ 3600 ) = 372, 000 kW
h7 − h8 kJ
Turbine C: ηT ,C = → h8 = 3271.9 − 0.83 ( 3271.9 − 2377.5 ) = 2529.5
h7 − h8 s kg
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ ⎛ 1hr ⎞⎛ 1kW ⎞
WT ,C = m ( h7 − h8 ) = ⎜ 2.5 × 106 ⎟ ( 3271.9 − 2529.5 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 515, 600 kW
⎝ hr ⎠ kg ⎝ 3600 s ⎠⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
h −h 137.82 − 167.9 kJ
Pump: η P = 1 2 s → h2 = 137.82 − = 175.5
h1 − h2 0.80 kg
WP = ( 2.5 × 106 ) (175.5 − 137.82 )(1/ 3600 ) = 26, 200 kW
Wnet = 283, 200 + 372, 000 + 515, 600 − 26, 200 = 1,145, 000 kW
b) Using information from P 8-22 and Part (a) above

Qboiler = m ( h3 − h2 ) = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3275.4 − 175.5 )(1/ 3600 ) = 2,153, 000 kW
Qreheater, 1 = m ( h5 − h4 ) = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3433.8 − 2867.6 )(1/ 3600 ) = 393, 200 kW
Qreheater , 2 = m ( h7 − h6 ) = ( 2.5 × 106 ) ( 3271.9 − 2898.1)(1/ 3600 ) = 259, 600 kW
Qin = 2,153, 000 + 393, 200 + 259, 600 = 2,806, 000 kW
1,145, 000 kW
2,806, 000 kW
Comments:
As expected, when non-isentropic turbines and pump are used, both the net work and the cycle thermal efficiency
decrease. The turbine inefficiencies contribute the vast majority of the reduced performance.
8-28
8-24 For the Rankine cycle power plant shown in the figure below, determine:
a. the mass flow rate (in kg/s)
b. the total heat addition (in kW)
c. the net power output (in kW)
Approach:
We are given the heat transfer rate rejected from
the condenser and have enough information to
apply conservation of energy to it to find the steam
flow rate. Likewise, sufficient information is
given to evaluate the properties at the entrance and
exit of the other devices. Hence, by applying the
mass and energy equations to the other devices,
the quantities sought can be determined.
Assumptions:
3. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or
reheater.
5. Liquid water is incompressible.
Solution:
a) We can determine the mass flow rate from an energy and mass balance on the steam in the condenser. Assume
m6 = m1 = m and Qout = m ( h6 − h1 ) → m = Qout / ( h6 − h1 )
Evaluating the fluid properties using Appendices A10—A-12:
h6 ( P6 , x6 ) = h f 6 + x6 h fg = 289.23 + 0.99 ( 2336.1) = 2602.0 kJ / kg
h1 h f (T1 ) = 209.33kJ / kg
Therefore,
⎛ 1kJ/s ⎞
1500 kW ⎜ ⎟
m= ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ = 0.627 kg / s Answer
( 2602.0-209.33) kJ / kg
b) Total heat input is Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater . Apply the energy and mass equations to the water flowing through
the boiler and reheater, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Qboiler = m ( h3 − h2 )
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3625.3kJ / kg
h2 = h1 + ∆hP → assuming incompressible and reversible flow ∆hP = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 )
From the definition of isentropic efficiency
⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ kJ ⎞
⎜ 0.001012 ⎟ (10000 − 30 ) 2 ⎜ ⎟
∆hP ∆hP v f 1 ( P2 − P1 ) ⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎝ 1kN-m ⎠
ηP = → ∆h = = = = 11.2 kJ / kg
∆h ηP ηP 0.90
h2 = 209.33 + 11.2 = 220.5 kJ / kg
Qboiler = ( 0.627 kg s )( 3625.3 − 220.5 ) kJ kg = 2135 kW
Likewise, for the reheater
Qreheater = m ( h5 − h4 )
8-29
h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3066.8 kJ / kg
h3 − h4
For h4 , we need to use the isentropic turbine efficiency definition ηT = . With s4 = s3 ,
h3 − h4 s
s3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 6.902 kJ kgiK
By interpolation in the superheated vapor table h4 s ( P4 , s4 ) = 2741kJ kg
h4 = h3 − ηT ( h3 − h4 s ) = 3625.3 − 0.88 ( 3625.3 − 2741) = 2847 kJ kg
Qreheater = ( 0.627 kg s )( 3066.8 − 2847 ) kJ kg = 137.7 kW
Qin = 2135 + 137.7 = 2273kW Answer
c) Net power output is Wnet = WT − WP = Qin − Qout = 2273kW − 1500 kW = 772.7 kW

