Chapter review 8

1 a 2 =5 + 2x − x 2 dy
3 b = 0 ⇒ 0 = 3 x 2 − 12 x + 9
⇒ x2 − 2 x − 3 =0 dx
⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 1) =
0 ⇒= 0 3 ( x 2 − 4 x + 3)
⇒ x =−1( A ) , 3 ( B ) ⇒ 0= 3 ( x − 3)( x − 1)
⇒0=
1 or 3
∫ (5 + 2x − x − 2 ) dx
3
b Area of R= 2
x = 3 at A, the minimum, so B is (1, 4 )
−1
(Found by substituting x = 1 into original
∫ ( 3 + 2 x − x ) dx
3
2
= equation.)
−1

∫ (x − 6 x 2 + 9 x ) dx
3
( 3x + x − 13 x 3 )
3
= 2 c Area of R= 3

−1 0

( x 4 − 2 x3 + 92 x 2 )
3
= ( 9 + 9 − ) − ( −3 + 1 + 13 )27
3 = 1
4 0
= 9 + 2 − 13 = ( 81
− 2 × 27 + × 9 ) − ( 0 ) 9
4 2
= 10 2
3 = 6 34

2 a (x 1
2
)(
− 4 x 2 −1
−1
) 4 a =y 3x 2 − 4 x 2
1 −1

1− 4x 2 − x 2 + 4 =
=
−1
5 − 4x 2 − x 2
1 −1 1
dy −1 −3
= 23 x 2 + 12 × 4 x 2
1 3 dx
∫(x )( )
1 − 12 4x 2 x2
2
− 4 x − 1 dx = 5 x − − +c dy −1 −3
1
2
3
2
= 32 x 2 + 2 x 2
1 3
dx
=5 x − 8 x 2 − 23 x 2 + c
y dx ∫ ( 3 x ) dx
1 − 12
b ∫= 2
− 4x
( x − 4)( x ) ( )
4 1 3 4
− 12 1
b ∫1
2
− 1 dx = 5 x − 8 x − 23 x 2 2

1 3x 2
3
4x 2
1

= − +c
= ( 20 − 8 × 2 − 23 × 23 ) − ( 5 − 8 − 23 ) 3
2
3
1
2
1

= 4 − 163 + 3 + 23 = 2 x 2 − 8x 2 + c
= 7 − 143
( )
3 3 1
3

= 7
3 or 2 1
3
c ∫1
dx
y= 2 x 2 − 8x 2
1

= (2×3 3 − 8 3 − ( 2 − 8) )
( x − 3) = x − 6 x + 9
2
3 a 2

−2 3 + 6
=
So x ( x − 3) =x3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x
2

= 6−2 3
y = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or 3 ( twice ) So A = 6 and B = − 2
So A is the point ( 3, 0 ) .
1 3
5 a=y 12 x 2 − x 2
dy −1 1
= 6 x 2 − 32 x 2
dx
= 3
2 x
− 12
(4 − x)
dy
b =0⇒ x= 4, y = 12 × 2 − 23 = 16
dx
So B is the point ( 4, 16 ) .

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 (12 x ) 7 b Drop a perpendicular from C to the x-axis
12 1 3
5 c=
Area ∫ 0
2
− x 2 dx
to a point D.
 12 x 2 x 2
3 5

12
The area of the shaded region is
=  3 − 5  6

 2 2 0
Area of triangle ABD ∫ ( x − 1)( x − 5) dx
5

= Area of ABD − ∫ ( x − 6 x + 5 ) dx
(8 x )
12 6
3 5 2
= 2
− 52 x 2 5
0

= (8 × 123 − 52 125 − ( 0 ) )
= 133 ( 3 s.f.)

