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Solutions To Exercise Four - Bernoulli's Equation Part II: Mechanical Engineering 390 Fluid Mechanics
Solutions To Exercise Four - Bernoulli's Equation Part II: Mechanical Engineering 390 Fluid Mechanics
z 2 z1
p 2 p1 V22 V12
0
g 2g
The measurement tube at point 1 is facing the flow so it will measure the stagnation pressure.
This means that the elevation difference shown in the diagram (h = 0.2 m) times the specific
weight of the fluid is the difference between the stagnation pressure at point (1) (p 1 +V12/2) and
the static pressure, p2 at point (2). We thus have the following interpretation of the height
difference.
V12 V 2
h gh p1 p 2 p 2 p1 1 gh
2 2
We can substitute this expression for p2 into our Bernoulli equation along with the fact that at the
center of the pipe z2 = z1. This gives the Bernoulli equation as
V12
p 2 p1 V V 0 V 2 V12 0
2 2 p1 gh p1
z 2 z1 2 1 2 2
g 2g g 2g
We see that the terms in p1 and V12 cancel leaving the following result.
V22
h 0 V2 2 gh
2g
The flow rate is simply V2A2 = V2D22/4, with D2 = D.
2 9.81 m 1.556 m 2
Q A2V2 A2 2 gh D 2 gh 2 0.2 m D
4 4 s2 s
The flow rate will have units of m3/s when D is in meters.
p0 p s 2 mano h
V 2
fluid fluid
We can compute the density of the fluid, Heliuim, from the ideal gas law using the value of R =
2.446x104 ft•lbf/slug•R for helium found in Table 1.7 in the inside front conver. We can use the
pressure of 25 psia directly since it is already an absolute pressure, but we have to convert the
temparature of 40oF to a Rankine temperaure by the equation R = oF + 459.67, so we use a
temperature of 499.67 R in both the density calculation and the Mach number calculation below.
25 lb f 144 in 2
P in 2 ft 2 5.80 x10 4 slugs
RT 2.446 x10 4 ft lb f ft 3
499.67 R
slug R
We can check the assumption that the specific weight of the helium was neglegible compared to
the manometer fluid, water, as follows:
62.4 lb f 1 ft
2 2.3 in
2 mano h ft3
12 in
V 203 ft/s
fluid 5.80 x10 4 slugs
ft 3
p 0 p 2 V02 V22
z 0 z2 0
g 2g
From the diagram we have z0 – z2 = h, p0 = p2 = 0 since both are open to the atmosphere, and V 02
=( A2V2/A0)2 << V22 and can be neglected because the area ratio, A 2/A0 is so small. Inserting
these values into the Bernoulli equation gives.
0 0 0 V22
h 0 V2 2 gh
g 2g
The flow rate, Q, can then be written as Q A2V2 A2 2 gh . Now that we know the flow rate,
we can find the pressure at point (1) where the diameter is 1 in. Applying Bernoulli’s equation
between this point and the exit (point 2) gives.
p 1 p 2 V12 V22
z1 z 2 0
g 2g
Here z1 = z2 and p2 = 0. Also, by continuity, V1A1 = V2A2 so that we can rewrite this equation as
follows.
p1 1 D24 / D14 h
If we add the atmospheric pressure to both sides of the equation we will obtain the absolute
pressure at point 1, which must be geater than the vapor pressure to avoid cavitation..
p1,abs p1 p atm 1 D24 / D 4 h p atm pv
Substituting the given data that D1 = 1 in, D2 = 2 in, patm = 14.3 psia, pv = 1.60 psia, and using a
specific weight of 62.4 lbf/ft3 for water gives the following numerical result.
ft 2 1 psia in 2 62.4 lb f 2 in
4
2
1 h 14.3 psia 1.60 psia
144 in lb f ft 3 1 in
6,5 psia
h 12.7 psia h 1.96 ft
ft
Note than when an inequality is multiplied or divided by a negative number the direction of the
inequality is reversed.
To determine the effects of D1 and D2 we can solve 1 D24 / D 4 h p atm pv for h. Note that
since D2 > D1 we will be dividing by a negative number so we have to change the direction of the
inequality.
pv p atm p atm pv
h
1 D2 / D1
4 4
D24 / D14 1
This shows that increasing D2 or decreasing D1 will increase h. The physical reasoning for this is
as follows. Neglecting visclous forces, increasing D 2 will decrease the overall flow rate and less
material will have to flow through D1 for a given h. Thus we can increase h. However, with D2
fixed, the flow rate is fixed, and decreasing D2 increases the flow rate through point 1; thus we
would have to reduce h to avoid cavitation.