A STUDY ON ESTIMATION AND COSTING OF A FIVE

STORIED RCC RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN BOGURA

CITY

Course code: CE-400

Course title: Project and Thesis
A Thesis Presented
By
Md. Rajib Hossain ID: 163410521
Md.Jahidul Islam ID: 163410549
Md.Mehedi Hasan ID: 163410501

A project submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of science in Civil engineering from City University

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CITY

UNIVERSITY DHAKA, BANGLADESH
January:2021
 Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “A STUDY ON ESTIMATION AND COSTING
OF A FIVE STORIED RCC RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN BOGURA CITY ” is done by
Md.Rajib Hossain bear’s ID No:163410521,
Md.Jahidul
Islam bear’s ID No:163410549, Md.Mehedi Hasan bear’s ID
No:163410501 in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering degree from City University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The project has been carried out under my guidance and is a record of work carried out
successfully. No part of this project consists of materials copied or plagiarized from
any published or unpublished works.

Supervised by

---------------------------

Matiur Rahman Raju

Senior Lecturer

Department of Civil Engineering

City University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

 DECLERATION

We are students of Bachelor Science of Civil Engineering studies, hereby

declare that we have successfully completed this project “A STUDY ON
ESTIMATION AND COSTING OF A FIVE STORIED RCC RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING IN BOGURA CITY”. The information incorporated in this
project is true and original to the best of our knowledge.

Date:00-00-00

---------------------------
-----------------------Md.Rajib Hossain
Md.JahidulIslam
ID:163410521 ID:163410549

--------------------------

Md.Mehedi Hasan
ID:163410501
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, we would like to gratefulness with mighty esteem to our Allah for
the completion of this project work.

Foremost, we want to expresses our sincere gratitude to our advisor and

honorable teacher Matiur Rahman Raju for his continuous
support and mentorship. Throughout our academic journey our honorable
teacher Md.Shofiqul
Islam , Shahbo Rahman
Sajib , Priyanka Sarkar Lina , Sumaiya
Binte Rahman has always been a great motivator who helped us
in every possible way, and without his guidance time ,persistent efforts
this thesis research would never come to end.

Finally, we would like to thank our classmates Raihan

Uddin,
Hafiz Uddin Rimon ,Md.Sajib Hossain ,
Hasan Zakaria Setu , Arup shah ,Uzzal
Kumar , Aadrik Chayon for giving us the much-needed
learning support during our studies in the City University.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
TITLE……………………………………………………………… 00.00
CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………….00.00
DECLARATION…………………………………………………...00.00
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………00.00

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………00.00
1.1 GENERAL…………………………………………………….00.00
1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION…………………………………00.00
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY…………………………….00.00
1.4 SCOPES OF THE STUDY………………………………….00.00
1.5 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT……………………….……00.00

CHAPTER 2
2.1 BUILDING……………………………………………………00.00
2.2 TYPES OF BUILDING………………………… …………...00.00
2.3 LOAD TRANSFER PATH IN FRAME STRUCTURE……00.00
2.4 COMPONENR OF BUILDING ……………………………..00.00
2.5 FOUNDATION……………………………………….……….00.00
2.6 PLINTH………………………………………………………..00.00
2.7 WALL………………………………………………………….00.00
2.8 BEAM………………………………………………………….00.00
2.9 SLAB…………………………………………………………...00.00
2.10 COLUMN………………………………………………….…..00.00
2.11 TYPE OF COLUMN……………………………………….…00.00
2.12 DESIGN OF TIED COLUMN…………………………….….00.00
2.13 DESIGN OF SPIRAL COLUMN…………………………….00.00
2.14 FLOOR……………………………………………………..….00.00
2.15 DOOR, WINDOWS…………………………………………...00.00
2.16 STAIR………………………………………………………….00.00
2.17 ROOF……………………………………………………….….00.00
2.18 WATER TANK………………………………………………..00.00
2.19 BUILDING FINISH…………………………………………...00.00
2.20 BUILDING SURVICES……………………………………….....00.00
2.21 RETROFITTING……………………………………………...….00.00
2.22 WHY RETROFITTING REQUIRED………………………..…00.00
2.23 CODE……………………………………………………………....00.00
2.24 THE MAIN PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE…………..…….00.00
2.25 BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (BNBC)….....00.00
2.26 LOADS……………………………………………………………..00.00
2.27 SEISMIC ZONE OF BANGLADESH……………………………00.00
2.28 WIND LOAD……………………………………………………….00.00
2.29 EARTHQUAKE LOAD CALCULATION………………………00.00
2.30 SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS ………………………….…00.00
2.31 CEMENT……………………………………………..…………..…00.00
2.32 BRICK……………………………………………………………….00.00
2.33 WATER………………………………………………….……….….00.00
2.34 FINE AGGREGATE: SAND…………………………………....…00.00
2.35 COARSE AGGREGATE: STONE CHIPS……………….…....…00.00
2.36 COARSE AGGREGATE: BRICK CHIPS……………………….00.00
2.37 WHAT IS ESTIMATION………………………………….…….…00.00
2.38 PURPOSE OF ESTIMATION……………………………………..00.00
2.39 DATA OF ESTIMATION……………………………………….….00.00
2.40 NECESSARY OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING……………...00.00
2.41 TYPES OF ESTIMATION……………………………….………...00.00
2.42 IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT ESTIMATION…………….…...00.00
2.43 PWD RATE SCHEDULE

CHAPTER 3
3.1 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING………………………………..………..00.00
3.2 STRUCTURAL DRAWING……………………………………………….00.00

CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ESTIMATION AND COSTING……………….00.00
4.1 SLAB……………………………………………………………….….….…00.00
4.2 BEAM………………………………………………….……………………..00.00
4.3 COLUMN………………………………….……………..…………….……00.00
4.4 FOOTING…………………………………………………………..………..00.00
4.5 BRICK WORK………………………………………………………..……..00.00
4.6 PLUMBING, ELECTRICAL AND OTHERS……………………………00.00
4.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN PWD RATE AND ESTIMATED RATE…00.00

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………..00.00
5.2 RECOMMENDATION…………………………………..00.00

REFERENCES
 ABBREVIATIONS:

 FF = Floor finish

 DL = Dead load

 LL = Live load

 DW = Distributed wall load

 PW = Partition wall load

 SD = Super Dead load

 lb= Pound force

 psf= pound per square ft.

 kip = kilo-pound force

 BNBC = Bangladesh National Building Code

 ACI = American Concrete Institute

 RCC = Reinforced Cement Concrete

 UBC = Uniform Building Code

 ETABS = Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building System

 RCC = Reinforced Cement Concrete

 LIST OF SYMBOLS:

 𝜌 = Reinforcement ratio

 ∅ = Strength reduction factor

 𝑓𝑦 = Yielding stress of steel

 𝑓𝑐 ′ = Compressive strength of concrete

 𝑀𝑢 = Factored moment

 𝑃𝑢 = Factored load

 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = Area of reinforcing steel

 𝐴𝑔 = Total gross area

 𝐴𝑣 = Total steel area of web reinforcement

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
One of the key factors in construction industry is estimating and costing. Accurate
estimation is very important as the success and quality of a construction or project
depend on it. And cost analysis of a construction is generally developed at all of the
stages of the investment process. The loss and profit of a construction or project is
strictly dependent on proper estimating and costing. Slight variation of the
construction cost can hamper the overall success of a real estate enterprise and it can
also hamper the financial stability of the developer. In this paper, a complete guideline
for estimating of projects is provided with respect to architectural, structural, electrical
and plumbing design. The item wise estimation and costing of a 5 storied residential
building in Bugora city is performed in the spread sheet analysis and the discussion of
result and recommendations are provided.

