VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HOCHIMINH CITY

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PRINCIPLES OF EE 1 LABORATORY

Lab 1: Introduction to
Electric Circuit Laboratory
Submitted by
Võ Minh Thiên - ID: BEBEIU19106
Lê Thị Kim Chi - ID BEBEIU19049

Date Submitted: 03/04/2021

Date Performed: 27/03/2021
Lab Section: Lab 1
Course Instructor: Dr. Huynh Tan Quoc
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Table of Contents

List of Figures.................................................................................................................................... I

List of Tables...................................................................................................................................... I

Nomenclature.................................................................................................................................. II

1 Theoretical Background............................................................................................................ 1

2 Experimental Procedure........................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Experiment 1......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Experiment 2......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Experiment 3......................................................................................................................................... 7

3 Experimental Results............................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Experiment 1....................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Experiment 2....................................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Experiment 3....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4 Experiment 4....................................................................................................................................... 13

4 Discussion of Results............................................................................................................... 14

List of Figures
Figure 1: Band colors and their meanings 1

Figure 2: Function generator. 2

Figure 3: Oscilloscope 3

Figure 4:Digital Multi-Meter 4

Figure 5: Power Supply 5

Figure 6: Diagram for experiment 3 7

Figure 7: Illustration for using Function Generator 8

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Figure 8: Measuring resistor 1K Ω ± 5% 11

Figure 9:Resistor 5K6 Ω ± 5% 11

Figure 10:The circuit Vi = 5sin(2π1000t) 12

Figure 11:The amplitude of the signals at A and B with respect to ground 12

Figure 12:The circuit Ω resistor e 5kΩ with a 1µF capacitor 13

Figure 13: Signals A & B 13

List of Tables
Table 1: Parameters set for subtask1 7

Table 2: Parameters set for subtask 2 9

Table 3: Expression the resistance with band code 10

Table 4: The theoretical resistance and The real measured resistances 11

Table 5: Signal of Probe A and probe B with respect to ground 3.1 14

Table 6: Signal of Probe A and probe B with respect to ground 3.2 15

Nomenclature
V DD: DC Voltage Source

V dd : AC Voltage Source

I ref : Reference Current

Etc.

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Theoretical Background

1.1 Reading the Resistors:

Resistor are available in many different values, shapes, and physical sizes. Practically
all leaded resistors with a power rating up to one watt have a pattern of colored bands that
are used to indicate resistance value, tolerance, and sometimes even the temperature
coefficient. There can be anywhere from three to six colored bands on the body of a
resistor, with four bands being the most common variation. The first few bands always
represent digits in the value of resistance. Then you will find a multiplier band to signify
moving the decimal right or left. The last bands represent tolerance and the temperature
coefficient. 

Figure 1: Band colors and their meanings

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1.2 Functions Generator

A function generator is usually test equipment used to generate different electrical

waveforms over a wide frequency range. Some of the most common waveforms generated
by the function generator are sine waves, square waves, triangles and jagged waves.

Controls mode

Parameter setting plugins

Figure 2: Function generator.

How to use:

1. Power on the generator and select the desired output signal: square wave, sine wave
or triangle wave.
2. Connect the output lead to an oscilloscope to visualize the output signal and setting its
parameters using the controls amplitude and frequency.
3. Attach the function generator output leads to the input of the circuit you want to test.
4. Attach the output of the circuit to a meter or oscilloscope to visualize the resulting
change in signal.

1.3 Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a specialized device used to display and graph signals over time,
voltage and intensity of light.

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Controls moddes

scaling
setting

Parameter setting

plugins

Figure 3: Oscilloscope

*How to read the oscilloscope:

Identify basic controls on the oscilloscope:

• At least one input where an oscilloscope probe (also called a coaxial cable) can be
attached (be sure you have one of these cables)

• Screen with a grid overlay- this grid is useful when you want to make measurements
using the scope

• Volts/div- allow to change how many volts are represented by each vertical increment
of grid overlay on the screen. Basically, we can zoom in and out along the y axis.

