ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉ

GEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

eqspertis azri

giorgi sanikiZe

„islamuri saxelmwifo“ da „didi TamaSi“

axlo aRmosavleTSi

44

2015
 publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT.

redaqtori: rusudan margiSvili

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe wignis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos nebismieri,
maT Soris, eleqtronuli an meqanikuri formiT.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2015 weli

ISSN 1512-4835
ISBN 978-9941-0-8155-2
 axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi dReisaTvis ara mar­
to mravali, xSir SemTxvevaSi xangrZlivi istoriis mqone,
gadauWreli problemaa dagrovili, aramed is aseve warmoad­
gens saerTaSoriso terorizmis mTavar masazrdoebel wya­
ros. ukanasknel xanebSi mTavar problemad iqca e.w. „isla­
muri saxelmwifos“ sakiTxi. winamdebare naSromis ZiriTad
mizans swored am saxelmwifos arsis, misi arsebobis ganma­
pirobebeli faqtorebisa da samomavlo perspeqtivebis Ses­
wavla warmoadgens. amasTan, xazgasasmelia, rom „islamuri
saxelmwifos“ Sesaxeb saubari gamoricxulia axlo aRmosav­
leTSi arsebuli sxva dapirispirebebis, regionis, dasavleTis
qveynebisa Tu ruseTis interesebis, dRes gamokveTili „para­
doqsuli aliansebis“ ganxilvis gareSe. bunebrivia, gverds
ver avuvliT kavkasiasac, sadac islamuri radikalizmisaTvis
noyieri niadagi arsebobs.

„islamuri saxelmwifo“ _ mokle istoriuli mimoxilva

„islamuri saxelmwifos“ winamorbedia 1999 wels Seqm­

nili teroristuli dajgufeba „jama’aT al-Tauhid val-ji­
had“, romlis damfuZnebelic iyo „islamuri saxelmwifos“
amJamindeli lideri abu baqr al-baRdadi da romelic „al-
kaidas“ eqvemdebareboda. jgufi monawileobda 2003 wels sa­
dam huseinis reJimis damxobisa da qveynis okupaciis Semdeg
dawyebul ajanyebaSi. 2006 wels jgufi SeuerTda sxva amboxe­
bul sunitur jgufebs „mujahedTa Suras“ (sabWos) Camosaya­
li­beblad. am ukanasknelma ki 2006 wlis oqtomberSi gamoac­
xada „erayis islamuri saxelmwifos“ (eis) Seqmna.
2004 wels abu musab al-zarkavim Seqmna „al-kaidas“ eray­
is ganStoeba. al-zarkavim Tavi gamoiCina SiitTa winaaRmdeg
mowyobili araerTi teraqtiT (maT Soris _ afeTqeba najafSi,
imam alis meCeTSi, romelmac 95 adamianis sicocxle Seiwira).
„al-zarkavisTvis antiSiituri kampania moicavda rogorc ji­
hadistur/salafisturi WeSmariti „wyobis“ damyarebas, aseve
erayis Siituri mTavrobisaTvis erayis umarTavad qcevis taq­
tikur mizans.“1 2006 wlis ivnisSi al-zarkavi amerikelebma
sahaero dartymis Sedegad mokles. axali lideri abu ai¡ub
al-masri gaxda. 2006 wlis oqtomberSi swored man gamoacxa­

3
 da „erayis islamuri saxelmwifos“ Seqmna, romlis erT-erTi
winamZRolic al-baRdadi gaxda. 2010 wlis aprilSi aSS-isa
da erayis erToblivi samxedro operaciis Sedegad al-masri
mokles.2 amis Semdeg al-baRdadi „saxelmwifos“ erTpirovnu­
li lideri gaxda.
2011 wlis martSi siriaSi samoqalaqo omis gaCaRebis
Semdeg, agvistoSi, al-baRdadim iq sakuTari mebrZolebi gaag­
zavna siriaSi. maT SeuerTdnen sirieli radikali islamistebi
da Seqmnes e.w. „al-nusras fronti“. TandaTanobiT maT kont­
roli daamyares siriis sunitebiT dasaxlebul regionebze
(ar-rakka, idlibi, deir ez-zori da alepo).3
2013 wlis aprilSi gakeTda gancxadeba „erayis islam­
uri saxelmwifosa“ da siriaSi moqmedi „al-nusras“ frontis
gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. am axalma gaerTianebam miiRo „erayisa
da siriis islamuri saxalifos“ (esis) an „erayisa da levantis4
islamuri saxalifos“ (elis) saxelwodeba. (arab. „ad-daula
al-islami¡a fi’l-‘irak va-S-Sam“; akronimi _ „da’iS“, „da’eS“).
2014 wlis maisSi esis-is mebrZolebma daikaves erayis
mniSvnelovani qalaqebi mosuli da TiqriTi. swored aqedan
Caeyara safuZveli „saxelmwifos“ mier teritoriebis kont­
rols. male esis-is xelSi gadavida siriis araerTi regionic,
moiSala saxelmwifo sazRvari siriasa da erays Soris.
2014 wlis 29 ivniss jgufma sakuTari Tavi gamoacxada
msoflio saxalifod, lideri abu baqr al-baRdadi ki xali­fa
gaxda. oficialur saxelwodebad amieridan „islamuri saxelm­
wifo“ (ad-daula al-islami¡a) iqca. saxelmwifos gamocxade­
bidan meore dResve 1,2 mln erayeli iZulebuli gaxda saku­
Tari saxli daetovebina. am periodamde bevri araferi iyo
cnobili „islamuri saxelmwifos“ Sesaxeb. bunebrivia, media
did yuradRebas aqcevda amerikelTa brZolas teroris­tebis
winaaRmdeg eraySi, magram „saxelmwifo“ am TvalsazrisiT
praqtikulad ucnobi iyo.5 mdgomareoba radikalurad icvle­
ba 2014 wlis agvistodan, internetis qseliT „islamu­ri sa­
xel­mwifos“ mier masobrivi mkvlelobebis amsaxveli kadrebis
gavrcelebis Sedegad.
2014 wlis seqtemberSi aSS-is centralurma sadazvervo
sammarTvelom gamoacxada, rom „islamuri saxelmwifos“ meo­
marTa ricxvi 31,500-s aWarbebda da yoveldRiurad izrdebo­