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

In the present study, a 5-storied Residential Building Estimation and Costing was done
for a 5 storied residential building in Bogura city using BNBC 1993. The project area
is Bogura, Bangladesh located on the north side of the country. Building area is 72ft x
32ft.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 The specific objectives of the study are:

 To prepare a full estimation of a FIVE storied residential building.

 To analyze the costing of the study with recent rate
 To compare the project cost with PWD rates.
1.4 SCOPES OF THE STUDY
 The scopes of the study are follows:
 Data Collection
 Information about the availability and cost of the required construction
material
 Material cost variation study
 Labor cost study
 Workmanship

1.5 OUTLINE of the PROJECT

The outlines of this thesis are organized in the following chapters:

 CHAPTER 1: Introduction

 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review

 CHAPTER 3: Architectural and Structural Drawing

 CHAPTER 4: Analysis of Project Estimation and Costing

 CHAPTER 5: Conclusion
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

BUILDING
A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in
one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and
functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors,
from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground
conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. Buildings serve several needs of
society – primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store
belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a
physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside
(a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

Types of buildings
Building can be classified into different categories from different perspective. Many
buildings fall into multiple categories simultaneously. In general, building can be of
following types:

 Residential Buildings
 Educational Building
 Institutional Building
 Assembly Building
 Business Building
 Mercantile Building
 Industrial Building
 Storage Building
 Hazardous Building
Why types of buildings are a concern:
1. To know the design load for the building
2. To know the best orientation of the building as per its purpose of use.
Load Transfer Path
Load transfer path depends on the type of structure of the building. Broadly, building
structures can be of 2 types:
1. Frame structure / Non-load bearing structure
2. Load bearing structure
Frame structure: Frame structure consists of slab, beam, column, foundation
which bear all the loads of building. Here the walls of the building are usually for
partition purpose, these partition walls do not take part in the load bearing
mechanism of the building.
Load transfer paths in frame structure
Loads passing path for typical frame structure:

Topically in frame structures, load passes from slab to beam, beam to column and
finally column to foundation.

Fig: Typical load transfer Fig: Frame structure

path in Frame structure
Loads passing path for flat plate structure:
Load transfers directly from slab to column in case of flat plate or flat slab where no
beams are constructed

Fig: Load transfer path in flat plate Fig: Flat plate structure
structure

Loads passing path for structure with

secondary beam: This happens when a secondary beam is constructed between 2
primary beams. In this case, this secondary beam is not directly connected to any
column.

Fig: Load transfer path in frame Fig: Frame structure with

structure with secondary beam secondary beam
Loads passing path for structure with deep beam: This occurs when some columns
at basement are required to remove in order to make more space for vehicles to park or
other purposes. The deep beam constructed at that level carries the load from column
and transfers it to the remaining columns at base level.

Fig: Load transfer path Fig: Frame structure with deep

in frame structure with beam
deep beam
2.Load Bearing Structure: In this structure, the walls of the building bear the load
coming from the beam or directly from the slab and these walls subsequently transfer
the load to the foundation.

Fig: Load transfer path in load bearing structure

Components of Building: Generally building is divided in 2 major parts:
i. Super structure
ii. Sub structure

i. Super structure: This is the part of the building above the ground surface that
is visible after the completion of the construction work. Example: Plinth, column,
beam, slab etc.

ii. Sub structure: This is the part of the building below the ground surface that is
not visible after the completion of the construction work. Example: Foundation, shore
pile etc.

In a broader sense, the components of a building can be classified as

follows:

 Foundation

 Plinth

 Walls

 Beams

 Columns

 Floors

 Doors, Windows

 Stairs

 Roof

 Building finishes

 Building service
Foundation: Foundation transfers all kind of load coming from the super structure to
the soil in such a way that it doesn’t exceed the bearing capacity of the soil of that
place.

Necessity of Foundation:

• To distribute the weight of structure over a large area without stressing the soil
beyond its capacity.
• To load the sub-stratum evenly and prevent unequal settlement or differential
settlement.
• To provide a level surface that facilitates subsequent construction works.
To take the structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability by preventing
overturning.

Type of Foundation:

Plinth: This is the floor of the building immediately above the ground surface. Plinth
 Fig: Plinth

Walls: In frame structure, walls are constructed for partition purpose, walls provide
separation of floor spacing and also protect the inside space from sun, rain and other
direct weathering effect. In load bearing structure, walls participate in load transfer
procedure of the building.
BEAMS:
Beams are horizontal members which take load coming parallel to its cross section. It
can also take axial loads. Beams are mainly designed to resist bending.

Classification of Beam:

DESIGN OF BEAM (USD)

Introduction:

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

  Based on the ultimate strength of the structure, assuming a failure condition
either due to concrete crushing or by yielding of steel. Additional strength of
steel due to strain hardening is not encountered in the analysis or design.
 Actual / working loads are multiplied by load factor to obtain the design loads.
 ACI codes emphasizes this method.

Assumptions:

There are five assumption that are made

1. Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending.

2. Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the same level, provided that
the bond between the steel and concrete is sufficient to keep them acting together
under the different load stages i.e., no slip can occur between the two materials.
3. The stress-strain curves for the steel and concrete are known.
4. The tensile strength of concrete may be neglected.
5. At ultimate strength, the maximum strain at the extreme compression fiber is
assumed equal to
0.003

Design and Analysis

The main task of a structural engineer is the analysis and design of structures.
The two approaches of design and analysis will be used.
Design of a section:

This implies that the external ultimate moment is known, and it is required to
compute the dimensions of an adequate concrete section and the amount of steel
reinforcement. Concrete strength and yield of steel used are given.

ANALYSIS OF A SECTION:

This implies that the dimensions and steel used in the section (in addition to
concrete and steel yield strengths) are given, and it is required to calculate the
internal ultimate moment capacity of the section so that it can be compared
with the applied external ultimate moment.
Beam Types
▫ Singly reinforced section
▫ Doubly reinforced section

Flexure Equation:

 DESIGN EXAMPLE OF BEAMS

Fig: Diagrams for flexure equations

Fig: Determination of Contributing Area for Load Calculation
Slab: A RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) slab is a broad, flat plate, usually
horizontal, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by
RC beams, masonry or RC walls, structural steel members, directly by steel members
or continuously by ground

Classification of slab
Can be broadly classified into two categories:
1. One way slab
2. Two ways slab

 Other categories:
1. Edge supported slab/ slab on beam
2. Flat slab
3. Flat plate slab
4. Waffle slab
Columns:
Columns are vertical members that mainly take axial load (predominantly
compression).

 Structural member that predominantly takes axial load

(predominantly compression).
 Column may need to take shear force and bending moment as
well.
 It is the most important structural member from load carrying
point of view.
 Should be given importance in analysis, design and
construction stages.

Classification of column:
Types of column:

According to the Ratio of Height to Least Lateral Dimension: (ACI Code

10.11.5 and ACI Code 10.12.2)

Short column: When

1.(klu /r)< 34-12(M1/M2), where (M1/M2) is not

taken less than -0.5.

