THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

CONFIDENCE IS A KEY OF SUCCESS

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 1

Public speaking
What is public speaking?
Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a
structured manner in order to inform, influence or entertain the
listeners.
Public speaking is the process of designing and delivering a message
to an audience.
The purpose of public speaking simply for transmitting information to
motivating people to act or simply telling a story.
Also public speaking is giving speech face to face to live audience.
Good public speaker understands that they must plan, organize and
revise their material in order to develop an effective speech.
Personal benefits for public speaking include these
tips:
 Increased self-confidence.
 Improved communication skills.
 Greater social influence.
 Increased organizational skills.
 Enhancing ability to listen.
 Improved memory.
Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 2
  Greater control over emotions and body language.

Who needs to speak in a public?

TV announcers, lawyers, politicians, teachers, social workers and
entertainers must be able to speak well. But it is not enough to talk in
front of a group of people to be a brilliant public speaker. Your should
not limited with informing your audience or expressing your thought
publicly, but to changing emotions, actions and attitudes. Many
questions have been asked brilliant speakers have asked themselves.
Many tips, techniques and rules have been elaborated on to find the
best way to influence, motivate, entertain and persuade people are go
back thousands of years used by such world-known speakers like
Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther king, Nelson Mandela and Barack
Obama. The ability to communicate with others has become crucial
Hearing and Listening.
Hearing: the process by which sound wave is received by the ear.
Listening: the act of interpreting and evaluating what is being said.

Barack Obama Martin Luther king

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 3

 Nelson Mandela

Types of public speaking

There are three important types of public speaking
1. Informative public speaking
2. Persuasive public speaking
3. Entertaining public speaking

1. Informative
Informative when a person gives a speech before an audience to
impart information on a particular topic or issue.
E.g. Business presentation, class presentation in schools, seminars in
colleges.
2. Persuasive
Persuasive speeches are those where one tries to persuade or convince
a group of people. These speeches aim to influence and change the
opinions of the audience.
E.g. most commonly used by sales and marketing people to attract
their customers.

3.Entertaining
Entertaining speeches are those where one tries to commemorate or
humour the listeners.

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 4

E.g. Stand up comedy shows are examples of entertaining
public speaking.

There are three basic parts of persuasion by Aristotle

1.Ethos
2.Logos
3.Pathos
Ethos:personal credibility which means character or ethic
A person of great sense, morale character and good will tries to
persuade your audience
 Reputation
 Similarity to the audience
 Respect
 Trustworthiness
 Expertise
 Character

Logos: using good evidence and reasoning to construct your

arguments by using logical methods
 Factual data and statistics
 Percentage
 Measurements
 Theories

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 5

Pathos: (appeals to audiences emotion) when the speaker appeals
the emotion of the listeners or audience
 Vivid language
 Emotional examples
 Stories
 Metaphors

Techniques of public speaking

1. Research and preparation: firstly you have to seek
what you want to present and prepared what you will be
speaking to.
Remember these tips
 Select a research topic
 Define the research questions

2. Write your speech: make list in your speech and write

main points that you want to present here.

Remember these tips:

 Open your speech with an attention
 Keep your tone to be positive
 Tell your audience what the problem is, what the solution
is and what action they can help you
 Make conclusion with summarized your main points
 Finished motivation with your audience
3.Take visual aids: visual aids are very important, used in
addition to spoken information such as graphs, video, clips, map
and chart to help you understand something or to remember
information.

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 6

 Remember these tips:
 Take short texts with your slides
 Summarise information
 Reduce the amount of spoken words, you may show a
graph your result
 Take easy colour,note some of the colours are difficult like
red, greenand blue.
4. Q & A (question and answer): use question and
answer in order to get respond in your audience.

Remember these tips:

 Prepared simple questions
 Take into account some of your audience will ask you
aggressive questions don't angry your audience Say I will
answer after my presentation, but now we don't have enough
time
5. Practicing:you knownyour speech and learnt before coming
in front of the audience.
Remember these tips:
 Plan and structure your speech
 Review videos and speakers you admire and mimic their
style
 Make eye contact
 Memorize your first and last slides
6. Body language: body language is one of the most important
when you are making public speaking because body language
tells your message.
Essential body language when you standing stage or talk the other people:

 Keep your body open

 Have your palm open
 Get comfortable with the stage
 Make eye contact
Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 7
  Move side to side but don't remain one place

Body language

Watch out these tips:

 Stop crossing your legs or hands
 Avoid hand in your pockets
 Army are crossed in front of the audience
 Eye maintain little contact or downcast
 Body is physically turned away from you

Five p's presentations of public speaking

1. Plan: before you even start thinking of doing your
presentation, think about what information you will want to
present.