4
da. swored am periodidan daiwyo aSS-m sahaero dartymebis
ganxorcieleba is-is poziciebze. Tumca, am pirvel operaciebs
gansakuTrebuli ziani ar miuyenebia „saxelmwifosaTvis“ da
is kvlavac ganagrZobda gafarToebas. 2015 wlis martisTvis
jgufi akontrolebda teritorias aTi milioni mosaxleobiT
siriasa da eraySi6 (2014 wlis dasawyisisTvis „saxelmwifos“
mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze mosaxleobis ricxvi 1,5
milions ar aRemateboda).
is-s male gamouCdnen mxardamWerebi islamuri sam­
yaros sxva regionebSic. 2015 wlis ivnisisaTvis is-s ofi­
cialuri ganStoebebi hqonda libiaSi, egvipteSi (sinas naxe­
varkunZuli), saudis arabeTSi, iemenSi, alJirSi, avRaneTSi,
pakistanSi, nigeriasa da Crd. kavkasiaSi. erayisa da siriis
garda, is-i realurad teritoriebs akontrolebs mxolod
sinasa da libiaSi. libiaSi Seqmnilia „kirenaikis provincia“
(barkas vilaieTi) aRmosavleT libiis qalaq dernaSi. aq gad­
moRebulia siriasa da eraySi islamuri saxelmwifos marTvis
modeli. is-is wevrebi arian marokoSi, libanSi, iordaniaSi,
TurqeTSi, israelsa da palestinaSi, magram aq ar arsebobs
oficialuri ganStoebebi.
am mokle istoriul eqskurss ki davasrulebT im axa­
li realobis xazgasmiT, rac mohyva „islamuri saxelmwifos“
„Seq­mnas“ („Seqmnasac“ brWyalebSi vsvamT im faqtidan gamom­
dinare, rom saqme exeba ufro warmosaxviT, vidre realurad
arsebul, saxelmwifos atributebis mqone (Tundac rom saqme
exebodes adreuli Sua saukuneebis islamuri saxelmwifos
models), teritoriebis myarad makontrolebel warmonaqmns.
„islamuri saxelmwifos“ Seqmnis gamocxadebiT al-baR­
dadim ara marto imas gausva xazi, rom saerTaSoriso jiha­
dizms axali centri da xelmZRvaneloba hyavda, aramed man
aseve gaaerTiana ori konfliqti, romelTac erTmaneTTan
praqtikulad kavSiri ar hqoniaT _ samoqalaqo omi siriaSi
da de faqto samoqalaqo omi eraySi. es aqti am samoqalaqo
omebis internacionalizaciis gamoxatuleba iyo. man Seqmna
aseve situacia, rodesac mraval urTierTdapirispirebul
mxares saerTo mteri _ islamuri saxelmwifo _ gamouCnda.
al-baRdadim aCvena, rom islamuri saxelmwifos ambiciebi
siriisa da erayis samoqalaqo omebze bevrad Sors midis da

5
 axlo aRmosavleTSi axali politikuri wesrigis Seqmnas isa­
xavs miznad.

„islamuri saxelmwifos“ ideologia, politikuri mowy-

oba, moqmedebis meTodebi

is-is mizans warmoadgens islamuri samarTlis miseul

versiaze dafuZnebuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, romelic
gaakontrolebs sazogadoebriv da adamianebis pirad cxovre­
basac ki, aseve siriisa da erayis teritoriebis gawmenda „urw­
munoebisagan“ (an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maTi meore Tanrigis
adamianebad gadaqceva). rogorc Cans, es mizani jgufma ukve
2004 wlidan daisaxa. am saxelmwifos saTaveSi unda idgnen
religiuri pirebi uzenaesi winamZRolis _ xalifas _ meTau­
robiT, romelic mociqul muhamadis STamomavali unda iyos.
amis dasturad 2014 wlis ivnisSi „islamurma saxelmwifom“
gamoaqveyna dokumenti, romlis mixedviTac, misi lideri al-
baRdadi marTlac muhamadis STamomavalia.7 rogorc xalifa,
al-baRdadi moiTxovs erTgulebas mTeli msoflios yvela
RvTismosavi muslimisagan. muslimuri samarTlidan gamomdi­
na­re, erTaderTi kanoni da muslimTa cxovrebis wesis ganm­
sazRv­reli RmerTisgan zegardmovlenili SariaTia. nebi­
smieri saero xelisufleba muslimur qveynebSi cdilobs
Secvalos alahi, rogorc „uzenaesi kanonmdebeli“. adamianis
mier Seqm­nili kanonebis aRiareba ki RvTis gmobas warmoad­
gens. saxa­lifos SeqmnisTanave gamocxadda: „yvela saamiros,
jgufis, saxelmwifosa Tu organizaciis legitimuroba gau­
qmebulia saxalifos Zalauflebis ganvrcobasa da misi jare­
bis am regionebSi SesvlasTan erTad“.8
„islamuri saxelmwifos“ ideologia e.w. salafitur
moZRvrebas emyareba. es aris islamis TiTqosda konservati­
uli, magram imavdroulad eqstremistuli interpretacia.
is qadagebs religiis saxeliT Zaladobas da yvelas, vinc ar
eTanxmeba miseul interpretacias, urwmunod an rjulgand­
gomilad acxadebs. religiuri policia mkacrad adevnebs
Tvals locvebis Sesrulebis valdebulebis dacvas. nadgur­
deba arasunituri religiuri nagebobebi.

6
 „islamuri saxelmwifo“ cdilobs Tavis kontrols
daqvemdebarebul teritoriebze aseve danergos sakuTar
xed­vaze damyarebuli ganaTlebis sistema. is mTlianad Sedge­
ba islamis im versiisgan, romelsac qadagebs „saxelmwifo“.
musika, sporti da araerTi sxva sagani amoRebulia saskolo
kurikulumidan. mosulis dakavebis Semdeg, „saxelmwifos“
mesveurebma „skolebSi akrZales musikis, xatvis, erovnuli
istoriisa da literaturis swavla. patriotuli simRerebi
aseve RvTis gmobad gamocxadda“.9 musika akrZalulia manqa­
nebSi, wveulebebze, maRaziebsa da sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris
adgilebSi.
„islamuri saxelmwifo“ aqtiurad awarmoebs rek­
rutirebis process rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis, ise mTeli
msoflios masStabiT. mas sxvadasxva mizeziT uerTdebian:
zogi _ rwmeniT, zogi _ gasamrjelos miRebis surviliT,
zogs ki ubralod sxva Sansi ar aqvs. centraluri sadazvervo
sammarTvelos SefasebiT, dasavleTis qveynebis daaxl. 3000
moqalaqe ibrZvis „islamuri saxelmwifos“ SeiaraRebuli Za­
lebis rigebSi. isini siriasa da eraySi ZiriTadad TurqeTi­
dan xvdebian. maT Soris _ daaxl. 100-ia aSS-dan, 500 _ didi
britaneTidan, 700 _ danarCeni evropidan. xazs gavusvamT
erT saintereso faqts: gamokiTxvis Sedegad dadginda, rom
frangi muslimebis ufro didi nawili uWers mxars „islamur
saxelmwifos“, vidre Razas seqtorSi mcxovrebi palestineli
arabebi.10 es faqti kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom muslimTa
integraciis procesi dasavleT evropul sazogadoebebSi ar
gamodga warmatebuli. palestinelTa ganwyobis axsnac marti­
vad SeiZleba _ upirvelesi mizania palestinis arabTa saxelm­
wifos Seqmna da ara religiuri niSniT Seqmnili bundovani
warmonaqmnis nawilad qceva.
„islamuri saxelmwifo“ zrunavs rekrutebis dafinan­
sebazec. maTTvis gadacemuli Tanxa 1000-dan 10000 dolaramde
meryeobs. maT exmarebian aseve pasportebis, TviTmfrinavis
bileTebis da a.S. SeZenaSi. gamoTvlilia, rom 11 seqtembris
teraqti daaxl. 500 aTasi dolari dajda, is-is xelSi ki gaci­
lebiT ufro didi Tanxebia.
rekrutirebis procesis Taviseburebebis warmosa­
Cenad sainteresoa paralelis gavleba „al-kaidasa“ da isl­