2. (klu /r) < 22, when member is

braced against sideways. r

Strength is governed by the strength of the material and dimension of the cross
section

Slender Column
When (klu/r)>100

Where, r = radius of gyration

Strength is influenced by slenderness, which produces additional

bending because of transverse deformations

Fig: Type of column

According to the Geometry of Cross Section:
 Or

Ties
Spiral

Fig: Spiral Column

Fig: Tied Column

Steel pipe

Concrete
filled

Fig: Composite Column

 CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN

Design of Tied Column

Step 1: Determination of Factored Load

Load contribution to the column:

• For columns of intermediate floor: load from upper floor

through the column above it + slab and beam load from
corresponding floor tributary area.
• For columns of top floor: slab and beam load from adjacent
tributary area

Pu = 1.4 D + 1.7 L (ACI Code-00)

Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L (ACI Code-02)

Top floor

Intermediate
floor

Slab
Beam

Column

Figure: Live Load contribution to a column (ACI Code-8.9)

Step 2: Steel Ratio Assumption

Assumption of steel ratio depends on designer’s experience.

According to ACI Code 10.9.1
0.01 < ρg < 0.08

Step 3: Determination of Concrete Gross Area

According to ACI Code 10.3.6.1, the design strength for tied column

∅Pn,max = 0.80∅ [0.85f′c(Ag–Ast)+fyAst]

Where, ∅ = 0.65 (ACI Code-02),

consider Pu = ∅ Pn Equation (4-1) can
be rewritten as:
Pu = 0.80 Ag∅ [0.85 f′c (1-ρg) + ρg fy]

Using equation Ag is determined

Step 4: Selection of Column Size

ACI Code Commentary R 10.8 eliminates the minimum sizes for

compression members to allow wider utilization of reinforced
concrete compression members in smaller sizes for lightly loaded
structures. With the Ag as obtained in step 3 select a square (h 2) or
rectangular (b x h) section, such that the side dimensions are
integer multiplier.

Step 5: Check for Steel Ratio

Putting the selected Ag in equation, ρg is calculated.

If ρg = 0.01 ≈ 0.08; Design is ok

Otherwise change the column dimension and repeat this step.

Step 6: Calculation of Reinforcement

 Total reinforcement, Ast = Ag * ρg
Now choose required bar size satisfying the ACI Code 10.9.2
requirements i.e minimum number of bars > 4 Nos.

Step7: Selection of Ties

Reinforcement for ties should be selected in accordance with ACI

Code 7.10.5.1:

• Use ties of # 3 bar for longitudinal bar up to # 10

• Use ties of # 4 bar for longitudinal bar of # 11, 14, 18

and bundled bar

Step 8 : Determination of Vertical Spacing of Ties

According to ACI Code 7.10.5.2 the vertical spacing shall be smallest

of:

• 16 db of longitudinal reinforcement

• 48 db of tie bar

• Least dimension of column section

Step 9: Arrangement of Ties

ACI Code 7.10.5.3 specifies the arrangement of ties:

The ties shall be so arranged that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall
have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie having an included angle of not
more than 135°.No bar shall be farther than 6 in. clear on either side from such a
laterally supported bar. Where the bars are located around the periphery of a
circle, complete circular ties may be used. Details in Figure 5.3.
 4bar

6bar
>6in
< 6" <
6"

< 6" <

6"
8bar
>6in >6 in
< 6" <
6"

>6 in
<
6"
12 bar

Max 6in

6" max

16 bar

6 " max

Fig: Arrangement of column ties

Step 10: Concrete Protection for Reinforcement

Details are shown in Figure 5.4:

Clear distance (ACI Code 7.6.3)

Concrete cover
Minimum 1 "
( ACI Code 7.7.1.c )
For
bundled
bar = db≤ 2
in (ACI
Code 7.7.4
)1.5 d b >

1 in

Fig: Concrete cover in column

Step 11: Bar Splicing in Columns

The main vertical reinforcement in columns is usually spliced just

above each floor, or at alternate floors.
According to ACI Code 12.17.1, lap splices, mechanical splices, but
welded splices and bearing splices shall be used.

Lap Splices:

Code requirements for lap splices are given in Table 5.1. Details of lap
splices at typical interior column are shown in Figure 5.4. In addition,
for offset bar following should be observed:

ACI Code 7.8.1.4, offset bars shall be bent before placement in the
forms.

ACI Code 7.8.1.5, where column face is offset 3 in. or greater,

longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels, lap
spliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column
faces shall be provided. Details in Figure 5.5.

Mechanical and Welded Splices:

According to ACI Code 12.14.3, a full mechanical splice or welded

splice shall develop at least 125% of the specified fy of the bar.
Table1: Requirements for lap splices

Reduction by
Longitudinal Bars in Compression (ACI Code
12.17.2.4 and
12.17.2.5)
All bars of equal fc’ > 3000 psi fy ≤60,000 psi ls = 0.0005 fydb For Tied:
sizes ≥ 12 in. Effective area ≥
(ACI Code 0.0015hs
12.16.1) ls= ls * 0.075
fy > 60,000 psi ls = (0.0009 fy – For Spiral:
24)* db ≥ 12 in. ls = l s *
0.75

fc’ < 3000 psi ls increased by 33 %

All bars of ls = larger of the following:

different sizes (a) ls of smaller bar
(ACI Code (b) ld of larger bar
12.16.2)

Longitudinal Bars in Tension

More than one- half of the Class B splice ls =1.3ld

0 ≤ fs ≤ 0.5fy bars are spliced at any
(ACI Code 12.17.2.2) section

Half or fewer bars are spliced Class A splice

at any section ls =1.0ld

fs > 0.05fy Class B splice ls =1.3ld

(ACI Code 12.17.2.3)
ld is defined in section 2
 Note:

For Larger Bar (ACI Code12.16.2 ) : Lap splices are generally prohibited for
No. 14 or No.18 bars, however, for compression only, lap splices are permitted
for No14, or No. 18 bar to No. 11 bars or smaller bars.

For Bundled Bar (ACI Code 12.4.1):

For bars in 3 bar bundles ls is increased by 20%.
For bars in 4 bar bundles ls is increased by 33%.

Fig: Lap splice details at typical interior column

 2 Design of Spiral Column

Step 1 : Determination of Factored Load

Load contribution to the column similar to step 1 of section 5.3.1.1.

Pu = 1.4 D + 1.7 L (ACI Code-00)

Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L (ACI Code-02)

Step 2: Steel Ratio Assumption

According to ACI Code 10.9.1

0.01 < ρg < 0.08

Step 3: Determination of Concrete gross Area

According to ACI Code 10.3.6.1, the design strength for spiral column

∅Pn, max = 0.85∅ [0.85 f′c (Ag- Ast) + fy Ast]

(5-3) Where ∅ = 0.70, consider Pu = ∅ Pn (ACI Code-9.3.2.1)

Equation (5-3) can be rewritten as:

Pu = 0.85 Ag ∅ [0.85 f’c (1-ρg) + ρg fy]

(5-4)

Using equation (5-4), Ag is determined

Step 4: Selection of Column Size

4Ag
D=
π
Select D as whole number (say, D = 30 in.)
Step 5: Check for Steel Ratio

Using selected D, Ag is recalculated.

πD 2
Ag =
4
Putting this Ag, in equation (5-4), ρg is calculated
If ρg = 0.01 ≈ 0.08, Design is ok

Otherwise change the column diameter and repeat this step.

