Fractional kilowatt motors

Single phase induction motor

• Single phase power system is widely used as compared

to three phase system for domestic purpose, commercial
purpose and to some extent in industrial purpose.
• As the single phase system is more economical and the
power requirement in most of the houses, shops, offices
are small, which can be easily met by single phase system.
• The single phase motors are simple in construction, cheap
in cost, reliable and easy to repair and maintain.
• Due to all these advantages the single phase motor finds its
application in vacuum cleaner, fans, washing machine,
centrifugal pump, blowers, washing machine, small toys
etc.
 Single phase induction motor
Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor
• Like any other electrical motor, asynchronous motor also have two
main parts namely rotor and stator.
•

Stator:
As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor.
A single phase AC supply is given to the stator of single phase
induction motor.
•

Rotor:
The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is
connected to the mechanical load through the shaft. The rotor in
single phase induction motor is of squirrel cage rotor type.
•

The construction of single phase induction motor is almost similar

to the squirrel cage three phase motor except that in case of
asynchronous motor the stator has two windings instead of one as
compare to the single stator winding in three phase induction
motor.
 Single phase induction motor

• The stator of the single phase induction motor

has laminated stamping to reduce eddy
current losses on its periphery.
• The slots are provided on its stamping to carry
stator or main winding.
• In order to reduce the hysteresis losses, stamping
are made up of silicon steel.
• When the stator winding is given a single phase
AC supply, the magnetic field is produced and the
motor rotates at a speed slightly less than the
synchronous speed Ns.
 Single phase induction motor
Rotor of Single Phase Induction Motor
• The construction of the rotor of the single phase induction motor is similar
to the squirrel cage three phase induction motor. The rotor is cylindrical in
shape and has slots all over its periphery. The slots are not made parallel
to each other but are bit skewed as the skewing prevents magnetic locking
of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of induction motor more
smooth i.e less noise.
• The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars. These
aluminum or copper bars are called rotor conductors and are placed in the
slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are permanently
shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called the end rings.
• In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor conductor are braced
to the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling like a
cage and hence got its name as squirrel cage induction motor.
• As the bars are permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor electrical
resistance is very small and it is not possible to add external resistance as
the bars are permanently shorted. The absence of slip ring and brushes
make the construction of single phase induction motor very simple and
robust.
 Working Principle Of Single Phase Induction Motor
• When the stator of a single phase motor is
fed with single phase supply, it produces
alternating flux in the stator winding. The
alternating current flowing through stator
winding causes induced current in the rotor
bars (of the squirrel cage rotor ) according
to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. This induced current in the rotor
will also produce alternating flux. Even after
both alternating fluxes are set up, the
motor fails to start. However, if the rotor is
given a initial start by external force in
either direction, then motor accelerates to
its final speed and keeps running with its
rated speed. This behavior of a single phase
motor can be explained by double-field
revolving theory.
Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?

• According to double field revolving theory, any alternating

quantity can be resolved into two components, each
component have magnitude equal to the half of the maximum
magnitude of the alternating quantity and both these
component rotates in opposite direction to each other. For
example - a flux, φ can be resolved into two components

• Each of these components rotates in opposite direction i. e if

one φm / 2 is rotating in clockwise direction then the other
φm / 2 rotates in anticlockwise direction.
Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?
• When a single phase AC supply is given to the stator winding of single phase
induction motor, it produces its flux of magnitude, φm. According to the
double field revolving theory, this alternating flux, φm is divided into two
components of magnitude φm /2.
• Each of these components will rotate in opposite direction, with the
synchronous speed, Ns. Let us call these two components of flux as forward
component of flux, φf and backward component of flux, φb.
• The resultant of these two component of flux at any instant of time, gives the
value of instantaneous stator flux at that particular instant.

• Now at starting, both the forward and backward components of flux are
exactly opposite to each other. Also both of these components of flux are
equal in magnitude. So, they cancel each other and hence the net torque
experienced by the rotor at starting is zero. So, the single phase induction
motors are not self starting motors.
 Split Phase Induction Motor
• In addition to the main winding or running winding, the
stator of single phase induction motor carries another
winding called auxiliary winding or starting winding. A
centrifugal switch is connected in series with auxiliary
winding. The purpose of this switch is to disconnect the
auxiliary winding from the main circuit when the motor
attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed.
• The running winding is inductive in nature. Our aim is to
create the phase difference between the two winding and
this is possible if the starting winding carries high resistance .
• Let us say
•

Irun is the current flowing through the main or running winding,

•

Istart is the current flowing in starting winding, and

•

VT is the supply voltage.