• Time/div- allow to change how much time is represented by each horizontal increment
of the grid overlay on the screen. You also can zoom in and out along the x axis.

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• Vertical position/offset- move up and down in the y direction

• horizontal position/offset- move right and left in the x direction

• trigger level- allows to stabilize your waveform on the screen

Functions of the Oscilloscope:

1. The automatic measurement of various parameters of the signal, like its frequency,
peak-to-peak voltage, duty cycle and rise time.
2. For signals that encode information, to decode that information and display it on the
screen.

1.4 Digital Multi – Meter

A digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more electrical values—
principally voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms)

Controls modes

Plugins
Parameter setting

Figure 4: Digital Multi-Meter

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How to use:

1. Turn ON the Digital Multi-Meter

2. Plug 2 wires to plugins ( must be same polarity).

3. Press the OHM button in Control Modes. (You can also press V button to measure
Voltage, …)

4. Measure the Resistors and the Screen will show the values.

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1.5 Power Supply

The power supply works to convert the power from the source into the correct format
and voltage.

Output controls

2 VDC sources

Light signals
plugins

Figure 5: Power Supply

Functions:

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- Change voltage up or down

- Convert power to direct current

- Regulate power for smoother out coming voltage.

Steps to use the Power Supply:

1. Turn ON the device

2. Turn all the Voltage and Current turners to 0 (on the left). the Light Signal -> RED

3. Hook up the power supply to the circuits (Hot wire: RED; Ground: BLACK)

4. Turn the Voltage turner to the desirable voltage. Slowly turn the Current turner up until
the Light signal -> GREEN

5. Hit the Output control button

6. Turn off the device after using, place all the cables to the original location

In case the 3 control modes, we only use INDEP or INDEPENDENT mode which is separate
the two adjustable sources.

2 Experimental Procedure

In the first lab, we practiced to read the resistor code color and use Digital Multi-
Meter, Power Supply, Function Generator and Oscilloscope

2.1 Experiment 1: Reading the Resistor Band Code

In this experiment 1, we will find the color bands corresponding to the given
resistance values which is mainly using 4 and 5 band resistors.

2.2 Experiment 2: Measure the Resistance

Equipment: Digital Multi-Meter

Component: Resistors 1K Ω and Resistors 5K6 Ω

Using the digital multi-meter to measure the real value of 5 resistors with have same
value theories

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2.3 Experiment 3: Measure Voltage Differences

Equipment: Function Generator and Oscilloscope

2.3.1 Subtask 1

Component: a 1K Ω resistor and a 5K6 Ω resistor

Table 1: Parameters set for subtask1

Set up for Function Generator Set up for Oscilloscope

VPP Frequency: The vertical axis The horizontal axis

(voltage): (time):
10V 1K Hz 2V/ 1 unit 250us/1 unit

We will set up components as Figure 6 with Vi = 5sin(2π1000t) (V) (using Function

Generator) and signals will be shown on the screen of Oscilloscope after the measurement
amplitude of the signal at A and B with respect to ground.

Figure 6: Diagram for experiment 3

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Figure 7: Illustration for using Function Generator

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2.3.2 Sub-task 2

Component: replace 1KΩ resistor by a 330Ω Resistor and replace 5K6Ω resistor
by a 1uF capacitor

Table 2: Parameters set for subtask 2

Set up for Function Generator Set up for Oscilloscope

VPP Frequency: The vertical axis The horizontal axis

(voltage): (time):
10V 500 Hz 2V/ 1 unit 1ms/1 unit

Using Function Generator to adjust the initial input frequency to 500Hz. and signals
will be shown on the screen of Oscilloscope after the measurement amplitude of the signal
at A and B with respect to ground.