7
 amur saxel­mwifos Soris. am ultraradikalur jgufebs axali
wevrebi sxvadasxva gziT uerTdebian. „al-kaidasTan“ Sesaer­
Teb­lad pretendentma xangrZlivi, wlobiT gagrZelebuli
procesi unda gaiaros da kargad Seiswavlos jgufis ideo­
logia, sanam mzadmyofad CaTvlian „jihadis“ misiis Sesas­
ruleblad.
„islamur saxelmwifoSi“ rekrutirebis procesi bevrad
ufro martivi da imavdroulad saxifaToa. misi wevri SeiZleba
gaxdes yvela muslimi, romelsac manamde aranairi kavSiri ar
hqonia islamistebTan. is-is rekruti amgvarad SeiZleba gax­
des Cveulebrivi axalgazrda, magaliTad, madridis „realis“
an „barselonas“ gulSematkivari an romelime popvarsk­vlavis
fani.11 es rekrutebi Cveulebriv ucnobi rCebian saxel­mwifo
uSiSroebis samsaxurebisaTvis, sanam uSualod ar Caebmebian
teroristul saqmianobaSi. am mizeziT, ukiduresad rTulia
is-is rekrutirebis procesis kontroli.
dRes ukve gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ra­
dikaluri jgufebis onlainmonitorings. saqme is aris, rom
dasavleTSi muslimi axalgazrdebi „religiur ganaTlebas“
swored radikaluri jgufebis vebgverdebidan iReben.
„islamuri saxelmwifo“ cdilobs saxelmwifos atribu­
tebis gaTavisebasac. kontrolirebad teritoriebze xdeba
gadasaxadebis akrefa; funqcionirebs maRaziebi, saavadmyo­
foebi, sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebi, islamis maT
interpretaciaze damyarebuli skolebi da religiuri sa­
samarTloebi.
„saxelmwifos“ samarTavad, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
organizebisa da brZolisunarianobis gasazrdelad, is-s
aucileblad esaWiroeboda gamocdili kadrebi. am mxriv
gamorCeulad mniSvnelovani gamodga sadam huseinis reJimis
sayrdenis, baasistTa partiis wevrebis masobrivad gadasvla
eqstremistTa mxareze. baasistebi erTnairad warmoadgenen
antiqurTul, antiiranul da antiSiitur Zalas eraySi. maTma
ocdaTxuTmetwlianma mmarTvelobam warmoSva... ideologiu­
rad damuSavebuli axali Taoba romelic garkveul doneze
saerTo enas poulobs „islamur saxelmwifosTan“.12 baasis­
ti oficrebis jihadistTa rigebSi CarTvam mniSvnelovnad
gaaumjobesa maTi taqtikuri da sabrZolo SesaZleblobebi.

8
magram am TvalsazrisiTac arsebobs garkveuli problemebi.
ideologiurad baasistebs araferi aqvT saerTo eqstremist
islamistebTan. „saxelmwifos“ aliansi baasis partiis yofil
maRalCinosnebTan da samxedroebTan droebiT Tanmxvedr in­
teresebzea dafuZnebuli da xangrZlivvadian perspeqtivaSi
ar unda CaiTvalos myarad. metic _ 2015 wlis dasawyisSi
ukve iyo cnobili islamuri saxelmwifos mesveurebsa da maT
mier daniSnul baasist funqcionerebs Soris arsebuli daZa­
bulobis Sesaxeb.
poziciebis SenarCunebas, sakuTari mmarTvelobis
gamyarebasa da gafarToebisaken swrafvas didZali finansebi
sWirdeba. am mxriv ki bevri pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvaa.
Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawilis warmomavloba
xSir SemTxvevaSi ucnobi rCeba. sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebi
(saudis arabeTi, katari, TurqeTic ki) araerTxel daudana­
SaulebiaT „saxelmwifos“ dafinansebaSi rogorc araofi­
cialur, ise oficialur doneze (irani, siria). Tumca, am
SemTxvevaSi danamdvilebiT arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imave saudis arabeTis mZafr dapirispi­
rebas iranisa da siriis mTavrobebTan. aq unda aRiniSnos,
rom arabulma qveynebma (ufro naklebad _ TurqeTma), gansa­
kuTrebiT ki saudis arabeTma da sparseTis yuris misma mo­
kavSireebma, siriis samoqalaqo omis dasawyisidanve dainaxes
masSi regionSi iranuli zegavlenis mospobis saSualeba. seku­
laruli mimarTulebis „Tavisufali siriis armias“ (Tsa) male
gauCnda politikuri da finansuri mxardaWera zemoaRniSnu­
li qveynebidan. daxmareba wamovida islamuri „saqvelmoqme­
do“ organizaciebidanac. am daxmarebis nawili ki radikaluri
islamuri jgufebis, maT Soris „islamuri saxelmwifos“ dRe­
vandeli mesveurebis xelSi xvdeboda.
kontrolirebad teritoriebze, „islamuri saxelm­
wifo“ krefs gadasaxadebs (gadasaxadebi gansakuTrebiT
mZimed daawva represiebs gadarCenil aramuslim mosaxleo­
bas, romelic iZulebulia ixados damatebiTi gadasaxadi _
jizia13). sruli kontrolia damyarebuli sabanko seqtorze.
xSirad xdeba mosaxleobisaTvis qonebis CamorTmeva. Semosav­
lebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa navTobi. aSS-is saxelmwifo xazi­
nis SefasebiT, „islamuri saxelmwifo“ navTobis gayidvidan

