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CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT

EXPERIMENT 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Group: 1 Section:
Group members: Lê Thị Hoài Thương BTBCIU19066
Nguyễn Thị Thùy Trang BTBCIU19068
Nguyễn Bình Duy Anh BTBCIU19031
Phan Hồ Hoàng Phước ITDSIU18044

Date: 14/09/2020
Score:
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I/ Introduction
Processed chemical reactions structure new materials on the basis of breaking the chemical
bonds of preliminary reactions to create new substances.In order to research about a chemical
response classification, it's nature and type, as actual of the equation of observation, the first
experiment to the eight experiment chemical reactions and one flame taking a look at we had
been committed to achieve.First of all, to determine whether or not a chemical reaction is taking
area with the aid of starting at more than a few phenomena that can be discolored, formation and
similarly checking out of light.Product discovery and chemical alternate via five kinds of
chemical reactions inclusive of synthesis, decomposition, double conversion and
composition.Finally, we learned the skill of writing and balancing experimental chemical
equations, nonmenclature of inorganic substances.

II/ Objective
• Perform a number sorts of chemical reactions (acid-base, precipitation, fuel generation,
complex formation and oxidation - reduction reactions).
• List some products in these reactions and describe the chemical change.
• Write and decide chemical equations for located reactions.

II/ Equipment and Chemicals

The materials and equipment needed to perform the whole experiment are:
➢ Equipments: -Test tubes -Alcohol lamp
-Test tube rack -Looped wire
-Test tube holders -Distilled water bottle
-Beakers
➢ Chemicals:
− 0.5M CuSO4 − 0.5M KBr
− 2M NaOH − 0.5M KI
− 6M NaOH − 0.1M KI
− 0.1M AgNO3 − 2M NH4OH
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− 3% H2O2 − 0.5M FeCl3

− 2M H2SO4 − 0.5M Al2(SO4)3
− MnO2 − 2M HCl
− Saturated FeSO4 − 0.5M LiCl
− 0.1M NaNO3 − 0.5M NaCl
− 0.1M NaNO2 − 0.5M KCl
− 0.1M KMnO4 − 0.5M CaCl2
− C2H5OH − 0.5M BaCl2
− Concentrated CH3COOH − 0.5M K2Cr2O7
− 0.5M Na2SO3 − 96% H2SO4
− 2M KOH − 2M H2SO4
− 0.5M FeSO4

IV/ Experimental procedure: data and observation

1. Reactions of Cu2+

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation Image

CuS4 + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2

0.5M CuSO4
Formation of blue + Na2SO4
+ 2M NaOH
precipitatation.

the reaction
between 0.5M
CuSO4 2M NaOH
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Formation of blue CuSO4 + 2NH4OH → Cu(OH)2+

precipitaiton. Then the (NH4)2SO4
0.5M CuSO4 precipitation disolved,
+ 2M NH4OH the color changing Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 →
from a sky blue to a [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
deep
the reaction of
0.5M CuSO4 and
2M NH4OH
Process:
First ,add 10 drops of 0.5M CuSO4 into each of three test tubes.After that continued to add 10
drops of 2M NaOH into the first test tube and 2M NH4OH into the second test tube. Finally ,after
a few seconds add 10 drops of 2M NaOH into the first test tube and 2M NH 4OH into the second
test tube.

Analysis:
The Cu2 + feature is that it can react with a blue precipitation forming OH-. (figure 1 & 2)
The Cu(OH)2 solution also reacts with NH4OH to form a complex compound, so that the reaction
2 ends with the dark blue color. (figure 2)
Double displacement reaction takes place when part of one reactant is replaced by part of another.

Figure 1 Figure 2
2. Reactions of silver halides
First, prepared 10 drops of each salt 0.5 M solutions of KCl, KBr, and KI. Then add 10 drops of
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0.1M silver nitrate to each solution. Observed the result. After that we divided each of the
solutions equally into two test tubes labeled # 1-3.1 and # 1-3.2
+Test tube #1-3.1 : no further action , just observe.
+Test tube # 1-3.2 : added 5 drops of 2M NH4OH to each of test tubes.
Wait till the end of the solution and recorded the observation.

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation Image

0.5M KCl Formation of white AgNO3 + KCl → AgCl + KNO3

+ 0.1M AgNO3 precipitation.

