Chapter 3: The Atomic Theory List ALL Basic Questions

Chapter 3: The Atomic Theory
List ALL
Basic Questions
Basic Question 1
3.2.3 Know the meaning of a given molecular formula with a coefficient G
a) Explain what each letter and digit means in the expression 3 H2SO4.
3.2.3 Read a given reaction in terms of molecules and atoms G
b) Explain this equation in words: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.
3.2.3 Be able to give the atomicity of a given substance G
c) What is the atomicity of:

Ne
NO
HCl
NH3
CH4
CO2
Basic Question 2
3.4.3 Given chemical or molecular formula, find simplest formulas T
Give the simplest formula of each of the following:

a) Benzene, C6H6
b) Ethane, C2H6
c) Sodium nitrate, NaNO3
d) Sand, SiO2
e) Vinegar, CH3COOH
f) Fructose, C6H12O6
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 1

Basic Question 3
3.4.4 Know how to name a given binary cmpd from its formula and vice G
versa
I. Write the formula of:

a) Sulphur dioxide
b) Phosphorus pentachloride
c) Dinitrogen pentoxide
II. Give the name of:

a) HI
b) CCl4
c) NO2
Basic Question 4
3.5.3 Know the mass in amu of a given atom G
a) What is the mass of an atom of silver in amu?
3.5.3 Know the mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms of a given element G
b) What is the mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms of silver in grams?
3.5.3 Know the mass of 1 mole of a given element G
c) What is the mass of 1 mole of silver in grams?
Basic Question 5
3.5.3 find number of moles and number of atoms in a given mass of a T, G

substance
How many moles and how many atoms are present in 11.5 g of sodium?
Basic Question 6
3.5.4 Calculate # of moles, molecules and atoms in a given mass of a T, G

substance
a) How many (a) moles (b) molecules and (c) atoms are present in 2.00 g of oxygen?
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 2

3.5.4 Calculate # of moles and mass of a given # of molecules of a TG
substance
b) How many moles do 3.01 × 1023 molecules of H2S represent? (b) What is the mass of the given
quantity?
Basic Question 7
3.5.4 Find # of molecules and number of atoms of a given # of moles

of substance
Calculate the number of molecules and atoms in 1.5 moles of F2?
Basic Question 8
3.5.4 Find # of moles and # of molecules of a given volume of a substance atSTP TG
How many moles are contained in 1120 cm3 of methane CH4 at STP, and how many molecules do they
contain?
Basic question 9
3.5.4 Compare # of atoms in given masses of two elements _
Which has more atoms, 4.0 g of Ca or 3.0 g of Mg?
Basic Question 10
3.5.4 Given molar mass and simplest formula, find molecular formula T, G
a) A compound has a molar mass of 78 g/mol. If its simplest formula is CH, find its molecular formula.
3.5.4 Given simplest formula, find molar mass
b) A compound of hydrogen, chlorine and carbon has a simplest formula of CClH2. If in one of its
molecules there are two carbon atoms, find its molar mass.
Basic Question 11
3.5.4 Find mass of an element in a compound from the m of the -

compound
Find the mass of carbon present in 0.92 g of ethanol, C2H5OH.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 3

Basic Question 12
3.7 Given masses of equal volumes of two gases at same P, find ratio of their _
molar masses: Avogadro’s hypothesis
At the same conditions of temperature and pressure, 1 dm3 of a gas S has a mass of 1.5 g, while 1 dm3 of
gas T has a mass of 1.4 g. Find the ratio of the molecular masses of the two gases.
Basic Question 15
3.7 Given m of different volumes of two gases at same t and P,and formula _
of one gas, find molar mass of other gas
At the same conditions of temperature and pressure, 5.0 dm3 of a gas of molecular formula C2H2, has a
mass of 15 g, while 1.0 dm3 of gas D has a mass of 1.4 g. What is the molar mass of gas D?
Basic Question 13
3.7 Calculate the mass of a given volume of gas 1 from the mass of the same -
V of another gas 2 measured at the same P and T
A flask of gaseous C2H2 was weighed at a measured temperature and pressure. The weight of the gas
was determined to be 1.50g. The flask was then flushed and filled with nitrogen at the same temperature
and pressure. Find the mass of the nitrogen in the flask.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 4

Sample Questions
3.1 Qualitative properties of some Gases
Sample Question 1
Qualitative properties of gases studied: color
Two of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, are colored. Identify them and name the color.
Sample Question 2
Qualitative properties of gases studied: Reaction with air
Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, one reacts with cold air, a second explodes when a lit
splint is introduced to it in air and a third gas makes the glowing splint catch fire. These three gases
respectively are …
Sample Question 3
Qualitative properties of gases: Effect on litmus paper
Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, one turns wet red litmus blue and a second turns wet blue
litmus red, and a third gas “bleaches” litmus paper. Name the three gases.
Sample Question 4
Qualitative properties of gases: solubility in water
Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, which are very soluble in water?
Summary for Sample Questions 1 - 4
NO2 Cl2 O2 H2 NH3

Color
Solubility in water
Action on a glowing splint
Effect on wet litmus paper
3.2 Quantitative behavior of gases

3.2.1 Pressure-volume behavior of gases
3.2.2 Law of combining volumes for gases
Sample Question 5
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 5
Ratio in which gases react
Gay-Lussac generalized that when gases react,

a) they do so in fixed ratios that could not be simplified into small number ratios.
b) some react in the ratio of small whole numbers, while others reacted in fixed ratios that could not
be simplified into small number ratios.
c) they always do so in ratios of small whole numbers.
3.2.3 Avogadro’s hypothesis
Sample Question 6
Avogadro’s hypothesis
Avogadro’s hypothesis states that:

a) gases always react in whole-number ratios.
b) equal volumes of different gases have equal masses, at the same temperature and pressure.
c) equal volumes of different gases have equal number of particles, at the same temperature and
pressure.
Sample Question 7
Given volumes reaction ratio, find ratio by molecules
At 200°C, one volume of oxygen gas combines with two volumes of hydrogen gas to form two volumes
of steam. From these data and Avogadro's Hypothesis, how many molecules of hydrogen combine with
one molecule of oxygen, and how many molecules of steam are produced?
Sample Question 8
Dalton's atomic theory
a) What is the statement of Dalton’s atomic theory?

b) What are the simplest substances in nature called?
c) What do we call the particles formed when different atoms combine?
d) What do elements form when they combine?
e) How can atoms be created? How can atoms be destroyed?
Writing chemical equations
Sample Question 9
Assumptions needed for Avogadro’s hypothesis to apply
If Avogadro’s hypothesis is correct, which of the following assumptions is necessary?