6 a x (8 − x ) =
12
⇒ 8x − x2 =
12
( 12 × 5 × 5) − ∫5 ( x 2 − 6 x + 5) dx
6
2
Area =
⇒ 0 = x − 8 x + 12
6
⇒0= ( x − 6 )( x − 2 ) = 12 12 −  13 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 5 x 
5

⇒=x 2 or= x 6 = 12 − ( 72 − 108 + 30 ) − ( 41 23 − 75 + 25 ) 

1
2
M is on the same line as L. = 12 12 − ( −6 ) − ( −8 13 )
So M is the point ( 6, 12 ) .
= 12 12 + 6 + 8 13
= 26 56
∫ ( 8 x − x ) dx
8
b Area
= 2
6

 x3 
8
8 a For the point A, which lies on the line and
=  4 x2 −  the curve
 3 6
= ( 4 × 64 − 512
3 ) − ( 4 × 36 − 3 )
216 4q + 25 = p + 40 − 16
= 256 − 170 23 − 144 + 72 ⇒ 4q =p − 1 (1)
= 13 13
For the point B, which lies on the line and
the curve
7 a A is the point (1, 0 ) , B is the point ( 5, 0 ) .
x −1 = ( x − 1)( x − 5) 8q + 25 = p + 80 − 64
⇒ 8q =p − 9 (2)
⇒0= ( x − 1)( x − 5 − 1)
Subtracting (2) − (1)
⇒0= ( x − 1)( x − 6 )
⇒ 4q =
−8
⇒ x= 1, x= 6
⇒q=−2
So C is the point ( 6, 5 ) .
Substituting into (1)
⇒ p =1 + 4q
⇒ p= −7

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8 b At A, y = 4q + 25 = 17 (2 − x 2 )3
10 a f '( x) =
So C is given by x2
17 =−7 + 10 x − x 2 (2 − x 2 )(2 − x 2 )(2 − x 2 )
=
x 2 − 10 x + 24 =
0 x2
(4 − 4 x 2 + x 4 )(2 − x 2 )
( x − 6 )( x − 4 ) =
0 =
x2
x 4,=
= x 6
= x −2 (8 − 12 x 2 + 6 x 4 − x 6 )
So C is the point ( 6, 17 )
= 8 x −2 − 12 + 6 x 2 − x 4
So A = 6 and B = − 1
c The required area is
6
∫ (−7 + 10 x − x 2 ) dx − area of rectangle b f''(x) = −16x−3 + 12x − 4x3
4

c f(x) = ∫ (8 x −2 − 12 + 6 x 2 − x 4 ) dx
8 x −1 6 x3 x5
= − 12 x + − +c
−1 3 5
5
8 x
= − − 12 x + 2 x3 − + c
x 5
When x = −2 and y = 9
8 (−2)5
− − 12(−2) + 2(−2)3 − +c = 9
( 7 x + 5x 2 − 13 x3 ) − 34 −2 5
6
Area =−
4
4 + 24 − 16 + 325 + c =9
= ( −42 + 180 − 72 ) − ( −28 + 80 − 643 ) − 34
c = − 475
= 4
3 or 1 1
3
8 x 5 47
f(x) = − − 12 x + 2 x 3 − −
x 5 5
9  3 
9 =A2 ∫ 4 
 x
− A  dx
 11 a y = 3 − 5x − 2x2
( 3x ) When y = 0, 3 − 5x − 2x2 = 0
9 − 12
= ∫ 4
− A dx
(3 + x)(1 − 2x) = 0
 3x 2 
1 9
x = −3 or x = 12
=  1 − Ax  The points are A(−3, 0) and B( 12 , 0).
 2  4
9
= 6 x 2 − Ax 
1
1
 4 b ∫ 2
(3 − 5 x − 2 x 2 ) dx
( ) ( )
1 1
−3
= 6(9) 2 − A(9) − 6(4) 2 − A(4) 1
 5 x 2 2 x3  2
= (18 − 9 A ) − (12 − 4 A ) = 3 x − −
 2 3  −3
0 = (A + 6)(A − 1)
 5 ( 12 ) 2 ( 12 ) 
2 3
A = −6 or A = 1
=  3( 2 ) −
1
− 
 2 3 
 
 5(−3) 2 2(−3)3 
−  3(−3) − − 
 2 3 
= ( 32 − 85 − 121 ) − ( −9 − 452 + 543 )
= 14 247

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12 a (x − 4)(2x + 3) = 0
x = 4 or x = – 32
The points are A(– 32 , 0) and B(4, 0).

