MITOCHONDRIA

BY- AKSHITA NAUTIYAL

KASHYAP PANCHAL
Yogesh Vishwakarma
What is it?
 They are the organelle responsible for the production of ATP through
cellular respiration.
 This process uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a waste
product.
 In addition, one of their function is to generate cluster of iron & sulfur
that are important co-factors for enzymes.

MOST CONCENTRATION OF
NO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA

Liver and muscle cells Red Blood Cells

STRUCTURE…
 They are double membrane bound organelle with
their own DNA and ribosomes.
 Outer Membrane- covers the organelle, freely
permeable.
Inner Membrane- contains extensive folding
called cristae.
Intermembrane – space between outer & inner
membrane. Contains cytoplasm.
Matrix- within the Inner Membrane. Contains
various proteins and enzymes.
ORIGIN…
 Unique because it has its own DNA, Ribosomes, tRNA and most
importantly undergoes division by itself to produce more copies. It
cannot be formed during cell division like other organelle.

SO WHAT DOES THIS LOOK LIKE TO YOU??

 Hypothesis- Endosymbiosis
 Mitochondria might have been a free living prokaryote engulfed by a
larger eukaryote.
Respiratory Equation
Citric Acid Cycle
 A chemical pathway by which the living cells produce energy. It occurs in
the matrix.
 Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or the kreb’s cycle.
 Pyruvate (the product of glycolysis: which occurs in the cytosol), enters the
mitochondrial matrix where it gets converted into acetyl co-enzyme A
(oxidative decarboxylation).
 Acetyl Co-enzyme A (2C): enters the citric acid cycle, which starts with the
condensation of Acetyl Co-enzyme A with Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA: 3C).
 It then forms Citric acid (6C), the first product of this cycle. This is why this
cycle is known as the citric acid cycle or Tricarboxylic acid cycle (since it
has 3 carboxylic groups).
 THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

Overview of the kreb’s cycle for 1 molecule of pyruvic NADP FADH2 GTP
TOTAL ATP FORMED*
acid. FORMED FORMED FORMED

Acetyl co-enzyme A (2C) + OAA (4C) CITRIC ACID(6C)

Citric acid (6C) isomerization ISOCITRIC ACID (6C)

Isocitric acid (6C) α-ketoglutaric acid (5C) *CO2 is

released 1 3

α-ketoglutaric acid (5C) Succinic acid (4C) *CO2 is

released 1 1 4

Succinic acid (4C) malic acid (4C) 1 2

Malic acid (4C) OAA (4C) 1 3

• *1 NADP= 3ATP
• *1 FADH2= 2ATP =3 =1 =1 =12
• *1 GTP= 1 ATP
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
 The electron transport chain is the final
component of aerobic respiration and is the
only part of glucose metabolism that uses
atmospheric oxygen.
 Electrons are passed rapidly from one
component to the next to the endpoint of the
chain, where the electrons reduce molecular
oxygen, producing water.
 Simultaneously the movement of electrons
(due to oxidation of NADH & FADH) causes the
outward movement of Protons (H+) from the
inner membrane to the Intermembrane.
 Thus making a chemical gradient of Protons
(H+) .
Chemiosmosis
 Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across
a selectively permeable membrane, down
their electrochemical gradient.
 The electrons cause conformation changes in
the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across
a selectively permeable cell membrane.
 Thus forming an electrochemical gradient.
 This is gradient is dissolved by pumping back
H+ into the matrix by a protein called ATP
synthase.
 The movement of H+ across the protein causes
the formation of ATP from ADP & iP.
 Why ATP synthase?
 H+ ions cannot pass through the non-polar
bi-lipid layer of the inner membrane, thus
they require ion channels or proteins to
help them pass through.
 ATP synthase helps to diffuse the protons
as well as produce ATP in the same
process.
Mitochondrial
Disease
 This diseases occurs due to failure of
Mitochondria.
 Its dysfunction causes failure in
production of energy necessary to
sustain life.
 Primarily occurs in children.
 The entire body system can fail, if the
process happens throughout the body.
 Symptoms include : loss of motor
control, muscle weakness, poor
growth, respiratory illness,
susceptibility to other diseases.
 (1) 1 Glucose molecule produces how many ATP (6) Contains Enzymes and Proteins

(2) Inner mitochondrial membrane (7) 12 ATP

(3) ATP synthase (4) 6 CO2

(4) 1 glucose molecule produces how many CO2 molecules (8) 3 CO2

(5) No. of ATP produced between the oxidation of Pyruvic acid (1)
38 ATP
to reformation of OAA (formation of acetyl CoA + Kerbs cycle)

(2)
(6) Matrix of mitochondria Electron Transport Chain

(7) Krebs cycle produces how many ATP (5) 15ATP

(8) Total no. of CO2 produced from 1 molecule of Pyruvic Acid (3) Diffusion of H+ ions