a) At least some gaseous elements are diatomic.
b) Atoms may react in whole number ratios other than one to one.
c) Atoms can react in ratios that cannot be simplified to whole number ratios.
Atomicity
Sample Question 10
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 6
Know the meaning of atomicity
What is meant by the atomicity of a molecule?
3.3 Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

3.3.1 Pure substances: elements and compounds
Operational and conceptual definitions
Sample Question 11
Know the meaning of “operational definition”
An operational definition defines a term through

a) actions you can perform in the laboratory.
b) arithmetical operations and symbols.
c) theoretical concepts.
Sample Question 12
Know the meaning of “conceptual definition”
A conceptual definition defines a term through

Sample Question 13
Know the operational definition of a pure substance
How do you recognize a pure substance?
Sample Question 14
Know the conceptual definition of a pure substance (one type of particle)
How do we explain the behavior of a pure substance, i.e. what conceptual explanation do we give?
Identifying pure substances
Sample Question 15
Know how to identify a pure substance
How do you identify a given pure substance? (e.g. to know whether it is water or alcohol).
Pure substances can be either elements or compound
Sample Question 16
Know that a pure substance can be either an element or a compound
Which of the following is a pure substance?

a) Gold (jewelry gold is not a pure substance)
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 7
b) Milk
c) Water
d) Seawater
e) Sand.
Sample Question 17
The conceptual definition of a compound
What is the conceptual definition of a compound?
Sample Question 18
The operational definition of a compound
What is the operational definition of a compound?
Sample Question 19
Recognize a compound which is not made up of molecules
What is an example of a compound not made up of molecules?

a) Sodium
b) Water
c) Table salt (NaCl, sodium chloride)
d) HCl
e) Oxygen.
Sample Question 20
The operational definition of an element
What is the operational definition of an element?
Sample Question 21
The conceptual definition of an element
What is the conceptual definition of an element?
3.3.2 Mixtures
Sample Question 22
Give an example of a heterogeneous substance
Which of the following is a heterogeneous substance?

a) Cola drink (if freshly open)
b) Cola drink (after a while)
c) Air.
d) Table sugar.
e) Whole-grain bread.
f) Sand
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 8

Sample Question 23
Give an example of a homogeneous substance
Which of the following is NOT a homogeneous substance?

a) Sand.
b) Talcum powder.
c) Salt solution.
d) White flour.
Sample Question 24
Categorize substances as mixtures or pure substances
Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

a) Cola drink.
b) Air
c) Solid carbon dioxide.
d) Bread.
e) Flour
f) Hydrogen gas
g) Sea water
h) Orange juice
i) Zinc metal
Sample Question 25
Categorize substances as elements or compounds
Classify each of the following pure substances as element or compound:

a) Nitrogen dioxide gas.
b) Helium gas.
c) Liquid bromine.
d) Pure gold.
e) Water
f) Table salt (NaCl)
g) Table sugar (C6H12O6)
3.4 Chemical Representations

3.4.1 Symbols for atoms and elements
Sample Question 26
Recognize the symbols H, O, N, C, Cl, Na, Mg, Ca, Si, P, S
What is the symbol for

a) sodium
b) carbon
c) magnesium
d) phosphorus
e) chlorine
f) scandium
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 9
g) sulfur
3.4.2 Chemical and molecular formulas

Chemical formula
Sample Question 27
Know what chemical formula means
Which of the following is true of a chemical formula?
Molecular formula
Sample Question 28
Recognize molecular formulas
Which of the following compounds has a molecular formula? In these cases, what is it? In case there is
no molecular formula, why not?
a) gaseous ethane (dicarbon hexahydride C2H6)
b) KCl.
c) Na solid.
3.4.3 Simplest formula
Sample Question 29
Know what simplest formula means
Which of the following is true of a simplest formula?

a) In the case of compounds it is also known as the molecular formula.
b) In the case of molecular compounds it gives the simplest ratio in which the atoms are found
together.
c) In the case of salt it gives the simplest ratio in which the ions are found together.
Sample Question 30
Find the simplest formula from the chemical formula
Which of the following gives the WRONG simplest formula?

a) Sodium Chloride: NaCl
b) Glucose (C6H12O6): CH2O
c) Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 (the correct simplest formula is NO2)
d) Nitrogen dioxide: NO2
e) Benzene, C6H6 : CH
Sample Question 31
Know the meaning of empirical formula
The simplest formula of ethane is CH3. Find its empirical formula.

Which of the following is true about the empirical formula?
a) It is the same as the molecular formula.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 10
b) It is the same as the simplest formula.
c) It shows the structure of the atoms in the molecule.
3.4.4 Naming binary compounds

3.4.5 Structural formulas and atomic models
Chemical bonds and their representations
Sample Question 32
Representation of a chemical bond
On paper, how do we represent a chemical bond?
Structural formulas
Sample Question 33
What a structural formula shows
What does the structural formula of a compound show? Explain by showing the difference between the
chemical and structural formulas of water.
Sample Question 34
Recognizing a structural formula
Which of the formulas below is a structural formula?

C2H6, (CH)3, 2O2, H⎯Be⎯H, H⎯ N ⎯ H
Molecular models
Sample Question 35
What molecular models are
What are molecular models? They are

a) tiny representations of molecules.
b) balls representing atoms, joined together by sticks or springs.
c) structures drawn on paper to show how atoms in a molecule are connected together.
Sample Question 36
What molecular models show that structural formulas do not
Why do we use three dimensional models instead of only using structural formulas?
a) So we can visualize shapes in three dimensions.
b) To show on a large scale what molecules really look like.
c) So that teachers have something to show to students.
3.4.6 Extending the particle model to liquids and solids
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 11

Sample Question 37
Particles of matter in liquids and solids
Which of the following hypotheses is accepted by scientists?

a) When a gas becomes a liquid or solid, all particles melt together into one larger particle or
object.
b) In a liquid or solid, particles are very close together so an object cannot be compressed any
further, whereas in the gaseous state particles have a lot of empty space between them.
c) In a liquid or a gas, particles are free to move with respect to each other, but in a solid, particles
are locked in specific positions.
3.5 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole Concept