W 772.7 kW
Qin 2273kW
8-30
8-25 In a Rankine cycle power plant, superheated steam leaves the boiler at 1250 psia, 1000 ºF. Saturated liquid
exits the condenser that operates at a pressure of 2 psia. Pump isentropic efficiency is 90%. Determine:
a. the cycle thermal efficiency if expansion is through a single turbine with an isentropic efficiency of
90%
b. the cycle thermal efficiency if reheat is used in which the steam is extracted at 100 psia, is reheated
to 800 ºF, and is expanded to the same condenser pressure; both low- and high-pressure turbines
have isentropic efficiencies of 90%.
Approach:
From the definition of cycle efficiency, we need to
evaluate net work and heat input. We are given
sufficient to evaluate the properties at the entrance and
exit of the turbines, pump, boiler, and reheater. By
applying the mass and energy equations to the other
devices, the quantities sought can be determined.
Assumptions:
reheater.
5. Liquid water is incompressible.
Solution:
a) The cycle thermal efficiency is
W
ηcycle = net and Wnet = WT − WP
Qin
For one stage expansion, apply the mass and energy equations, from Point 3 to Point 6 with no extraction,
and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m3 = m6 = m and WT = m ( h3 − h6 )
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1498.2 Btu / lbm s3 = 1.6244 Btu / lbm R
With no reheat and for an isentropic process, s6 = s3 , and h6 s ( P6 , s6 ) is in the two-phase region, so:
s6 − s f ,6 1.6244 − 0.17499
x6 s = = = 0.831
s fg ,6 1.7448
h6 s = h f ,6 + x6 s h fg ,6 = 94.02 + 0.831(1022.1) = 943.1Btu / lbm
h3 − h6
ηT = → h6 = 1498.2 − ( 0.90 )(1498.2 − 943.1) = 998.6 Btu / lbm
h3 − h6 s
WT
= h3 − h6 = 1498.2 − 998.6 = 499.6 Btu / lbm
m
Likewise, for the pump
m2 = m1 = m and WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
State 1 is a subcooled liquid, so using the subcooled liquid approximation h1 = h f 1 ( P1 ) = 94.02 kJ kg
For h2, which is a subcooled, incompressible liquid, h2 s − h1 = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 )
⎛ ft 3 ⎞ lbf ⎛ 144in.2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 Btu ⎞ Btu
h2 s − h1 = ⎜ 0.01623 ⎟ (1250 − 2 ) 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3.75
⎝ lbm ⎠ in. ⎝ ft ⎠ ⎝ 778.2 ft-lbf ⎠ lbm
h −h 3.75 Btu
ηP = 1 2s → h2 = 94.02 + = 98.2
h1 − h2 0.90 lbm
8-31
WP
= 98.2 − 94.02 = 4.2 Btu / lbm
m
Wnet m = 499.6 − 4.2 = 495.4 Btu / lbm
For the heat input, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler (from Point
1 to Point 2), and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Qin = m ( h3 − h2 ) → Qin m = h3 − h2 = 1498.2 − 98.2 = 1400 Btu lbm
Finally,
495.4 Btu lbm
1400 Btu lbm
b) This problem is similar to part (a), but now we take into account the reheat. Applying the mass and energy
equations to the turbines using the same assumptions as before:
WT,A = m ( h3 − h4 ) WT ,B = m ( h5 − h6 )
For the isentropic turbines, s4 = s3 and s6 = s5 . For h4 s ( P4 , s4 ) , this is in the superheated vapor region, so by
interpolation h4 s = 1204.7 Btu lbm . Using isentropic efficiency
h4 = 1498.2 − ( 0.9 )(1498.2 − 1204.7 ) = 1234.0 Btu / lbm
For the second turbine:
h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1429.6 Btu / lbm s5 = 1.8449 Btu / lbm R
State 6 is in the two-phase region, so to determine h6 s ( P6, s6 )
s6 − s f ,6 1.8449 − 0.17499
x6 s = = = 0.957
s fg ,6 1.7448
h6 s = 94.02 + 0.957 (1022.1) = 1072.2 Btu / lbm
Using isentropic efficiency h6 = 1429.6 − 0.9 (1429.6 − 1072.2 ) = 1108.0 Btu / lbm
Therefore,
Wnet W
= ( h3 − h4 ) + ( h5 − h6 ) − P
m m
Btu
= (1498.2 − 1234.0 ) + (1429.6 − 1108.0 ) − 4.2 = 581.6
lbm
For the heat transfer input, both the boiler and reheater need to be taken into account. Analyzing the
reheater similar to the boiler in part (a):
Qin Qboiler Qreheater
= + = ( h3 − h2 ) + ( h5 − h4 )
m m m
= (1498.2 − 98.2 ) + (1429.6 − 1234.0 ) = 1595.6 Btu / lbm
Therefore, the cycle efficiency using reheat is:
581.6 Btu/lbm
1595.6 Btu/lbm
Comments:
As expected the addition of a reheater increased the cycle thermal efficiency. Note also that the net work per unit
mass flow increased, and the exit quality at the lowest pressure increased, too.
8-32
8-26 In an ideal reheat Rankine cycle, steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 9 MPa, 500 ºC and is extracted at
a lower pressure, reheated to 500 ºC, and then, in the low-pressure turbine, expanded to 10 kPa. To
minimize possible damage in the low-pressure turbine, the minimum quality at the turbine outlet is
specified to be 90%. Determine:
a. the pressure at which reheating takes place (in kPa)
b. the total heat addition per unit mass (in kJ/kg)
c. the total heat rejection per unit mass (in kJ/kg)
Approach:
Part (a) is determined solely using information about
thermodynamic states. The heat rejection and addition
are determined by application of conservation of mass
and energy to the condenser and boiler, respectively.
Assumptions:
reheater.
5. Pump and turbine are isentropic.
Solution:
a) For an isentropic turbine, s6 = s5 . Using data from Appendices A-10—A-12, and based on the given minimum
outlet quality:
s6 = s f 6 ( P6 ) + x6 s fg 6 ( P6 ) = 0.6493 + ( 0.90 )( 7.5009 ) = 7.400 kJ / kg K
Likewise, the outlet quality can be determined:
h6 = 191.83 + ( 0.90 )( 2392.8 ) = 2345.4 kJ / kg
We know that the steam is reheated to 500 °C upstream of the turbine, and we know its entropy. Because this is
superheated vapor, by interpolation
P5 (T5 , s5 ) = 2.15 MPa and h5 = 3466 kJ / kg Answer
b) The total heat input is: Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater . Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing
through the boiler and reheater, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Qin m = ( h3 − h2 ) + ( h5 − h4 )
To obtain h2, across the pump we know that
⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ kJ ⎞
h2 = h1 + ∆hP → ∆hP = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 ) = ⎜ 0.00101 ⎟ ( 9000 − 10 ) 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 9.08 kJ / kg
⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎝ 1 kN-m ⎠
The pump inlet is saturated liquid: h1 = h f ( P1 ) = 191.83kJ / kg
Therefore,
h2 = 191.83 + 9.08 = 200.9 kJ / kg
States 3 and 4 are superheated vapor: h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3386.1kJ / kg s3 = 6.6576 kJ / kg K
With s4 = s3 , and noting state 4 is superheated vapor, by interpolation h4 ( P4 , s4 ) = 2979.5 kJ / kg , so that
Qin m = ( 3386.1 − 200.9 ) + ( 3466.0 − 2979.5 ) = 3672 kJ/ kg Answer
c) The heat rejection is obtained by a mass and energy balance on the water flowing through the condenser with
the same assumptions as used above for the boiler;
Qout m = ( h5 − h1 ) = 2345.4 − 191.83 = 2154 kJ / kg Answer
W Q 2154 kJ / kg
ηcycle = net = 1 − out = 1 − = 0.414 Answer
Qin Qin 3672 kJ / kg
8-33
8-27 In an ideal reheat Rankine cycle, steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 800 psia, 900 ºF and exits as a
saturated vapor. The steam then enters the reheater where its temperature is raised to 800 ºF. The steam
then expands in the low-pressure turbine to 1 psia. Total heat addition is 2.2×108 Btu/h. Determine:
a. the pressure at which reheat takes place (in psia)
b. the mass flow rate (in lbm/s)
c. the heat rejection (in Btu/hr)
d. the cycle thermal efficiency
e. the net power output (in Btu/hr, hp, and kW).
Approach:
Part (a) is determined solely from thermodynamic
properties. Mass flow is obtained from the total heat
addition and conservation of energy and mass applied
to the boiler. The other quantities are obtained using
their definitions and conservation of mass and energy.
Assumptions:
3. No work occurs in condenser, boiler, or reheater.
Solution:
a) For an isentropic turbine, s4 = s3 . Using Appendices A-10—A-12, we obtain s3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1.6408 Btu / lbm R
and h3 = 1455.6 Btu / lbm
Based on the statement that the outlet is saturated vapor, by interpolation:
P4 ( s4 ,saturated vapor ) = 62.8lbf in.2 h4 = 1178.9 Btu / lbm Answer
b) The mass flow rate is obtained by a mass and energy balance on the water flowing through the boiler and
reheater. Assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Qin
Qin = m ( h3 − h2 ) + m ( h5 − h4 ) → m=
( h 3 − h2 ) + ( h5 − h4 )
Evaluating properties, h1 = h f ( P1 ) = 69.74 Btu / lbm , and noting that across the pump we assume incompressible
and reversible:
Btu ⎛ ft 3 ⎞ lbf ⎛ 144in.2 ⎞ ⎛ 1Btu ⎞
h2 = h1 + ∆hP = h1 + v f 1 ( P2 − P1 ) = 69.74 + ⎜ 0.01614 ⎟ ( 800 − 1) 2 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 72.1Btu / lbm
lbm ⎝ lbm ⎠ in. ⎝ ft 2 ⎠ ⎝ 778.2 ft-lbf ⎠
h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1431.1Btu / lbm
2.2 × 108 Btu / hr lbm lbm
m= = 134,500 = 37.4 Answer
Btu hr s
⎡⎣(1455.6 − 72.1) + (1431.1 − 1178.9 ) ⎤⎦
lbm
c) The heat output is obtained by applying the energy and mass equations to the condenser, and assuming steady,
no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qout = m ( h6 − h1 )
For h6, we note that s6 = s5 and that state 5 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation s5 ( P5,T5 ) = 1.8977 Btu lbmR
s6 − s f ,6 1.8977 − 0.13266
x6 = = = 0.955 → h6 = h f + x6 h f g = 69.74 + ( 0.955 )(1036 ) = 1060.7 Btu / lbm
s fg ,6 1.8453
Qout = (134500 lbm hr )(1060.7 − 69.24 ) Btu lbm = 1.333 × 108 Btu / hr Answer
d) Cycle thermal efficiency is: ηcycle = 1 − Qout Qin = 1 − (1.333×108 Btu hr ) ( 2.2×108 Btu hr ) = 0.394 Answer
e) For the net work,
⎛ Btu ⎞ 7 Btu
ηcycle = Wnet Qin → Wnet = ηcycle Qin = ( 0.394 ) ⎜ 2.2 × 106 ⎟ = 8.67 × 10 = 25, 413kW Answer
⎝ hr ⎠ hr
8-34
8-28 An ideal Rankine cycle uses one stage of reheat. Vapor leaves the boiler at 2000 psia, 1000 ºF, expands in
the high-pressure turbine to 500 psia, at which point the steam is extracted and routed back through the
reheater where the steam temperature is raised to 1000 ºF. The steam then expands through the low-
pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 5 psia. The condensate leaves the condenser as a saturated
liquid. The steam mass flow rate is 5 lbm/s. Determine:
a. the net power produced (in kW)
b. the heat input to the boiler (without reheat) (in kW)
c. the heat input in the reheater (in kW)
Approach:
Basic definitions and conservation of mass and energy
applied to the devices are used to determine the
quantities sought.
Assumptions:
reheater.
Solution:
a) Net power produced is Wnet = WT , A + WT , B − WP . To find power, apply the mass and energy equations to
the turbines and pump, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m3 = m4 = m5 = m6 = m and m1 = m2 = m
WT , A = m ( h3 − h4 ) WT , B = m ( h5 − h6 ) WP = m ( h2 − h1 )
The inlet to the pump is saturated liquid, so using Appendices B-10—B-12, h1 = h f 1 ( P1 ) = 130.17 Btu / lbm . For
an incompressible, reversible process across the pump h2 − h1 = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 )
Btu ⎛ ft ⎞
3
lbf ⎛ 144 in.2 ⎞ ⎛ 1Btu ⎞ Btu
h2 = 130.17 + ⎜ 0.016407 ⎟ ( 2000 − 5 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 130.17 + 6.06 = 136.2
lbm ⎝ lbm ⎠ in.2 ⎝ 1ft 2 ⎠ ⎝ 778.2 ft-lbf ⎠ lbm
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1474.1Btu / lbm s3 = 1.5598 Btu / lbm R
For the isentropic turbine, s4 = s3 , and state 4 is superheated vapor, so by
interpolation h4 ( P4 , s4 ) = 1299.7 Btu lbm . h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1520.7 Btu / lbm s5 = 1.7371Btu lbmR
Note that s6 = s5 , and state 6 is in the two-phase region, so:
x6 = ( s6 − s f 6 ) s fg ,6 = (1.7371 − 0.23486 ) 1.6093 = 0.933 h6 = 130.17 + ( 0.933)(1000.9 ) = 1064.5 Btu / lbm
Btu ⎛ 1.055 kW ⎞
WT , A = ( 5lbm s )(1474.1 − 1299.7 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 920.0 kW
lbm ⎝ 1Btu/s ⎠
WT , B = ( 5 )(1520.7 − 1064.5 )(1.055 ) = 2407 kW WP = ( 5 )( 6.06 )(1.055 ) = 32.0 kW
Wnet = 920.0 + 2407 − 32.0 = 3300 kW Answer
b) To obtain the heat input, apply the mass and energy equation to the water flowing through the boiler, and
assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
m3 = m2 = m and Qboiler = m ( h3 − h2 ) = ( 5 )(1474.1 − 136.2 )(1.055 ) = 7060 kW Answer
c) The reheater heat transfer rate calculation is similar to part (b):
Qreheater = m ( h5 − h4 ) = 5 (1520.7 − 1299.7 )(1.055 ) = 1170 kW Answer
W W -W -W ( 920.0 + 2407 − 32.0 ) kW
ηcycle = net = T,A T,B P = = 0.401 Answer
Qin Qboiler +Qreheater ( 7060 + 1170 ) kW
8-35
8-29 A closed feedwater heater is used in a Rankine cycle. Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa, 600 ºC. Between
the high- and low-pressure turbines, steam at 1 MPa is extracted and delivered to the closed feedwater
heater. Feedwater exits the feedwater heater at 20 MPa and the saturation temperature of the 1 MPa steam;
saturated liquid condensate is fed through a steam trap back to the condenser. Steam from the second stage
turbine enters the condenser at 10 kPa, and saturated liquid exits the condenser. Both stages of the turbine
have isentropic efficiencies of 90%, and the pump isentropic efficiency is 85%. Determine:
a. the fraction of steam entering the turbine that must be extracted
b. the net work per unit mass of steam entering the first turbine stage (in kJ/kg)
c. the heat added per unit mass of steam entering the first turbine stage (in kJ/kg)
Approach:
An energy balance is used on the feedwater heater to
determine the steam fraction extracted from the
turbine. Conservation of mass and energy applied to
the two turbine states are used to determine the work.
Assumptions:
reheater.
Solution:
a) To determine the steam fraction, y, extracted from the turbine perform a mass and energy balance around the
closed feedwater heater, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy
effects:
∑ m h − ∑ m h = 0 ⇒ y m4 h5 + m2 h2 − m7 h7 − m3 h3 = 0
in out
But m2 = m3 = m5 and m7 = y m5 so that substituting in these expressions and simplifying:

h3 − h2
y=
h5 − h7
To evaluate the properties, for subcooled, incompressible liquid h2 s − h1 = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 ) and h1 = h f 1 ( P1 )
h1 − h2 s h −h v f 1 ( P2 − P1 )
And ηP = → h2 = h1 − 1 2 s = h1 −
h1 − h2 ηP ηP
Using Appendices A-10—A-12 (by interpolation as needed)
⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ 1kJ ⎞
⎜ 0.001010 ⎟ ( 20000 − 10 ) 2 ⎜ ⎟
kJ ⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎝ 1 kN-m ⎠ kJ
h2 = 191.83 + = 191.83 + 23.8 = 215.6
kg 0.85 kg
For the subcooled liquid at point 3, using the same approach as for point 2:
h3 = h f (T3 ) + v f 3 ⎡⎣ P3 − Psat (T3 ) ⎤⎦ = 762.81 + ( 0.001127 )( 20000 − 1000 ) = 784.2 kJ kg
h7 = h f ( P7 ) = 762.87 kJ / kg
For state 5, we recognize that s5 = s4 , so h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3537.6 kJ kg and s4 = 6.5048 kJ kgK
Now for h5 s ( P5 , s5 ) , we recognize that state 5 is in the two phase region
s5 − s f 5 6.5048 − 2.1387
x5 s = = = 0.982 and h5 s = h f 5 + x5 s h fg 5 = 762.81 + ( 0.982 )( 2015.3) = 2741.1kJ kg
s fg 5 4.4478
Using the isentropic efficiency h5 = h4 − ηT ( h4 − h5 s ) = 3537.6 − ( 0.90 )( 3537.6 − 2741.1) = 2820.7 kJ kg
8-36
784.2 − 215.6
y= = 0.276 Answer
2820.7 − 762.81
b) The net work is Wnet = WT , A + WT , B − WP . Applying the mass and energy equations to the turbines and
pump, and assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
WT , A = m ( h4 − h5 ) → WT , A m = h4 − h5
WT , B m = ( h5 − h6 )(1 − y )
WP m = h2 − h1
State 6 is in the two-phase region, and s6 = s5 , so in the superheated vapor region, by interpolation
s5 ( P5 , h5 ) = 6.6785 kJ / kg K
6.6785 − 0.6493
x6 s = = 0.804 → h6 s ( P6 , s6 ) = 191.83 + ( 0.804 )( 2392.8 ) = 2115.1kJ kg
7.5009
Using the isentropic efficiency
h6 = h5 − ηT ( h5 − h6 s ) = 2820.7 − ( 0.90 )( 2820.7 − 2115.1) = 2185.6 kJ kg
Therefore,
WT , A m = 3537.6 − 2820.7 = 716.9 kJ / kg
WT , B m = (1 − 0.276 )( 2820.7 − 2185.6 ) = 459.7 kJ / kg
WP m = 23.8 kJ / kg
Wnet m = 716.9 + 459.7 − 23.8 = 1152.8 kJ / kg Answer
c) For the heat added, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume
steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
Qin m = h4 − h3 = 3537.6 − 784.2 = 2753.4 kJ / kg

W m 1152.8 kJ / kg
Qin m 2753.4 kJ / kg
8-37
8-30 For Problem P 8-29 the closed feedwater heater is changed to an open feedwater heater, from which
saturated liquid at 1 MPa exits. With this change, a second pump must be added to the system. Determine:
a. the fraction of steam entering the turbine that must be extracted
b. the net work per unit mass of steam entering the high-pressure turbine (in kJ/kg)
c. the heat added per unit mass of steam entering the high-pressure turbine (in kJ/kg)
Approach:
The same approach as used in P 8-29 is used, except
an open feedwater heater is substituted for the closed
feedwater heater, and a second pump is now used.
Assumptions:
reheater.
Solution:
a) To determine y, perform a mass and energy balance on the open feed water heater, and assume steady,
adiabatic, no work and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
h −h
y m5 h6 + (1 − y ) m5 h2 − m5 h3 = 0 → y= 3 2
h6 − h2
Evaluating the enthalpies, for subcooled, incompressible liquid h2 s − h1 = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 ) and h1 = h f ( P1 )
h1 − h2 s h1 − h2 s v f 1 ( P2 − P1 )
ηP, A = → h2 = h1 + = h1 +
h1 − h2 ηP, A ηP, A
From Appendices A-10—A-12 as needed:
h1 = 191.83kJ / kg
kN ⎛ 1kJ ⎞
( 0.001010 m 3
kg ) [1000 − 10] ⎜ ⎟
m 2 ⎝ 1 KN-m ⎠
h2 = 191.83 + = 191.83 + 1.17 = 193.00 kJ / kg
0.85
h3 = h f ( P3 ) = 762.81kJ / kg
For the isentropic turbine s6 = s5 , so first evaluating h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3537.6 kJ / kg and s5 = 6.5048 kJ kg K
To find h6 s ( P6 , s6 ) , we recognize that it is in the two-phase region, so
s6 − s f ,6 6.5048 − 2.1387
x6 s = = = 0.982
s fg ,6 4.4478
h6 s = h f ,6 + x6 s h fg ,6 = 762.81 + ( 0.982 )( 2015.3) = 2741.1kJ / kg
Using isentropic efficiency
h6 = h5 − ηT ( h5 − h6 s ) = 3537.6 − ( 0.90 )( 3537.6 − 2741.1) = 2820.7 kJ kg
762.81 − 193.0
y= = 0.217 Answer
2820.7 − 193.0
b) The net work is Wnet = WT , A + WT , B − WP , A − WP , B