The reaction
between 0.5M KCl
and 0.1M AgNO3

0.5M KCl Formation of white AgNO3 + KCl → AgCl +

+ 0.1M AgNO3 precipitation then KNO3
+ 2M NH4OH precipitation
dissapeared forming a AgCl + 2NH4OH →
complex substance. [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + H2O

The reaction of
0.5M KCl and
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0.1M AgNO3 and

2M NH4OH

0.5M KBr Formation of milky- AgNO3 + KBr →AgBr + KNO3

+ 0.1M AgNO3 white percipitation.

The reaction
between 0.5M
KBr and 0.1M
AgNO3

0.5M KBr Milky- white AgNO3+KBr → AgBr + KNO3

+ 0.1M AgNO3 precipitation.
+ 2M NH4OH Then precipitation AgBr + 2NH4OH →
dissapeared forming a [Ag(NH3)2]Br + H2O
complex substance.

The reaction of
0.5M KCl, 0.1M
AgNO3 and 2M
NH4OH
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0.5M KI Form a milky-white AgNO3 + KI → AgI + KNO3

+ 0.1M AgNO3 precipitation

The reaction
between 0.5M KI
and 0.1M AgNO3

0.5M KI Firstly, the solution AgI+2NH4OH →

+ 0.1M AgNO3 and react and form a [Ag(NH3)2]I + H2O
+ 2M NH4OH yellow-white
precipitation. Then the
solution created a
complex substance
The reaction of
0.5M KI, 0.1M
AgNO3 and 2M
NH4OH

Process:
First, prepared 10 drops of each salt 0.5 M solutions of KCl, KBr, and KI. Then add 10
drops of 0.1M silver nitrate to each solution. Observed the result. After that we divided each of
the solutions equally into two test tubes labeled # 1-3.1 and # 1-3.2
+Test tube #1-3.1 : no further action , just observe. (figure 3 & figure 5 & figure 7 )
+Test tube # 1-3.2 : added 5 drops of 2M NH4OH to each of test tubes. (figure 4 &
figure 6 & figure 8)
Wait till the end of the solution and recorded the observation.

Analysis:
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The properties of silver halides are proven in all 3 studies, which is:
+ Forms precipitation as salt reacts. ( figure from 3 to 8)
+ This experiment decides the dynamic compound shaping and precipitation reaction.
(figure 4 & figure 6 & figure 8)

Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5

Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8

3. Reactions of H2O2

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation Image

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0.1M KMnO4 The purple color of 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 →

+ 2M H2SO4 potasium 8H2O + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + K2SO4
+ H2O2 permanganate was
disolved and created
gas.

The reaction of
0.1M KMnO4,
2M H2SO4 and
H2O2

0.1M KI The initial solution 2KI + H2SO4 + H2O2 → K2SO4 +

+ 2M H2SO4 was transparent. After 2H2O + I2
+ H2O2 reacting with H2SO4
and H2O2, the
solution’s color
solution turned into a
yellow-brownish. It
also formed a black
The reaction of
precipitation. 0.1M KI, 2M
H2SO4 and H2O2

H2O2 The solution produce MnO2 + 2H2O2 → MnO2 + O2 +

+ MnO2 heat and release gases. 2H2O

The reaction
between H2O2
and MnO2

Process:
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First, add 5 drops of 0.1 M KMnO4 into a test tube. Then add 5 drops of 2M H2SO4 and 5 drops of
3% H2O2 into the test tube above. Finally, observed the changes in the color and the release of
gases (figure 9) . Using a new test tube which contain 5 drops of 0.1 M KI solution, we added 5
drops of 2 M H2SO4 to acidify the KI. Then, we added 5 drops of 3 % H 2O2 solution and had an
observation (figure 10) . In the third reaction, adding a “pinch” of solid MnO 2 into 1 mL of 3 %
H2O2 solution. Then, we observed the released gas from the tube (figure 11) .

Analysis:
H2O2 plays roles as an oxidizing agent and enters the trade election redox reaction, resulting in a
shift in the amount of oxidation.

Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11

4.Reaction of Nitrate
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

1M NaNO3 The transparent • 4 NaNO3+ 2 FeSO4+ 6 H2SO4 → 3 Fe2(SO4)3 +

+ FeSO4 solution turns to yellow- 4 H2O + Na2SO4+ 2 NO↑
brown and has a brown
+ concentrated • 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2↑
gas release
H2SO4
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The clear solution turns

1M NaNO2 dark green. Then the • NaNO2+ FeSO4+ H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 NO↑
+ FeSO4 dark green solution + Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
+ concentrated slowly turns a light • 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2↑
H2SO4 yellow color, release
brown gas

The transparent solution

turns opaque white and
1M NaNO3 separated into 2 layers,
+ FeSO4 with a white opaque NaNO3 + 2 FeSO4 + 6 CH3COOH → NaNO2 + 2
+ concentrated layer floating above and (CH3COO)3Fe + 2 SO3 ↑ + H2O
CH3COOH below the milky white
solution and colorless
gas escapes

Comments:
1. The reaction between the three substances NaNO 3, FeSO4 and concentrated H2SO4 is the
redox reaction in which Fe2+ is the reducing agent and NO3- the oxidizing agent. Through
the equation we can see that after reacting with concentrated H2SO4, the transparent liquid
turns yellow brown and NO2 (brown gas) is released like Figure 12.

Figure 12: The reaction of 1M NaNO3, FeSO4 and

concentrated H2SO4
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2. The reaction between the three substances NaNO 3, FeSO4 and concentrated H2SO4 is the
redox reaction in which Fe2+ is the reducing agent and NO3- the oxidizing agent. The
transparent liquid turns dark green. Then the dark green solution slowly turns to light yellow
color and has a brown gas (NO2) release showed in Figure 13.

Figure 13: The reaction of 1M NaNO2, FeSO4 and

concentrated H2SO4

3. The reaction between the three substances NaNO3, FeSO4 and CH3COOH is the redox
reaction in which Fe2 + is the reducing agent and NO3- the oxidizing agent. After
interacting with CH3COOH, the transparent solution turns opaque white and separated into
2 layers, with a white opaque layer floating above and below the milky white solution and
colorless gas escapes showed in Figure 14.

Figure 14: The reaction of 1M NaNO3, FeSO4 and

concentrated CH3COOH
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5. Reactions of KMnO4:

The initial liquid was colorless.

After adding KMnO4 drop and
drop into this liquid, its purple
0.5M Na2SO3
color was disapeared
+ 2M H2SO4
immediately. And the solution 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5Na2SO3→ 2MnSO4 +
+ 0.1M KMnO4
changed into a transparent K2SO4 + 3H2O + 5Na2SO4
solution.

The solution’s color changed into

0.5M Na2SO3
dark green. When we shaked the 2KMnO4 + 2NaOH + Na2SO3 → K2MnO4 + Na2MnO4 +
+ 6N NaOH
test tube, it became darker and Na2SO4 + H2O
+ 0.1M KMnO4
turned into a brown solution.

2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3 + H2O → 2MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 +

0.5M Na2SO3 After reaction, the solution
2KOH
+ H2O turned into dark gold. Then, it
+ 0.1M KMnO4 formed a dark brown precipitate.

Comments:
a. The reaction of Na2SO3, H2SO4, and KMnO4 is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. In this
experiment, KMnO4 is an oxidizing agent because of the highest oxidation number +7 of Mn and
Na2SO3 acts as a reducing agent. KMnO4 is formed into salt Mn2+ in an acidic environment (H+). The
result is that we can see the solution changed color from purple to colorless which is shown in
figure15
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Figure 15: The reaction of 0.5M Na2SO3, 2M H2SO4 and 0.1M KMnO4

b. oxidizing agent because of the highest oxidation number +7 of Mn and Na2SO3 is reducing agent.
KMnO4 is reduced to K2MnO4 in a basic environment (OH-). The result is that we can see the solution
turned into brown which is shown in figure16

Figure 16: The reaction of 0.5M Na2SO3, 6N NaOH and 0.1M KMnO4

c. The reaction of Na2SO3, H2O, and KMnO4 is a redox reaction. In this experiment, KMnO4 acts as an
oxidizing agent because of the highest oxidation number +7 of Mn and Na2SO3 is reducing agent.
KMnO4 is reduced to MnO2 in a neutral environment (H2O). The result is that we can see a dark
brown precipitate is formed in test tube which is shown in figure17

Figure 17: The reaction of 0.5M Na2SO3, H2O and 0.1M KMnO4
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6. Reactions of Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

2M K2Cr2O7 2K2Cr2O7 + 3C2H5OH + 8H2SO4 →

The solution’s color turned
+ 6M H2SO4 3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 11H2O
from yellow-orange into
+ C2H5OH
dark green.