3.5.1 The mole
Sample Question 38
What a mole is
a) What is a mole?
b) What is Avogadro's number?
c) What is the number of molecules in 22.4 dm3 of an ideal gas at 0°C and 1 atmosphere pressure?
3.5.2 The atomic mass unit
Sample Question 39
Defining the amu
The amu is defined as

a) 1/12 of the mass of an atom of C-12 (an isotope of carbon)
b) the mass of an atom of C-12 (an isotope of carbon)
c) the mass of one gram of C-12 (an isotope of carbon)
d) the mass of one gram of any material
e) the mass of 22.4 dm3 of C-12 at 0°C and 1 atm.
Sample Question 40
The relation between a gram and the amu
Give the relation between a gram and an amu.
Sample Question 41
Find the mass of one atom in grams
Find the mass of 1 atom of oxygen in grams.
3.5.3 Meaning of atomic mass
Sample Question 42
Meaning of the atomic mass of an element
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 12
The atomic mass of iron, Fe, is 56. We can conclude that:
a) 1 atom of Fe has a mass of 56 amu
b) 1 mole of Fe has a mass of 56 amu
c) 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Fe have a mass of 56 g
d) Mass of Fe atom relative to C-12 atom is 56 to 12
Sample Question 43
Table of atomic masses gives RELATIVE masses of atoms
The table of atomic masses gives the relative masses of atoms. Relative to what?
3.5.4 Molecular mass and molar mass
Sample Question 44
Find the molecular mass of a compound
Find the molecular mass of the following compound.

a) H2SO4
b) C2H6
c) CO2
Sample Question 45
Find the mass of one mole of a compound
Find the mass of one mole of the following compound.

a) H2O
b) NaCl
c) H3PO4
Sample Question 46
Find the molar mass of a compound
Find the molar mass of the following compound.

a) H2S
b) C2H2Cl2
c) SO2
3.6 Experiments on mole ratios

3.6.1 Reaction of copper with silver nitrate
Sample Question 47
Observation when copper wire is immersed in silver nitrate solution
A copper wire is immersed in silver nitrate solution. Describe what you observe.
3.6.2 Investigating the copper nitrate solution

Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 13
3.6.3 More mass relationships
3.7 Determining relative molecular masses of gases
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 14

List ALL
Basic Questions
Basic Question 1
3.2.3 Know the meaning of a given molecular formula with a coefficient G
a) Explain what each letter and digit means in the expression 3 H2SO4.
3 separate molecules of H2SO4, each molecule containing 2 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atom of
sulphur and 4 atoms of oxygen chemically bonded together.
3.2.3 Read a given reaction in terms of molecules and atoms G
b) Read this equation in words: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.

Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to give 2 molecules of water.
Or two moles of hydrogen react with one mole of oxygen to give 2 moles of water.
3.2.3 Be able to give the atomicity of a given substance G
c) What is the atomicity of:

Ne 1
NO 2
HCl 2
NH3 4
CH4 5
CO2 3
Basic Question 2
3.4.3 Given chemical or molecular formula, find simplest formulas T
Give the simplest formula of each of the following:

a) Benzene, C6H6 CH
b) Ethane, C2H6 CH3
c) Sodium nitrate, NaNO3 NaNO3
d) Sand, SiO2 SiO2
e) Vinegar, CH3COOH CH2O
f) Fructose, C6H12O6 CH2O
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 1

Basic Question 3
3.4.4 Know how to name a given binary cmpd from its formula and vice G
versa

a) Sulphur dioxide SO2
b) Phosphorus pentachloride PCl5
c) Dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5

a) HI Hydrogen iodide
b) CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
c) NO2 nitrogen dioxide
Basic Question 4
3.5.3 Know the mass in amu of a given atom G
a) What is the mass of an atom of silver in amu? 108 amu
3.5.3 Know the mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms of a given element G
b) What is the mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms of silver in grams? 108 g
3.5.3 Know the mass of 1 mole of a given element G
c) What is the mass of 1 mole of silver in grams? 108 g
Basic Question 5
3.5.3 find number of moles and number of atoms in a given mass of a T, G

substance
How many moles and how many atoms are present in 11.5 g of sodium?
Given: mNa = 11.5 g R.T.F: nNa and # of atoms of Na
m 11.5
n= = 0.500 moles
M 23
Number of atoms = number of molecules × atomicity

= number of moles × 6×1023 × atomicity
= 0.500 × 6×1023 × 1 = 3.00 ×1023 atoms.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 2
Basic Question 6
3.5.4 Calculate # of moles, molecules and atoms in a given mass of a T, G

substance
Given: m of oxygen = 2.00 g R.T.F:
n, # of molecules, # of atoms
m 2.0
a) n = = = 0.0625moles
M 32
b) Number of molecules = number of moles × 6 ×1023= 3.75 ×1022 molecules
c) Number of atoms = number of molecules × atomicity = 3.75 ×1022× 2 = 7.50 ×1022 atoms
3.5.4 Calculate # of moles and mass of a given # of molecules of a TG

substance
quantity?
Given: 3.01 × 1023 molecules of H2S R.T.F: n, and m
number of molecules 3.01 x 1023

Number of moles = = = 0.500 moles
6.02 x 1023 6.02 x 1023
m = n × M = 0.500×(2 + 32) = 17.0g
Basic Question 7
3.5.4 Find # of molecules and number of atoms of a given # of moles

of substance
Calculate the number of molecules and atoms in 1.5 moles of F2?

Given: 1.5 moles of F2 R.T.F: # of molecules and # of atoms
Number of molecules = number of moles × 6.0×1023

= 1.5 × 6.0×1023= 9.0 ×1023 molecules.
Number of atoms = number of molecules × atomicity =9.0 ×1023 × 2 = 1.8×1024 atoms.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 3

Basic Question 8
3.5.4 Find # of moles and # of molecules of a given volume of a substance atSTP TG
How many moles are contained in 1120 cm3 of methane CH4 at STP, and how many molecules do they
contain?
Given: V of CH4 = 1120 cm3 at STP R.T.F: n, # of molecules
1.00 dm 3 V 1.120
V = 1120× 3
= 1.120 dm 3 n= = = 0.05000 moles
1000 cm 22.4 22.4
Number of molecules = number of moles × 6.0 ×1023 = 3.000 ×1022 molecules
Basic question 9
3.5.4 Compare # of atoms in given masses of two elements _
Which has more atoms, 4.0 g of Ca or 3.0 g of Mg?