Split Phase Induction Motor
 Split Phase Induction Motor
• For highly resistive winding the current is almost in phase with
the voltage and for highly inductive winding the current lag behind
the voltage by large angle.
• The starting winding is highly resistive so, the current flowing in the
starting winding lags behind the applied voltage by very small angle
and the running winding is highly inductive in nature so, the current
flowing in running winding lags behind applied voltage by large
angle. The resultant of these two current is IT.
• The resultant of these two current produce rotating magnetic
field which rotates in one direction. In split phase induction
motor the starting and main current get splitted from each other by
some angle so this motor got its name as split phase induction
motor.
Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor
• Split phase induction motors have low starting current and
moderate starting torque. So these motors are used in fans,
blowers, centrifugal pumps, washing machine, grinder, lathes, air
conditioning fans, etc.
Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM
Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

• In order to produce rotating magnetic field there must be some

phase difference. In case of split phase induction motor we use
resistance for creating phase difference but here we use capacitor
for this purpose. The current flowing through the capacitor leads
the voltage. So, in capacitor start inductor motor and capacitor
start capacitor run induction motor we are using two winding, the
main winding and the starting winding. With starting winding we
connect a capacitor so the current flowing in the capacitor i.e
Ist leads the applied voltage by some angle, φst.
• The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in
running winding lags behind applied voltage by an angle, φm. Now
there occur large phase angle differences between these two
currents which produce an resultant current, I and this will produce
a rotating magnetic field.
• Since the torque produced by these motors depends upon the
phase angle difference, which is almost 90o. So, these motors
produce very high starting torque
Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

• In case of capacitor start induction motor, the centrifugal

switch is provided so as to disconnect the starting winding
when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the
synchronous speed but in case of capacitor start capacitors
run induction motor there is no centrifugal switch so, the
capacitor remains in the circuit and helps to improve
the power factor and the running conditions of single phase
induction motor.

Application of Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start

Capacitor Run IM
• These motors have high starting torque hence they are
used in conveyors, grinder, air conditioners, compressor,
etc. They are available up to 6 KW.
 Reluctance Motor

• A single phase
synchronous Reluctance
Motor is basically the same as
the single cage type induction
motor.
• The stator of the motor has
the main and auxiliary
winding. The stator of the
single phase reluctance
and induction motor are same.
• The rotor of a reluctance
motor is a squirrel cage with
some rotor teeth removed in
the certain places to provide 4 pole reluctance type synchronous motor
the desired number of salient
rotor poles.
 Reluctance Motor
• In the above figure the teeth have been removed in four locations
to produce a 4 pole structure. The two end rings are short circuited.
When the stator is connected to a single phase supply, the motor
starts as a single phase induction motor. A centrifugal switch
disconnects the auxiliary winding as soon as the speed of the motor
reaches about 75% of the synchronous speed. The motor continues
to speed up as a single phase motor with the main winding in
operation.
• A reluctance motor torque is produced due to the tendency of the
rotor to align itself in the minimum reluctance position, when the
speed of the motor is close to the synchronous speed. Thus, the
rotor pulls in synchronism. The load inertia should be within the
limits, for proper effectiveness. At synchronism, the induction
torque disappears, but the rotor remains in synchronism due to
synchronous reluctance torque.
• It is used for many constant speed applications such as electric
clock timer etc.
 Alternating current series motor