Apply the mass and energy equations to the turbines and pumps, and assume steady, adiabatic, and
WT , A = m ( h5 − h6 ) → WT , A m = h5 − h6
WT , B m = ( h6 − h7 )(1 − y )
WP , A m = h2 − h1
8-38
WP , B m = h4 − h3
Similar to the analysis of the first pump
v f ,3 ( P4 − P3 ) ( 0.001127 ) [ 20000 − 1000] kJ
h4 = h3 + = 762.83 + = 762.83 + 25.2 = 788.0
ηP, B 0.85 kg
For state 7, s7 = s6 , so first evaluating state 6, we recognize it is superheated vapor, so by interpolation
s6 ( P6 , h6 ) = 6.6785 kJ / kg K . State 7 is in the two-phase region, so:
s7 − s f 7 6.6785 − 0.6453
x7 s = = = 0.804 → h7 s = 191.83 + ( 0.804 )( 2352.8 ) = 2115.1kJ / kg
s fg ,7 7.5009
using isentropic efficiency
h7 = h6 − ηT ( h6 − h7 s ) = 2820.7 − ( 0.90 )( 2820.7 − 2115.1) = 2185 kJ / kg
WT , A m = 3537.6 − 2820.7 = 716.9 kJ / kg
WT , B m = (1 − 0.217 )( 2820.7 − 2185.6 ) = 497.3kJ / kg
WP , A m = 1.17 kJ / kg
WP , B m = 25.2 kJ / kg
Wnet m = 716 + 497.3 − 1.17 − 25.2 = 1187 kJ / kg Answer
c) For the heat added, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume
Qin m = h5 − h4 = 3537.6 − 788.0 = 2749.6 kJ / kg Answer

W m 1187 kJ / kg
Qin m 2749.6 kJ / kg
8-39
8-31 A Rankine cycle power plant uses one open feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 1000 psia, 800 ºF
and enters the turbine. At 100 psia, steam is extracted and routed to the open feedwater heater; the
feedwater exits the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. The condenser pressure is 2 psia. The turbine
and pump are isentropic. Determine:
a. the fraction of steam entering the turbine that is extracted
b. the cycle thermal efficiency
c. the cycle thermal efficiency if there were no feedwater heater.
Approach:
Conservation of mass and energy are applied to the
feedwater heater to determine the steam fraction
extracted from the turbine. To determine cycle
thermal efficiency, basic definitions are used in
conjunction with the conservation of mass and
energy applied to other devices.
Assumptions:
reheater.
Solution:
a) To determine the fraction, y, of steam extracted from the turbine, apply the mass and energy equations to the
open feedwater heater, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
h −h
y m5 h6 + (1 − y ) m5 h2 − m5 h3 = 0 → y= 3 2
h6 − h2
Evaluating the enthalpies using Appendices B-10—B-12:
h1 = h f ( P1 ) = 94.02 Btu / lbm
For state 2, assuming incompressible liquid and reversible process h2 = h1 + ∆hP
⎛ ft ⎞
3
lbf ⎛ 144in. ⎞⎛ 1Btu
2
⎞ Btu
∆hP = v f ,1 ( P2 − P1 ) = ⎜ 0.01623 ⎟ (100 − 1) 2 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.3
⎝ lbm ⎠ in. ⎝ ft 2 ⎠ ⎝ 778.2 ft-lbf ⎠ lbm
h2 = 94.02 + 0.3 = 94.3Btu / lbm
h3 = h f ( P3 ) = 298.61Btu / lbm
For state 6, we note that s6 = s5 , so s5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1.5664 Btu lbm R and h5 = 1388.5 Btu lbm
s6 − s f 6 1.5664 − 0.47439
State 6 is in the two-phase region, so x6 = = = 0.967
s fg 6 1.1290
h6 ( P6 , s6 ) = h f 6 + s6 h fg 6 = 298.61 + ( 0.967 )( 889.2 ) = 1158.7 Btu / lbm
298.61 − 94.3
y= = 0.192 Answer
1158.7 − 94.3
Wnet Q
b) The cycle thermal efficiency is ηcycle = = 1 − out
Qin Qin
Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler and condenser, and assume
steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
Qin = m ( h5 − h4 ) Qout = (1 − y ) m ( h7 − h1 )
Similar to pump 1
⎛ 144 ⎞ Btu
h4 = h3 + ∆hP = h f ( P3 ) + v f 3 ( P4 − P3 ) = 298.61 + ( 0.017736 )(10000 − 100 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 301.6
⎝ 778.2 ⎠ lbm
8-40
For state 7, we note that s7 = s6 and state 7 is in the two phase region, so
s7 − s f 7 1.5664 − 0.17499
x7 = = = 0.797
s fg 7 1.7448
h7 = h f 7 + x7 h fg 7 = 94.02 + ( 0.797 )(1022.1) = 909.1Btu / lbm
Qin m = 1388.5 − 301.6 = 1086.9 Btu / lbm
Qout m = (1 − 0.192 )( 909.1 − 94.02 ) = 658.6 Btu / lbm
658.6 Btu / lbm
ηcycle = 1 − = 0.394 Answer
1086.9 Btu / lbm
c) If there is no feedwater heater, then both Qin and Qout change. Ignoring the reheat portion of the cycle
Qin
= h5 − h4 = 1388.5 − 97.0 = 1291.5 Btu / lbm
m
h4 changes, so that
⎛ 144 ⎞ Btu
h4 = h f ( P1 ) + v f 1 ( P4 − P1 ) = 94.02 + ( 0.01623)(1000 − 1) ⎜ ⎟ = 97.0
⎝ 778.2 ⎠ lbm
Qout
= h7 − h1 = 909.1 − 94.02 = 815.1Btu / lbm
m
815.1Btu / lbm
ηcycle = 1 − = 0.369 Answer
1291.5 Btu / lbm
Comments:
With no feedwater heater, additional heat must be added to the system from an external source, and this heat is
used to raise the liquid feedwater temperature. This results in a lower cycle thermal efficiency.
8-41
8-32 A Rankine cycle power plant uses one closed feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 6 MPa, 400 ºC.
At 400 kPa, 15 % of the steam entering the turbine is extracted and routed to the closed feedwater heater;
the condensate exits the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid and is routed back to the condenser. The
condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. The turbine and pump are isentropic. Determine:
a. the cycle thermal efficiency
b. the cycle thermal efficiency if there were no feedwater heater.
Approach:
Begin with the definition of cycle thermal efficiency.
Each term is evaluated with conservation of energy
and mass. Information is given about all fluid states
upstream and downstream of each device.
Assumptions:
3. No work occurs in the heat exchangers.
5. The pump and turbines are isentropic.
Solution:
a) Cycle thermal efficiency is defined as: ηcycle = Wnet Qin = Qin − Qout ( ) Qin = (WT , A + WT , B − WP ) Qin
We need to evaluate each term on the right hand side of the equation. Apply the mass and energy equations
to the turbines, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m5 = m4 and m5 (1 − y ) = m6
WT , A = m4 ( h4 − h5 )
h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3177.2 kJ kg s4 = 6.5408 kJ kg K
With s5 = s4 , we recognize that h5 ( P5 , s5 ) is in the two-phase region, so
s5 − s f ,5 6.5408 − 1.7766 h − 604.24 kJ kg kJ
x5 = = = 0.931 = 5 h5 = 2590.0
s fg ,5 5.1193 2133.8 kJ kg kg
Likewise for turbine 2,
WT ,2 = m5 (1 − y )( h5 − h6 )
s6 − s f ,6 6.5488 − 0.5764
With s6 = s5 , h6 ( P6 , s6 ) is in the two-phase region, so x6 = = = 0.778
s fg ,6 7.6750
h6 = h f ,6 + x6 h fg = 168.79 + ( 0.778 ) (2406.0) = 2040.7 kJ / kg
To calculate the heat input rate, apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assuming steady, no
m4 = m3 and Qin = m4 ( h4 − h3 )
To obtain h3, apply the mass and energy equations to the closed feedwater heater, and assuming steady, no
work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and adiabatic:
m2 h2 + ( y m4 ) h5 − ( y m4 ) h7 − m3 h3 = 0 but m2 = m3 = m4 so h3 = h2 + y h5 − y h7
h7 ( P7 , T7 ) = h f ( P7 ) = 604.74 kJ / kg
Because 2 is a subcooled liquid
kJ ⎛ m3 ⎞ kN kJ
h2 = h f ,1 ( P1 ) + v f ,1 ( P2 − Psat, 1 ) = 168.79 + ⎜ 0.001008 ⎟ ( 6000 − 7.5 ) 2 = 168.79 + 6.0 = 174.8
kg ⎝ kg ⎠ m kg
h3 = 174.8 + 0.15 ( 2590.0 ) − 0.15 ( 604.74 ) = 472.7 kJ / kg
8-42
WT , A + WT , B − WP m4 ( h4 − h5 ) + (1 − y ) m4 ( h5 − h6 ) − m4 ( h2 − h1 )
hcycle = =
Qin m4 ( h4 − h3 )
( 3177.2 − 2590.0 ) + (1 − 0.15)( 2590.0 − 2040.7 ) − ( 6.0 )
= = 0.388 Answer
3177.2 − 472.7
b) Without the feedwater heater, the cycle thermal efficiency is defined as:
WT -WP m4 ( h4 − h6 ) − m4 ( h2 − h1 )
ηcycle = =
Qin m4 ( h4 − h2 )
( 3177.2 − 2040.7 ) − ( 6 )
= = 0.377 Answer
3177.2 − 174.8
8-43
8-33 An ideal Rankine cycle uses two open feedwater heaters and three pumps. Steam at a flow rate of 12 lbm/s
leaves the boiler at 1500 psia, 1600 ºF, enters the high-pressure turbine and expands to 250 psia, where
steam is extracted for the first open feedwater heater. The steam expands in the intermediate-pressure
turbine to a pressure of 100 psia, where steam is extracted for the second open feedwater heater. The steam
expands in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 4 psia. Water leaves the condenser and
the feedwater heaters as saturated liquid. All pumps and turbines are isentropic. Determine:
a. the fraction of steam entering the high-pressure turbine that is extracted for each of the feedwater
heaters
b. the power required to operate each pump (in kW)
c. the power produced by each turbine stage (in kW)
d. the heat input in the boiler (in kW)
e. the cycle thermal efficiency.
Approach:
Apply conservation of energy to
each of the feedwater heaters to
determine the steam fractions
extracted from the turbines.
Apply mass and energy
equations to all other devices to
determine power and heat input.
Assumptions: 4. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