4
b R= ∫ −
3
2
( x − 4)(2 x + 3) dx
4
= ∫
− 32
(2 x 2 − 5 x − 12) dx
4
 2 x3 5 x 2 
=  − − 12 x 
 3 2  − 32
 2(4)3 5(4) 2 
=  − − 12(4) 
 3 2 
 2(− 32 )3 5(− 32 ) 2 
− − − 12(− 32 ) 
 3 2 
= ( 3 − 40 − 48 ) − ( − 4 − 8 + 18 )
128 9 45

= −55 11
24

Area = 55 1124
13 a x(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 0, x = 3 or x = −2
The points are A(−2, 0) and B(3, 0).

0 3 0 3
b ∫−2
x( x − 3)( x + 2) dx − ∫ x( x − 3)( x + 2) d=
0
x ∫−2
( x 3 − x 2 − 6 x ) dx − ∫ ( x 3 − x 2 − 6 x ) d x
0

0
 x 4 x3 
=  − − 3x 2 
4 3  −2
0
0  x 4 x3 6 x 2   0 4 03   (−2) 4 (−2)3 
∫−2
3 2
( x − x − 6 x ) d x = 4 − 3 − 2  =  − − 3(0) 2  −  − − 3(−2) 2 
  −2  4 3   4 3 
= 0 − ( 4 + 83 − 12 )
= 5 13
3
3  x 4 x3 2
∫0
3 2
( x − x − 6 x ) d x =  4 − 3 − 3x 
 0
3 34 3
 0 0 4 3

=  − − 3(3) 2  −  − − 3(0) 2 
4 3   4 3 
= ( 814 − 9 − 27 )
= −15 34
Total area is 5 13 − ( − 15 34 ) = 21 121

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 5
14 a y = 2
x +1
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
5
2 5 4 2.5 1.538 1 0.690 0.5
x +1

3
 5 
b A = ∫  2  dx
0
x +1 
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
3
 5  1
∫  x 2
=  dx ( 0.5) ( 5 + 2 ( 4 + 2.5 + 1.538 + 1 + 0.69 ) + 0.5)
0
+1  2
= 6.24 (3 s.f.)

3
 5 
c ∫0  x + 1  dx
 4 + 2

3 3 3
 5   5 
∫0  4 + x 2 + 1  dx = ∫0 4 dx + ∫0  x 2 + 1  dx
= 12 + 6.24
= 18.24

15 a =
y 3x + x
x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
3x + x 1 1.251 1.494 1.741 2
1

b=A ∫
0
3x + x dx
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
1
1
∫ 3x + x=
dx ( 0.25) (1 + 2 (1.251 + 1.494 + 1.741) + 2 )
0
2
= 1.50 (3 s.f.)

16 a y =8 + 4 x − x 2 and y = x 2 − 4 x + 8
8 + 4 x − x2 = x2 − 4 x + 8
2 x2 − 8x = 0
2x ( x − 4) =0
=x 0= or x 4
When x = 0, y = 8
When x = 4, y = 8
So the curves intersect at (0, 8) and (4, 8)

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16 b

The area of the shaded region is given by

∫ ( 8 + 4 x − x ) dx − ∫ ( x − 4 x + 8 ) dx
4 4
2 2
A=
0 0

∫ ( 8 + 4 x − x ) dx − ∫ ( x − 4 x + 8 ) dx
4 4
2 2
=
0 0
4 4
 1  1 
= 8 x + 2 x 2 − x3  −  x3 − 2 x 2 + 8 x 
 3 0  3 0
 1 3  1 3 
=  8 ( 4 ) + 2 ( 4 ) − ( 4 )  −  8 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) − ( 0 )  
2 2