9
 yoveldRiurad milioni dolaris Semosavals iRebs.14 magali­
Tad, „saxelmwifom“kontroli daamyara siriaSi mdebare al-
umaris navTobsabadoze. sabadodan yoveldRiurad daaxl. 75
aTas barel navTobs iReben. navTobis umetesi nawili arale­
galurad iyideba TurqeTSi.
garda imisa, rom „saxelmwifos“ mebrZolebi siriasa da
eraySi arasunituri kulturis Zeglebs anadgureben, isini ev­
ropaSi yidian kulturul artefaqtebs. miiCneva, rom „saxel­
mwifom“ am gziT erTi wlis manZilze 200 mln-mde mogeba mi­
iRo.15
bunebrivia, mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens „islam­
uri saxelmwifos“ urTierTobebi sxva radikalur dajgufe­
bebTan, pirvel rigSi _ „al-kaidasTan“.
Tavidanve xazi unda gaesvas, rom es ori jgufi dRes
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulia. am dapirispirebas ki xan­
grZlivi istoria aqvs.
dasawyisidanve arsebobda mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
„al-kaidasa“ da al-zarkavis strategiebs Soris. bin ladens
surda sunitTa da SiitTa gaerTianeba „urwmunoTa globalu­
ri aliansis winaaRmdeg“, al-zarkavi ki amtkicebda, rom rjul­
gandgomili Siitebi da zomieri sunitebi ufro did xifaTs
warmoadgendnen, vidre „Soreuli mteri“ _ aSS da misi mokav­
Sireebi.16 unda aRiniSnos, rom „al-kaida“ dasawyisSi aSkarad
antiSiituri ganwyobebiT gamoirCeoda. magaliTad, 1988 wels
bin ladeni TviTon gauZRva Talib mebrZolebs pakis­tanis
gilgiTis provinciaSi SiitTa amboxis CasaxSobad, rasac mra­
vali aseuli Siiti samoqalaqo piris amoxocva mohyva. Tumca,
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSive mdgomareoba Seicvala da bin
ladeni alaparakda Siit da sunit jihadistTa TanamSromlo­
bis aucileblobaze, risi araerTi magaliTic arsebobs. 2005
wels al-kaidas meore liderma aiman al-zavahirim werilic
ki miswera al-zarkavis SiitTa amoxocvisgan Tavis Sekavebis
mowodebiT.
winaaRmdegobebi momaval „islamur saxelmwifosa“ da
„al-kaidas“ Soris TandaTanobiT matulobda. 2014 wlis da­
sawyisSi ki „al-kaidam“ sabolood gamoacxada, rom yovelgvar
kavSirs wyvetda „islamur saxelmwifosTan“. movlenaTa amgvari
ganviTareba ar iyo moulodneli _ orive jgufs pretenzia

10
aqvs islamuri samyaros „liderobaze“; konkretuli miznebi,
strategia da moqmedebis meTodebi ki _ gansxvavebuli.
zogadad, radikalur islamistur moZraobebSi ara­
Tu erTianoba, aramed mkveTri dapirispirebac ki arsebobs.
dReisaTvis imave siriaSi xuTi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebu­
li Zala SeiZleba gamovyoT: asadis xelisufleba, „islamuri
saxel­mwifo“, sekularuli „Tavisufali siriis armia“, „al-
kaidasTan“ dakavSirebuli islamist-radikalTa jgufebi da
jihadisti jgufebi, romlebsac arc al-kaidasTan aqvT kav­
Siri da arc is-Tan.
dRes Cans, rom „saxelmwifo“ garkveul teritoriebs
sakmaod myarad akontrolebs. cdilobs axali mebrZolebis
mozidvas da jgufebis Seqmnas araerT qveyanaSi, rac misi
globaluri ambiciebis maCvenebelia da im miznisa, rom saer­
TaSoriso jihadistur moZraobaSi Caenacvlos „al-kaidas“.
amgvarad, ikveTeba mTavari _ islamuri saxelmwifo globalu­
ri terorizmis centri xdeba.
„islamuri saxelmwifo“ cnobili gaxda masobrivi mkvle­
lobebiT, romelTac teroristebi iRebdnen da socialu­ri
qselebiT avrcelebdnen. maT surdaT eCvenebinaT sakuTari
Zala da undodaT, rom msoflios kargad aReqva maTi gzav­
nili _ Tu raoden seriozulad iRvwodnen dasaxuli miznis
misaRwevad.
es realoba 2014 wlis agvistodan gaxda cnobili, rode­
sac internetiT gavrcelda araerTi dasavleli Jurnalis­
tisaTvis Tavis mokveTis kadrebi. es Jurnalistebi arafers
vnebdnen „saxelmwifos“, magram isini paikebi aRmoCdnen is-
is TamaSSi, romliTac is cdilobda mTeli msofliosaTvis
eCvenebina, rom mas arc erTi qveynis da aranairi muqaris ar
eSinoda.
ra Tqma unda, terori, rogorc media-strategia, „is­
lamuri saxelmwifos“ mesveurebis gamogonili ar aris (gavix­
senoT Tundac Talibebis mier 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
avRaneTis prezident najibulas sikvdiliT dasjis kadrebis
gavrceleba), magram internetis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomo­
bis epoqaSi amgvar mudmivad ganmeorebad aqtebs gacilebiT
ufro farTo rezonansi da efeqti aqvs. „islamuri saxelm­
wifo“ ar indobs arc misi TvalTaxedvidan „rjulgandgomil“
sunitebs.
11
 mkvlelobebs emateba araislamuri (arasunituri) kul­
turis Zeglebis ganadgurebis amsaxveli kadrebis gavrceleba.
gzavnili mkafioa _ unda ganadgurdes yvela da yvelaferi,
rac ar Seesatyviseba islamis maTeul aRqmas. gadarCenili
„urwmunoebi“ ki amgvari „islamuri“ mmarTvelobis pirobeb­
Si ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi arian Cayenebuli. qris­
tiani da iezidi gogonebis mniSvnelovani nawili „seqsualur
monebad“ hyavT qceuli.
dasasrul im problemebsac unda gaesvas xazi, rasac
awydeba dRes „islamuri saxelmwifo“. pirvel rigSi, es aris
mis winaaRmdeg arsebuli saerTo fronti, romelmac adre
Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdegeebic ki gaaerTiana. meore rigSi,
sagulisxmoa, rom „islamuri saxelmwifo“ ar akontrolebs
arc erT sazRvao ports, rac udides problemebs uqmnis Sei­
araRebis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT. aseve unda aRniSnos, rom
„islamur saxelmwifos“ ar aqvs sahaero Zalebi. yovelive ze­
moTqmuli metad saTuos xdis misi arsebobis samomavlo pers­
peqtivebs.

„islamuri saxelmwifo“ _ gamowveva erayisa da siriis

arsebobisaTvis

„islamuri saxelmwifo“ praqtikulad „amoizarda“

ori samoqalaqo omidan eraysa da siriaSi. eraySi areulo­
bebi sadam huseinis reJimis damxobisTanave daiwyo. sunitebi
ver urigdebodnen xelisuflebisagan maT praqtikul Camo­
cilebas. Seiqmna noyieri niadagi radikaluri islamisturi
ideebis gasavrceleblad. seqtanturma da eTnikurma dapiris­
pirebebma (sunitebi Siitebisa da qurTebis winaaRmdeg) uki­
duresad saxifaTo masStabi SeiZina. dRes ukve eWvqveS dgas
sakuTriv erayis, rogorc saxelmwifos, arseboba. „vaSington
postis“ analitikosma farid zaqariam gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi,
rom erayi dRes arsebobs mxolod ideis da ara saxelmwifos
saxiT.17
siriaSi areulobebi gacilebiT ufro gvian daiwyo.
„arabulma gazafxulma“ yvelaze didi areuloba swored aq
gamoiwvia. siria anomalias warmoadgens arabuli samyaros
sunitebis mier dominirebad politikaSi. maSin, rodesac mo­

