MATHEMATICS 8

SPECIAL PRODUCT & FACTORING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Example: -is a fraction that has a polynomial as its
 (X + 2)2 = (x+2) (x+2) numerator and/or denominator.
Check using foil method. Examples:
3 -2
, x – (this is a rational expression because of
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) 4
 the greatest number that is a factor of the negative exponent that makes it a fraction
two or more other numbers. according to the zero and negative exponent
 USE LISTING METHOD lesson),

THE PRODUCT OF THE POLYNOMIAL IN THE DIVISION BY ZERO:

FORM: -Remember that you cannot have zero (0) as a
(x+y) (x2-xy+y2) & (x-y) (x2+xy-y2) denominator. (other term: you cannot divide by
Example: zero)
 (x+5)(x2-5x+25)
Solve using foil method. The answer must be SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
x3 + 125. Demonstration of steps
X2 + 12x + 27
ZERO AND NEGATIVE EXPONENTS 1. Think of two numbers that will result to
Demonstration: the third term if you multiplied them
and that will result to the second term
y 5 5-2 3
= y = y – the answer is positive. if you add them.
y2 (9)(3)= 27 | 9+3= 12
y 2 2-5 -3 2. Then make them into a expression
= y = y – the answer is negative.
y5 (x+9) (x+3) – The two x’s came from x2
If the answer is negative, in order to remove the 3. Check your answer by foil method if
negative sign you have to have 1 as numerator needed. If your answer is the same as
and the y-3 in the denominator without its the original expression then you are
negative sign. done.
Demonstration: THEREFORE, the final answer is (x+9) (x+3)
1
– is the final answer.
y3 SIMPLIFYING TWO TERM EXPRESSIONS AND
CANCELLING
Always remember that if one variable or Demonstration:
number has 0 as an exponent, the answer is x2 +6 x +5 ( x +5 ) ( x +1) x +5
= =
always 1. x 2−4−5 ( x−5)( x +1) x−5
Example:  First step: find their factors (both
x0 = 1 numerator and denominator)
 Second step: if there are similar terms
in the numerator and denominator
cancel them.
  Final step: copy the left out terms and
that’s the final answer.

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING RATIONAL

EXPRESSIONS

SIMILAR ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

Demonstration:
5 5 x +1
2
+ 2
x +3 x +2 x + 3 x +2 SCIENCE 8
5+(5 x +1)
¿ 2
x +3 x+2 FORCE AND MOTION
5+5 x +1  Vector Quantity
¿ 2
x +3 x+ 2 -has a direction and a magnitude
5 x +5+1 -includes force, velocity, acceleration,
¿ 2
x +3 x+ 2 displacement
5 x +6
¿ 2
x +3 x+ 2  Scalar Quantity
-magnitude only
DISSSIMILAR ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION -includes speed, volume, mass, temperature,
Demonstration: power, energy and time
3 7
+ NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
x−8 x +3
3 x +3 7 x−8  1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
¿ ∙ + ∙ -An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
x −8 x +3 x +3 x−8
3( x+3) 7 ( x−8) object in motion tends to stay in motion unless
¿ + acted upon by an unbalanced force
( x−8)( x +3) (x +3)( x−8)
 2nd Law of Motion(Law of Acceleration)
3 x +9 7 x−56
¿ + -The Acceleration of an object is directly
( x−8)( x +3) ( x+ 3 )( x−8 )
proportional to the magnitude of the net force
( 3 x +9 )+(7 x−56) acting on it and is inversely proportional to its
¿
( x−8)(x +3) mass
3 x +9+7 x −56  3rd Law of Motion (Law of Interaction)
¿
( x−8)(x+ 3) -For every action, there is an equal and
3 x +7 x +9−56 opposite reaction
¿
( x−8)(x+ 3)
10 x−47 FORMULAS:
¿
( x−8)( x +3) Fnet Fnet
A= F=( m )( a ) m=
mass a
 V f −V i  HEAT
A= -is the transfer of energy between objects or
t
Symbols/Notes: places because of difference in temperature
f= N -exists as energy in transit and it is not
a= m/s2 contained in an object
m= kg -the energy that is actually contained in an
Acceleration of Gravity= 9.8 m/s2 object due to the motion of its particles is
called THERMAL ENERGY
WORK AND ENERGY
 Work ELECTRICITY
-refers to an activity involving a force &  CIRCUIT
displacement in the same direction -closed loop that carries electricity
 Energy  CURRENT
-ability to do work -flow of electrons in a circuit
-when the current increases, the resistance
Formula of work: decreases
W= Fd (fnet)(displacement) -symbol: i / unit: Ampere or A
Symbol: J (joules)  VOLTAGE
W=mgh (mass)(gravity)(height) -the push that causes the current to flow
-when the voltage increases, the current
KINETIC ENERGY (KE) increases
-energy of motion or a moving object -unit: V/ Volts
-the greater the mass, the greater the kinetic  RESISTANCE
energy -opposes current flow in a circuit
-the greater the velocity, the greater the -unit: ohm/Ω
kinetic energy
1 FACTORS THAT AFFECTS RESISTANCE
KE=  Length
2 m v2
 Cross-sectional area
POTENTIAL ENERGY (PE)  Resistivity of the material
-energy due to position or stored energy  Temperature
-the higher the object is from the ground, the -the longer the object, the higher the resistance
greater the potential energy -the bigger the object, the lower the resistance
-the greater the mass, the greater the
potential energy FORMULAS:
PE=mgh V V
V =iR i= R=
R i
POWER
-rate of doing work SOUND
-rate of using energy  SOUND
work energy -is a vibration that travels through a medium,
Power= = like air or water
time time