Given: mCa = 4.0 g and mMg = 3.0 g R.T.F: Which has more atoms?
𝒎 𝟒.𝟎 𝒎 𝟑.𝟎
nCa = 𝑴 = = 0.10 mole nMg = 𝑴 = = 0.125 mole
𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟒
nMg > nCa  3.0 g of Mg has more atoms than 4.0 g of Ca.
IF QUESTION REQUIRES FINDING THE NUMBER OF ATOMS OF EACH THEN:

𝒎 𝟒.𝟎 𝒎 𝟑.𝟎
nCa = 𝑴 = = 0.10 mole nMg = 𝑴 = = 0.125 mole
𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟒
number of Ca atoms = nCa × NA = (0.10)(6.0×1023) = 6.0 × 1022 atoms

number of Mg atoms = nMg × NA = (0.125)(6.0×1023) = 7.5 × 1022 atoms
3.0 g of Mg has more atoms than 4.0 g of Ca.
Basic Question 10
3.5.4 Given molar mass and simplest formula, find molecular formula T, G
Given: simplest formula = CH, M = 78 g/mol R.T.F: Molecular formula of the compound
Molecular formula = (CH)n where n is an integer

Molar mass = empirical formula mass × n
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 4

molar mass 78
n= = = 6.0 The molecular formula of the compound is C6H6
empirical formula mass 13
3.5.4 Given simplest formula, find molar mass
Given: simplest formula = CClH2 with 2 carbon atoms per molecule R.T.F: Molar Mass
(CClH2)n is the molecular formula where n is an integer.

Since there are two carbon atoms in the molecular formula, n has to be two.
The molecular formula is C2Cl2H4
Molar mass = (12 x 2) + (35.5 x 2) + (1 x 4) = 24 + 71 + 4 = 99 g/mol
Basic Question 11
3.5.4 Find mass of an element in a compound from the m of the -

compound
Find the mass of carbon present in 0.92 g of ethanol, C2H5OH.

Given: mass of ethanol = 0.92 g R.T.F: mass of C = ?
𝒎 𝟎.𝟗𝟐
n= 𝑴 = = 0.020 moles 1 mole of ethanol contains 2 moles of C
𝟒𝟔
0.020 moles ?
n of C = ( 0.020 x 2 ) / 1 = 0.040 moles  m of C = 0.040 x 12 =0.48 g
Basic Question 12
3.7 Given masses of equal volumes of two gases at same P, find ratio of their _
molar masses: Avogadro’s hypothesis
At the same conditions of temperature and pressure, 1 dm3 of a gas S has a mass of 1.5 g, while 1 dm3 of
gas T has a mass of 1.4 g. Find the ratio of the molecular masses of the two gases.
Given: m of 1 dm3 of gas S = 1.5g, m of 1 dm3 of gas T = 1.4g R.T.F: Ratio of the molecular masses
molecular mass of gas S mass of 1 dm3of gas S 1.5

= =
molecular mass of gas T mass of 1 dm3of gas T 1.4
Basic Question 13
3.7 Given m of different volumes of two gases at same t and P,and formula _
of one gas, find molar mass of other gas
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 5

At the same conditions of temperature and pressure, 5.0 dm3 of a gas of molecular formula C2H2, has a
mass of 15 g, while 1.0 dm3 of gas D has a mass of 1.4 g. What is the molar mass of gas D?
Given: mass of 5.0 dm3 C2H2 = 15 g, mass of 1.0 dm3 of D(g) = 1.4g R.T.F: Molar mass of gas D = ?
Mass of 1 dm3 of gas D = 1.4 Mass of 5 dm3 of gas D = 5 × 1.4 = 7.0

molar mass of gas D mass of 5 dm 3 of gas D molar mass of gas D 7.0
= 3
 =
molar mass of C2 H 2 mass of 5 dm of C2 H 2 26 15
7.0
Molar mass of gas D = × 26 = 12.13 = 12 g/mole
15
Basic Question 14
3.7 Calculate the mass of a given volume of gas 1 from the mass of the same -
V of another gas 2 measured at the same P and T
A flask of gaseous C2H2 was weighed at a measured temperature and pressure. The weight of the gas
was determined to be 1.50g. The flask was then flushed and filled with nitrogen at the same temperature
and pressure. Find the mass of the nitrogen in the flask.
Given: m of C2H2 = 1.50 g R.T.F: m of same V of nitrogen
Mass of V dm3 of gas C2H2 = 1.50g Mass of V dm3 of N2 gas = x
molar mass of N 2 gas mass of volume V dm 3 of N 2 gas 28 X

= 3
 =
molar mass of C2 H 2 mass of volume V dm of C2 H 2 26 1.5
mass of volume V dm 3 of N 2 gas X = 1.6 g
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 6

Sample Questions
3.1 Qualitative properties of some Gases
Sample Question 1
Qualitative properties of gases studied: color
Two of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, are colored. Identify them and name the color.
NO2 nitrogen dioxide reddish brown

Cl2 chlorine yellowish green
Sample Question 2
Qualitative properties of gases studied: Reaction with air
Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, one reacts with cold air, a second explodes when a lit
splint is introduced to it in air and a third gas makes the glowing splint catch fire. These three gases
respectively are …
Reacts with cold air NO, nitrogen monoxide

Explodes when a lit splint is introduced to it H2, hydrogen
in air
Makes a glowing splint catch fire O2, oxygen
Sample Question 3
Qualitative properties of gases: Effect on litmus paper
Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, one turns wet red litmus blue and a second turns wet blue
litmus red, and a third gas “bleaches” litmus paper. Name the three gases.
Turns wet blue litmus paper blue NH3, ammonia

Turn wet blue litmus paper red NO2, nitrogen dioxide
HCl, hydrogen chloride
Bleaches wet litmus paper Cl2, chlorine
Sample Question 4
Qualitative properties of gases: solubility in water
Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, which are very soluble in water?
NO2 nitrogen dioxide, NH3 ammonia and HCl hydrogen chloride are very soluble in water.
Summary for Sample Questions 1 - 4

Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 7
NO2 Cl2 O2 H2 NH3
Color Reddish- Yellow green colorless colorless colorless
brown
Solubility in water High low low low high
Action on a glowing splint No effect No effect relights explosion No effect
Effect on wet litmus paper Red bleached No effect No effect blue
3.2 Quantitative behavior of gases

3.2.1 Pressure-volume behavior of gases
3.2.2 Law of combining volumes for gases
Sample Question 5
Ratio in which gases react
Gay-Lussac generalized that when gases react,

3.2.3 Avogadro’s hypothesis
Sample Question 6
Avogadro’s hypothesis
Avogadro’s hypothesis states that:

c) equal volumes of different gases have equal number of particles, at the same temperature
and pressure.
Sample Question 7
Given volumes reaction ratio, find ratio by molecules
At 200°C, one volume of oxygen gas combines with two volumes of hydrogen gas to form two volumes
of steam. From these data and Avogadro's Hypothesis, how many molecules of hydrogen combine with
one molecule of oxygen, and how many molecules of steam are produced?
One molecule of oxygen combines with two molecules of hydrogen to form two molecules of steam.
Sample Question 8
Dalton's atomic theory

Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 8
1. The simplest substances found in nature are called elements.
2. Atoms of one element are all identical.
3. Elements combine to form compounds.
4. One atom of one element combines with one atom of another element to form one
molecule of a compound.
5. The smaller particle of a compound is a molecule.
6. Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed, atoms are always conserved.
b) What are the simplest substances in nature called? Elements

c) What do we call the particles formed when different atoms combine? Molecules
d) What do elements form when they combine? Compounds
e) How can atoms be created? How can atoms be destroyed? Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed
Writing chemical equations
Sample Question 9
Assumptions needed for Avogadro’s hypothesis to apply
If Avogadro’s hypothesis is correct, which of the following assumptions is necessary?