Step 6: Calculation of reinforcement

Ast = Ag * ρg
Now choose required bar size satisfying the ACI Code
10.9.2 requirement i.e.minimum number of bars
should not be less than 6.

Step 7: Check for Clear Distance Between Longitudinal Reinforcement

ACI Code 7.6.3 specify: (see Figure 5.6)

Clear distance = [π d c - (N* dia of
longitudinal bar)] / (N-1) Clear distance
> 1.5 d b in.

But>1.5 in
 dc

D dc Ss = Pitch

A sp
db
(a) (b)

Fig: Clear distance and pitch for spiral column

Step 8 : Selection of Spirals

ACI Code 7.10.4.2 specifies that spirals shall consist of a continuous

bar or wire not less than ¾ inch in diameter.

Step 9: Determination of Spacing of Spiral

According to ACI Code 10.9.3 pitch of spiral:

8.90Asp f y
Ss = dc (Ag/Ac-1) f 'c But 1 in. < Ss < 3 in (ACI Code 7.10.4.3)
Step 10: Placement of spirals

Placing of spirals is shown in Figure:

Top ofslab
Slab + beam
End of spiral at
( ACI Code 7.10.4.6)

(Start of spiral
ACI Code 7.10.4.6)

Extra1-12" turn
beam reinforcement
for Anchorage
( ACI Code 7.10.4.4 )

Fig: Spirals in a column supporting slab with beam

2D
End of
( ACI Code 7.10.4.8
Column capital
D

Top of slab Start of

Fig: Placement of spirals in column with capital

Figure: Placement of spirals in column with capital (continued)
11 : Splicing of Spiral Reinforcement

Spiral reinforcement shall be spliced, if needed, in accordance with

ACI Code 7.10.4.5. Length of lap splices is given in Table 5.2.

Table2: Length of lap splice for spiral reinforcement

1. Deformed uncoated bar or wire 48 db

2. Plain uncoated bar or wire 72 db
3. Epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire 72 db
4. Plain uncoated bar or wire with a standard tie hook at ends of 48 db
lapped spiral reinforcement
5. Epoxy- coated deformed bar or wire with a standard tie hook at 48 db
ends of lapped spiral reinforcement
Length of splice should be ≥ 12 in.

Step 12: Concrete Protection for Reinforcement

Same as mentioned in Step 10 of section 5.3.1.1.

Step 13: Bar Splicing in Column

The main vertical reinforcement in column is spliced in the same

manner mentioned in step 11 of section 5.3.1.1.
Floors: Floors are plane firm surface of slab which provides accommodation on a
given plot. People stand on floors. Furniture, goods or other materials are kept or
placed on floors.
Doors, windows: Door is the passage path through walls. It provides access to
building, rooms etc.

Stair:
A stair may be defined as series of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of
connecting different floors of a building. It may also be defined as an arrangement of
treads, risers, stringers, newel posts, hand rails and baluster, so designed and
constructed as to provide an easy and quick access to the different floors, rendering
comfort and safety to the users. The enclosure containing the complete stairway is
termed as staircase.
Stairs may be made from various materials like timber, stones, bricks, steel, plain
concrete or reinforced concrete. The selection of the type of material to be used to
depend upon the aesthetical importance, funds available, durability desired and fire
resisting qualities expected.

Requirements of good Stair.

♦ Suitable location
♦ Width of stair
♦ Length of flight
♦ Pitch of Stair
♦ Headroom
♦ Materials
♦ Balustrade
♦ Landing

Fig: Component of stair

 Fig: Parameters of Stair

Roof: It is the top surface of the building which usually protects the building from
rain, sun, light, snow etc.

Water Tank
Tanks for retaining water can be broadly divided into three categories i.e.
(1) Under Ground tanks
(2) Tanks resting on ground
(3) Tanks supported on staging or elevated tanks.
Both underground tanks as well as tanks resting on ground are normally circular or
rectangular in shape. An elevated tank on the other hand serves as an important architectural
feature, and is therefore, shaped to suit the Aesthetic requirement of the surrounding
besides circular, square and rectangular tanks, Intel type tanks, polygonal tanks spherical
tanks, conical tanks etc. arc some of the commonly adopted shapes for elevated tanks. The
tank proper is supported on staging which may consist of well braced columns or an
enclosed shaft. The staging columns may be straight or tapered and the lank could be
treated with moldings or other decorative feature to make the structure more attractive.
Building Finishes: Building finishes make the building complete to live in, such as
plastering, placing tiles/ mosaic, painting, white washing etc.

Fig: Building Finish

Building services: These are mainly the utility parts of a building such as water
supply, electricity connection, gas connection, sanitation system etc.

Fig: Building services

RETROFITTING:

Retrofitting is making changes to an existing building to protect it from flooding or

other hazards such as high winds and earthquakes.
Retrofitting is actually addition of new technologies to old structures. The old
structures may be vulnerable or maybe not. It can be used to increase the efficiency or
make it economical it may also decrease emissions.
However, from Civil engineering point of view The Retrofitting term may be referred
to Seismic Retrofitting, it is the modification of existing structures to make them more
resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.

WHY RETROFITTING IS REQUIRED:

Problem face in concrete structure
 Damage to structure members
 Excessive loading
 Errors in design or construction
 Modification of structural system
 Seismic damage
 Structural cracks
 Corrosion to penetration honey combs

Fig: Retrofitting
  CODES:
A code is a set of technical specification and slanders that control important details of
design and construction. The purpose of codes is to produce sound structures so that the
public will be protected from poor or inadequate design and construction.

Two types of codes exist. One type, called a structural code, and another type, called a
building code. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) building code 318-95, covering
the design of reinforced concrete buildings. In Bangladesh a code is established known
as Bangladesh National Building Code. The American Institute of Steel Construction
Specification (AISC), covering the design of steel buildings.

 THE MAIN PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE:

Building Codes are rules meant to stipulate the minimum standards that must be
followed when a building is being constructed. They must follow these codes to gain
permission for planning and construction from the authorities. The main purpose of a
building code is to secure the health, safety, and overall well-being of its occupants by
ensuring proper standards in the construction and design of buildings. Most countries
and territories have their own building codes set to the general needs of the
stakeholders of their relevant territories. And Bangladesh is no exception.
 BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (BNBC):

The Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) was first published in 1993 to
regulate the construction of buildings and maintain and uphold them to certain
standards. Before the code, the only laws pertaining to construction was the Building
Construction Act, enacted way back in 1952, during the Pakistan era. The need for the
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) arose with a sudden growth and
development in the country, which led to a massive real estate boom starting in the
early 90s. The first version was published in 1993.
Techniques used in construction remained stagnant for some time, which resulted in
no changes or amendments in the code for a long while. It also added bureaucracy
which meant that the code would only be enacted as law in Bangladesh in the year
2006, with the amendment in Section 18A of the 1952 Building Construction Act. It
was also at first time amendments were made in the document. Further events and
massive growth in the real estate sector led to massive changes in 2017, where the
major amendments were made to the code to make it more relevant, which we will be
talking about later on in the article.
The Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) is overseen by the Housing and
Building Research Institute (HBRI). And they have taken help from the Bureau of
Research Testing and Consultancy (BRTC), Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET), and leading experts in the field to review and update the
code when necessary. This code establishes the minimum standards for construction,
design, material quality, proper usage, maintenance, and location of buildings. The
BNBC is meant to be applied by professionals working with construction projects,
including architects, safety inspectors, structural engineers, interior designers,
environmental scientists, contractors, and lawyers
LOADS

Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a

structure or its components. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in
structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural
analysis. Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure, and hence such a
possibility should be either considered in the design or strictly controlled. Mechanical
structures, such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines,
have their particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural
loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications. Accepted
technical standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection. Various load names
are mentioned:
Dead load
 Live load
 Wind loads
 Snow, rain and ice loads
 Seismic loads
 Temperature changes leading to thermal expansion cause thermal loads
 Ponding loads
 Frost heaving
 Lateral pressure of soil, groundwater or bulk materials
 Loads from fluids or floods
 Permafrost melting
 Dust loads
 Foundation settlement or displacement
 Fire
 Corrosion
 Explosion
 Creep or shrinkage
 Impact from vehicles or machinery vibration
 Construction loads
WIND LOAD

Buildings are subject to horizontal loads due to wind pressure acting on the buildings.
Wind load is calculated as per IS 875(Part III)-1987. The horizontal wind pressures
acting on vertical external walls and the exposed area of the buildings. Some of the
pressure acting on exposed surfaces of structural walls and columns is directly resisted
by the bending of these members. The infill walls act as vertical plates supported at top
and bottom by floor beams, thus transferring the loads at the slab level. The parapet
wall is at the terrace transfers the wind loads to the surface slab by cantilever action.
For simplicity, the wind loads acting on exposed surfaces of a given story are idealized
to be supported by upper and lower floors. begun to be understood, there is still a need
to understand more the nature of wind and its interaction with a tall building, with
particular reference to allowable defections and comfort of occupants.

EARTHQUAKE LOAD CALCULATION:

Total base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equation

ZIC
V= w
R
Where V= total base shear
Z=seismic zone co-efficient.
R= response modification co-efficient for structural system.
W= total static dead load.
C= numerical co-efficient given by

1 . 25 s
C= 2
3
T
S= site co-efficient for soil characteristics.
T= fundamental period of vibration in second and determined by

3
T =Ct ( h n ) 4

Ct= 0.083 for steel moment resisting frame

=0.073 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frame
= 0.049 for other structural system.
hn=height in m above the base to level n.

Vertical distribution of force

V shall be distribution according to the equation

n
V =F t =∑ F i
i=1

Fi= lateral force applied at story level I

Ft= concentrated lateral force at top of building in addition to Fn
Ft=.07TV when T> 0.7 sec.

= 0 when T≥0.7 sec.

Base shear shall distribute over the height according to

( V −F t ) w x h x
Fx= n
∑ w i hi
n=1

Capacity reduction factors, (Ø)

Nominal strength Reduction

factor
Bending with or without axial tension, and for axial 0.90
tension
Shear and torsion 0.85
Bearing on concrete 0.70
Bending in plain concrete 0.65
Columns with spirals 0.75
Columns with ties 0.70

(Source: Lect M Kenneth, "Reinforced Concrete Design Third Addition"

1995)
 Design specification and standard followed in the analysis and design:

i. Design Specification:
a) Method of design : Ultimate Strength Design
b) At septic tank & water reservoirs :
fc’= 3000 psi ,

fy = 60000 psi

c) For other structure:

fc’= 4000 psi ,

fy = 60000 psi

ii. Standard:
a. For design ACI code was used
b. For calculating Dead Load (DL), Live Load (LL), Earthquake
Load (EQ) and Wind Load (WL) were followed.
c. Simplified load combinations of ACI 318-02 are
U = l.4D
U = l.2D + 1.61L+0.5Lr (Lr =load of roof slab)
U = l.2D + 1.6Lr + (1L or 0.8W)
U=1.2D+1.6W+1L+0.5 Lr
U=1.4D+1.0EQ+1.0L
U=0.9D+1.6W
U=0.9D+1E

Use Combination

1. Combination 01: 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL (for mid steel calculation)

2. Combination 03: U=1.4DL+1.0L+1.0EQ (for support steel
calculation)
 Fig: Seismic Zone of Bangladesh

 SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS:

The full specifications of the materials for the construction of the building are given
below:
 CEMENT:
Cement is Ordinary Portland Cement conforming to the requirements of the Standard
Specifications for Portland cement Type-I. ASTM C-150 r BDS 232: 1993. BNBC 2.4,
5.2.1 unless otherwise specified. Cement was delivered in bags by the manufacturer
with the brand name, type of cement and weight of each bag marked on the bag.
Sample test of cement was done from the laboratory designated by the Engineer for
every consignment of cement. Bulk cement which partially set or which contains
lumps of caked cement was rejected. The use of cement reclaimed from discarded or
used bags was not permitted.

Fig: Cement

 BRICK:
General features
 Brick is a compressive member
 Made from clay
 Brick structures are generally known as masonry structures where individual
bricks are bonded with mortar
 Fig: Brick structure

 Types of brick
Pressed: Have a deep frog in one bedding surface and a shallow frog in
other one
Wire cut: 3 or 4 holes through them constituting up to 25% of the total
volume of the brick
 Fig: Different types of brick

Brick dimensions:
 General Dimension: 10”x5”x3‟‟
 Nominal size: 9.5”x4.5”x2.75”
 Nominal size is a fictitious dimension which is considered in
evaluating the quality of brick work
 It represents neither the actual dimension (without
plaster/mortar work) nor the overall thickness (with
plaster/mortar work)

 WATER:
The water used in mixing and curing concrete was tested by methods described in
AASHTO test Method T-26. Water was clean and free from salt, oil, acid, vegetable or
other substance injurious to the finished product. Water used in construction work was
potable.

Fig: Water use in concrete

 Fine Aggregate: SAND

Fine Aggregate was conformed to BDS 243:1963, ASTM C40-92. C87-83 (1990).
Fine Aggregate was natural sand, composed of clean, hard, durable uncoated particles
resulting from the disintegration of siliceous. Fine Aggregate was free of injurious
amounts of organic impurities.
 Deleterious substances were not exceeding the following percentages by
weight:
1. Clay lumps and friable particles:
2. 3% 2. Coal and Lignite: 0.25% 3.
3. Material passing the 0.075 mm (No 200) sieve: 2% 4.
4. Shale, coal, soft or flaky fragments: 11% 5.
5. Sulfur compounds: 0.3% 6.
6. Organic material content: 5%
 Coarse Aggregate: Stone Chips
For all types of concrete with the exception of blinding concrete was consists of hard
durable crushed stone boulder and conform to BDS 243:1963 (Coarse and Fine
Aggregate for Natural Sources for concrete 1: ASTM C 33: Concrete Aggregates).
Coarse aggregate was clean, free from dust and other deleterious materials
 The amount deleterious substances was not exceeding the following limits:
1. Soft fragments; by 2% by mass
2. Clay lumps; 0.25% by mass
3. Material passing the 0.075 mm sieve: 0.5% by mass if clay. 1.5% by mass if
fracture dust.

  Coarse Aggregate: BrickFig: Stone Chips

Chips

 It was made from brick and conformed to the following requirements:

1. It was made of first class and picked Jhama bricks.
2. Nominal size: same as stone aggregate.
3. Appearance was completely non plastic and free from all organic and other
deleterious materials.
4. Unit weight was less than 1100 kg/cum.
5. Water absorption as a percentage of the dry weight did not exceed 14%.
6. Percent wear did not exceed 40% tested by Los Angeles Abrasion Test.

