Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Science G8
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall
subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However,
prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.
Science
Grade 8
Jhonathan S. Cadavido
Internal Reviewer & Editor
Ephraim L. Gibas
IT & Logistics
What I need to know learning outcomes for the day or week, purpose of
the lesson, core content and relevant samples.
This maximizes awareness of his/her own
What is new knowledge as regards content and skills required
for the lesson.
The three widely felt earthquakes shook the Philippines today, but it’s
unclear if they triggered each other. The earthquake, which struck at 3.18am.
local time on Sunday, was centered in the sea, about 31km (20 miles) northeast of
Lubang Island, or 89km (55 miles) west of Calamba and 65km (41 miles)
southwest of Balanga.
Shaking from the earthquake was felt across the region, including in
Manila and Quezon City, where some said the tremors were strong enough to
wake them. There were no immediate reports of damage or casualties. The
Philippines is on the so-called ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’, an arc of fault lines circling the
Pacific Basin which are prone to frequent and large earthquakes. Volcanic
eruptions also occur frequently in the region. - The Philippines Daily Inquirer/
Asian News Network, May 16, 2020.
What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. The tectonic
plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction.
When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that
releases in the form of energy in waves that travel through the earth's interior
and crust that cause the shaking that we feel. Have you experienced an
earthquake?
What is a Fault?
A fault is a fracture or zone of
fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults
allow the blocks to move relative to each
other. This movement may occur rapidly, in
the form of an earthquake or may occur
slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may
range in length from a few millimeters to
thousands of kilometers. Most faults
produce repeated displacements over
geologic time. See figure 1, can you point out
where the fault is?
Types of Faults
Faults are classified according to movement of two blocks. There are three
types of faults namely:
(1) Normal Fault; 2()Reverse Fault, and (3) Strike-Slip Fault.
1. Normal Fault
2. Reverse Fault
A dip-slip fault in which the
upper block, above the fault plane,
moves up and over the lower block.
This type of faulting is common in
areas of compression, When the dip
angle is shallow, a reverse fault is
often described as a thrust fault.
“Occurs where the “hanging wall”
moves up or is thrust over the “foot
wall”.
3. Strike-Slip Fault
When shear stress occurs, the force of the stress pushes some of the crust
in different directions. When this happens, a large part of the crust can break off,
which makes the plate size smaller. Shear stress usually happens when two plates
rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. The friction of a shear
stress at the edges of the plate can cause earthquakes.
When stress is applied to all sides of the crust, confining stress occurs.
When this happens, the crust compacts, which makes it look smaller. If the stress
is too much for the crust to handle, the crust can fracture from the inside. This
causes the crust weight to decrease but the crust shape remains the same.
Because this type of stress can hollow out the insides of the crust, confining
stress can cause sinkholes in the Earth.
D
Learning Task 1: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the magnitude of Earthquake took place in Manila?
A. 5.2 B. 5.3 C. 5.4 D. 5.5
2. Which among of the following is the safest location during an earthquake?
A. inside the house C. in an open area
B. inside the car D. under a tree
3. Which agency of the government in the Philippines is monitoring the
movement of the earth crust?
A. PHIVOLCS B. PAGASA C. DOST D. DENR
4. What will be produced if there is a sudden movement of the earth's crust due
to the release of stress accumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic
activity?
A. typhoon B. tsunami C. flood D. earthquake
5. What do you call a fracture or crack between two rocks?
A. stress B. earthquake C. fault D. crust
Learning Task 2: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in
your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following faults occurs where the “hanging wall” moves up or is
thrust over the “footwall”?
A. Normal Fault B. Reverse Fault C. Strike-Slip Fault D. Stress Fault
2. Which fault is characterized on which the two blocks slide past one another?
A. Normal Fault B. Reverse Fault C. Strike-Slip Fault D. Active Fault
2 10
4 9
7
5
Across Down
A
Create a 5 sentence paragraph on the statement below stating your reactions on
it. Write your answers in a sheet of paper.
“ Earthquakes are destructive to human lives.”
Figure 1.
To distinguish the two, intensity is expressed using Roman Numeral (I, II,
II) while magnitude uses Hindu-Arabic numerals (2, 3, 4)
Earthquakes with a magnitude of 2 may or may not be felt. Those that are
felt by most people have a magnitude of 4. Magnitude 6 can lead to a lot of
damage in highly populated areas.
Earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 can cause severe damage. A
magnitude of 8 or 9 results in widespread destruction, especially near the
epicenter. Luckily only one or two occur every year.
D
Learning Task 1: Read the article found on the next page about the earthquake
that happened in Luzon last 1990. Answer the questions briefly. Write your
answers in your answer sheet.
E
Learning Task 2: Match the Richter magnitude indicated in column A with the
earthquake effect found in column B. Write your answer on the space provided.
A B
_____ 1.) 7 A. Lead to a lot of damage
_____ 2.) 5 B. Widespread destruction
_____ 3.) 2 C. Felt little by people
_____ 4.) 4 D. Felt by most people
_____ 5.) 8 up E. Caused severe damage
_____ 6.) 6 F. May not be felt
_____ 7.) 3 G. Furniture moves
Where do earthquakes occur?
A fault line is defined as a geological fracture wherein the movement of
masses of rock has displaced parts of the Earth’s crust. A rapid movement of a
fault line may produce a powerful energy that can trigger a strong earthquake.
There are five active fault lines in the country namely the Western
Philippine Fault, the Eastern Philippine Fault, the South of Mindanao Fault,
Central Philippine Fault and the Marikina/Valley Fault System.