• AC series motors are also known as the modified DC series motor as their
construction is very similar to that of the DC series motor. Before we
discuss these modifications, here it is essential to discuss what is the need
and where do we need to do modifications. In order to understand this,
consider this question. What will happen when we give an AC supply to DC
series motor? Answer to this question is written below:
• An AC supply will produce an unidirectional torque because the direction
of both the currents (i.e. armature current and field current) reverses at
the same time.
• Due to presence of alternating current, eddy currents are induced in the
yoke and field cores which results in excessive heating of the yoke and
field cores.
• Due to the high inductance of the field and the armature circuit,
the power factor would become very low.
• There is sparking at the brushes of the DC series motor.
 Alternating current series motor
• So considering above points we can say that we don’t have good
performance of DC series motor on the application of AC supply.
• Now in order to reduce the eddy currents there is need to laminate the
yoke and field core. This is our first modification to DC series motor.
• What about power factor how we can improve power factor? Now the
power factor is directly related to reactance of the field and armature
circuit and we can reduce the field winding reactance by reducing the
number of turns in the field winding.
• But there is one problem: on reducing the number of turns, field mmf will
decrease and due to this the air gap flux decrease. The overall result of
this is that there is an increase in the speed of the motor but decrease in
the motor torque which is not desired.
• Now how to overcome this problem? The solution to this problem is the
use of compensating winding. On the basis of the usage of compensating
winding we have two types of motor and they are written below:
• Conductively compensated type of motors.
• Inductively compensated type of motors.
 Conductively Compensated Type of Motors

• Given below is the circuit

diagram of the
conductively
compensated type of
motors. In this type of
motor, the compensating
winding is connected in
series with the armature
circuit. The winding is put
in the stator slots. The
axis of the compensating
winding is 90o (electrical)
with main field axis.
 Inductively Compensated Type of Motors

• Given below is the circuit diagram

of the inductively compensated
type of motors. In this type of
motor, the compensating winding
has no interconnection with the
armature circuit of the motor. In
this case, a transformer action
will take place as the armature
winding will act as primary
winding of the transformer and
the compensation winding will
acts as a secondary winding. The
current in the compensating
winding will be in phase
opposition to the current in the
armature winding.
 Universal motor

• A universal motor is a special type of motor which is designed to

run on either DC or single phase AC supply. These motors are
generally series wound (armature and field winding are in series),
and hence produce high starting torque. That is why, universal
motors generally comes built into the device they are meant to
drive. Most of the universal motors are designed to operate at
higher speeds, exceeding 3500 RPM. They run at lower speed on AC
supply than they run on DC supply of same voltage, due to the
reactance voltage drop which is present in AC and not in DC.
There are two basic types of universal motor :
(i)compensated type and (ii) uncompensated type
 Construction of Universal Motor

• Construction of a universal motor is very similar

to the construction of a DC machine. It consists of
a stator on which field poles are mounted. Field
coils are wound on the field poles.
• However, the whole magnetic path (stator field
circuit and also armature) is laminated.
Lamination is necessary to minimize the eddy
currents which induce while operating on AC.
• The rotary armature is of wound type having
straight or skewed slots and commutator with
brushes resting on it.
 Working of Universal Motor

• A universal motor works on either

DC or single phase AC supply.
When the universal motor is fed
with a DC supply, it works as a DC
series motor. When current flows
in the field winding, it produces
an electromagnetic field. The
same current also flows from the
armature conductors. When a
current carrying conductor is
placed in an electromagnetic
field, it experiences a mechanical
force. Due to this mechanical
force, or torque, the rotor starts
to rotate. The direction of this
force is given by Fleming's left
hand rule.
 Working of Universal Motor

• When fed with AC supply, it still produces

unidirectional torque. Because, armature winding and
field winding are connected in series, they are in same
phase. Hence, as polarity of AC changes periodically,
the direction of current in armature and field winding
reverses at the same time.
• Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of
armature current reverses in such a way that the
direction of force experienced by armature conductors
remains same.
• Thus, regardless of AC or DC supply, universal motor
works on the same principle that DC series motor
works.
 Speed/Load Characteristics