Comments:
The reaction of K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, and C2H5OH is a redox reaction. In this experiment, K2Cr2O7 is an
oxidizing agent because the oxidation number +6 of Cr changed into +3. In C2H5OH, C has the oxidation
number -1, oxidized by K2Cr2O7. Therefore, C2H5OH is a reducing agent. The oxidation number -1 of C
changed into +1. The result is that we can see the liquid’s color turned from yellow-orange into the dark
green is formed by salt Cr3+ which is shown in figure18

Figure 18: The reaction of 2M K2Cr2O7, 6M H2SO4 and C2H5OH

7A. Reactions of Fe3+

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M FeCl3 + 0.1M Formed a blood –
FeCl3 + 3KSCN → Fe(SCN)3 + 3KCl
KSCN red complexing
Formed a reddish
0.5M FeCl3 + 2M KOH FeCl3 + 3KOH → Fe(OH)3↓ + 3KCl
brown precipitate
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Formed a
0.5M FeCl3 + 0.5M
Prussian blue 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl
K4[Fe(CN)6]
precipitate
0.5M FeCl3 + 2M Formed a reddish
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH → Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl
NH4OH brown precipitate
Comments:
All of these experiments, 10 drops 0.5M FeCl3 were added into per test tube. The initial liquid was
yellow – brown in color.
1) Continued to add more 5 drops 0.1M KSCN into the first test tube.

Figure 19: The reaction between 0.5M FeCl3 and 0.1M KSCN
The reaction between FeCl3 and KSCN in figure 1 formed the complex ion, [FeSCN]2+ which was
red like blood. This type of reaction is complex compound forming.
2) Continued to add more 5 drops 2M KOH into the second test tube.

Figure 20: The reaction between 0.5M FeCl3 and 2M KOH

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The reaction between FeCl3 and KOH in figure 2 formed a reddish brown precipitate Fe(OH) 3
which was insoluble in water. This is a reaction that creates a precipitate between the combination
of two ions Fe3+ and OH-.
3) Continued to add more 5 drops 0.5M K4[Fe(CN)6] into the third test tube.

Figure 21: The reation between 0.5M FeCl3 and 0.5M K4[Fe(CN)6]
The reaction between FeCl3 and K4[Fe(CN)6] in figure 3 formed the complex Prussian blue
precipitate, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3. This type of reaction is complex compound forming.
4) Continued to add more 5 drops 2M NH4OH into the last test tube.

Figure 22: The reaction between 0.5M FeCl3 and 2M NH4OH

The reaction between FeCl3 and NH4OH in figure 4 formed a reddish brown precipitate Fe(OH)3
like the experiment 2. Fe(OH)3 is the insoluble base formed after the reaction. This is a
precipitation reaction.
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7B. Reactions of Fe2+

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M FeSO4 + Formed a red – orange
FeSO4 + 2KSCN → Fe(SCN)2 + K2SO4
0.1M KSCN complexing
0.5M FeSO4 + Formed a dirty –
FeSO4 + 2KOH → Fe(OH)2↓ + K2SO4
2M KOH green precipitate
0.5M FeSO4 + Formed a complex
0.5M white – green 2FeSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe2[Fe(CN)6]↓ + 2K2SO4
K4[Fe(CN)6] precipitate
0.5M FeSO4 + Formed a dirty –
FeSO4 + 2NH4OH → Fe(OH)2↓ + (NH4)2SO4
2M NH4OH green precipitate
Comments:
All of these experiments, 10 drops 0.5M FeSO4 were added into per test tube. The initial liquid
was light green in color.
1) Continued to add more 5 drops 0.1M KSCN into the first test tube.

Figure 23: The reaction between 0.5M FeSO4 and 0.1M KSCN
The reaction between FeSO4 and KSCN in figure 5 formed the red – orange complex Fe(SCN)2.
This type of reaction is complex compound forming.
2) Continued to add more 5 drops 2M KOH into the second test tube.

Figure 24: The reaction between 0.5M FeSO4 and 2M KOH

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The reaction between FeSO4 and KOH in figure 6 formed a dirty green precipitate Fe(OH)2 which
was insoluble in water. This is a reaction that creates a precipitate between the combination of two
ions Fe2+ and OH-.
3) Continued to add more 5 drops 0.5M K4[Fe(CN)6] into the third test tube.

Figure 25: The reaction between 0.5M FeSO4 and 0.5M K4[Fe(CN)6]
The reaction between FeSO4 and K4[Fe(CN)6] in figure 7 formed the complex white – green
precipitate, Fe2[Fe(CN)6]. This type of reaction is complex compound forming.
4) Continued to add more 5 drops 2M NH4OH into the last test tube.