1. The processes are steady. 5. Pump and turbine are isentropic.
2. Neglect potential and kinetic energy 6. Feedwater heaters are adiabatic.
effects.
reheater.
Solution:
a) To determine the fraction of flow, y, extracted from the turbine, apply the mass and energy equations to the feed
water heater A, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m4 h4 + y m7 h8 − m5 h5 = 0
h5 − h4
but m4 = (1 − y ) m7 and m5 = m7 → y=
h8 − h4
A similar analysis is used on feed water heater B to find y ′
m2 h2 + y ' m9 h9 − m3 h3 = 0
(1 − y )( h3 − h2 )
but m3 = m4 and m2 = (1 − y − y ′ ) m7 → y′ =
h9 − h2
Now, evaluating properties using Appendices B-10—B-12
h1 = h f ( P1 ) = 120.89 Btu / lbm h2 = h1 + ∆hP , A
For the pump, assume incompressible and reversible, so that ∆hP , A = v f ,1 ( P2 − P1 )
⎛ ft 3 ⎞ lbf ⎛ 144in.2 ⎞⎛ 1Btu ⎞
∆hP , A = ⎜ 0.016358 ⎟ (100 − 4 ) 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.3Btu / lbm
⎝ lbm ⎠ in. ⎝ ft ⎠ ⎝ 778.2 ft-lbf ⎠
h2 = 120.89 + 0.3 = 121.2 Btu / lbm
h3 = h f ( P3 ) = 298.61Btu / lbm
⎛ 144 ⎞
Similar to pump A h4 = h3 + ∆hP , B ∆hP , B = ( 0.017736 )( 250 − 100 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.5 Btu / lbm
⎝ 788.2 ⎠
h4 = 298.61 + 0.5 = 299.1Btu / lbm
8-44
h5 = h f ( P5 ) = 376.2 Btu / lbm
⎛ 144 ⎞ Btu
Similar to pump A h6 = h5 + ∆hP ,C ∆hP ,C = ( 0.01865 )(1500 − 250 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 4.3
⎝ 778.2 ⎠ lbm
h6 = 376.2 + 4.3 = 380.5 Btu lbm
s7 ( P7 , T7 ) = 1.8031Btu lbm R h7 = 1843.7 Btu lbm
Point 8 is superheated vapor, and noting that s8 = s7 , so by interpolation h8 ( P8 , s8 ) = 1508.0 Btu / lbm
Point 9 is superheated vapor, and noting that s9 = s8 , so by interpolation h9 ( P9 , s9 ) = 1379.2 Btu lbm
Point 10 is in the two-phase region and s10 = s9 , so
s10 − s f ,10 1.8031 − 0.21983
x10 = = = 0.964
s fg ,10 1.6426
h10 ( P10 , s10 ) = h f ,10 + x10 h f9 = 120.89 + ( 0.964 )(1006.4 ) = 1090.9 Btu / lbm
376.2 − 299.1
y= = 0.0638 Answer
1508.0 − 299.1
(1 − 0.0638 )( 298.61 − 121.2 )
y′ = = 0.132 Answer
1379.2 − 121.2
b) Power for each pump is WP = m∆hP