Atomicity
Sample Question 10
Know the meaning of atomicity
What is meant by the atomicity of a molecule?

The atomicity is the term that refers to the number of atoms in a molecule.
3.3 Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

3.3.1 Pure substances: elements and compounds
Operational and conceptual definitions
Sample Question 11
Know the meaning of “operational definition”
An operational definition defines a term through

Sample Question 12
Know the meaning of “conceptual definition”
A conceptual definition defines a term through

Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 9
Sample Question 13
Know the operational definition of a pure substance
How do you recognize a pure substance?

A pure substance is recognized by determining its physical properties. We measure physical
constants such as melting point.
The physical properties of a pure substance must be fixed and constant
Sample Question 14
Know the conceptual definition of a pure substance (one type of particle)
How do we explain the behavior of a pure substance, i.e. what conceptual explanation do we give?
A pure substance is a substance that contains only one kind of particles(atoms or molecules)
Identifying pure substances
Sample Question 15
Know how to identify a pure substance
How do you identify a given pure substance? (e.g. to know whether it is water or alcohol).
To identify the pure substance we look at the physical constants measured and compare them with
listed values. For example, the boiling point of water is 100⁰C while the boiling point of ethanol is
78⁰C. Physical properties depend on the nature of the pure substance only.
Pure substances can be either elements or compound
Sample Question 16
Know that a pure substance can be either an element or a compound
Which of the following is a pure substance?

b) Milk
c) Water
d) Seawater
e) Sand.
Sample Question 17
The conceptual definition of a compound
What is the conceptual definition of a compound?

A compound is a pure substance that has one type of molecules, containing more than one type of
atoms.
Sample Question 18
The operational definition of a compound
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 10
What is the operational definition of a compound?
A compound is a pure substance that can be split into simpler substances by chemical means.
Sample Question 19
Recognize a compound which is not made up of molecules
What is an example of a compound not made up of molecules?

a) Sodium
b) Water
c) Table salt (NaCl, sodium chloride)
d) HCl
e) Oxygen.
Sample Question 20
The operational definition of an element
What is the operational definition of an element?

An element is a pure substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by physical or
chemical means
Sample Question 21
The conceptual definition of an element
What is the conceptual definition of an element?

An element is a pure substance that has one type of atoms.
3.3.2 Mixtures
Sample Question 22
Give an example of a heterogeneous substance
Which of the following is a heterogeneous substance?

a) Cola drink (if freshly open)
b) Cola drink (after a while)
c) Air.
d) Table sugar.
e) Whole-grain bread.
f) Sand
Sample Question 23
Give an example of a homogeneous substance
Which of the following is NOT a homogeneous substance?

a) Sand.
b) Talcum powder.
c) Salt solution.
d) White flour.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 11
Sample Question 24
Categorize substances as mixtures or pure substances
Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

a) Cola drink. Mixture
b) Air Mixture
c) Solid carbon dioxide. Pure substance
d) Bread. Mixture
e) Flour Mixture
f) Hydrogen gas Pure substance
g) Sea water Mixture
h) Orange juice Mixture
i) Zinc metal Pure substance
Sample Question 25
Categorize substances as elements or compounds
Classify each of the following pure substances as element or compound:

a) Nitrogen dioxide gas. compound
b) Helium gas. element
c) Liquid bromine. element
d) Pure gold. element
e) Water compound
f) Table salt (NaCl) compound
g) Table sugar (C6H12O6) compound
3.4 Chemical Representations

3.4.1 Symbols for atoms and elements
Sample Question 26
Recognize the symbols H, O, N, C, Cl, Na, Mg, Ca, Si, P, S
What is the symbol for

a) sodium Na
b) carbon C
c) magnesium Mg
d) phosphorus P
e) chlorine Cl
f) scandium Sc
g) sulfur S
3.4.2 Chemical and molecular formulas

Chemical formula
Sample Question 27
Know what chemical formula means
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 12

Which of the following is true of a chemical formula?
a) In the case of molecular compounds it is also known as the molecular formula.
b) It gives the number and the kind of atoms of each element in a molecule of that compound.
c) It can be used to obtain the simplest ratio of atoms in the molecular compound.
Molecular formula
Sample Question 28
Recognize molecular formulas
Which of the following compounds has a molecular formula? In these cases, what is it? In case there is
no molecular formula, why not?
a) gaseous ethane (dicarbon hexahydride C2H6) has a molecular formula, C2H6
b) KCl. ionic compound, has no molecular formula, it is made up of ions not molecules
c) Na solid. It is an atom
3.4.3 Simplest formula
Sample Question 29
Know what simplest formula means
Which of the following is true of a simplest formula?

together.
Sample Question 30
Find the simplest formula from the chemical formula
Which of the following gives the WRONG simplest formula?

c) Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 (the correct simplest formula is NO2)
Sample Question 31
Know the meaning of empirical formula
The simplest formula of ethane is CH3. Find its empirical formula.

3.4.4 Naming binary compounds

Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 13
3.4.5 Structural formulas and atomic models
Chemical bonds and their representations
Sample Question 32
Representation of a chemical bond
On paper, how do we represent a chemical bond?

Scientists represent the chemical bond holding the two atoms with a solid line joining the symbols
of the two atoms, “—”
Structural formulas
Sample Question 33
What a structural formula shows
What does the structural formula of a compound show? Explain by showing the difference between the
chemical and structural formulas of water.
The structural formula shows everything that the molecular formula shows(kind of atoms making
up the molecule, atomicity, number of atoms of each type of atom in the molecule , can give the
simplest ratio in which atoms are combining) and more a structural formula shows how atoms are
bonded to each other in the molecule.
Sample Question 34
Recognizing a structural formula
Which of the formulas below is a structural formula?