 3   3 
 1 3  1 3 
−  ( 4 ) − 2 ( 4 ) + 8 ( 4 )  −  ( 0 ) − 2 ( 0 ) + 8 ( 0 )  
2 2

 3  3 
128 64
= −
3 3
64
=
3

Alternatively, because the limits are the same

∫ (8 + 4 x − x ) − ( x − 4 x + 8 ) dx
4
2 2
A=
0

∫ (8 x − 2 x )dx
4
2
=
0
4
 2 
=  4 x 2 − x3 
 3 0
 2   2 
=  4(4) 2 − (4)3  −  4(0) 2 − (0)3  
 3   3 
 64  
=   − ( 0 ) 
 3  
64
=
3

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Challenge
a The shaded area beneath the x-axis is given by
1
A= ∫ x ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) dx
0

∫ ( x + x − 2 x ) dx
1
3 2
=
0
1
1 1 
=  x 4 + x3 − x 2 
4 3 0
1 4 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
=  (1) + (1) − (1)  −  ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) − ( 0 ) 
4

4 3  4 3 
5
= −
12
5
So the area beneath the x-axis is
12
The shaded area above the x-axis is given by
∫ (x + x 2 − 2 x ) dx
0
3
A
=
x
0
1 1 
=  x 4 + x3 − x 2 
4 3 x
1 4 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
=  ( 0) + ( 0) − ( 0)  −  ( x ) + ( x ) − ( x ) 
4

4 3  4 3 
1 1
=− x 4 − x3 + x 2
4 3

Since the areas are equal

1 1 5
− x 4 − x3 + x 2 =
4 3 12
4 3 2
−3 x − 4 x + 12 x = 5
3 x 4 + 4 x3 − 12 x 2 + 5 =0

Let f ( x ) = 3 x 4 + 4 x3 − 12 x 2 + 5
By the factor theorem if ( x − 1) is a factor then f(1) = 0
f (=
1) 3 (1) + 4 (1) − 12 (1) +=
4 3 2
5 0
Therefore ( x − 1) is a factor

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 3x3 + 7 x 2 − 5 x − 5
x − 1 3 x 4 + 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 5
3x 4 − 3x3
7x3 − 12 x 2
7x 3 − 7 x 2
− 5x2 + 5
−5 x 2 + 5 x
5x − 5
5x − 5
0
3 x + 4 x − 12 x + 5 = ( x − 1) ( 3 x 3 + 7 x 2 − 5 x − 5 )
4 3 2

Let g ( x ) = 3 x3 + 7 x 2 − 5 x − 5
By the factor theorem if ( x − 1) is a factor then g(1) = 0
1) 3 (1) + 7 (1) − 5 (1) −=
g (=
3 2
5 0
Therefore ( x − 1) is a factor
3 x 2 + 10 x + 5
x − 1 3x3 + 7 x 2 − 5 x − 5
3x3 − 3x 2
10 x 2 − 5 x
10 x 2 − 10 x
5x − 5
5x − 5
0
3 x + 7 x − 5 x − 5 = ( x − 1) ( 3 x 2 + 10 x + 5 )
3 2

and therefore
3 x 4 + 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 5 = ( x − 1)
2
( 3x 2
+ 10 x + 5 ) as required

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 ( x − 1) ( 3x 2 + 10 x + 5) =
2
b 0
( x − 1) =
2
0 has solutions at x = 1
3 x 2 + 10 x + 5 =0 has solutions at
(10 ) − 4 ( 3)( 5)
2
−10 ±
x=
2 ( 3)
−10 ± 40
=
2 ( 3)
−5 + 10 −5 − 10
=x = or x
3 3
Since the x-coordinate of A lies between x = 0 and x = −2
 −5 + 10 
A has coordinates  , 0 
 3 
−5 − 10
are the x-values where the curve ( x − 1) ( 3 x 2 + 10 x + 5 ) =
2
x = 1 and x = 0 cuts the x-axis.
3

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