WP , A = m1∆hP , A = (1 − y − y ′ ) m7 ∆hP , A
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 1.055 kW ⎞
= (1 − 0.0638 − 0.132 ) ⎜ 12 ⎟ ⎜ 0.3 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3.05 kW = 4.1hp Answer
⎝ s ⎠⎝ lbm ⎠ ⎝ 1Btu/s ⎠
WP , B = m3 ∆hP , B = (1 − y ) m7 ∆hP , B = (1 − 0.0638 )(12 )( 0.5 )(1.055 ) = 5.9 kW = 7.9 hp Answer
WP ,C = m5 ∆hP ,C = (12 )( 4.3)(1.0551) = 54.4 kW=73.0 hp Answer
c) For each turbine, assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
WT = m∆h so
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu ⎛ 1.055 kW ⎞
WT , A = m7 ( h7 − h8 ) = ⎜ 12 ⎟ (1843.7 − 1508.0 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 4250 kW = 5700 hp Answer
WT , B = (1 − y ) m7 ( h8 − h9 ) = (1 − 0.0638 )(12 )(1508.0 − 1379.2 )(1.055 ) = 1527 kW = 2047 hp Answer
WT ,C = (1 − y − y ′ ) m7 ( h9 − h10 ) = (1 − 0.0638 − 0.132 )(12 )(1379.2 − 1090.9 )(1.055 ) = 2936 kW = 3937 hp
Answer
d) To obtain the input heat transfer rate, apply the energy and mass equations to the water flowing through the
boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu ⎛ 1.055 kW ⎞
Qin = m6 ( h7 − h6 ) = ⎜ 12 ⎟ (1843.7 − 380.5 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 18,520 kW = 24,840 hp Answer
e) The cycle thermal efficiency is:
W W + WT , B + WT ,C − WP , A − WP , B − WP ,C
ηcycle = net = T , A
Qin Qin
( 4250 + 1527 + 2936 − 3.05 − 5.9 − 54.4 ) kW
= = 0.467 Answer
18520 kW
8-45
8-34 A Rankine cycle uses one stage of reheat and one open feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 5 MPa,
550 ºC and expands in the high-pressure turbine to a pressure of 1 MPa. The steam is extracted, some of
which flows through the reheater where the steam temperature is raised to 500 ºC and the remainder flows
to the open feedwater heater. The steam from the reheater enters the low-pressure turbine and expands to
the condenser pressure of 20 kPa; saturated liquid exits the condenser. Feedwater from the open feedwater
heater leaves as saturated liquid at 1 MPa. Each pump has an isentropic efficiency of 88% and each turbine
stage has an isentropic efficiency of 92%. Determine:
a. the fraction of the mass flow entering the high-pressure turbine that is extracted to flow to the open
feedwater heater
b. the work output of the high- and low-pressure turbines per unit of mass flowing into the high-
pressure turbine (in kJ/kg)
c. the work input of the low pressure and high pressure pumps per unit of mass flowing into the high-
pressure turbine (in kJ/kg)
d. heat input in the boiler and reheater per unit of mass entering the high-pressure turbine
e. the cycle thermal efficiency.
Approach:
We are given information about states
upstream and downstream of each device.
Application of conservation of mass and
energy is needed to evaluate the quantities
sought.
Assumptions:
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are
negligible.
3. The pump, turbine, and feedwater heater
are adiabatic.
4. No work is done in the feedwater heater.
Solution:
a) To determine the fraction of flow, y, extracted from the turbine, perform an energy balance on the open
freshwater heater. Assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
y m1 h2 + (1 − y ) m1 h6 − m1 h7 = 0
h7 − h6
y=
h2 − h6
To obtain h2 , use the definition of isentropic efficiency:
h1 − h2
ηT = → h2 = h1 − η T ( h1 − h2 s )
h1 − h2 s
From Appendices A-10—A-12 at the given conditions (with interpolation as needed):
h1 ( 5 MPa,550 C ) = 3550 kJ / kg, s1 ( 5 MPa,550 C ) = 7.1174 kJ / kgK ,
with s2 = s1 , h2 s (1MPa, s2 ) = 3048.2 kJ / kg
h2 = 3550 − 0.92 ( 3550 − 3048.2 ) = 3088.3kJ / kg
h7 (1MPa, x = 0 ) = h f (1MPa ) = 762.8 kJ / kg
h6 → from an energy balance on the pump with an incompressible liquid wP = − ∫ vdP = v∆P = h6 s − h5
h6 s = h5 + v f 5 ( P6 − P5 ) , using the definition of pump isentropic efficiency h6 = h5 + ( h6 s − h5 ) η P
h5 ( 20 kPa, x = 0 ) = h f ( 20 kPa ) = 251.4 kJ / kg
v f ( 20 kPa ) = v f ( 20 kPa, x = 0 ) = 0.001017 m3 / kg
8-46
kN kJ
h6 s = 251.4 kJ kg + ( 0.001017 m 3 kg ) (1000 − 20 ) = 252.4 kJ kg
m 2 kN-m
h6 = 251.4 + ( 252.4 − 251.4 ) 0.88 = 252.5 kJ / kg
762.8 − 252.5
y= = 0.180 Answer
3088.3 − 252.5
b) With mass and energy balances on the turbines and pumps, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic
energy effects, and adiabatic, and dividing the energy equation through by the mass flow rate:
wT ,1 = h1 − h2 = ( 3550 − 3088.3) kJ kg = 461.7 kJ / kg Answer
wT′ ,2 = h3 − h4 = ηT ( h3 − h4 s )
This is work per unit mass of flow entering turbine 2. To express in terms of work per unit mass of flow entering
turbine 1, multiply by (1-y). Like wise, for wP ,1 the same is true.
wT ,2 = (1 − y ) wT′ ,2
Evaluating the properties
7.7622 − 0.8320
h3 (1MPa, 500 C ) = 3478.5 kJ / kg , s3 (1MPa, 500 C ) = 7.7622 kJ / kgK → x4 s = = 0.979
7.0766
with s4 = s3 → h4 s ( 20 kPa, s4 ) = 251.4 + ( 0.979 )( 2358.3) = 2560.9 kJ / kg
wT ,2 = (1 − 0.180) ( 0.92 )( 3478.5 − 2560.9 ) = 692.2 kJ / kg Answer
c) For the pumps, the same approach is used as for the turbines:
wP1 = h6 − h5 = 252.5 − 251.4 = 1.1kJ / kg
wP ,1 = (1 − y )( h6 − h5 ) = (1 − 0.180 )( 252.5 − 251.4 ) kJ / kg = 0.90 kJ / kg Answer
wP ,2 = h8 − h7 where h8 s = h7 + v f 7 ( P8 − P7 ) and h8 = h7 + ( h8 s − h7 ) η P
Evaluating the properties
v7 (1000 kPa, x = 0 ) = 0.001127 m3 / kg , h8 s = 762.8 + ( 0.001127 )( 5000 − 1000 ) = 767.3kJ / kg
h8 = 762.8 + ( 767.3 − 762.8 ) 0.88 = 767.9 kJ / kg
wP ,2 = 767.9 − 762.8 = 5.1kJ / kg Answer
d) Applying the mass and energy equations to the steam flowing through the boiler and reheater, assuming
steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, no work, and dividing the energy equation by the mass flow
rate:
qin, boiler = h1 − h8 = 3550 − 767.9 = 2782 kJ / kg Answer
qin, reheater = (1 − y )( h3 − h2 ) = (1 − 0.180 )( 3478.5 − 3088.3) = 320.0 kJ / kg Answer
e) Using the definition of cycle thermal efficiency:

W w
η = net = net
Qin qin
wT ,1 + wT ,2 − wP ,1 − wP ,2 461.7 + 692.2 − 0.90 − 5.1
= = = 0.370 Answer
qin 2782 + 320.0
8-47
8-35 A regenerative Rankine cycle that produces 500 MW uses one closed and one open feedwater heater.
Steam exits the boiler at 10 MPa, 550 ºC. Steam at 1 MPa is extracted between the high- and intermediate-
pressure turbines and is sent to the closed feedwater heater, from which the feedwater leaves at 10 MPa,
150 ºC; saturated liquid condensate is pumped forward and injected into the boiler feedwater line. Steam at
0.15 MPa is extracted between the intermediate- and low-pressure turbines and is sent to an open feedwater
heater, from which saturated liquid water leaves at 0.15 MPa. Steam leaves the low-pressure turbine at 6
kPa. The turbines and pumps are isentropic. Determine:
b. the required mass flow rate (in kg/s).
Approach:
Begin with the definition of cycle thermal
efficiency. Each quantity is evaluated with
application of conservation of mass and/or
energy, since information on states upstream
and downstream of each device is given.
Assumptions:
2. Neglect potential and kinetic energy
effects.
3. No work occurs in the heat exchangers.
4. The subcooled liquid approximation is
valid.
5. The pumps and turbine are isentropic.
Solution:
The cycle thermal efficiency is defined as:
(
ηcycle = Wnet Qin = Qin − Qout Qin) (1)
The heat input is obtained with an energy balance around the water flowing through the boiler. Assuming
steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and no work:
Qin = m10 ( h1 − h10 ) (2)
where m10 = m1 = unknown
Sufficient information is given to evaluate h1, but we will wait to evaluate all the properties at once. To
find h10 , we perform a mass and energy balance on the location where streams 9 and 12 mix. Assuming steady,
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, adiabatic, and no work:
m9 h9 + m12 h12 − m10 h10 = 0 and m9 + m12 = m10
Note that m12 m10 = y and m9 m10 = 1 − y . Substituting these two expressions into the main energy equation and
dividing by m10 :
(1 − y ) h9 + y h12 − h10 = 0 ⇒ h10 = (1 − y ) h9 + y h12
We need to determine y by performing a mass and energy energy balance on the closed feedwater heater.
With the same assumptions as for the mixer and bringing in the definition of y:
h9 − h8
ym1h2 + (1 − y ) m1h8 − ym1h11 − (1 − y ) m1h9 = 0 → y =
h2 − h8 − h11 + h9
To find the output heat transfer rate, apply conservation of mass and energy to the steam flowing through
the condenser with the same assumptions as for the boiler.
Qout = (1 − y − y ′ ) m1 ( h4 − h5 ) (3)
We need to find y ′ , and to do so we perform a mass and energy balance on the open feedwater heater with
the same assumptions as for the mixer:
(1 − y )( h7 − h6 )
ym1h3 + (1 − y − y ′ ) m1h6 − (1 − y ) m1h7 = 0 → y′ =
h3 − h6
Now, substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) and noting that m10 = m1 :
8-48
m10 ( h1 − h10 ) − (1 − y − y ′ ) m1 ( h4 − h5 ) ( h1 − h10 ) − (1 − y − y ′ )( h4 − h5 )
ηcycle = =
m10 ( h1 − h10 ) ( h1 − h10 )
Now evaluating all properties from Appendices A-10—A-12 (with interpolation as required), and then
y and y ′ :
h1 (10 MPa,500 C ) = 3501kJ / kg s1 (10 MPa,500 C ) = 6.75611kJ / kgK
with s2 = s1 , h2 (1MPa, s2 ) = 2859 kJ / kg
6.7561 − 1.4336
with s3 = s2 , state 3 is in the two-phase region, so x3 = = 0.919
5.7897
h3 ( 0.15 MPa, s3 ) = 467.11 + ( 0.919 )( 2226.5 ) = 2514 kJ / kg
6.7561 − 0.5164
Likewise, with s4 = s3 , x3 = = 0.800 h4 ( 6 kPa, s4 ) = 150.2 + ( 0.800 )( 2416.6 ) = 2084 kJ / kg
7.8212
h5 ( 6 kPa, x5 = 0 ) = h f ,5 ( 6 kPa ) = 150.2 kJ / kg
For h6 apply an energy balance to the liquid pump
w = − ∫ vdP = v∆P = h6 − h5 → h6 = h5 + v f ,5 ( P6 − P5 )
h6 = 150.2 kJ kg + ( 0.001006 m kg ) (150 − 6 ) kN m 2 = 150.3kJ / kg
3
h7 ( 0.15 MPa, x9 = 0 ) = h f ,7 ( 0.15 MPa ) = 467.1kJ / kg