C2H6, (CH)3, 2O2, H⎯Be⎯H, H⎯ N ⎯ H
Molecular models
Sample Question 35
What molecular models are
What are molecular models? They are

Sample Question 36
What molecular models show that structural formulas do not
Why do we use three dimensional models instead of only using structural formulas?
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 14

3.4.6 Extending the particle model to liquids and solids
Sample Question 37
Particles of matter in liquids and solids
Which of the following hypotheses is accepted by scientists?

a) When a gas becomes a liquid or solid, all particles melt together into one larger particle or
object.
b) In a liquid or solid, particles are very close together so an object cannot be compressed any
further, whereas in the gaseous state particles have a lot of empty space between them.
c) In a liquid or a gas, particles are free to move with respect to each other, but in a solid,
particles are locked in specific positions.
3.5 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole Concept

3.5.1 The mole
Sample Question 38
What a mole is
a) What is a mole?
A mole is Avogadro’s number of particles (6.02x1023)
A mole is the number of atoms found in 12.000 g of Carbon-12
b) What is Avogadro's number? 6.02x1023
c) What is the number of molecules in 22.4 dm3 of an ideal gas at 0°C and 1 atmosphere pressure?
6.02x1023
3.5.2 The atomic mass unit
Sample Question 39
Defining the amu
The amu is defined as

Sample Question 40
The relation between a gram and the amu
Give the relation between a gram and an amu. 1g = 6.02 x 1023amu
Sample Question 41
Find the mass of one atom in grams
Find the mass of 1 atom of oxygen in grams.

Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 15
Mass of 1 atom of oxygen = 16 amu
1 g = 6.02 x 1023 amu
1g 16
Mass o1 atom of oxygen in grams = 16 amu   g
6.02  10 amu
23
6.02 × 1023
3.5.3 Meaning of atomic mass
Sample Question 42
Meaning of the atomic mass of an element
The atomic mass of iron, Fe, is 56. We can conclude that:

Sample Question 43
Table of atomic masses gives RELATIVE masses of atoms
The table of atomic masses gives the relative masses of atoms. Relative to what?
Relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom
3.5.4 Molecular mass and molar mass
Sample Question 44
Find the molecular mass of a compound
Find the molecular mass of the following compound.

a) H2SO4 2x1+ 32+4x16 = 98
b) C2H6 2x12 + 6x1 =30
c) CO2 12 + 2 x16 = 44
Sample Question 45
Find the mass of one mole of a compound
Find the mass of one mole of the following compound.

a) H2O 2x1 +16 =18g
b) NaCl 23 +35.5 = 58.5g
c) H3PO4 3 x1 + 31 + 4x16 = 98g
Sample Question 46
Find the molar mass of a compound
Find the molar mass of the following compound.

a) H2S 2x1 +32 = 34 g/mole
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 16
b) C2H2Cl2 2x12 + 2x1 + 2x35.5 = 97 g/mole
c) SO2 32 + 2 x16 = 64 g/mole
3.6 Experiments on mole ratios

3.6.1 Reaction of copper with silver nitrate
Sample Question 47
Observation when copper wire is immersed in silver nitrate solution
A copper wire is immersed in silver nitrate solution. Describe what you observe.
1. The colorless solution turns blue
2. The copper wire is coated with shiny silvery crystals.
3. The size of the copper wire decreases (the copper wire decreases in mass).
3.6.2 Investigating the copper nitrate solution

3.6.3 More mass relationships
3.7 Determining relative molecular masses of gases
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 17

56. Know qualitative properties of NO, NO2, H2, Cl2, O2, HCl, NH3: color SQ1
SQ1 Two of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, are colored. Identify them and name the color.
57. Know qualitative properties of NO, NO2, H2, Cl2, O2, HCl, NH3: reaction with air SQ2
SQ2 Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, one reacts with cold air, a second explodes when a
glowing splint is introduced to it in air and a third gas makes the glowing splint catch fire. These three
gases respectively are …
58. Know qualitative properties of NO, NO2, H2, Cl2, O2, HCl, NH3: effect on litmus paper SQ3
SQ3 Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, one turns wet red litmus blue and a second turns wet
blue litmus red, and a third gas “bleaches” litmus paper. Name the three gases.
59. Know qualitative properties of NO, NO2, H2, Cl2, O2, HCl, NH3: solubility SQ4
SQ4 Of the gases NO2, Cl2, O2, H2, NO, NH3, HCl, which are very soluble in water?
(Section 3.2.1 self-study)
60. Gay-Lussac Law of combining volumes: when gases react they always do so they always do so
in ratios of small whole numbers SQ5
SQ5 Gay-Lussac generalized that when gases react,

61. Avogadro's hypothesis: at the same temperature and pressure equal volumes of different gases
contain the same number of particles.
62. Avogadro's hypothesis does not apply to liquids and solids. Ex 3 p43, SQ6-7
SQ6 Avogadro’s hypothesis states that:

c) equal volumes of different gases have equal number of particles, at the same temperature and
pressure.
SQ7 At 200°C, one volume of oxygen gas combines with two volumes of hydrogen gas to form two
volumes of steam. From these data and Avogadro's Hypothesis, how many molecules of hydrogen
combine with one molecule of oxygen, and how many molecules of steam are produced?
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 1

63. Dalton's atomic theory:
 The simplest substances found in nature are called elements.
 Each element consists of identical tiny particles called atoms
 Atoms of one element are all identical.
 Element combine to form compounds. One atom of one element combines with one atom of
another element to form one molecule of a compound.
 The smallest particle of a compound is a molecule.
 Atoms cannot be created or destroyed SQ8
SQ8
b) What are the simplest substances in nature called?
c) What do we call the particles formed when different atoms combine?
d) What do elements form when they combine?
e) How can atoms be created? How can atoms be destroyed?
64. Discuss assumption needed for Avogadro's hypothesis to be true SQ9
SQ9 If Avogadro’s hypothesis is correct, which of the following assumptions is necessary?

65. Atomicity: number of atoms in a molecule Ex 10 p47, SQ10, BQ1c
SQ10 What is meant by the atomicity of a molecule?
BQ1c What is the atomicity of: Ne, NO, HCl, NH3, CH4, CO2
66. Chemical coefficient: always indicates the number of particles. For eg: 3Na stands for three
separate atoms while 3CO2 stands for 3 separate molecules of CO2.
67. A subscript: indicates the number of a specific atom per formula or molecule. For eg 3CO2 stands
for 3 separate molecules of CO2 each containing 1 atom of C and 2 atoms of O. BQ1a
BQ1a Explain what each letter and digit means in the expression 3 H2SO4.
68. Read a given reaction in terms of molecules and atoms BQ1b
BQ1b Explain this equation in words: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.
69. Operational definition of a pure substance: a substance that cannot be separated into its
components by physical means.
70. The physical properties of pure substances must be fixed and constant. SQ13
SQ13 How do you recognize a pure substance?
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 2