Figure 26: The reaction between 0.5M FeSO4 and 2M NH4OH

The reaction between FeSO4 and NH4OH in figure 8 formed a dirty green precipitate Fe(OH)2 like
the experiment 2. Fe(OH)2 is the insoluble base formed after the reaction. This is a precipitation
reaction.

Reactions of Al3+
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M Al2(SO4)3 Formed a colloidal white
Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH → 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3Na2SO4
+ 2M NaOH precipitate
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At first, the reaction formed

a colloidal white precipitate.
0.5M Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH → 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3Na2SO4
Then, the precipitate
+ 2M NaOH + Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 dissolved upon
2M HCl
addition of HCl and liquid
became transparent.
At first, the reaction formed
a colloidal white precipitate.
0.5M Al2(SO4)3
Then, the precipitate Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH → 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3Na2SO4
+ 2M NaOH +
Al(OH)3 dissolved upon Al(OH)3 + NaOH → Na[Al(OH)4]
2M NaOH
addition of excess naoh and
liquid became transparent.

Comments:
We had 3 test tubes in this experiment. Firstly, 10 drops 0.5M Al2(SO4)3 were added into per test
tube. The initial liquid was a clear colorless aqueous solution.
1) Continued to add more 5 drops 2M NaOH into the first test tube.

Figure 27: The reaction between 0.5M Al2(SO4)3 and 2M NaOH

The reaction between Al2(SO4)3 and NaOH in figure 9 formed a colloidal white precipitate
Al(OH)3 which was insoluble in water. This is a reaction that creates a precipitate between the
combination of two ions Al3+ and OH-.

2) Continued to add more 5 drops 2M NaOH into the second test tube. After that, pouring 20
drops 2M HCl into this test tube.
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Figure 28: The reaction between 0.5M Al2(SO4)3, 2M NaOH and 2M HCl
The reaction between Al2(SO4)3 and NaOH formed a colloidal white precipitate Al(OH)3 which
was exactly the same as experiment above. Then, the precipitate Al(OH)3 dissolved when we added
more HCl because ion H+ and OH- combined making acid – base reaction. The final liquid became
transparent (Figure 10).
3) Continued to add more 5 drops 2M NaOH into the last test tube. After that, pouring 20
drops 2M NaOH into this test tube.

Figure 29: The reaction between 0.5M Al2(SO4)3, 2M NaOH and pouring more 2M NaOH

The reaction between Al2(SO4)3 and NaOH formed a colloidal white precipitate Al(OH)3 which
was exactly the same as experiment in figure 9. Then, the precipitate Al(OH)3 dissolved when we
added more NaOH because Al(OH)3 and ion OH- combined making complex compound
[Al(OH)4]-. The final liquid became transparent (Figure 11).
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9. Flame test:

Solution Dominant Wavelength Frequency Photon

flame color (m) -1 energy (J)
(s )

LiCl Red 701 x 10-9 4.28 x 1014 2.84 x 10-19

NaCl Yellow 587 x 10-9 5.11 x 1014 3.39 x 10-19

KCl Blue-violet 455 x 10-9 6.6 x 1014 4.37 x 10-19

CaCl2 Orange 609 x 10-9 4.93 x 1014 3.26 x 10-19

BaCl2 Yellow-green 577 x 10-9 5.2 x 1014 3.45 x 10-19

Comments:
The flame test is a method used to qualitatively check for the presence of certain metals in chemical
compounds. When a compound is heated in the flame, the metal ions will begin to emit light. Different
metals will give different flame colors. We used 2 formula ((1) and (2)) to calculate the data in the table
above.

Data Calculation
According to the formula: C= 𝜆 x 𝓋 (1)
For the NaCl
The frequency of NaCl when hold it in Bunsen burner flame:
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v= C/ 𝜆 = 3x108 / 587x10-9 = 5.11 x 1014 (s-1)

The Photon energy of LiCl:
E= h x v (2) = 6.626 x 10-34 x 5.11 x 1014 = 3.39 x 10-19 (J)
Applying the same for the rest subtances.

V/ Conclusion
In this experimental lab we have the opportunity to examine adjustments in one of a kind type of
response and the properties of some frequent element just as its characteristic in the special
reaction. Each response type has its very own unique nature and can be determined through the
post-reaction adjustments and theoretically.
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