h8 is determined similar to h6 → h8 = h7 + v f ,7 ( P8 − P7 )
h8 = 467.1kJ kg + ( 0.001053m3 kg ) (10000 − 150 ) kN m 2 = 477.4 kJ / kg
h9 (10 MPa, 150 C ) = h fg (T9 ) + v fg ( P9 − Psat ) = 632.2 + ( 0.001091)(10000 − 475.8 ) = 642.6 kJ / kg
h11 (1MPa, x11 = 0 ) = h f ,11 (1MPa ) = 762.8 kJ / kg
h12 is determined similar to h6 → h12 = h11 + v f ,11 ( P12 − P11 )
h12 = 762.8 kJ kg + ( 0.001127 m3 kg ) (10000 − 1000 ) kN m 2 = 772.9 kJ / kg
642.6 − 477.4
y= = 0.0731
2857 − 477.4 − 762.8 + 642.6
h10 = (1 − 0.0731)( 642.6kJ / kg ) + ( 0.0731)( 772.9kJ / kg ) = 652.1kJ / kg
(1 − 0.0731)( 467.1 − 150.2 )
y′ = = 0.124
2514 − 150.2
( 3501 − 652.1) − (1 − 0.0731 − 0.124 )( 2084 − 150.2 )
3501 − 652.1
For the mass flow rate, we use the net power output:
Wnet = 500 MW = Qin - Qout = m10 ( h1 − h10 ) − (1 − y − y ′ ) m1 ( h4 − h5 )
With m10 = m1 , and solving for the mass flow rate:
Wnet
m1 =
( h1 − h10 ) − (1 − y − y ′ )( h4 − h5 )
( 500, 000 kW ) ⎛⎜
1kJ / sec ⎞
⎟
= ⎝ 1kW ⎠ = 385.7 kg / sec Answer
( 3501-652.1) − (1 − 0.0731 − 0.124 )( 2084 − 150.2 )
8-49
8-36 A Rankine cycle power plant uses reheat and one closed feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 6
MPa, 400 ºC and enters the high-pressure turbine. At 400 kPa all the steam is extracted; 85% of the flow is
routed through a reheater where the steam temperature is raised to 400 ºC, and then is returned to the low-
pressure turbine. The other 15% of the extracted steam is routed to the closed feedwater heater; the
condensate exits the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid and is routed back to the condenser. The
condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. The turbine and pump are isentropic. Determine:
b. compare this result to that obtained in Problem P8-32.
Approach:
Begin with basic definitions, and use conservation of
mass and energy applied to individual devices to
evaluate terms in the definitions.
Assumptions:
reheater.
Solution:
a) The cycle thermal efficiency is
Q W
ηcycle = 1 − out = net
Qin Qin
Wnet = WT − WP
To determine the turbine and pump work, apply the mass and energy equations to the turbines and pump,
and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
WT = m4 ( h4 − h5 ) + (1 − y ) m4 ( h6 − h7 )
Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10—A-12: h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3177.2 kJ kg s4 = 6.5408 kJ / kg K
State 5 is in the two-phase region, and noting s5 = s4 ,
s5 − s f 5 6.5408 − 1.7766
x5 = = = 0.931
s fg 5 5.1193
h5 = h f + x5 h f 5 = 604.74 + ( 0.931)( 2133.8 ) = 2590.5 kJ / kg
h6 ( P6 , T6 ) = 3273.4 kJ / kg s6 = 7.8985 kJ / kg K
State 7 is in the two-phase region, and noting s7 = s6
7.8985 − 0.5764
x7 = = 0.954
7.6750
h7 = 168.79 + 0.954 ( 2406.0 ) = 2464.2 kJ / kg
WT m = ( 3177.2 − 2590.5 ) + (1 − 0.15 )( 3273.4 − 2464.2 ) = 1274.5 kJ / kg
For the pump WP m = (1 − y )( h2 − h1 ) . Assuming incompressible liquid and reversible,
∆hP = h2 − h1 = v f 1 ( P2 − P1 )
⎛ m3 ⎞ kN ⎛ 1kJ ⎞
∆hP = ⎜ 0.001008 ⎟ ( 6000 − 7.5 ) 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 6.0 kJ / kg
⎝ kg ⎠ m ⎝ 1 kN-m ⎠
Therefore WP m = (1 − 0.15 )( 6.0 kJ/kg ) = 5.1kJ / kg
For the heat input, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler and reheater, and
assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
8-50
Qin = Qboiler + Qreheater
Qboiler = m ( h4 − h3 ) and Qreheater = (1 − y ) m ( h6 − h5 )
To evaluate h3 , apply the mass and energy equations to the closed feedwater heater, and assume steady,
adiabatic, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
m4 h2 + y m4 h5 − y m4 h8 − m4 h3 = 0
h3 = h2 + y ( h5 − h8 )
Evaluating properties
h8 = h f ( P8 ) = 604.74 kJ / kg
Across the pump h2 − h1 = ∆hP → h2 = h1 + ∆hP
h1 = h f ( P1 ) = 168.79 kJ / kg → h2 = 168.79 + 5.1 = 173.9 kJ / kg
h3 = 173.9 + ( 0.15 )( 2590.5 − 604.74 ) = 471.8 kJ / kg
Qin m = ( h4 − h3 ) + (1 − y )( h6 − h5 )
= ( 3177.2 − 471.8 ) + (1 − 0.15 )( 3273.4 − 2590.5 ) = 3285.9 kJ / kg
(1274.5 − 5.1) kJ / kg
3285.9 kJ / kg
8-51
8-37 Air at 1 atm, 40 ºF enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton cycle. The pressure ratio is 10. The
maximum temperature in the cycle is 1500 ºF. Using an air-standard analysis, determine:
b. the back work ratio
c. the temperature of the air at the turbine exit (in ºC).
Approach:
Begin with the definition of cycle thermal efficiency,
and apply conservation of mass and energy to
individual devices to evaluate the terms in the
definition. The same terms are used to determine the
backwork ratio.
Assumptions:
3. Compressor and turbine are isentropic.
4. An-air-standard analysis is used.
Solution:
a) Cycle thermal efficiency is ηcycle = Wnet Qin where Wnet = WT − WC . Apply the energy and mass equations
to the turbine and compressor, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
WT = m ( h3 − h4 ) and WC = m ( h2 − h1 )
From the air table Appendix B-9 h1 ( 500 R ) = 119.48 Btu / lbm Pr ,1 = 1.0590
h3 (1960 R ) = 493.6 Btu / lbm Pr ,3 = 160.5
Using relative pressures
Pr ,2 = Pr ,1 ( P2 / P1 ) = 1.059 (10 ) = 10.59 by interpolation h2 = 230.9 Btu / lbm
Pr ,4 = Pr ,3 ( P4 / P3 ) = 160.5 (1/10 ) = 16.05 by interpolation h4 = 259.9 Btu / lbm
Wnet m = ( h3 − h4 ) − ( h2 − h1 ) = ( 493.6 − 259.9 ) − ( 230.9 − 119.48 ) = 233.7 − 111.5 = 122.2 Btu / lbm
Apply the energy and mass equations to the air flowing through the combustor, and assume steady, no work, and
Qin = m ( h3 − h2 ) → Qin m = h3 − h2 = 493.6 − 230.9 = 262.7 Btu lbm
122.2 Btu / lbm
267.7 Btu / lbm
WC (WC m ) 111.5 Btu / lbm
b) The back work ratio is: BWR = = = = 0.477 Answer
WT (WT m ) 233.7 Btu / lbm
c) The turbine outlet temperature is: T4 ( h4 ) → by interpolation T4 = 1075.7 R = 615.7 F Answer
8-52
8-38 For Problem P 8-37, rework the problem using an air-standard analysis, with a turbine efficiency of 89%
and a compressor efficiency of 83%. Determine:
b. the back work ratio
c. the temperature of the air at the turbine exit (in ºC).
Compare with the results from P 8-37.
Approach:
Basic definitions, now including isentropic efficiency,
are used with conservation of mass and energy applied
to individual components to evaluate terms in the
definitions.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) The operating conditions are the same except now the isentropic efficiencies (ηT = 0.89, ηC = 0.83) must be
incorporated into the solution. Following the solution to P 8-39:
WT m = h3 − h4 and WC m = h2 − h1
Again using Appendix B-9 h1 ( 500 R ) = 199.48 Btu / lbm Pr ,1 = 1.0590
h3 (1960 R ) = 493.6 Btu / lbm Pr ,3 = 160.5
For an isentropic process (from previous solution) h2 s = 230.9 Btu / lbm
h4 s = 259.9 Btu / lbm
h −h
ηT = 3 4 → h4 = h3 − ηT ( h3 − h4 s ) = 493.6 − ( 0.89 )( 493.6 − 259.9 ) = 285.6 Btu / lbm
h3 − h4 s
h2 s − h1 h2 s − h1 230.9 − 119.48
ηC = → h2 = h1 + = 119.48 + = 253.7 Btu / lbm
h2 − h1 ηC 0.83
WT m = 493.6 − 285.6 = 208.0 Btu / lbm
WC m = 253.7 − 119.48 = 134.2 Btu / lbm
Wnet = 208.0 − 134.2 = 73.8 Btu / lbm
Likewise, for Qin m = h3 − h2 = 493.6 − 253.7 = 239.9 Btu / lbm
73.8 Btu / lbm
239.9 Btu / lbm
WC m 134.2 Btu / lbm