12
saxleobis umravlesobas sunitebi warmoadgenen, qveyanas
TiTqmis naxevari saukunea asadis Siituri alavituri ojaxi
marTavs. alavitebi ki siriis mosaxleobis mxolod 12%-s
Seadgenen.
eraysa da siriaSi samoqalaqo omis internacionali­
zaciam ukiduresad rTuli politikuri garemo Seqmna. kidev
ufro gamoikveTa sunitur-Siituri antagonizmis konturebi.
siria dRes praqtikulad saxelmwifo aRar aris da warmoad­
gens samxedro meTaurebis mier dayofil regionebs. asadi maT
Soris yvelaze Zlieria, magram mainc erT-erTi maTgania.18
xangrZlivvadian perspeqtivaSi islamuri saxelmwifos mebr­
Zolebi, romelTac ar hyavT iaraRis mudmivi mimwodebeli da
mouwevT imiT Semofargvla, rasac brZolis velze moipoveben,
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCdebian siriisa da erayis
samTavrobo ZalebTan brZolebSi, romelTac ar akliaT mxar­
damWerebi, aseve _ sxva jgufebTan dapirispirebisas. isic aR­
saniSnavia, islamuri saxelmwifos dasusteba ar gamoiwvevs
siriaSi samoqalaqo omis dasasruls da didi albaTobiT,
wertils ar dausvams politikur arastabilurobas eraySi.
erayis Sina stabiluroba upirobod dakavSirebulia
siriis samoqalaqo omis SedegTan. suniti mebrZolebi siriaSi
uryevad uWeren mxars erayel sunitebs. ueWvelia, rom baR­
dadis mTavrobisTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba siriasTan sazRvris
dacva da mSvidobis damyareba dasavleT eraySi erayis suni­
turi Temis mxardaWeris gareSe. sanam Zaladoba grZeldeba
siriaSi, sanam erayis sunituri Temi Tavs marginalizebulad
grZnobs, SeuZlebeli iqneba mSvidobis miRweva.
gayofa or mezobels Soris dRes ukve aRar aris Sesam­
Cnevi. „aRar arsebobs sazRvrebi, sazRvris dacva, pasporte­
bi an armiebi, romlebic gamoacalkevebdnen siriasa da erays
erTmaneTisgan.19 sasazRvro gamSvebi punqtebis ararsebobis
pirobebSi teroristebi Tavisuflad gadaadgildebian erTi
qveynidan meoreSi.
siriasa da eraySi Seqmnil viTarebas metad mniSv­
nelovani demografiuli Sedegebi mohyveba mTeli regionis
masStabiT. adre eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT homoge­
nu­ri regioni, erayis avtonomiuri qurTistani (romlis da­
moukideblobac, araerTi analitikosis SexedulebiT, arc­

13
 Tu ise Soreuli perspeqtivaa), aivso arabi ltolvilebiT
_ isini amJamad qurTistanis mosaxleobis (omamde 5,2 mln.)
TiTqmis mesameds Seadgenen.20 regioni ki cnobili iyo mkafi­
od gamoxatuli qurTuli identobiT. arabi ltolvilebis
talRa ki paradoqsuli gziT is-is antinacionalisturi pan­
islamisturi xedvis CarCoebSi jdeba.

„islamuri saxelmwifo“ da msoflio

rogorc regionis qveynebs, ise dasavleTsa da ruseTs

erTiani pozicia aqvT „islamur saxelmwifosTan“ dakavSire­
biT. 59 qveynis mTavrobebis mier xelmoweril deklaraciaSi
mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli am „saxelmwifos“ winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli saerTo ZiriTadi miznebi:
• samxedro operaciebis, samxedro potencialisa da sabr­
Zolo mzadyofnis mxardaWera.
• ucxoel teroristTa Semodinebis aRkveTa.
• „islamuri saxelmwifosaTvis“ finansuri wyaroebis gada­
ketva.
• humanitaruli krizisis daZlevisaTvis erToblivi moq­
medeba.
• „islamuri saxelmwifos“ WeSmariti bunebis warmoCena (ide­
ologiuri deligimitizacia).21
amgvarad, maT hyavT saerTo mteri, magram ar aqvT
saerTo interesebi, rac erayisa da siriis farglebs farTod
scildeba da mTel regions moicavs. amasTanave, moqmedebis
koordinirebisTvis yofil mowinaaRmdegeebsac uxdebaT erT­
maneTis mimarT kompromisebze wasvla. am TvalsazrisiT, al­
baT, yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi iransa da aSS-s Soris
damTbari urTierTobebia, rac iranis birTvul programas­
Tan dakavSirebiT miRweuli SeTanxmebiT dagvirgvinda. bune­
brivia, am SeTanxmebis ganxilva ar warmoadgens winamdebare
naSromis mizans, magram mainc davZenT, rom „islamur saxelm­
wifosTan“ erToblivad brZolis aucileblobam didwilad
ganapiroba orives (upirvelesad _ aSS-is) mxridan garkveul
daTmobebze wasvla.

14
 analitikosebi gamoTqvamen Tvalsazriss, rom maSin,
roca SeerTebulma Statebma trilionebiT dolaris inves­
tireba moaxdina eraySi 2003 wlidan am qveynis sakuTar or­
bitaSi mosaqcevad da aTasobiT sicocxlec gaiRo am miznis
misaRwevad, dReisTvis Cans, rom irani am mizans gacilebiT
ufro mcire danaxarjebiT aRwevs.22
irani aseve yovelTvis exmareboda asads samxedro Za­
liT, aRWurvilobiTa da finansebiT. siriis armia, iranTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul libanur „hezbolahTan“ erTad, ibrZ­
vis „islamuri saxelmwifos“ winaaRmdeg (miRweulia garkveuli
warmatebebic). irani mxars uWers da exmareba erayis qurTeb­
sac „islamuri saxelimwifos“ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
„islamuri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg gamodis ruse­
Tic. ruseTis strategiul interesebSi erays gansakuTrebiT
mniSv­nelovani adgili ar uWiravs, magram sruliad sxvagvari
viTarebaa siriasTan dakavSirebiT. asadis reJims realurad
mxolod ori mxardamWeri hyavs _ irani da ruseTi („saxelm­
wifosTan“ dapirispirebuli sxva qveynebi ZiriTadad „Tavisu­
fali siriis armiis“ momxreebi arian).
ruseTs xangrZlivi, axlo urTierobebi akavSirebs asa­
dis reJimTan. tartusis portSi jer kidev sabWoTa droidan
arsebobs samxedro baza _ erTaderTi rusuli samxedro baza
postsabWoTa sivrcis gareT. ruseTi siriis xelisuflebisa­
Tvis iaraRis mTavari mimwodebelia (pirdapiri gziT an iranis
saSualebiT).
asadis reJimis mTavari regionuli mowinaaRmdegeebi
israeli da saudis arabeTi arian. imavdroulad isini mZafrad
upirispirdebian iransac. israeli iranis hipoTetur gaZ­
lierebas sakuTari usafrTxoebisaTvis udides saSiSroebad
aRiqvams, saudis arabeTi ki SiSobs, rom iranis momZlavrebis
Sedegad Seiryeva misi winamavali poziciebi regionSi da suni­
tur dominirebasac safrTxe Seeqmneba. amitomac gasakviri ar
aris, rom zemonaxsenebi orive qveyana obamas administraciis
mZafri kritikiT gamovida iranis birTvul programaze miR­
weul SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT.
TurqeTis roli siriis samoqalaqo omSi sakmaod oraz­
rovania. is dasawyisidanve uWerda mxars Tsa-s. meore mxriv
ki, TurqeTis mTavrobam uari uTxra Statebs mis teritori­