71. Conceptual defn of a pure substance: a substance that contains one kind of particles ( atoms or
molecules) SQ14
SQ14 How do we explain the behavior of a pure substance, i.e. what conceptual explanation do we give?
72. To identify an unknown pure substance we determine its physical constants and compare them
with listed values. SQ15
SQ15 How do you identify a given pure substance? (e.g. to know whether it is water or alcohol).
73. A pure substance is either an element or a compound SQ16
SQ16 Which of the following is a pure substance?

b) Milk
c) Water
d) Seawater
e) Sand.
74. Operational defn of a cmpd: pure substance that can be split into simpler substances. SQ18
SQ18 What is the operational definition of a compound?
75. Conceptual defn of a compd: a pure substance containing more than one type of atoms. SQ17
SQ17 What is the conceptual definition of a compound?
76. Some compounds are not made of molecules:

* Table salt( NaCl, sodium chloride) ionic solid made up of ions.
* Sand ( SiO2, silicon dioxide) network solid made up of atoms.
77. Operational defn of an element: a pure substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by
physical means or through chemical reactions. SQ20
SQ20 What is the operational definition of an element?
78. Conceptual defn of an element: a pure substance made up of one kind of atoms. SQ21, 25
SQ21 What is the conceptual definition of an element?
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 3

SQ25 Classify each of the following pure substances as element or compound:
a) Nitrogen dioxide gas.
b) Helium gas.
c) Liquid bromine.
d) Pure gold.
e) Water
f) Table salt (NaCl)
g) Table sugar (C6H12O6)
79. Mixtures: are made up at least of 2 different pure substances. Mixtures do not have fixed
composition. Mixtures contain more than one type of particles SQ24
SQ24 Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

a) Cola drink.
b) Air
c) Solid carbon dioxide.
d) Bread.
e) Flour
f) Hydrogen gas
g) Sea water
h) Orange juice
i) Zinc metal
80. Homogeneous mixtures (solutions): all components exist in one phase. SQ23
SQ23 Which of the following is NOT a homogeneous substance?

a) Sand.
b) Talcum powder.
c) Salt solution.
d) White flour.
81. Heterogeneous mixtures: components of a heterogeneous mixture exist into more than one phase
SQ22 and Ex 17-18 p51
82. Recognize symbols of atoms and elements SQ26
SQ26 What is the symbol for

a) sodium
b) carbon
c) magnesium
d) phosphorus
e) chlorine
f) scandium
g) sulfur
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 4

83. Chemical formula of molecular compounds: also known as the molecular formula, gives the
number and the kind of atoms of each element in a molecule of that compound. It can be used to obtain
the simplest ratio of atoms in the molecular compound. SQ27
SQ27 Which of the following is true of a chemical formula?

a) In the case of molecular compounds it is also known as the molecular formula.
b) It gives the number and the kind of atoms of each element in a molecule of that compound.
c) It can be used to obtain the simplest ratio of atoms in the molecular compound.
84. Chemical formula of ionic compounds: also known as the empirical formula, gives the kind of
ions present and the simplest ratio in which they are found in the compound.
85. Since ionic solids, network solids and metals are not made up of molecules, their chemical
formula is not a molecular formula. SQ28
SQ28 Which of the following compounds has a molecular formula? In these cases, what is it? In case
there is no molecular formula, why not?
a) gaseous ethane (dicarbon hexahydride C2H6)
b) KCl.
c) Na solid.
86. Simplest formula of molecular compounds: gives the simplest ratio in which the atoms are
found together.
87. Simplest formula of salt: gives the simplest ratio in which the ions are found together. SQ29
SQ29 Which of the following is true of a simplest formula?

together.
88. Simplest formula can be deduced from chemical formula. SQ30, 31, Ex 26, 28 p55, BQ2
SQ30 Which of the following gives the WRONG simplest formula?

c) Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4
SQ31 The simplest formula of ethane is CH3. Find its empirical formula.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 5

BQ2 Give the simplest formula of each of the following:
a) Benzene, C6H6
b) Ethane, C2H6
c) Sodium nitrate, NaNO3
d) Sand, SiO2
e) Vinegar, CH3COOH
f) Fructose, C6H12O6
89. Binary compounds: are compounds made up of two types of atoms.

90. Rules for naming molecular binary compounds:
 The first element in the formula is named first, using the first element name.
 The second element is named by taking the root of the element and adding -ide.
 Prefixes are used to denote how many atoms are present.
Prefix mono di tri tetra penta hexa

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
 The prefix mono is never used to name the first element.

 Note: we never use prefixes when naming acidic compounds like HCl (hydrogen chloride)
BQ3, Ex 29-30 p56, CR 17 p79
BQ3
a) Sulphur dioxide
b) Phosphorus pentachloride
c) Dinitrogen pentoxide

a) HI
b) CCl4
c) NO2
91. Chemists use '' to represent a bond between two atoms. E.g. NO. SQ32
SQ 32: On paper, how do we represent a chemical bond?
92. The structural formula shows the # and the kind of atoms of each element in a molecule of that
compound (everything that the molecular formula shows) and how atoms are bonded to each other in the
molecule. SQ33, 34, Ex 31 p58
Sq33: What does the structural formula of a compound show? Explain by showing the difference between
the chemical and structural formulas of water.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 6

SQ34: Which of the formulas below is a structural formula?
C2H6, (CH)3, 2O2, H⎯Be⎯H, H⎯ N ⎯ H
93. Molecular models: are physical models that represent molecules and give an idea about their 3-
dimensional shape (geometry of the molecule). They consist of balls, representing atoms, joined together
by sticks or springs. Molecular models help us visualize molecular shapes SQ35, 36, Ex 32 p58
SQ 35: What are molecular models? They are

SQ 36: Why do we use three dimensional models instead of only using structural formulas?
94. Particles in the solid state are closely packed and vibrate in fixed position. Particles of a solid
cannot flow. A solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. Solids cannot be compressed.
95. Particles of a gas are far apart and are in constant random motion. A gas has no fixed volume and
no fixed shape. A gas can be compressed. SQ37
SQ 37: Which of the following hypotheses is accepted by scientists?

a) When a gas becomes a liquid or solid, all particles melt together into one larger particle or object.
b) In a liquid or solid, particles are very close together so an object cannot be compressed any further,
whereas in the gaseous state particles have a lot of empty space between them.
c) In a liquid or a gas, particles are free to move with respect to each other, but in a solid, particles are
locked in specific positions.
96. 22.4 dm3 of any gas at 0C and 1 atm pressure contain the same number of particles = 6.02 x 1023.
This number is called Avogadro's number, N.
97. A mole is Avogadro’s number particles (6.02×1023). SQ38
SQ 38: What is a mole?