Follow these tips:

 Select your topic
 Starting working on your presentation by thinking about
your goals

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 8

  Know your venue, audience and schedule
2. Purpose: if you can speak, you can influence. If you can
influence, you can change the lives.

Follow these tips:

 What do you want people to learn?
 How do you define success?
 What action do you want people to taken
3. Preparation: in preparing presentation is thinking about the
needs of your audience.
It's important to ask yourself these questions:
 What do the care about?
 Why should the audience listen?
 Do you know who you will be talking to?
4. Practice: we have heard saying, “more practice makes
perfect.” Seek opportunities to speak in front of others.
Follow these tips:
 Rehearse with props and visual aids
 Consider what you will present
 Take notes
 Practice in your mind
 Don’t overload your slide

5. Presentation: keep in mind that the even experienced

speakers get nervous.
Follow these tips:
 Focus on the audience
 Keep it simple
 Rehearse, rehearse and rehearse
 Tell a story with in your speech
 Be enthusiastic
Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 9
 Watch out these following errors:
 Don’t say (Um- Ing and Ah-ing)
 Don't touch your mouth or face long
 Lack of humour
 Presenting too much material
 Speakers seem uncomfortable because they fear of
failure
 Don’t read too much your notes

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 10

 Don’t angry

Importance of public speaking

1.Boost confidence
2.Critical thinking
3.Personal development
4.Improve communication skills
5.Social connector
6.Expand your professional
7.Learn to persuade
8.Develop your vocabulary
9.No fear of impromptu speaking
10. Be a better listener
11. Build your leadership skills

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 11

Microphone is a device you can deliver your speech to the
audiences
Chapter two
What is delivery speech?
Delivery speech refers to the presentation of the speech you have
researched, organized, outlined and practiced. Delivery relies on
both verbal and nonverbal communication.

There are four methods of delivery

(Sometimes called styles of delivery)
1. Impromptu Delivery style: speech delivered without
pervious preparation.
 Be confident
 Start with story
 Focus on the audience
 Powerful body language
 Tell them that you not prepared for this speech
 Talk conversationally

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 12

  Share from personal experience
2. Manuscript delivery style: the speech is written and
the speaker reads it word for word to the audience.
3. Practice the speech
4. Maintain eye contact
5. Use short simple sentences
6. Use spoken rather than written language

4. Extemporaneous delivery style: learning your speech well

enough so that you can deliver it from a key word outline.
5. Memorized delivery style: learning a speech by heart and
then delivering it without notes.
 Use memory devices
 Teach someone else
 Practice questions

Overcoming fear of public speaking

An opportunity to speak in front of an audience, whether it is two or
two hundred people it is the chance to display your capacity.
However one of the biggest obstacles that many people face is the
fear of public speaking according to national research results or
(Glossophobia)

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 13

Glossophobia: this word comes from the Greekroot “glossa” which
means (tongue) and the root “phobia” which means (fear).

Glossophobia means fear of public speaking

Signs of Glossophobia
 Trembling
 Sweating
 Vomiting and nausea
 Rapid speech

Why do people fear of public speaking?

 Saying or doing something to embarrass themselves
 Fear of forgetting what are going to say
 Fear of others will see them
 Fear someone will ask the question and won't be able to
answer

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 14

  Saying something that will damage your career or reputation

Overcoming glossophobia by using

 Knowledge
 Conversation
 Movement and eye contact
 Friendly faces
 Record yourself and learn your voice

The hidden psychology behind fear of public speaking

Psychologists know that there facts of being in the spotlight often
trigger the whole range of physical reactions as:
 Heart pounding
 Hand shaking
 Dry mouth
 Lack of oxygen
 Stomach cramps
 Quivering voice

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 15

For someone will ask the question (fear)

What is the ethic?

Ethics: is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and
wrong in human affairs.
Ethics: a code of moral standards of conduct for what is good or right
what is bad or wrong and what is just or unjust.