HEAT & TEMPERATURE

 -the denser the medium, the faster sound
travels
-the higher the elastic property, the faster
sound travels
-the higher the temperature, the faster sound
 FREQUENCY travels
-the number of compression passing by a -sound travels at about 331 m/s in dry air or
certain point in 1 second 0℃
V V= 331 m/s + 0.6 m/s (t)
F=
ʎ
Speed∨V =ʎ ∙ f ( wavelength ∙ frequency ) PROPERTIES OF SOUND
ʎ  REFLECTION
Speed∨V =
t -is the turning back of wave as it hits a barrier
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES -ECHO is an example
-do not require medium  REVERBERATION
 MECHANICAL WAVES -refers to the multiple reflections or echoes in a
-requires medium for sound to travel certain place
-transverse waves -longitudinal waves  RAREFACTION
-bending of waves
 SONAR
-for sound navigation and ranging
 ULTRASOUND
-sound waves higher than a human can hear
 INFRASOUND
-sound waves lower than a human can hear
 ECHOLOCATION
 SPEED OF SOUND -the use sound waves to determine distance or
-343 m/s to locate objects
 AMPLITUDE
-influences volume LIGHT
 TRANSVERSE WAVE  LIGHT
-water wave -is an electromagnetic wave, it does not need a
-the movement of particles is perpendicular to medium in order to propagate
the direction of wave travel -moves in its maximum speed in vacuum
 LONGITUDINAL WAVE -speed of light: 3 x 108 m/s
-sound wave  PHYSICAL DENSITY
-parallel to the movement of the particles -is described as the mass per unit volume of the
-also called pressure waves medium
 ELASTIC PROPERTY  OPTICAL DENSITY
-the tendency of a material to maintain its -refers to the sluggishness of the atoms of a
shape and not deform when a force is applied medium to maintain the absorbed energy
to the object or medium before remitting it
 APPARENT DEPTH
-is the illusion that under the water appear to
be nearer the surface than they really are
-this is a consequence of the bending of light
when light transverses the air-water boundary
 REFRACTING LIGHT
-is the bending of light when it travels from one
medium to another of different optical densities
 INDEX OF REFRACTION
-the measure of how much a ray of light bends
when it enters a material
-the higher the IOF of medium, the more it
bends light
n=index of refraction
speed of light ∈vacuum C
n= =
speed of light ∈material V

 OPAQUE MATERIALS
-materials that absorb light waves that fail on
them

 TRANSPARENT MATERIALS
-materials that transmit light waves & permit
objects to be seen clearly through them
 TRANSLUCENT MATERIALS
-allow light to be transmitted through them but
its rays are distorted during the passage

REFLECTION
 DIFFUSE REFLECTUION
-occurs when light that is reflected by a rough
texture or uneven surface as a wall, paper, cloth
is scattered in many different directions
-allows us to see objects from any angle
 REGULAR OR SPECULAR REFLECTION
-occurs when light that strikes a smooth, flat &
shiny surface such as mirror, a piece of metal or
undisturbed water, is reflected in one direction

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COLORS