Appeal to Pity
"You're clearly just too young to
1. The victims of typhoon Yolanda before are
asking for donations for them to survive.
2. Supporting a candidate for president only
because he was diagnosed with cancer.
3. A student asking to his professor that he
really deserve a passing grade because he
did study in his grandmother’s funeral.
4. How can you convict this man of murdering
his mother? He’s an orphan!
5. If I go to jail my children will starve.
Therefore you should find me not guilty.
6. You should hire me. If you don’t I get kicked
out of my house and become homeless.
7. Please accept my project. I’ve been sick.
That’s why I missed the deadline.
Appeal to Ignorance
1. No one has shown that ghost are real, so
they must not exist.
2. Scientists have not found any evidence of
Bigfoot. Therefore, anyone who claims to
have seen Bigfoot must be hallucinating.
3. There's life in the universe because it hasn't
been proven to not exist outside of our solar
system or that UFOs have visited Earth.
4. You can't prove that there aren't Martians
living in caves under the surface of Mars, so
it is reasonable for me to believe there are.
Equivocation
1. All trees have barks. Every dog barks.
Therefore, every dog is a tree.
2. The sign says ‘fine for parking here’. The
sign says parking is fine. I’m parking my car
here.
3. All killers are inhuman. Hence, no killer is a
human.
4. Thrilling books are very rare. Rare books
are expensive. So, thrilling books are
expensive.
5. A noisy child is a headache. Medicine
makes a headache go away. So, medicine
makes children go away.
6. Jesus is the word of God. The Bible is the
word of God. So, Jesus is the Bible.
7. Money put in the bank earns you interest. A
bank is the land beside a river. If I want
interest on my money, I must put it in the
land beside the river.
Against the Person
1. “You’re a Liberal, you cannot be correct.”
2. "You don't even belong to a church. How
can you claim to be a Christian?"
3. "You didn't even finish high school. How
could you possibly know about this?"
4. "Well, it's not like you graduated from a
good school, so I can see why you wouldn't
know how to properly grade a writing
assignment."
5.
understand."
6. "You wouldn't understand since you have
never had to struggle."
7. A lawyer who argues that his client should
not be held responsible for theft because he
is poor.
8. A parent who says that the teacher doesn't
know how to teach because she graduated
from a community college.
9. A politician arguing that his opponent
cannot possibly be a good choice for
women because he has a religious
conviction that causes him to be pro-life.
Appeal to Force
1. If you don’t believe in God, you’re going to
hell.
2. I deserve an A in the course. You know that
my father is a good friend of the College
Principal.
3. Support mental health or I’ll kill you.
4. If you don’t eat that vegetables, you will get
cancer
5. If you do not forward this mail to 10 friends,
you will face bad luck
6. If a person does not believe in a particular
region, they are unlikely to take the bait.
7. If you don’t take your medicine, you will die.
Appeal to the People
1. Everyone says that it's okay to lie as long as
you don't get caught.
2. It might be against the law to drink when
you are 18 years old, but everyone does it,
so it's okay.
3. Low carb diets must be healthy. All my
friends are trying them and losing tons of
weight!
4. Since 88% of the people polled believed in
UFOs, they must exist.
5. You should turn to channel 2. It’s the most
watched channel this year.
6. The majority of the people like The Lego
Movie so it must be quality film.
7. You need an iPhone6 if you want to fit in
and be cool.
False Cause
1. The increase in global warming in the past
decade is because more teenagers are
using hairspray.
2. Lately the girl has been performing poorly
on her grades. Her mother bought her pills
 and her grades starting to get high. It must
be the pills that makes her excel.
3. Mina ate chocolates before she take the
exam. After that she got a perfect score.
The chocolates made Mina ace her exams.
4. It is dark now, which makes it very
dangerous. It is not the dark that causes
danger.
5. “You should go to Harvard, because
Harvard graduates make more money.”
6. Every time I wear my favorite shoes, bad
things happen.
7. Wounds cannot be healed because it’s
Good Friday.
8. “I passed my exams because I used my
lucky pen.”
9. I ate a loaf of bread, and got a cold a few
days later. I must have gotten sick from the
bread I ate.
Hasty Generalization
1. Ten cases of brain cancer have occurred in
people who use cellphones. Therefore,
cellphones must cause these illness.
2. Mica has a terrible experience with a
boyfriend. She decides that all boys are
mean.
3. Kevin's grandparents do not know how to
use a computer. Kevin thinks that all older
people must be computer illiterate.
4. Everyone who responded to the survey said
the exercise program helped them lose
weight. Therefore, everyone who used the
program lost weight.
5. Some teenagers in our community recently
vandalized the park downtown. Teenagers
are so irresponsible and destructive.
6. After her son had his vaccine, he developed
autism. Therefore, the vaccine caused
autism.
7. His roommate said his philosophy class was
hard, and the one I’m in is hard, too.
Therefore, all philosophy classes must be
hard!
8. I don’t understand how to do my geometry
homework today. I probably can’t pass the
course since I can’t pass the course since I
can’t do the work.
Begging the Question
1. God exists. We know that God exists
because the Bible says so, and we should
believe what the bible says because God
wrote it.
2. Global warming do exist because Earth is
getting warmer.
3. Everyone wants the new iPhone because it
is the hottest new gadget on the market!
4. Smoking cigarettes can kill you because
cigarettes are deadly.
5. Killing people is wrong, so the death penalty
is wrong.
6. Fruits and vegetables are part of a healthy
diet. After all, a healthy eating plan includes
fruits and vegetables.
7. The greatest thing we can do is to love each
other. Love is better than any other emotion.
Composition
1. Because the atoms of a penny are not
visible to the naked eye, then the penny
itself must also not be visible to the naked
eye.
2. Because all of the components of this car
are light and easy to carry, then the car
itself must also be light and easy to carry.
3. Because each member of this baseball
team is the best in the league for their
position, then the team itself must also be
the best in the league.
4. Because cars create less pollution than
buses, cars must be less of a pollution
problem than buses.
5. Because everything in the universe is
caused, then the universe itself must also
be caused.
6. Every singer in the choir sings well. it
follows that the choir sings well.
7. The bricks in this building are sturdy, so the
building must be sturdy.
8. Everyone will die someday. It follows that
human beings will extinct someday.
Division
1. The ocean when seen as a whole is blue in
color, then each drop of water individually
must also be in color.
2. NaCl is not poisonous. Therefore, Na and Cl
are not poisonous too.
3. Each atom of this pen is invisible.
Therefore, this pen is invisible.
4. Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
And water is liquid. Therefore hydrogen and
oxygen are liquid too.
5. America is fattest country on the Earth.
Therefore, are Americans are fat.
6. You came to a wealthy family. That means
that you are wealthy too.
7. The car is black. Therefore, it’s engine is
black.