WHAT IS ESTIMATION?  
Estimate is a calculation of various items of an engineering works so as to know its
approximate cost and quantities of various kinds of materials required with labor
involved for its satisfactory completion.

 Estimate is the anticipated or probable cost of work and is usually prepared before the
construction is taken. Enable owner / client, knowledge of the cost involved in
proposed work or projects. Enables him to arrange funds in addition to taking a basic
managerial decision as to whether the work is to be undertaken at all or the proposed
work needs to be modified.

This is done from plans other drawings, specifications etc. on based this, internal
approvals mainly administration and financial are obtained.

Purpose of Estimating

1)  To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the
proposed work. 

2)  For public construction works, estimates are required in order to obtain
administrative approval, allotment of funds and technical sanction.

3)  To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to program their timely

procurement.

4)  To calculate the number of different categories of workers those are to be

employed to complete the work within the scheduled time of completion.

5)  To assess the requirements of Tools, Plants and Equipment required completing the
work according to the program.

6)  To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involve in the estimate.

7)  To draw up a construction schedule and program and also to arrange the funds
required according to the programming.

8)  To justify the investment from benefit cost ratio. (For ideal investment, this ratio
should be more than one).

9)  To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.

10) An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation.

 DATA FOR ESTIMATION

 DRAWINGS
  SPECIFICATION

 RATES

 DRAWING

 Fully dimensioned and to the scale drawings are required for finding dimensions

while doing measurements

 Following drawings are required:

 PLAN   
 AT A SCALE OF      1 CM = 1 METRE

 ELEVATION AND SECTIONAL ELEVATION

 AT A SCALE OF       1 CM = 1 METRE

 DETAILED DRAWINGS

 AT A SCALE OF         1 CM = 20 CM

 SPECIFICATION

 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

 DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS


 RATES
 Rates per unit of various items of work include:


The rate of various materials which are used in construction.
Labor wages and categories

Location of work its distance from source of material and cost of transport
 Rates can be obtained from P.W.D. schedule of rate book or can be calculated
by “Analysis of Rates” method.

 NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING:

  Estimating given idea of the cost of the work and here
its feasibility can be determined i.e whether the
project could be taken up with in the fun available or
not
 Estimating gives an idea of time required for the
completion of the work
 Estimate is required to invite the tenders and
Quotations and to arrange contract
 Estimate is also required to control expenditure
during the execution

 TYPES OF ESTIMATES:

 The estimates may be divided in to the following

categories:
 Preliminary or Approximate estimate.
 Rough cost estimate based on plinth area.
 Rough cost estimate based on cubic contents.
 Detailed estimate.
 Annual repair estimate.
 Special repair estimate.
 Revised estimate
 Supplementary estimate.
 Complete estimate.

 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT ESTIMATION :

 Before starting any estimate of building, road and bridge, it should be seen that
the plans are fully dimensioned, inner and outer dimensions should be check
before starting the estimate to avoid complications later on.

 The estimate should be drawn sub-head-wise, to avoid omission of any item.

 The nomenclature of every item should be according to the sanctioned

schedule of rates to avoid claims of the contractors later on.

 All items should be calculated in units, according to which the payment is to be

made (chapter on, units)
 A detailed report according to the sub-heads should be attached. This should be
self, explanatory giving complete information.
 Detailed drawings should be attached with every detailed estimate, with north
line on the plan.
 Detailed specifications of every item should be attached so that the work
should be carried out accordingly & the specifications should be according to
the latest edition of the P.W.D. specifications.
 In order to make the estimate a comprehensive one, provision of electric &
water supply should be made.
 In the end of estimate, an abstract of cost giving cost of every sub-head and
total cost should be attached. A provision of contingencies & petty
establishment @5% should be added in the end of abstract of cost.
 The rate per sq. meter should be worked out & it should be given in the end of
abstract of the building estimate. This helps in future reference.
 In case of Road estimate, rate per Km. should also be worked out.
 The road estimate should mention the special features of the alignment so
followed & also whether the soling is of bricks or of stone, should be
mentioned in the report of estimate. In case of bridges & culverts, rate per
meter (width) to be worked out.
 Current applicable premium above C.S.R. should be added before finding out
the unit rate i.e., plinth or per km rate.

PWD RATE SCHEDULE OF LABOUR, MATERIAL

SL Items Rate Unit
C1 LABOUR & MAN-POWER: PER DAY
Tk.
1 Head mason / Mosaic head mistry
600.00 per day
Tk.
2 Mason per day
500.00
Tk.
3 Skilled Labour per day
390.00
Tk.
4 Ordinary Labour per day
320.00
Field Engineer (minimum BSc in Eng. with 3yrs exp or Diploma in Tk.
5 per day
Eng. with 8yrs exp) 1,800.00
Tk.
6 Skilled technician per day
1,000.00
Tk.
7 Semi- skilled technician per day
600.00
Tk.
8 Foreman/Supervisor per day
800.00
Tk.
9 Electrician per day
600.00
Tk.
10 Assistant Electrician per day
500.00
Tk.
11 Rod binder per day
500.00
Tk.
12 Mosaic mistry per day
500.00
Tk.
13 Plumber per day
600.00
Tk.
14 Painter per day
600.00
Tk.
15 Carpenter per day
600.00
Tk.
16 Welder per day
600.00
Tk.
17 Polish mistry per day
600.00
Helper to carpenter/painter/plumber/rod binder/electrician/polish Tk.
18 per day
mistry/rig operator 390.00
Tk.
19 Machine operator per day
600.00
Tk.
20 Pile rig operator per day
600.00
Tk.
21 Diesel hammer mounted rig operator per day
800.00
SL Items Rate Unit
Tk.
22 Helper to diesel hammer mounted rig operator per day
390.00
Tk.
23 Rig operator including site allowances for soil exploration per day
600.00
Tk.
24 Assistant laboratory technician per day
800.00
Laboratory technician (Diploma in engg in relevant field having Tk.
25 per day
minimum 3yrs exp) 1,400.00
Laboratory engineer (minimum BSc in relevant field with minimum Tk.
26 per day
3yrs exp) 1,800.00
Tk.
27 Ghorami per day
500.00
Tk.
28 Sweeper for ODD JOB per use
800.00
Tk.
29 Tube-well mistry per day
500.00
Tk.
30 Tube-well head mistry per day
600.00
Tk.
31 Surveyor (10yrs Exp / diploma Engineer trained in survey) per day
1,400.00
Tk.
32 Helper to surveyor per day
800.00
C3 WORK RATE EXCLUDING COST OF MATERIALS

Tk.
92 Breaking of 50 mm down brick chips per %
850.00
cft
Tk. per %
93 Breaking of 20 mm down brick chips
950.00 cft
Tk. per %
94 Breaking of 12 mm (1/2") down brick chips
1,200.00 cft
Tk. per %
95 Breaking of 20 mm down stone chips
2,000.00 cft
Tk. per %
96 Breaking of 12 mm down stone chips
2,200.00 cft
Tk.
97 Placing and removing of shutter for formwork per sft
15.00
Tk.
98 Making steel shutter for formwork per sft
75.00
Tk.
99 Making steel door-window frame and shutter per sft
65.00
Tk.
100 Making fixed steel glazed frame per sft
55.00
Tk.
101 Making steel grill per sft
45.00