a) What is Avogadro's number?
b) What is the number of molecules in 22.4 dm3 of an ideal gas at 0°C and 1 atmosphere pressure?
98. Masses of single atoms and molecules are too small to be measured in g. A new unit, atomic mass
unit (amu), was created. 1 amu is exactly 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom: Mass of 1 at. of C-12 =
12 amu. SQ39
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 7

sq 39: The amu is defined as
99. 6.023 × 1023amu = 1.0000 g SQ40
SQ 40: Give the relation between a gram and an amu.
6.023 × 1023 amu

100. To convert g to amu use the conversion factor: =1
1.0000 g
1.0000 g
101. To convert amu to g use the conversion factor: = 1. Ex 34 p61
6.023 × 1023 amu
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑢
102. Mass of an aton in g = SQ41
6.02×1023
SQ 41: Find the mass of 1 atom of oxygen in grams.
103. The atomic mass is a unitless number that gives the relative mass of an atom relative to the
isotope of carbon C-12, taken as 12 amu.
104. An atom of atomic mass x, has a mass of x amu
105. 1.0 mole of atoms of atomic mass x has a mass of x grams. SQ42, 43, BQ4, BQ5, Ex38-40 p63
SQ 42: The atomic mass of iron, Fe, is 56. We can conclude that:
SQ 43: The table of atomic masses gives the relative masses of atoms. Relative to what?
BQ 4
a) What is the mass of an atom of silver in amu?
b) What is the mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms of silver in grams?
c) What is the mass of 1 mole of silver in grams?
BQ 5: How many moles and how many atoms are present in 11.5 g of sodium?
106. Molecular mass refers to the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in the molecule.
E.g. O2, is 16 + 16 = 32. SQ 44-46 and Ex41 p68
Atomic mass of oxygen atom = 16
the mass of one molecule of oxygen is 16 + 16 = 32 amu
the mass of 1 mole of oxygen molecules is 32 grams
molar mass of oxygen is 32g/mole.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 8

SQ44 Find the molecular mass of the following compound.
a) H2SO4
b) C2H6
c) CO2
SQ45 Find the mass of one mole of the following compound.

a) H2O
b) NaCl
c) H3PO4
SQ46 Find the molar mass of the following compound.

a) H2S
b) C2H2Cl2
c) SO2
107. Relation between one mole, molar mass & # of particles: We have 6 conversion factors.
BQ 6-8 & 11
1 mole
6.0 x 1023particles M (mass of

one mol)
BQ6
quantity?
BQ7 Calculate the mass of 1.5 moles of calcium atoms.
BQ8 Calculate the number of molecules and atoms in 1.5 moles of F2?
BQ11 Which has more atoms, 4.0 g of Ca or 3.0 g of Mg?
108. # of moles of atoms = # of mole × atomicity BQ 9
BQ9 How many moles are contained in 30.0 grams of pure H4CO2, and how many molecules of H4CO2
do they contain? How many moles of atoms do they contain?
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 9

109. The volume of one mole of ANY gas at STP conditions(0C, 1atm) is 22.4 dm3
110. 1dm3=1000cm3
𝑉𝑑𝑚3
111. n= for gases at STP BQ10
22.4
BQ10 How many moles are contained in 1120 cm3 of methane CH4 at STP, and how many molecules do
they contain?
112. Molecular formula can be found given molar mass and simplest formula BQ 12
BQ12
113. Find mass of an element in a compound from the mass of the compound BQ 13
BQ13 Find the mass of carbon present in 0.92 g of ethanol, C2H5OH.
114. Demonstration: Copper coil in silver nitrate solution. Observations to be noted: SQ17
 The colorless solution turns blue
 The copper wire is coated with shiny silver crystals
 The size of the copper wire decreases
115. Application of Avogadro's hypothesis: at the same conditions of temperature and pressure,
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝑺 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝑺
= 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝑷 BQ14
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝑷
BQ14: A flask of gaseous C2H2 was weighed at a measured temperature and pressure. The weight of the
gas was determined to be 1.50g. The flask was then flushed and filled with nitrogen at the same
temperature and pressure. Find the mass of the nitrogen in the flask.
Date 25-08-20 | Level L | 10

Chapter 3: The Atomic Theory List ALL Basic Questions

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Chapter 3: The Atomic Theory

3.2.3 Know the meaning of a given molecular formula with a coefficient G

3.2.3 Read a given reaction in terms of molecules and atoms G

b) Explain this equation in words: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.

3.2.3 Be able to give the atomicity of a given substance G

c) What is the atomicity of:

3.4.3 Given chemical or molecular formula, find simplest formulas T

Give the simplest formula of each of the following:

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I. Write the formula of:

II. Give the name of:

3.5.3 Know the mass in amu of a given atom G

a) What is the mass of an atom of silver in amu?

3.5.3 Know the mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms of a given element G

b) What is the mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms of silver in grams?

3.5.3 Know the mass of 1 mole of a given element G

c) What is the mass of 1 mole of silver in grams?

3.5.3 find number of moles and number of atoms in a given mass of a T, G

3.5.4 Calculate # of moles, molecules and atoms in a given mass of a T, G

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3.5.4 Find # of molecules and number of atoms of a given # of moles

Calculate the number of molecules and atoms in 1.5 moles of F2?

3.5.4 Find # of moles and # of molecules of a given volume of a substance atSTP TG

3.5.4 Compare # of atoms in given masses of two elements _

Which has more atoms, 4.0 g of Ca or 3.0 g of Mg?

3.5.4 Given simplest formula, find molar mass

3.5.4 Find mass of an element in a compound from the m of the -

Find the mass of carbon present in 0.92 g of ethanol, C2H5OH.

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Summary for Sample Questions 1 - 4

NO2 Cl2 O2 H2 NH3

Action on a glowing splint

Effect on wet litmus paper

3.2 Quantitative behavior of gases

3.2.2 Law of combining volumes for gases

Gay-Lussac generalized that when gases react,

3.2.3 Avogadro’s hypothesis

Avogadro’s hypothesis states that:

a) What is the statement of Dalton’s atomic theory?

Writing chemical equations

If Avogadro’s hypothesis is correct, which of the following assumptions is necessary?

What is meant by the atomicity of a molecule?

3.3 Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

An operational definition defines a term through

A conceptual definition defines a term through

How do you recognize a pure substance?

Identifying pure substances

Pure substances can be either elements or compound

Which of the following is a pure substance?

What is the conceptual definition of a compound?

What is the operational definition of a compound?

What is an example of a compound not made up of molecules?

What is the operational definition of an element?

What is the conceptual definition of an element?

Which of the following is a heterogeneous substance?

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Which of the following is NOT a homogeneous substance?

Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

Classify each of the following pure substances as element or compound:

3.4 Chemical Representations

What is the symbol for