15
 aze arsebuli aviabazebidan daertyaT siriisaTvis. TurqeTi
sakmaod SeSfoTebuli iyo „islamuri saxelmwifos“ winaaRm­
deg brZolaSi qurTebis CabmiT da sakmaod didxans yoymanob­
da mieca Tu ara feSmergas23 ZalebisTvis mis teritoriaze
gavliT siriaSi qurTebis dasaxmareblad gadasvlis ufleba
(sabolood daTanxmda).
TurqeTis rTuli urTierTobebi erayis qurTistanTan
da siriis qurTebTan ar aris moulodneli, Tuki gaviTvalis­
winebT sakuTriv TurqeTSi qurTebTan dakavSirebiT arse­
bul problemebs. ankaras gansakuTrebiT aSfoTebs TurqeT­
Si teroristul organizaciad gamocxadebuli qurTistanis
muSaTa partiis (PKK) gaaqtiureba. miiCneva rom PKK-is daaxl.
3 aTasi mebrZoli erayis qurTistanSi ibrZvis. TurqeTis Sei­
araRebuli Zalebi araerTxel SeWrilan erayis qurTistanis
teritoriaze PKK-is mebrZolebis devnis dros da sasazRvro
regionebSi feSmergas ZalebTan dapirispirebac yofila. „is­
lamuri saxelmwifos“ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi PKK-is monawileo­
bam SeiZleba gamoiwvios aSS-is mier misi teroristuli or­
ganizaciebis siidan amoReba, rac ankaras didad aSfoTebs.
TurqeTis mTavar Tavis tkivils warmoadgens is, rom sul
ufro mzardi kavSirebi erayisa da siriis qurTebs Soris,
qurTistanis regionuli mTavrobis miswrafeba damoukideb­
lobisaken da dausrulebeli areulobebi siriaSi SeiZleba
marTlac dagvirgvindes qurTuli saxelmwifos SeqmniT da
TurqeTis qurTebis moTxovnis ganaxlebiT, rom isini gaxdnen
an axali saxelmwifos nawili, an hqondeT farTo qurTuli
avtonomia TurqeTis SigniT.
sirieli amboxebulebis mxardaWeris problemam gav­
lena moaxdina Turqul-amerikul urTierTobebzec. ankaris
survilia, rom Statebi Tanmimdevruli iyos asadis xelisuf­
lebidan CamoSorebis saqmeSi, Statebisa da misi mokavSireebis
Zalebma ki sahaero dartymebi ganaxorcielon siriis Seiara­
Rebul Zalebze. 2014 welsa da 2015 wlis pirvel naxevarSi
ki aSS-is sahaero dartymebi ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo „is­
lamuri saxelmwifos“ winaaRmdeg. Tavdapirvelad vaSingtoni
sakmaod mkacri iyo siriaSi samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze asadis
Zalebis Tavdasxmebis mimarT da „wiTeli xazic“ ki daadgina
_ qimiuri iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aSS CaerTveboda

16
konfliqtSi. Cans, rom qimiuri iaraRis gamoyeneba marTlac
moxda, Tumca dRemde bundovania, Tu romelma mxarem gamoiye­
na is. Semdgom ki Statebma sakmaod orazrovani pozicia dai­
kava asadis xelisuflebis momavalTan dakavSirebiT. Turqe­
Ti SiSobs, rom iranuli mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofisaTvis
„isla­muri saxelmwifos“ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi vaSingtoni
gverdze gadadebs asadis reJimis damxobis gegmas.
amgvarad, „islamur saxelmwifosTan“ dapirispirebul
qveynebs regionis momavlis gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT da xSir
SemTxvevaSi es xedva mkafiod Camoyalibebulic ar aris.
irans surs rogorc siriaSi, ise eraySi arsebuli re­
Jimebis SenarCuneba, riTac imedovnebs sakuTari zegavlenis
gazrdas da regionul liderad qcevasac ki. am miznis misaR­
wevad irani ar Takilobs „did satanasTan“ _ aSS-Tan dakav­
Sirebasac.
saudis arabeTis mizania siriaSi asadis reJimis damxo­
ba, eraySi ki sunitTa dabruneba xelisuflebis saTaveSi. am
miznebis ganxorcielebiT is imedovnebs iranis izolirebas
(am ori qveynis urTierTobebSi sxva araerTi dabrkolebac
arsebobs _ samoqalaqo omi iemenSi, winaaRmdegobebi sparse­
Tis yureSi da a.S.).
asadis reJimis damxoba aseve Sedis TurqeTis intere­
sebSi. Tumca, TurqeTis mTavar interess warmoadgens qurTu­
li saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis xelis SeSla (siriis teritori­
aze mainc). amdenad, TurqeTis interesia arsebuli sazRvrebis
SenarCuneba.
ruseTs, iranis msgavsad, surs siriis amJamindeli xe­
lisuflebisa da qveynis erTianobis SenarCuneba, riTac ime­
dovnebs axlo aRmosavleTSi poziciebis gamyarebas.
israelis umTavresi mizania ar dauSvas iranis
poziciebis gamyareba. asadis reJimis arsebobis SenarCunebis
SemTxvevaSi ki, iranis zegavlena siriazec da libanzec kidev
ufro gaizr­deba. amitomac israeli gaafTrebiT ewinaaRmde­
geba aSS-isa da iranis daaxloebas.
mTavari politikuri aqtori, aSS, sakmaod orazro­
van poziciaSia. „islamuri saxelmwifos“ winaaRmdeg brZo­
laSi misi mTavari „mokavSire“ praqtikulad gaxda yofili
dauZinebeli mteri _ irani. aSS momxrea eraySi mis mier xel­