SL Items Rate Unit

Tk.
102 Filling and stitching gunny bags per bag
10.00
Tk.
103 Load testing result sheet preparation per test
6,000.00
Tk.
104 Carrying cost of timber per cft
40.00
Tk.
105 Seasoning of timber in plant per cft
150.00
Tk.
106 Carrying cost of steel door and window each
70.00
Tk. per 50
107 Fabrication and erection of mild steel truss
2,100.00 kg
Tk. per 50
108 Fabrication of light section steel
300.00 kg
C4 WORK RATE INCLUDING COST OF MATERIALS
Tk.
109 Point welding
2.50 per point
Tk.
110 Line welding (at field) per inch
6.00
Tk.
111 Bitumenous coating (for damp proof course (D.P.C)) per % sft
800.00
112 Coal-tar (over timber surface) Tk. per sft
 7.00
Tk.
113 Glass pan fitting including putty per sft
16.00
Tk.
114 Jute hessian (for making formwork water-tight) per sft
2.50
C5 BRICKS AND SCREEN BLOCKS

Tk.
115 1st class/Picked jhama standard bricks per % 0
8,700.00
nos
Tk. per % 0
116 Automatic Machine made1st class standard bricks
9,000.00 nos
1st class 10 holes machine made 9.5" x 4.5" x 2.75" / 237.5 mm x Tk. per % 0
117
112.5 mm x 68.75 mm size ceramic bricks 18,900.00 nos
9.5" x 4.5" x 2.75"/ 237.5 mm x 112.5 mm x 68.75 mm size machine Tk. per % 0
118
made solid klinker facing bricks 13,500.00 nos
9.5" x 4.5" x 2.75" / 237.5 mm x 112.5 mm x 68.75 mm size 10 hole Tk. per % 0
119
machine made rockface/textured klinker facing bricks 13,500.00 nos
9.5" x 4.5" x 2.75"/ 237.5 mm x 112.5 mm x 68.75 mm size 3 hole Tk. per % 0
120
machine made reinforcing facing bricks 21,500.00 nos
8" x 4" x 2"/ 200 x 100 x 50 mm machine made hard pressed klinker Tk. per % 0
121
facing bricks 19,000.00 nos
8" x 2" x 2"/ 200 x 50 x 50 mm machine made klinker facing red or Tk. per % 0
122
maroon strips 16,000.00 nos
Tk. per % 0
123 200 mm x 62 mm x 16.51 mm machine made clay wall tile red strips
18,500.00 nos
Tk. per % 0
124 200 mm x 62 mm x 12.7 mm machine made clay wall tile beige strips
21,000.00 nos
Tk. per % 0
125 200 mm x 62 mm x 8.9 mm machine made clay wall tile red strips
16,400.00 nos

SL Items Rate Unit

Tk. per % 0
126 241 mm x 70 mm x 12.7 mm machine made clay wall tile red strips
28,000.00 nos
242 mm x 70 mm x 12.7 mm machine made clay wall tile matt Tk. per % 0
127
glazed textured strips 34,000.00 nos
4.5'' x 4.5'' x 4.5''/ 112.5 mm x 112.5 mm x 112.5 mm fancy screen Tk. per % 0
128
block 28,000.00 nos
5.5'' x 5.5'' x 4'' / 137.5 mm x 137.5 mm x 100 mm fancy screen Tk. per % 0
129
block 34,000.00 nos
Tk. per % 0
130 6" x 6" x 4" / 150 mm x 150 mm x 100 mm fancy screen block
37,000.00 nos
Tk. per % 0
131 8'' x 8'' x 4.25''/ 200 mm x 200 mm x 106.25 mm fancy screen block
47,000.00 nos
Tk. per % 0
132 8'' x 4.75'' x 4''/ 200 mm x 118.75 mm x 100 mm fancy screen block
47,000.00 nos
133 6" x 6" x 6" / 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm fancy screen block Tk. per % 0
 37,000.00 nos
9.5'' x 4.5'' x 2.75''/ 237.5 mm x 112.5 mm x 68.75 mm fancy screen Tk. per % 0
134
block 37,000.00 nos
Tk.
135 190 mm x 190 mm size glass bricks each
350.00
C6 CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement, BDS-EN - 197-1-CEM-I ,52.5N
Tk.
136 (52.5MPa) / ASTM C-150 Type- per bag
415.00
I, 50 kg bag
Portland Composite Cement, (CEM-II/A - M 42.5N (42.5MPa) (6- Tk.
137 per bag
20% constituents other than clinker): 50 kg bag 395.00
Tk.
138 White Cement per kg
26.00
STONE / BOULDER / MOSAIC CHIPS, BITUMEN /
C7
ADMIXTURE / MEMBRANE
Tk.
139 Uncrushed boulder per %
16,000.00
cft
Tk. per %
140 19 mm (3/4") down grade crushed stone chips
19,500.00 cft
Tk. per %
141 12 mm (1/2") down grade stone chips
16,500.00 cft
Tk. per %
142 6 mm (1/4") down grade stone chips
14,000.00 cft
Tk. per %
143 Stone shingles
12,000.00 cft
Tk. per %
144 Stone dust (2.38 mm down grade)
4,248.00 cft
Tk. per %
145 Pea-gravel
8,500.00 cft
Tk.
146 Slaked lime per kg
20.00
Tk.
147 Surki from 1st class brick per cft
70.00
Tk.
148 Pakistan origin (onix) mosaic chips per kg
20.00
Tk.
149 Indian origin (deradun) mosaic chips per kg
18.00
Tk.
150 Pumice stone for finishing mosaic work each
175.00

SL Items Rate Unit

Tk.
151 Minar stone for finishing mosaic work each
420.00
Tk.
152 Colour pigment per lbs
70.00
 Tk.
153 20 mm x 50 mm glass strip per foot
10.00
Tk. per M.
154 60/70 grade bitumen for road work
52,000.00 ton
Tk.
155 Water-proofing PVC membrane per sqm
600.00
Tk.
156 Primer for laying PVC membrane on wall per litre
600.00
Tk.
157 Water reducing admixture in concrete: Type - A per litre
150.00
Tk.
158 Retarding admixture in concrete: Type - B per litre
130.00
Tk.
159 Accelerating admixture in concrete: Type - C per litre
115.00
Tk.
160 Water reducing and retarding admixture in concrete: Type - D per litre
220.00
Tk.
161 Water reducing and accelerating admixture in concrete: Type - E per litre
170.00
Tk.
162 Water reducing high range admixture in concrete: Type - F per litre
230.00
Tk.
163 Water reducing high range retarding admixture in concrete: Type - G per litre
160.00
Tk.
164 Micro fibre for concrete per kg
750.00
Tk.
165 Shutter releasing agent / form oil per litre
150.00
Tk.
166 Polymer based curing compound per litre
220.00
Tk.
167 Epoxy bonding agent per litre
1,800.00

