Lab Report – 07

Course code : EEE 1102

Course Title : Electrical Circuits I Lab

Submitted by

Name: Bilkis Alam Ahona

ID: 161015010

Submitted to

Mirza Rasheduzzaman, PhD

Date of Experiment: 02/01/20

Date of Submission: 02/01/20

 Experiment Name: Study of Transient Behaviour of RL Circuit

Objective: The objective of this experiment is to study Transient Response of RL circuit with
step Input. In this experiment we shall apply a square wave input to an RL circuit separately and
observe the respective wave-shapes and determine the time constants.

Theorem The transient response is the temporary response that results from a
switching operation and disappears with time. The steady state response is that which
exists after a long time following any switching operation.

Let us consider an RL circuit shown in figure.

PHASE: When the switch is connected to position 1, applying KVL we can write

di
V= Ri + L ………………..(1)
dt

If the inductor is initially relaxed, the solution of equation (1) is….

V −t
i= (1−e τ ……………………….(2)
)
R

Therefore the voltage across the resistor and capacitor are given by

VR = V¿……………………….(3)
−t
VL = V – VR = Ve τ …..……...(4)

Where τ = L/R and is called the time constant of the RL circuit. Equation (2), (3) &
(4) are plotted below:
It is seen from the curves that the voltage across the inductor falls from V to zero volts
exponentially. The current is zero at the start i.e. when the switch is just thrown to
position 1, then it increases exponentially and finally reach to V/R amps when the
inductor voltage becomes zero.

DECAY PHASE: When the switch is connected to position 2,applying KVL we can
write

di
0 = Ri + L ……………(5)
dt

Since the voltage across the capacitor is now V, the solution of equation (5) is

V −t
i= τ ………………….(6)
R e

Therefore the voltage across the resistor and inductor are given by
−t
VR = Ve τ …………………(7)

−t
VL = -Ve τ ………………….(8)

Equation (6), (7) & (8) are plotted below:

It is seen from the curves that the voltage across the inductor rises from -V to zero
volts exponentially. The current is maximum at the start i.e. when the switch is just
thrown to position 2, then it decreases exponentially and finally ceases to zero when
the inductor voltage becomes zero.

Apparatus

 Laptop
 Pspice
Experimental Setup

Procedure – We will set up a circuit in PSpice, including a pulse source, inductor and a resistor.
We will input the voltage of 5V, 460 Ohm resistance, and a 2.7 mH inductor. We will stimulate
the circuit with a time domain analysis ( run to time- 0.714ms, start data saving- 0 & maximum
step – 100ns). After stimulating, we will get a graph in the schematic showing the transient
behavior of the circuit. We will later on change the values of the inductor and the resistor and see
the graph again to observe the effect of the components in the circuit.

Graphs
Resistor – 460 ohm ; Inductor - 2.7 mH ; τ = L/R = 5.87μs

Storage phase

V −t
- 3.5× 10
−5
i= τ = (5/460)(1-e ) = 0.011A
R (1−e ) 5.87× 10−6

3.5× 10−5
VR = V¿) = 5(1- e- ) = 4.987 V
5.87× 10−6
−t
VL = V – VR = Ve τ = 0.012V

Decay Phase

V −t - 7.5× 10
−5
i= τ = (5/460)(e ) = 0.00000003071 A
Re 5.87× 10−6

−t 7.5× 10−5
VR = Ve τ = (5)( e- ) = 0.00001413 V
5.87× 10−6
−t
VL = -Ve τ = -0.00001413V

Resistor- 900 Ohm ; Inductance- 2.7 mH ; τ = L/R = 3μs

Storage phase

V −t
- 3.5× 10
−5
i= τ = (5/900)(1-e ) = 0.005555A
R (1−e ) 3× 10−6

3.5× 10−5
VR = V¿) = 5(1- e- ) = 4.999 V
3× 10−6
−t
VL = V – VR = Ve τ = 0.000004287V

Decay Phase

V −t - 7.5× 10
−5
i= τ = (5/900)(e ) = 0.000000047638 A
Re 3× 10−6

−t 7.5× 10−5
VR = Ve τ = (5)( e- ) = 0.000042875 V
5.87× 10−6
−t
VL = -Ve τ = -0.000042875V

Resistor- 460 ohm ; Inductor- 8 mH ; τ = L/R = 0.01739ms

Storage phase
 V −t
- 3.5× 10−5
i= τ = (5/460)(1-e ) = 0.00942A
R (1−e ) 0.01739× 10−3

3.5× 10−5
VR = V¿) = 5(1- e- ) = 4.33 V
0.01739× 10−3
−t
VL = V – VR = Ve τ = 0.668V

Decay Phase

V −t - 7.5× 10−5
i= τ = (5/460)(e ) = 0.001452 A
Re 0.01739× 10−3

−t 7.5× 10−5
VR = Ve τ = (5)( e- ) = 0.6679 V
0.01739× 10−3
−t
VL = -Ve τ = -0.6679V

RESULT

From the graphs we can see that, the greater the resistance the lower the inductor voltage and
shorter transient time. As higher resistance makes the circuit more resistive and the inductance is
negligible, so the current passing decreases and the voltage induced in the inductor decreases too.

The higher the inductance the higher will be inductor voltage but lower current and longer
transient time. As the inductor also opposes any change in the current flow that created the
magnetic field around it, so increasing the inductance decreases current flow. And due to high
storage it reaches its transient time slower.

*(errors of 0.001 to 0.01 may be there due to calculation).