ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS

GEC 210
Module 2: Differential & Integral
Calculus
Lecture 4: Integral Calculus
 Integral Calculus Contents
By the end of the Lecture on Integral
Calculus you would have known:
 Integration as antiderivatives
 Standard Integrals of some
common functions
 Some Techniques of Integration
including;
 Substitution Integration Techniques
 Techniques of Integration by parts
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4.1 Integration  .
Integration (symbol  ) is the reverse of
differentiation, hence it is known as
antiderivative.
For instance, given:
d
dx
x   3 x
3 2
  3 x dx x2 3

Note that:
d
dx
x 
3
 7  3 x 
2
; also, d
dx
x
3
 2  3 x
2
 
3
thus  3 x dx  x is not yet totally correct
2

hence, the general and correct solution is

 3 x dx  x C
2 3
where C is constant
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 4.1 Integration  .
Definition: Let F be any antiderivative of f
then the integral

 f ( x )dx  F ( x )  C
Always remember to include C (the constant
of integration); else, your work is wrong!

e.g.  x dx 5 6
x  C ; because dx 6
1
6
d 1 x6  x5  
 cos xdx  sin x  C ; because dx sin x  cos x
d
 
 e dx e  C ; because dx e  e
x x d x x
 
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4.1.2 Some Standard Integrals

1. x 
n x n 1
n 1
C provided
n  1

 thisn is 
2.  1
x
dx  ln x  C   x dx 
for n  1

e  e C
x x
3.

4.  a dx  ln C
x x
a
a

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4.1.2 Some Standard Integrals
5.  sin xdx   cos x  C
 Remember
the minus

6.  cos xdx  sin x  C
7.  xdx  tan x  C
2
sec

8.  sinh x  cosh x  C hereno

minus

9.  cosh xdx  sinh x  C

10.  xdx  tanh x  C

2
sec h
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4.1.3 Integration Exercises I
Example: Evaluate the following integral

 x  2 dx
3 5 x
x
Solution:
 x   2  dx
3 5 x
x

  x dx  5 x dx   2 dx
3 1 x

x 3 1
 31
 5 ln x  2x
ln 2
C
 x4
4
 5 ln x  2x
ln 2
C
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4.1.3 Integration Exercises I
Evaluate the following integrals

 x  sin x  dx
4
1.
2.  e  x  sec x  dx
x 1 2

3.  2 cosh x  cos x  1  dx 3
x

4.  5  2 sec h x  x  dx
x 2

5.   3x  7  4 sinh x  dx

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4.2 Integration Techniques
Unlike with differentiation, we will never
have rules or techniques of integration
that covers all functions we might
encounter. Also, known rules can but
be mastered by consistent usage.
Hence, we present some techniques of
integration which include:
1. Integration by substitution
2. Integration by parts
Note: You are enjoined to read up “integration by
partial fraction” for your personal development
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4.2.1 Substitution Techniques
The techniques of substitution are
useful when the integrand F(x)
constitutes a function and its
antiderivative.

Integration by substitution utilise a

method that is analogous to the
chain rule (function of a function) of
differentiation techniques.

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4.2.1 Substitution Techniques
We consider two cases:
1. Given; I   gdu( f ( x )) f ' ( x )dx
we let u  f ( x )  dx  f ' ( x )  du  f ' ( x )dx
from which I   g(u)du could be evaluated


2. Given; I  g ( f ( x )) dx
f '( x )

we let u  f ( x )  dx  f ' ( x )  du  f ' ( x )dx

du


from which I  du could be evaluated
g(u)
We now apply these to examples.
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4.2.1 Substitution Techniques
Example 1: Evaluate I  3 x  4 6 dx

Solution;
let u  3 x  4  dx  3  du  3dx  du
du
 dx
3

from this I   u6du

  C
3

u6  1
 13  61
u7
 21  C
3 x  4  7
 C
21
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4.2.1 Substitution Techniques

Example 2: Evaluate I  x 3 cosh x 4  5 dx  
Solution;
let u  x  5  du  4 x dx  du
4
4

3
x dx
3


from this I  14 coshu du

 1
4  sinh u  C



sinh x 4  5 C
4

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4.2.1 Substitution Techniques
Example 3: Evaluate I   2 x3
x 2  3 x 1  dx
Solution;
let u  x  3 x  1  du  2 x  3dx
2


from which I  du
u
 ln u  C

 ln x  3 x  1  C
2

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4.2.1 Substitution Techniques
Class Work 15: Evaluate;
1.  x 1 dx
x2
3 4

 sin x cos x dx
3
2.
3.  tanx dx
4.  3 x 2
 1  sinx 3
 x  4  dx

  x  5 dx
9
5.
6.  x  2 dx
x
2

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4.2.2 Integration by Parts
Integration by parts emanates from the
product rule of differentiation. We recall
that for two differentiable functions u(x)
and v(x):
d
dx
uv  u dv
dx
 v du
dx
re-arranging; u dv  d uv  v du
dx dx dx

integrating udv
dx
dx  d
dx
uvdx   dx dx
v du

 u dv  uv   vdu
i.e.

is the equation for integration by parts.

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4.2.2 Integration by Parts
Example 1: Evaluate I  x 3 ln xdx

Solution; from 
u dv  uv  vdu 
let u  ln x  du  1x  du  1x dx ;
dx
dv  x dx
3
  dv   x dx  v 
3 x4
4
assembling;
I   x ln xdx  
3

ln x   4  x dx
x4
4 
x4 1

 ln x  x4
4
 x3
4
dx  x4
 x 3 1
 ln x  4  431  C
 4 ln x  16  C
x4 x4

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4.2.2 Integration by Parts
Example 2: Evaluate I  x sin xdx

Solution; from 
u dv  uv  vdu 
let u  x  du  dx ;
dv  sin xdx 
 
dv  sin xdx  v   cos x

assembling;
I   x sin xdx   x cos x    cosx dx
  x cos x   cos xdx  x cos x  sin x  C
The right choice of u(x) simplifies integral.
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4.2.2 Integration by Parts
Example 3: Evaluate I   x 2e 3 x dx
Solution; from  u dv  uv   vdu
2
let u  x  du  2 xdx ;
dv  e dx   dv   e dx  v 
3x 3x 1 3x
3
e
assembling; I  1 x 2 e 3 x  23 xe dx 
3x
3
Here we apply integration by parts again
now u  x  du  dx ;
dv  e dx 
3x  dv  e
 dx  v
3x
 3e
1 3x

thus; I  1
3

2 3x
x e 2
3
1
3
xe  3 e dx
3x 1 3x
 
 x e
1
3
2 3x
 92 xe  27 e  C
3x 2 3x

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4.2.2 Integration by Parts
Example 4: Evaluate I   e x sin xdx
Solution; from  u dv  uv   vdu
x x
let u  e  du  e dx ;
dv  sin xdx v   cos x
  e sin xdx  e cos x  e cos xdx 
x x x

and applying integration by parts again;

x
u  e  du  e x dx ;
dv  cos xdx  v  sin x ; assembling we have
 e sin xdx   e cos x  e sin x   e sin xdx
x x x x

note the given integral! So collecting like terms

e
x
sin xdx  1
2
 e x x

cos x  e sin x  C
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4.2.2 Integration by Parts
Class Work 16: Evaluate the integrals
1.  2 dx
x ln x

 x cos x dx
3
2.

  x  7 e dx
2 x
3.
4.  x3
ln x dx


3 x
5. e cos x dx

 x x  5 dx
9
6.
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 HOPE U HAD A GREAT TIME
IN THIS CLASS

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