17
 dasxmuli xelisuflebis, anu Siituri umravlesobis domini­
rebis SenarCunebisa, rac srulad emTxveva iranis interesebs.
asadis reJimis mimarT dRes Statebs ukve ar aqvs mkafiod
gamoxatuli negatiuri damokidebuleba. reJimis represiuli
xasiaTis miuxedavad, dRes siriis armia realurad erTaderTi
lokaluri Zalaa, romelsac SeuZlia warmatebiT daupiris­
pir­des „islamur saxelmwifos“.
calke problemas warmoadgens qurTistanis sakiTxi.
bevri analitikosi miiCnevs, rom erayis qurTistani adre Tu
gvian damoukidebel saxelmwifod iqceva, Tumca dRes mov­
lenebSi CarTuli yvela saxelwifo oficialur doneze Tavs
ikavebs am sakiTxis mimarT mkafio poziciis dafiqsirebisagan.
Seqmnili viTareba, Cveni azriT, marTlac SeiZleba
movnaTloT „did TamaSad“ axlo aRmosavleTSi, rodesac mov­
lenebSi CarTuli aqtorebi ar Takiloben poziciebis Secv­
las sakuTari interesebis gatarebis mizniT. politikuri veq­
torebis cvlilebebi ki arc momavalSi SeiZleba gamovricxoT
esoden problematur regionSi.

islamuri saxelmwifo da kavkasia

kavkasia, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis mosazRvre re­

gioni, SeuZlebelia „islamur saxelmwifosTan“dakavSirebuli
movlenebidan ganze darCeniliyo.
„islamurma saxelmwifom“ Tavidanve dasaxa ruseTi
erT-erT mTavar mtrad, rac ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc
asadis reJimis mxardaWeriT, ise CeCneTsa da daRestanSi is­
lamistebis devniT. konfliqti Crd. kavkasiaSi kvlavac arse­
bobs. „rusuli politikis turbulentobidan da muslimuri
samyaros araprognozirebadi dinamikidan gamomdinare, ar
aris gamoricxuli misi uecari gamZafreba“.24 ruseTs ukve oc
welze metia omi aqvs Crd. kavkasiaSi da ar icis, Tu rogor
SeiZleba daasrulos igi.
dRes „islamuri saxelmwifos“ mebrZolTa rigebSi
araerTi kavkasieli muslimi iricxeba. sxvadasxva monacemiT,
maTi ricxvi 700-dan 2500-mde meryeobs. varaudoben, rom sa­
qarT­velodanac 100-mde muslimia wasuli eraysa da siriaSi
„islamuri saxelmwifos mxares sabrZolvelad (ZiriTadad

18
pankisis xeobidan, magram aseve aWaridan da aRm. saqarTvelos
azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebuli regionebidan).
„moxetiale jihadistebi“ dRes axal profesiad iqca.
maT SesaniSnavad aiTvises sazRvrebis gadalaxvis xelovneba.
isini kargad arian SeiaraRebuli da ician omis warmoeba. maTi
sisastike ukideganoa da sabrZolo suliskveTeba _ maRali.
2015 wlis ivnisSi „islamurma saxelmwifom“ „kavkasiis
vilaieTis“ Seqmnis Sesaxeb ganacxada. jerjerobiT winaaRm­
degobrivia informacia imis Taobaze, warmoadgens Tu ara
„vilaieTi“ „imaratis“ mokavSires, an qmnian Tu ara isini er­
Tian „virtualur“ saxelmwifos Tu saqme gvaqvs radikal is­
lamistebs Soris dapirispirebasTan.25 arsebobs monacemebi,
rom „kavkasiis imaratis“ regionuli liderebis umravlesoba
negatiurad aris ganwyobili is-is mebrZolTa mimarT. „is­
lamuri saxelmwifo“ jerjerobiT ar aris sakmarisad popu­
laruli da Zlieri Crd. kavkasiaSi. magram analitikosebi ar
gamoricxaven regionSi destabilizaciis eskalacias siriis
scenaris mixedviT, anu oms jihadistTa Soris.26
dabolos, ra xifaTebs uqmnis „islamuri saxelmwifo“
saqarTvelos? viziarebT Tvalsazriss, rom „saqarTvelo, ro­
gorc teritoria, ar warmoadgens pirdapiri interesis obi­
eqts, Tu ar iqneba Sesabamisi pirobebi, gansakuTrebiT _ mxar­
damWerTa simravle“.27
magram samwuxarod xdeba ise, rom saqarTvelos moqa­
laqeebi, Tan sakmaod axalgazrdebi (bavSvebic ki), TurqeTis
gavliT im teritoriebze xvdebian, romlebsac akontrolebs
„saxelmwifo“ da ewerebian mebrZolTa rigebSi. es, ra Tqma
unda, seriozuli problemaa, Tumca, bunebrivia, ar aris sau­
bari masobriv movlenaze _ saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa da
saqarTvelos muslimTa Soris aseTi ganwyobebi ar aris domi­
nanturi.
nawilobriv viziarebT im azrs, rom muslimi axalgazr­
debis radikalizacia im socialuri da ekonomikuri proble­
mebiT aris gamowveuli, romlebic dRes pankisis xeobaSi ar­
sebobs. magram ekonomikuri faqtori ar aris erTaderTi. aq
sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebicaa da maT SeiZleba garkveuli
paralelic moenaxos dasavlur qveynebSi (ver vityviT rom
dasavlur qveynebSi socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebi

19
 ubiZgebs muslim axalgazrdebs saomrad wasvlisaken). pirvel
rigSi, am axal viTarebaSi gazrdili TaobisTvis arsebobs mex­
sierebis problema, rac mohyva CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruse­
Tis oms da im ltolvilTa gansaxlebas pankisSi, romlebmac
iq axali islamuri ideebi Semoitanes (saerTodac, CrdiloeT
kav­kasiaSi islamis radikalizacia swored ruseTis politikas
ukavSirdeba).
meore momentia interneti, socialuri qselebi da ra­
dikaluri ideologiis mqadagebeli vebgverdebi, romelTa
Tavisufali wvdoma aqvT axalgazrdebs. swored aseTi mowo­
debebis gamoZaxilia, rom pankisel axalgazrdebs uCndebaT
survili wavidnen da islamis saxeliT iomon sruliad bundo­
vani miznebisaTvis.
saWiroa mTavrobam SeimuSaos mizanmimarTuli poli­
tika, romelic unda gatardes panikis gareSe, didi Zalisx­
mevis da muSaobis saSualebiT. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mza
gadawyvetilebebi da „receptebi“ ar arsebobs _ rom arse­
bobdes, maT dasavleTi aucileblad gamoiyenebda. mTavro­
bam, mTis specifikidan gamomdinare, uxucesTa mxardaWeriT
unda imoqmedos. regionSi mcxovrebi didi avtoritetis mqone
ufros Taobas unda daeyrdnos da, rac mTavaria, seriozuli
nabijebi unda gadaidgas socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis
gamosasworeblad. saganmanaTleblo kuTxiT, ra Tqma unda,
Tavis doneze unda dadges skolebi. magram amavdroulad mus­
lim axalgazrdebs unda SeeZloT obieqturi informaciis da
ganaTlebis miReba TavianTi religiisa Tu istoriis Sesaxeb
da ara radikalebisagan da sxvadasxva socialuri qselidan.