Guidelines for ethical speaking

 Make sure ethically sound is correct
 Be well prepared for each speech
 Be honest in what you say
 Speak up about topics you consider important
 Used truthful information and valid language
 Avoid name- calling and abusive language
 Respect your audience time

Guidelines for ethical listening

 Be polite and attentive
 Avoid prejudging speakers their ideas
Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 16
  Evaluate the speaker logic or credibility

Ethic moral principles that a person's behaviour or the conducting of

an activity

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 17

Ethics is knowing the difference between what you
have a right to do and what is right to do (potter Stewart)

Chapter three
Debate
Debate is contest where two teams present their arguments intent
on persuading one another.
Debate is a formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting
or legislative assembly in which opposing arguments.

Kinds of debate
A: moderated debate: is a debate that usually negotiated ahead of
time between two sides.
Typically, each participant makes an opening statement with a time
limit. Then a moderator asks a question of one debater who have
allocated a certain amount of time to respond.

B: town hall debate: The moderators take a microphone and

walk around the audience, letting audience ask debaters questions
live. In some cases, the moderator will also ask questions that people

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 18

via social media or other digital media. Usually each debate
participant has a set amount of time to respond to each question.

Audiences

Debators
Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 19
C: Lincoln-Douglas: This is an open style of debate, named for
the famous series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen
Douglas in 1858

The basic debating skills

Style: is the manner in which you communicate your arguments. This
is the most basic part of debating of master. Everyone must be style
tidy.
Speed: talk to a space, which is fast, enough to sound intelligent and
allow you time to say what you want, but slow enough to be easily.
Tone: varying tone is what makes you sound interesting.

Volume: speaking quit loudly is sometimes a necessity but it is not

necessary to shout through debate.
Language: your sound clear and your vocabulary must be easy also
use formal language.
Clarity: the ability to concisely (very brief) and use clear sentences
are better and are easier to understand anyway.

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 20

Use notes and eye contact: notes are essential but must be brief and
well arranged to be better. There is absolutely no point in trying to
speak without notes. It is usually better to use separate sheets of your
papers.

Importance of debate
 It develops skills and knowledge.
 It helps to become a confident and bold person.
 Debate is a social way of expression their point of view.
 We learn agree or disagree may find a way to solve an issue.
 Enhancing team work skills and collaboration.
 Increased self-confidence.
 Improved critical thinking skills.
 It encourages the person to value truth and seeking the way to
get truth.
 Teaches us to listen our oppositions.
 It motivates to value our civility.

Chapter four
Planning
Definition and nature of planning
Planning is the process of setting goals and choosing the means to
achieve those goals.
It is the process of determining how the organization can get where if
wants go.
It could be defined as the process through which managers determine
goals and devise the means for utilizing resources to accomplish
them.

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 21

 Planning process managers
 Establish goals
 Anticipate future development
 Identify course of action required to attain the goals
 Determine the time frame
Six basic questions for planning:
1. What is to be done? (Goal)
2. Who is to do it? (People who perform the goal)
3. When is to be done? (Time frame)
4. Where is to be done? (Place)
5. How is to be done? (Steps and methods to reach goals)
6. How much? (Resources required necessary to reach the
goals)

Types of plan
1. Strategic plan
Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 22
 2. Tactical plan
3. Operational plan

Strategic plan: is the process used to reach organizations basic

mission for long term, for example six or ten years. Strategic plan
prepared by top level managers.
Tactical plan: is the process used to translating strategies plan in
to short-term tactics. Tactical plan prepared by middle level
managers.

Operational plan: is the process through which manager’s

design and focus on the specific activities and concerned with the
day- to- day, week-to-week activities of the organization. And
prepared by low-level managers.

Importance of plan
 Planning establishes coordinated effort
 It reduces risk
 It helps to reach our objectives
 Motivates our task
 It gives good control
 Build confidence
 Indicate limits of responsibility
 Facilitate professional growth
 Aid communication flow

Internal limitations for plan

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 23

  Misdirected planning
 Time consuming
 Expenses
 Rigidity

External limitations for planning

Political change: change government from president to another
president or from party to another party.
Technological change: modern techniques and equipment’s.
Natural climate: earthquakes and floods
Change in demand and prices: change in a fashion, change
in income or demand falls and price falls.
Labour union: strikes & lockout.

Strategies planning process

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 24

Planning is the function of management that involves setting
objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those
objectives

WHERE WILL WE BE IN THE FUTURE

Prepared: Mohamed Hassan (Miyir) Page 25