Lecture 08 (Iron and Stell Technology II)

History of Architecture- V
Lecture – 8
(Iron & Steel Technology- II)
INTRODUCTION
Iron & Steel Technology - II
July - 2016 HOA- V, Architecture in Europe –( Late 18th. to early 20th. century ) Ar. Ankit Kumar, asstt. Prof. GCAD, sonipat. 2
Before architecture Let’s discuss
Art Style
Of Late 19th century
Art Style Realism (Painting And Sculpture)
Realism (social and political)
 political context: Marxism
 Communist Manifesto (c.
1850)
 thesis: all history was
history of class struggles
 humanity’s
relationship to material
wealth
 Comte: positivism…all
knowledge comes from
tested scientific proof
Realism (Cultural Context)
 Role of Artist:
 no longer to simply reveal
beautiful .
 aimed to tell the truth
 not beholden to higher,
idealized reality (i.e., God)
 Subjects:
 ordinary events and
objects
 working class & broad
panorama of society
 psychological motivation
of characters
Art Style
Courbet’s The Burial at Ornans (c. 1850)
Realism (Cultural Context)
 Role of Artist:
 no longer to simply reveal
beautiful & sublime
 aimed to tell the truth
 not beholden to higher,
idealized reality (i.e., God)
 Subjects:
 ordinary events and
objects
 working class & broad
panorama of society
 psychological motivation
of characters
 This style developed in the 2nd half of the 19th century.
 This style represented a more free painting that it’s open to new
themes.
 The artists showed an interest for the situation of the disadvantage

of the lower classes.
 The main innovations are the themes chosen and in the form that
they are represented.
Painting
 Reaction against Neoclassical statism, and exaggerated liberalism and poetic

aspects of romantism.
 Represented ordinary life, problem derived from industrialization.
 They did not worry about creating beauty, only the one who are derived from
reality.
 The main function was to represent reality.
 They represented common people and their problems as subject.
Painting
 Millet (1814-75)
 theme: class distinction
 Peasantry v. urban
middle class”
 portrayal of nature:
 atmospheric qualities
 golden glow of sunlight
Painting
Millet’s The Gleaners (c. 1857)

Painting
Painting
Painting
Architecture
Iron opens the Doors……..
The technology of Iron and Steel can be studied under following categories :-
Architecture
4 PHASES
Workplace Market Place Cultural Building Religious Building
Oriel Chambers Galleria Vittorio Natural History St. Eugene’s

Emanuele Museum Cathedral
Coal Exchange
Workplace
ORIEL CHAMBERS
ORIEL CHAMBERS FEATURES :-
 Architecture Style - Oriel Chambers is the world’s first metal
Modern Architecture framed glass curtain walled building.
 Location -
Liverpool( England)  It comprises 43,000 sq ft set over five
 Construction started floors without any elevator.
- 1864
 Architect  An extension to the building was added in
- Peter Ellis the 1950’s after it was bombed during the
Second World War .
 Ellis manages to maximize the influx of

light by employing a grid of oriel windows
which became the building’s
defining feature.
ORIEL CHAMBERS
Workplace  In addition to the extensive use of glass on their facades, Towards the
courtyards they even boasted metal framed glass curtain walls which
makes them two of the world's first buildings to include this feature.
ORIEL CHAMBERS
 Architecture Style -  Its simplified forms and large bay
Modern Architecture windows meant that the building
 Location - initially courted controversy, being
Liverpool( England) described as a "monstrous
 Construction started agglomeration of protruding plate
- 1864 glass bubbles”
 Architect
- Peter Ellis
 Its membranous windows are almost an

expression of the open space of the
interior pressing out into the space of
the street.
COAL EXCHANGE
Workplace
COAL EXCHANGE
Principal Area - Cardiff

Country - WALES
Sovereign - U.K
Time - 1883-1886
Architect - Edwin Seward
Building Usage - Official
COAL EXCHANGE
Workplace
 The coal exchange was the daily meeting place for coal and ship owners
and their agents to trade.
COAL EXCHANGE
Principal Area - Cardiff  It was the world hub for the coal trade at the turn of the 20th century,
Country - WALES but its fortunes fell as coal exporting dropped off and the exchange
Sovereign - U.K closed in 1958 .
Time - 1883-1886  Paired Corinthian columns, an oak balcony, and rich wood panelling
Architect - Edwin Seward adorn the trading hall, which was reconstructed by Edwin Seward in 1911.
Building Usage - Official
 It reopened in 2009 and has been used for live music and other events.
 on August 7th 2013, the Coal Exchange is closed indefinitely, due

to building safety issues .
GALLERIA VITTORIO
Marketplace EMANUELE
GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMANUELE
Location - Central Milan
(Italy)
 Time - 1861
 Architect - Giuseppe
Mangoni
 Usage - Oldest Shopping
Mall
GALLERIA VITTORIO
GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMANUELE
(Italy)
 Time - 1861
Mangoni
Mall
GALLERIA VITTORIO
The Galleria is named after Vittorio Emanuele II , the king of the kingdom of Italy.
GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMANUELE
 The structure consists of two glass vaulted arcades intersecting in an octagon
Location - Central Milan covering the street connecting Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Scala.
(Italy)
 Time - 1861  The central octagonal space is topped with a glass dome.
Mangoni  The Milanese Galleria was large in scale and was an important step in the
 Usage - Oldest Shopping evolution of the modern glazed and enclosed shopping mall, of which it was the
Mall direct progenitor.
 It consists of –
- Shops
- Restaurants
 It has inspired the use of the term galleria for many other shopping
arcades and malls.
 The use of the iron structure has inspired also the Eiffel Tower, in Paris.
GALLERIA VITTORIO
GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMANUELE
(Italy)
 Time - 1861
Mangoni
Mall
GALLERIA VITTORIO
GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMANUELE
(Italy)
 Time - 1861
Mangoni
Mall
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele , centered in its palazzo-like façade

GALLERIA VITTORIO
GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMANUELE
(Italy)
 Time - 1861
Mangoni
Mall

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History of Architecture- V

Iron & Steel Technology - II

 The artists showed an interest for the situation of the disadvantage

 Reaction against Neoclassical statism, and exaggerated liberalism and poetic

 Represented ordinary life, problem derived from industrialization.

 The main function was to represent reality.

 They represented common people and their problems as subject.

Millet’s The Gleaners (c. 1857)

Iron opens the Doors……..

Workplace Market Place Cultural Building Religious Building

Oriel Chambers Galleria Vittorio Natural History St. Eugene’s

 Ellis manages to maximize the influx of

 Its membranous windows are almost an

Principal Area - Cardiff

 on August 7th 2013, the Coal Exchange is closed indefinitely, due

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele , centered in its palazzo-like façade

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