C8 EARTH/SAND

Tk.
169 Royalty of earth per % 0
1,715.00
cft
Tk. per % 0
170 Royalty of sand
6,000.00 cft
Tk.
171 Royalty of turf per % sft
15.00
Tk. per %
172 Sand (F.M. 0.8)
900.00 cft
Tk. per %
173 Sand (F.M. 1.2)
1,400.00 cft
Tk. per %
174 Sand (F.M. 2.2)
4,500.00 cft
C1
STEEL
0
 Grade 300(300Mpa / 300N/mm2 ≈ 43500psi/40 Grade): BDS- 6935- Tk.
199 per M.
2006 - B300 and Ratio fy to fu =>1.25 58,000.00
ton
Grade 400(400Mpa / 400N/mm2 ≈ 60900psi/ 60 Grade), BDS-6935- Tk. per M.
200
2006, B400: and ratio fy to fu => 1.25 60,500.00 ton
Tk. per M.
201 M.S sheet
60,500.00 ton
Tk. per M.
202 M.S. angle, T and Z-section, Channel etc.
55,000.00 ton

SL Items Rate Unit

Tk. per M.
203 M.S. plain bar and F.I. bar (non-structural use)
55,000.00 ton
Tk. per M.
204 Solid square bar
55,000.00 ton
Tk. per M.
205 0.45 mm thick C.I. sheet:
79,500.00 ton
Tk. per M.
206 0.45 mm thick coloured C.I. sheet:
81,000.00 ton
Tk.
207 0.27 mm thick 6'-0" x 18" ridging: per pc
350.00
Tk.
208 0.27 mm thick 6'-0" x 18" coloured ridging: per pc
400.00
Tk.
209 Anchor bolt fiting charge per Kg
25.00
Tk.120,000.0 per
210 Galvanized anchor bolt of varying dia
0 M.Ton
Tk. per
211 MS plate of grade 345 Mpa
75,000.00 M.Ton
Tk. per
212 MS plate of grade 275 Mpa
70,000.00 M.Ton
Tk. per
213 Hot rolled W, I, S, T shape sections of grade 275 MPa
80,000.00 M.Ton
Tk. per
214 MS tube / angle
70,000.00 M.Ton
Fabrication charge for column, beam, rafter using MS plates Tk. per
215
including the cost of electricity, LP gas, Machinares etc. 20,000.00 M.Ton
Fabrication charge for column, beam, rafter using Hot Rolled Tk. per
216
sections including the cost of electricity, LP gas, machinares etc. 12,000.00 M.Ton
Tk. per
217 MS sheet for purlin of any thickness
75,000.00 M.Ton
Tk. per
218 GP sheet for purlin of any thickness
98,000.00 M.Ton
Tk.125,000.0 per
219 0.70 mm thick GP decking sheet of Grade 345 Mpa
0 M.Ton
220 0.47mm colour profile sheet Tk.155,000.0 per
 0 M.Ton
Tk.
221 Fastner / roof, wall screw per pcs
4.00
Tk.
222 Decking screw per pcs
8.00
Tk.
223 Galvanized nut bolt of varying dia ASTM 325 per Kg
250.00
Tk.
224 Galvanized nut bolt of varying dia ASTM 307 per Kg
205.00
Tk. per
225 Fabrication charge for roof / wall sheet
7,500.00 M.Ton
Tk.
226 8 mm thick double bubble insulation per sqm
175.00
Tk. per
227 Fabrication charge for decking panel
9,000.00 M.Ton
Tk. per
228 Fabrication charge for Purlin
7,000.00 M.Ton
Tk. per
229 Erection charge for built-up or hot rolled sections
8,000.00 M.Ton
 CHAPTER 3
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

FIG:3D VIEW
FIG: EAST ELEVATION
FIG: WEST ELEVATION
FIG: NORTH ELEVATION
FIG: SOUTH ELEVATION
FIG: SECTION(A-A)
FIG: SECTION BB
FIG: GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIG: 1ST-5TH FLOOR PLAN

 FIG: ROOF
FIG: ATTIC FLOOR PLANPLAN
FIG: SLAB OUTLINE WITH BEAM UNDERNEATH
(1ST-5TH) FLOOR PLNE
FIG: WORKING DRAWING 1ST-5TH FLOOR PLAN

FIG: FALSE SLAB&LINTEL LAYOUT GROUND FLOOR

FIG: FALSE SLAB& LINTEL LAYOUT 1ST-5TH FLOOR
STRUCTURAL DRAWING

FIG: COLUMN LAYOUT PLAN

FIG: FLOOR BEAM REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
FIG: GRADE BEAM REINFORCEMENT DEATILS
 FIG: GRADE BEAM LAYOUT PLAN
FIG: FLOOR BEAM LAYOUT PLANE

FIG: TYPICAL FLOOR REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

FIG: FOOTING LAYOUT
 FIG: COLUMN LAYOUT

FIG: TYPE SECTION OF FIG: DETAIL OF FOOTING BAR

R.C.C FOOTING&PEDASTAL CURTAILMENT
 FIG: STAIR & LIFT PIT DETAILS

CHAPTER 4
ESTIMATAION AND COSTING
……………………………………………………………………
………….……EXCEL SHEET………………
 CHAPTER-5

 CONCLUSIONS:
A huge number of building estimation and costing (from five-storied to
twenty) have been undertaken in the major cities of Bangladesh now a
days. All of the building estimation includes some elements in common
such as drawing, design, financial matters, estimating and legal
considerations. The project should adhere to zoning and building code
requirements. Building codes are legal documents that provide a means
to safeguard life as well as protect the public welfare through regulating
the design, construction practices, construction material quality location,
occupancy, and maintenance of buildings and structures. In this study all
collected data were analyzed and selected problems were compared on
the basis of practical situation, ACI Code, standard books, google
information or other research paper & newspapers.
 RECOMMENDATION:

 Before starting the construction work, the engineer must be sure about all
steps of the project.

 The workers have to be skilled & well concerned about their jobs.

 Soil test should be performed properly.

 The setting of cement is an important factor for strength assurance. So it has

to be clearly maintained.

 In USD method quality control of construction is very strongly

recommended.

 Adequate supervision at all stages of work should be maintained.

 REFERENCES

 Gilson and Vanreyk, 2014. Review of Cost Estimation Models.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER),
ISSN (Online): 2347-3878.
 .2. Leśniak, Plebankiewicz and Zima. Cost Calculation of Building
Structures and Building Works in Polish Conditions. Engineering
Management Research.2012.1(2)2. ISSN 1927-7326.
 Bettini, Longo, Alcoforado and Maia. Method for Estimating of
Construction Cost of a Building Based on Previous Experiences.
2016.10.4236/ojce.2016.65060.
 Nilson, Arthur.H, David and Charles W., 2010-2011. Design of
Concrete Structures (13th Ed.), McGraw-Hill book Co. Singapore, Chap
2,5,6.
 . Nilson, Arthur.H, David and Charles W., 2010-2011, Design of
Concrete Structures (12th Ed.), McGraw-Hill book Co. Singapore, PP.
755.
 Bungale, S.T. Structure Analysis & Design of Tall Buildings,
McGrawHillBook Co., Singapore, 1988.8-11p, 45-46p, 65-78p.
 Utku, S. Norris C.H. and Wilbur. Elementary Structural Analysis (4th
Ed.), McGraw-Hill, Inc.- Singapore.1991:227-236p.
 P. Rogers. Two Way Reinforced Concrete Slab, J. ACI. 1944.41(1):21-
36p.
 Parker, H. Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete (3rd Ed.), M.S.
Seawall for Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.1986:142-145p.
 Sushil, k. Treasure of R.C.C Designs (12th Ed.), Standard Book House,
Delhi.1944:978-1005p.