• Speed/load characteristics of a
universal motor is similar to that
of DC series motor. The speed of
a universal motor is low at full
load and very high at no load. The
speed/load characteristics are
(for both AC as well as DC supply)
are shown in the figure.
Applications Of Universal Motor
• Universal motors find their use in
various home appliances like
vacuum cleaners, drink and food
mixers, domestic sewing machine
etc.
• The higher rating universal
motors are used in portable drills,
blenders etc.
 Stepper motor
• Stepper motor (also called as
step motor) is basically a
brushless DC motor, whose rotor
rotates through a fixed angular
step in response to input current
pulse. That means, the full
rotation of the rotor is divided
into equal number of steps, and
rotor rotates through one step for
each current pulse. Stepper
motors are becoming very
popular due to the fact that they
can be controlled directly by
computers, microprocessors or
microcontrollers.
Stepper motors are used for
precise positioning of an object or
precise speed control without
closed loop feedback.
 How Does A Stepper Motor Work?
• The unique feature of a stepper motor is that the shaft rotates in definite
steps, one step being taken each time a command pulse is received. When
a definite number of pulses are supplied, the shaft rotates through a
definite known angle.
• The rotor of a stepper motor is gear shaped and it can be of ferromagnetic
material or permanent magnet. Multiple toothed poles on which field
coils are wound are arranged around the gear shaped rotor. The stator
poles are magnetised in the appropriate manner by using a
microcontroller or microprocessor or by other means.
• First, one pole is magnetised by supplying the corresponding field coil.
This toothed pole then aligns the rotor teeth due to magnetic attraction.
Rotor teeth are slightly offset from the next pole.
• At the next step, first pole is demagnetised and the second is magnetised.
This causes the rotor to rotate in a fixed angle to align with the second
pole and offset with the previous pole.
• This was the basic working principle of a stepper motor. The rotor can be
made multiple stacked to achieve more steps. Also, different types of
stepping (like full step, half step or micro step) can be used for achieving
more steps.
 Permanent Magnet Type Stepper Motor

• The permanent magnet type stepper

motor has a stator, that is of
electromagnets and a rotor that is of
Permanent Magnet, therefore this
motor is called permanent magnet
type stepper motor.
Working
• When we give supply to the stator, the
winding of stator is energized and
hence produces magnetic field. As
described above, the rotor is made up
of permanent magnet, thats why it
tends to follow the revolving field.
Thus an stepper motor works.
• The speed or torque of a permanent
magnet type motor is changed by the
number of poles used in stator, If we
use a large number of poles in stator
then the speed of motor will increase
and if we use a less number of poles
then the speed will decrease.
 Variable Reluctance Motor
• In Variable reluctance stepper
motor, we use soft iron core
rotor, which has winding turned
on its surface. The stator is same
as used in the Permanent Type
Stepper Motor.
Working:
• When we apply supply to the
stator, a magnetic field is induced
in the stator winding which
causes an e.m.f. induction in the
rotor's winding, thus a magnetic
field is also set up in the rotor
which tends to follow the
magnetic field of stator.
• The speed control method is
almost same as in the permanent
magnet type motor.
 Servo Motor

• Servo implies an error sensing feedback control which

is utilized to correct the performance of a system. It
also requires a generally sophisticated controller, often
a dedicated module designed particularly for use with
servomotors. Servo motors are DC motors that allows
for precise control of angular position. They are
actually DC motors whose speed is slowly lowered by
the gears. The servo motors usually have a revolution
cutoff from 90° to 180°. A few servo motors also have
revolution cutoff of 360° or more. But servo motors do
not rotate constantly. Their rotation is limited in
between the fixed angles.
 Servo Motor
• The servo motor is actually an assembly of four things: a normal DC motor,
a gear reduction unit, a position-sensing device and a control circuit. The
DC motor is connected with a gear mechanism which provides feedback to
a position sensor which is mostly a potentiometer. From the gear box, the
output of the motor is delivered to the servo arm. For standard servo
motors, the gear is normally made up of plastic whereas for high power
servos, the gear is made up of metal.
• A servo motor consists of three wires- a black wire connected to ground, a
white/yellow wire connected to control unit and a red wire connected to
power supply.
• The function of the servo motor is to receive a control signal that
represents a desired output position of the servo shaft and apply power to
its DC motor until its shaft turns to that position.
• It uses the position sensing device to figure out the rotational position of
the shaft, so it knows which way the motor must turn to move the shaft to
the instructed position. The shaft commonly does not rotate freely around
similar to a DC motor, however rather can just turn 200 degrees.
 Working of a Servo Motor

• The Servo Motor basically consists of a DC Motor, a

Gear system, a position sensor and a control
circuit. The DC motors get powered from a battery and
run at high speed and low torque. The Gear and shaft
assembly connected to the DC motors lower this speed
into sufficient speed and higher torque. The position
sensor senses the position of the shaft from its definite
position and feeds the information to the control
circuit. The control circuit accordingly decodes the
signals from the position sensor and compares the
actual position of the motors with the desired position
and accordingly controls the direction of rotation of
the DC motor to get the required position.