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3 Experimental Results

3.1 Experiment 1: Reading the Resistors

Table 3: Expression the resistance with band code

150 Ω, 5% = brown green brown gold 56K Ω, 5% =green blue orange gold

270 Ω, 5% = red violet brown gold 1K Ω, 5% =brown black red gold

3300 Ω, 5% = orange orange red gold 1M Ω, 5% =brown black green gold

470 Ω, 2% = yellow violet brown red 100.000 Ω, 5% =Brown black orange

3K3 Ω, 5% =orange orange red gold gold

1 Ω, 1% =brown black gold brown 390 Ω, 5% =orange white brown gold

1200 Ω, 5% =brown red red gold 3300 Ω, 2% =orange orange red red

220 Ω, 1% =red red brown brown 3M9 Ω, 20% =orange white red

3900 Ω, 2% =orange white red red 47 Ω, 5% =yellow viloet black gold

10.000 Ω, 5% =Brown black orange gold 10K Ω, 5% = brown black orange gold

470K Ω, 1%=Yellow violet yellow 1500 Ω, 2% =brown green red red

brown 2K76 Ω, 1% =red violet blue brown

1.8 Ω, 2% = Brown gray gold red brown

11K2 Ω, 5% =Brown brown red red gold 2.2 Ω, 1% =red red gold brown

6800 Ω, 10% =blue gray red silver 94.1K Ω, 2% =white yellow brown red

1M Ω, 10% =brown black green silver red

10M Ω, 10% =brown black blue silver

2M9 Ω, 10% =red white green silver

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3.2 Experiment 2: Measure the Resistor values

Table 4: The theoretical resistance and The real measured resistances

The color band: The color band:

Brown, Black, Red, Gold Green, Blue, Red, Gold

The value of Resistor: 1K Ω ± 5% The Value of Resistor: 5K6 Ω ± 5%
The actual value of
1st resistor: 0.9936K Ω 1st resistor: 5.3933K Ω
2nd resistor: 0.9903K Ω 2nd resistor:5.5008K Ω
3rd resistor: 0.9927K Ω 3rd resistor:5.5807K Ω
4th resistor: 0.9949K Ω 4th resistor:5.5029K Ω
5th resistor: 0.9977K Ω 5th resistor:5.4337K Ω

Figure 8: Measuring resistor 1K Ω ± 5% Figure 9: Resistor 5K6 Ω ± 5%

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3.3 Experiment 3: Measure Voltage Differences

Figure 10: The circuit Vi = 5sin(2π1000t)

Figure 11: The amplitude of the signals at A and B with respect to ground

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3.4 Experiment 4: Frequency and Phase Shift Measurement

Figure 12: The circuit Ω resistor e 5kΩ with a 1µF capacitor

Figure 13: Signals A & B

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4 Discussion of Results

4.1 Experiment 1
We know how to read the values of the resistors from the resistor color code.
Although at first it was easy to confuse the color values, but later on, it was possible to
recognize the resistance value more quickly and accurately.
4.2 Experiment 2
From the results in Table B, we found that the resistance value always exists an error
value, making the real value and the theoretical value different (in the tolerance band
value).
4.3 Experiment 3
4.3.1 Subtask 1
From the Figure 9, the yellow and blue sinusoidal signals respectively showing
signals of A and B.
Table 5: Signal of Probe A and probe B with respect to ground 3.1

Signal of Probe A with Signal of Probe B with

respect to ground respect to ground:

Period 1ms (250us * 4 units) 1ms (250us * 4 units)

Max. Voltage about 5V (2V * 2.5 units) ≥ 4V [2V * (≥2 units)]

The voltage between Probe A and B is approximately 1V.

The supplied Vi and different voltages, so the period of both signals probe A and
signal probe B respect to ground are the same
4.3.2 Subtask 2
From the Figure 12, the yellow and blue sinusoidal signals respectively showing
signals of A and B.

Table 6: Signal of Probe A and probe B with respect to ground 3.2

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Signal of Probe A with Signal of Probe B with

respect to ground respect to ground:

Period 2ms (1ms * 2 units) 2ms (1ms * 2 units)

Max. Voltage about 4.4V (2V * ≥2.2 units) about 3V (2V * ≥1.5 units)

The supplied Vi and different voltages, so the period of both signals probe A and signal
probe B respect to ground are the same

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