INTRODUCTION

The need for having home protection has always been there.
But in the recent times, considering a dramatic rise in petty
crimes like robbery and theft, the need has been more strongly
felt to have a full proof protection of the belongings and the
family members. Home security has come a long way in the last
few decades. It was in the hands of a guard who manually
provided surveillance during nights in the earlier days, but it
was not full proof as it was only normal for him to have
momentary lapse of concentration.
The guard was also susceptible to sleep at times. It was then
that home alarm system based upon electronic circuits were
developed which proved to be highly reliable and were
appreciated by the people as they were relieved from constant
monitoring of their homes.
This shadow alarm system uses lm741 IC which was wired in an
inverting mode, IC 741 was the most common Operational
Amplifiers. as tone generator and amplifier to obtain a
maximum audible sound. The lm741 IC power that is sent is to
transistor which amplifies a loud speaker or buzzer.
This work is titled study the construction of a shadow detector
with an alarm. This system sounds an alarm whenever a
shadow falls on it. Shadow alarms are widely used for security
purposes. Project can be easily installed on the windows and
doors. This circuit demonstrates the principle and operation of
a simple shadow alarm using LDR. So it can be used at night by
shopkeepers to protect the valuables in their showrooms. A
dim lighting in the room is necessary to detect the moving
shadow. Unlike opto-interruption alarms based on light-
dependent resistors (LDRs), it does not require an aligned light
beam to illuminate the photo-sensor.
The circuit is powered by a 9V power supply and uses the most
sensitive photo-sensor L14F1 to detect shadows. It is portable
and can be used at any place that is to be monitored.
 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The main aim and objective of the design and construction this
project is to create a comfort in the minds of house and
property owners when they out from their premises without
much fear of intruder.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This device functions as an electronics watch dog. This device
functions as a major security alarms  used in residential,
commercial, industrial, and military properties for protection
against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as personal
protection against intruders

LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

The circuit is highly sensitive and can detect the shadow of the
moving person from a distance of 1 meter. It does not require
an aligned light beam to make the circuit standby. It is portable
and can be places anywhere for monitoring. Light dependent
resistor is used as the sensor. Its resistance depends on the
intensity of light falling on it. In dark, its resistance will be very
high about 10 Meg ohms. When light falls on LDR its resistance
reduces to a few ohms.
 PRINCIPLE
 LDR or Light Dependent Resistor is a specialized type of resistor
made up of Cadmium Sulphide . Its resistance depends on the
intensity of light falling on it. In dark, its resistance will be very
high about 10 Meg ohms. When light falls on LDR its resistance
reduces to a few ohms. Thus the resistance of LDR depends on
the light intensity. So it is called as a photo sensor.

Operational amplifiers are Integrated Circuits(IC) that are used

in amplifier circuits. Op-Amps have two inputs. These are
Inverting input(negative) and non inverting input(positive). The
output of IC becomes high when the non inverting input gets
more voltage that inverting input. When the condition reverses,
output becomes low.
 SHADOW ALARM CIRCUIT

CONMPONENTS USED
• LDR
• RESISTANCES
• IC1 741
• LED RED
• BUZZER
• TRANSISTER
• 9V BATTERY

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Op Amp IC UA 741 is used as a voltage comparator. Its inverting
input pin2 receives half supply voltage (4.5 volts) through the
potential resistors R1 and R2. The non inverting input pin3 gets
a variable voltage through LDR and VR. Normally when the LDR
gets light, its resistance will be low and it conducts and provide
a high voltage to the non inverting input of IC. This makes the
output of IC high. The high output from IC is given to the base
of T1 through a current limiting resistor R3..
T1 is PNP transistor and it conducts only when its base becomes
negative. Here normally the base of T1 will be high due to the
high output from IC. So T1 remains off and Buzzer and LED
connected to its emitter remains off. When a person passes in
front of LDR, the shadow of the person reduces the resistance
of LDR and the voltage at the non inverting input of IC
decreases. This makes the output of IC low. Immediately T1
conducts activating Buzzer and LED indicating the entry of a
person