b) The back work ratio is: BWR = = = 0.645 Answer
WT m 208.0 Btu / lbm
c) The turbine exit temperature is: T4 ( h4 ) → by interpolation T4 = 1177.6 R = 717.6 F Answer
Comments:
The inefficiencies in the turbine and compressor have a dramatic detrimental effect on the cycle thermal
efficiency. Note that because less energy is removed from the turbine, its outlet temperature is much higher.
8-53
8-39 Air at 100 kPa, 27 ºC at a volumetric flowrate of 10 m3/s enters an ideal Brayton cycle and is compressed to
1750 kPa. The air temperature at the entrance to the turbine is 1073 ºC. Using a cold-air-standard analysis,
determine:
b. the heat addition (in kW)
d. back work ratio.
Approach:
Basic definitions are used with conservation of mass
and energy applied to individual devices.
Assumptions:
4. A cold-air-standard analysis is used.
Solution:
a) Net power is Wnet = WT − WC . Apply the mass and energy equations to the turbine and compressor, and
assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects
WT = m ( h3 − h4 ) and WC = m ( h2 − h1 )
Using a cold-air-standard analysis where ∆h = cP ∆T , and from Appendix A-8 for air cP = 1.005 kJ / kg K ,
k = 1.4 :
WT = mcP (T3 − T4 ) and WC = mcP (T2 − T1 )
For an isentropic process of an ideal gas with constant specific heats
k −1 1.4 −1
⎛P ⎞ k
⎛ 1750 ⎞ 1.4
T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 300 K ⎜ ⎟ = 679.6 K
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
k −1 1.4 −1
⎛P ⎞ k
⎛ 100 ⎞ 1.4
T4 = T3 ⎜ 4 ⎟ = 1300 K ⎜ ⎟ = 573.8 K
⎝ P3 ⎠ ⎝ 1750 ⎠
RT1 ( 8.314 kJ kmol K )( 300 K )( kN-m 1kJ ) m3
m = ρ1V1 = V1 v1 v1 = = = 0.861
MP1 ( 28.97 kg kmol ) (100 kN m 2 ) kg
m=
(10 m /min )
3
= 11.6 kg / min = 0.194 kg / s

( 0.861m /kg )3
WT = ( 0.194 kg s )(1.005 kJ kg K )(1300 − 573.8 ) K (1kW 1 kJ/s ) = 141.6 kW

WC = ( 0.194 )(1.005 )( 679.6 − 300 ) = 74.0 kW
Wnet = 141.6 − 74.0 = 67.6 kW Answer
b) To obtain the input heat transfer rate, apply the energy and mass equations to the combustor, and assume
steady, no work and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Qin = m ( h3 − h2 ) = mcP (T3 − T2 )
Qin = ( 0.194 )(1.005 )(1300 − 679.6 ) = 121.0 Answer
Wnet 67.6 kW
c) The cycle thermal efficiency is: ηcycle = = = 0.559 Answer
Qin 121.0 kW
WC 74.0 kW
d) The back work ratio is: BWR = = = 0.523 Answer
WT 141.6 kW
8-54
8-40 Redo Problem P 8-39 with an air-standard analysis.
Approach:
Basic definitions are used with conservation of mass
and energy applied to each device. Variable property
effects are taken into account using the air tables.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) All conditions are the same as in P 8-39, so for the net power:
WT = m ( h3 − h4 ) and WC = m ( h2 − h1 )
m = 0.194 kg / s (remains unchanged)
From the air tables, Appendix A-9
h1 ( 300 K ) = 300.19 kJ / kg Pr ,1 = 1.3860
h3 (1300 K ) = 1395.97 kJ / kg Pr ,3 = 330.9
For h2 , use relative pressures Pr ,2 = Pr ,1 ( P2 P1 )
Pr ,2 = 1.386 (1750 100 ) = 24.26 so by interpolation h2 = 679.5 kJ kg
Likewise for state 4:
Pr ,4 = Pr ,3 ( P4 P3 ) = 330.9 (100 1750 ) = 18.91 so by interpolation h4 = 632.0 kJ / kg
kJ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
WT = ( 0.194 kg s )(1395.97 − 632.0 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 148.2 kW
kg ⎝ 1 kJ/s ⎠
WC = ( 0.194 )( 679.5 − 300.19 ) = 73.6 kW
Wnet = 142.2 − 73.6 = 74.6 kW Answer
b) The heat input rate is: Qin = m ( h3 − h2 ) = ( 0.194 )(1395.97 − 679.5 ) = 139.0 kW Answer
Wnet 74.6 kW
c) The cycle thermal efficiency is: ηcycle = = = 0.537 Answer
Qin 139.0 kW
WC 73.6 kW
d) The back work ratio is: BWR = = = 0.497 Answer
WT 148.2 kW
Comments:
Taking into account the variability of specific heat with temperature resulted in the cycle thermal efficiency and
the back work ratio decreasing.
8-55

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8-1 In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle using refrigerant R-134a, saturated vapor enters the

Therefore, m1 = m2 = m and W = m(h1 − h2 ) = −Win where m = V1 v1

T1 − Tsat ,1 T1 h1 ( P1 , T1 ) s1 ( P1 , T1 ) h2 s h2 win qin COP

c) The heat pump coefficient of performance is

Device Inlet conditions Outlet conditions

Likewise, for state 2 with interpolations

c) To find the output heat transfer, consider the overall cycle:

c) The cycle thermal efficiency is

Btu ⎛ ft 3 ⎞ lbf ⎛ 144in.2 ⎞ ⎛ 1Btu ⎞ Btu

⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu ⎛ 1.055 kW ⎞

b) For the heat input, Qin = m ( h3 − h2 )

b) For the pump, WP = m ( h2 − h1 ) = Ws

c) For the heat input Qin = m ( h3 − h2 )

d) The cycle thermal efficiency is

b) For the new cycle thermal efficiency:

b) Using information from P 8-22 and Part (a) above

c) Net power output is Wnet = WT − WP = Qin − Qout = 2273kW − 1500 kW = 772.7 kW

d) The cycle thermal efficiency is

But m2 = m3 = m5 and m7 = y m5 so that substituting in these expressions and simplifying:

Wnet m = 716.9 + 459.7 − 23.8 = 1152.8 kJ / kg Answer

d) The cycle thermal efficiency is:

b) The net work is Wnet = WT , A + WT , B − WP , A − WP , B

d) The cycle thermal efficiency is:

Assumptions: 4. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

b) Power for each pump is WP = m∆hP

e) Using the definition of cycle thermal efficiency:

h7 ( 0.15 MPa, x9 = 0 ) = h f ,7 ( 0.15 MPa ) = 467.1kJ / kg

Therefore WP m = (1 − 0.15 )( 6.0 kJ/kg ) = 5.1kJ / kg

WC m 134.2 Btu / lbm

c) The turbine exit temperature is: T4 ( h4 ) → by interpolation T4 = 1177.6 R = 717.6 F Answer

= 11.6 kg / min = 0.194 kg / s

WT = ( 0.194 kg s )(1.005 kJ kg K )(1300 − 573.8 ) K (1kW 1 kJ/s ) = 141.6 kW

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