saboloo SeniSvnebi

ra Tqma unda, jer adrea saubari islamuri saxelm­

wifos realuri istoriis daweris Sesaxeb. viTareba praqti­
kulad yoveldRiurad icvleba. mcire ram Tu aris cnobili
garda imisa, rac mediaSi xvdeba. Tumca, arsebuli realoba
mainc iZleva garkveuli daskvnebisa da frTxili varaudebis
gamoTqmis saSualebas.
„islamuri saxelmwifos“ aRmocenebam Zireulad Secva­
la Tanamedrove axlo aRmosavleTis realoba. nawilobriv

20
radikalurma jihadisturma da nawilobriv revoluciurma
xelisuflebam, „islamurma saxelmwifom“, sakuTari Zalauf­
lebis qveS moaqcia didi britaneTis zomis teritoria 10 mil­
ionamde mosaxleobiT; „daiwyo sakuTari samflobelos trans­
formacia adreuli Sua saukuneebis islamuri saxalifos 21-e
saukunis reinkarnaciis saxiT“.28 am procesSi „saxel­mwifo“
gardaiqmna jer arnaxul politikur erTobad _ teroris­
tul saxelmwifod sakuTari armiiT, valutiT, pasportiT da
axali islamuri saxalifos Seqmnis revoluciuri strategi­
iT, romelmac Tavdapirvelad unda moicvas islamuri samya­
ro, Semdeg _ vrceli teritoria iberiis naxevarkunZulidan
indoeTis CaTvliT, bolos ki _ mTeli msoflio. siria da
erayi ara mxolod samoqalaqo omSi Caeflen, aramed iqcnen
sunituri-Siituri metoqeobis epicentrad, romelic mTeli
muslimuri samyaros konfliqtSi CarTvis safrTxes qmnis.
warmoudgeneli sisastikiT, genocidis masStabis masobrivi
mkvlelobebiT „islamuri saxelmwifo“ cvlis politikur
landSafts axlo aRmosavleTSi da erTmaneTTan akavSirebs
iseT dauZinebel mtrebsac ki, rogorebic arian aSS da irani.
magram amasTanave, „islamuri saxelmwifos“ mdgomareo­
ba myifea. mis mesveurT ar aqvT „saxelmwifos“ marTvisa da
politikuri mowyobis realisturi gegmebi. sazRvao portisa
da sahaero Tavdacvis ararsebobis pirobebSi, metad rTuli
iqneba masze gacilebiT ufro kargad SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi warmatebis miRweva.
Tumca, „islamuri saxelmwifos“ kolafsis SemTxveva­
Sic ki, SeuZlebelia moklevadian perspeqtivaSi rogorc si­
riasa da eraySi, ise, zogadad, axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebuli
winaaRmdebobebis gadalaxva. Siitur-suniturma dapiris­
pirebam SesaZloa Seqmnas regionuli bipolaruli samyaro,
romelSic erT mxares idgebian irani da misi mxardamWerebi,
xolo meore mxares _ saudis arabeTi da misi mokavSireebi.
dasavleTs ki mouwevs mudmivi kompromisis Zieba am or mxares
Soris. „islamuri saxelmwifos“ mimarT TanmTxvev poziciebs
Tu ar CavTvliT, am „did TamaSSi“ CarTul saxelmwifoebs So­
ris jerjerobiT gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobebi arsebobs.

21
 gamoyenebuli literatura

1 Joseph V. Micallef. Islamic State: Its History, Ideology and Challenge. Kindle Edition. An-
tioch Downs Press, 2015.

2 Jordan Keller. ISIS. Origins of Terrorism, Historical Events, and the Individuals Behind the
Largest Terrorist Threat of Our Time. Kindle Edition. Amazon Digital Services, Inc. 2015.

3 www.theweek.com/articles/443835/abu-bakr-albaghdadi-man-who-caliph

4 levanti (it. frang. _ mzis amosvlis mxare) _ aRmosavleT xmalTaSuazR­

vispireTis sanapiro zoli mimdebare regionebiT.

5 Jordan Keller. Op. cit.

6 Stephanie Nebehay. “Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach:
Red Cross.” www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSK-
BN0M921N20150313

7 Abu Mohammad. “Letter dated 9 July 2005” (PDF). Office of the Director of National
Intelligence. www.web.archive.org/web/20110522153638/http:/www.dni.gov/press_re-
leases/letter_in_english.pdf ix. gv.2 da momdevno gverdebi.

8 iqve.

9 Richard York. Know Thy Enemy: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. lulu.com, 2015, 18.

10 Joseph Spark. Atrocities Committed By ISIS in Syria & Iraq: ISIL/Islamic State/Daesh.
CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.

11 Mshari Al-Zaydi. Opinion: The Rapid Spread of ISIS www.aawsat.net/2015/07/arti-

cle55344314/opinion-the-rapid-spread-of-isis

12 simon gureSiZe. islamuri saxelmwifo (erayi-siria-centraluri azia-

saqarTvelo) www.iliauni.edu.ge/uploads/other/13/13226.pdf, 38.

13 jizia _ SariaTis mixedviT, aramuslimebisTvis dakisrebuli sulado­

brivi gadasaxadi, rogorc „gamosasyidi“ sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da
mfarvelobisTvis.

14 Richard York. Op. cit., 32.

15 iqve, 22.

16 ix. Springer Devin. Islamic Radicalism and Global Jihad. Georgetown University Press,
2009.

17 www.fareedzakaria.com/2015/05/28/iraq-exists-only-as-an-idea-not-a-nation/

18 Joseph V. Micallef. Op. cit.

22
19 Abdulrahman Al-Rashed. Opinion: Iraq and Syria—One Country, One War 14 Jun, 2015
www.aawsat.net/2015/06/article55343956/opinion-iraq-and-syria-one-country-one-war

20 James M. Dorsey. Re-configuring the Middle East: IS and Changing Demographics.

www.mideastsoccer.blogspot.nl/2015/07/re-configuring-middle-east-is-and.html

21 Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting

www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/12/234627.htm

22 Iran gathers power in Iraq as US further sidelined www.al-monitor.com/pulse/origi-

nals/2015/03/iraq-tikrit-battle-popular-mobilization-shiite-iran-support.html#

23 feSmerga _ erayis qurTistanis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.

24 Евгений Аронов. Исламское государство на Северном Кавказе.11.12.2014

www.svoboda.org/content/article/26736904.html

25 ИГ провозгласило создание «провинции» на Северном Кавказе

www.lenta.ru/news/2015/06/24/caucasus/

26 Абдулла Ринат Мухаметов. «Исламское государство» и Северный Кавказ.

www.dagestanpost.ru/novosti/5567-islamskoe-gosudarstvo-i-severnyj-kavkaz

27 ruslan baramiZe. islamuri saxelmwifo da saqarTvelos muslimuri

Temi. www.ge.boell.org/ka/2015/07/07/islamuri-saxelmcipo-da-sakartvelos-muslimuri-temi

28 Joseph V. Micallef. Op. cit.

23