An active fault is a fault that is likely to have another earthquake
sometime in the future. Faults are commonly considered to be active if there has
been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000
years. Active faulting is considered to be a geologic hazard and related to
earthquakes as a cause. Effects of movement on an active fault include strong
ground motion, surface faulting, tectonic deformation, landslides and rockfalls,
liquefaction, tsunamis, and seiches.
In relation to fracking, there are theories that the fracking process can
disrupt an active fault or possibly activate an inactive or dormant fault.
Seismologists all over the world are actively studying areas in the world where
fracking takes place to either validate or dispute these theories.
Fault Classifications
1. Active Faults are structure along which we expect displacement to occur. The
process that produces displacement across a fault continuously. All shallow
earthquakes occur on active faults.
2. Inactive Faults are structures that we can identify, but which do no have
earthquakes. If a fault has been inactive for millions of years, it’s certainly safe
to call it inactive.
15 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON Science G8
Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines
4. It is a sudden movement of the earth's crust caused by the release of stress ac-
cumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic activity:
A. Earthquake B. Flood C. Typhoon D. Tsunami
A
List down five (5) things to do before, during and after an earthquake. Do this
in your answer sheet.
Before an earthquake
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
During earthquake
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Far from the shore, a tsunami is low, maybe just a meter high. But it
travels at the speed of a jet plane. When the tsunami reaches the shore, it slows
down but it grows in height.
Thus, when you are near the sea and you feel a strong earthquake, treat
that as a warning signal. Run to the highest place you can find, or if you have a
vehicle, evacuate inland.
Not every fault movement beneath the sea will produce a tsunami. Those
faults that move in a horizontal direction or sideways will not result in a
tsunami. The fault has to move in the vertical direction.
In this lesson, you will learn how earthquake waves that provide
information about the interior of the earth.
Refer to the diagram above. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and the
uppermost part of the mantle is solid. Seismic waves travel fast through this rocky
sphere. Below the lithosphere, the seismic waves slow down. This observation
indicates a very high temperature that melts rocks, making the molten behave like
a fluid. Scientists call this region of the mantle asthenosphere. Below the
asthenosphere, seismic waves travel fast again indicating that the lower part of
the mantle is solid. It is probably the very high pressure that keeps it solid in spite
of the high temperature. A similar phenomenon is observed in the core. Seismic
waves travel slowly through the outer core indicating that it is molten due to the
extremely high temperature. Then again the inner core is solid in spite of the very
high temperature. Most probably, the very high pressure in the deepest part of the
earth keeps it solid.
D
Learning Task 1: Using the given organizer, write the necessary information to
complete the concept about seismic waves. Do this in your answer sheet.
The vibrations are more properly called seismic waves. As seismic waves
travel through the body of the Earth, they behave in different ways, depending
on what they encounter a long way.
Learning Task 3: Use a slinky wave in this activity and answer the given
questions.
(Note: You may use unused notebook metal spring as alternative if slinky wave is
not available at home)
1. Prepare a slinky and a masking tape.
2. Mark a spot on their slinky near the center with masking tape at the top of
the loop.
3. Ask someone from your family to hold each end of the slinky. Stretch out the
slinky along a table.
4. Take turn in compressing 15 coils and then releasing them rapidly while they
hold the end of the slinky, making sure to observe the energy wave travel the
length of the slinky.
Guide Questions:
1.Describe your observations of the coil and tape.
2.What kind of seismic wave does this slinky motion represent?
E
Learning Task 4: Read the instructions found on the next page. Answer the
questions. Write your answers in your answer sheet..
4. While keeping a tight grip with your right hand, take away your left hand
quickly.
Q4: What will happen to the ruler as you take away your left hand
quickly?
Learning Task 5: Create a wave box that demonstrates how earthquake waves
can travel through a variety of materials as they travel away from the
focus of an earthquake where the rocks first rupture.
All earthquakes produce P waves and S waves.
P waves travel through solids, liquids and gases. In this
simple science experiment, you will see how P waves travel
through different solids causing paper clips on a string to
vibrate.
Materials:
Box, String, Paper clips, Nail or ice pick
Procedures:
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What will happen to the paper clips if you have struck the table hard enough
2. Why does vibrations create sound?
Details and Has included at least Has included at least 4 Has included at least 3
Information 5 things to remember things to remember things to remember in
in relation to In relation to relation to earthquake
earthquake earthquake
A
Learning Task 6: Choose the letter of the best answer and write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which layer of the earth contains rocks that are moving slowly but
continuously?
A. Crust B. Mantle C. Inner core D. Outer core
2. What happens to the P-waves when they are approaching the molten part of
the Earth’s interior?
A. become slower C. they disappear
B. remains the same D. the velocity increases
3. What do you call the region on Earth’s surface where a violent earthquake is
felt?
A. Crust B. Epicenter C. Focus D. Plate tectonic
4.Which of the following seismic waves is detected first by the
seismograph?
A. L-waves B. P-waves C. R-waves D. S-waves
5. Which government agency in the Philippines monitors the earthquake?
A. DOST B. DENR C. NDRRMC D. PHIVOLCS
6. Which part of the Earth is said to be solid?
A. Crust B. Mantle C. Inner Core D. Outer Core
Figure 1. A supertyphoon as seen from high above the Earth; at the center is the “eye”
of the supertyphoon. Image by the guardian.com
The picture above shows how strong the typhoon is, we can see the white
clouds in a spiral motion and the wind spin that rotates in a counter-clockwise
direction.
Eye
Figure 3. blog.phl-microsat.upd.edu.ph/update-more-diwata-2-images-of-typhoon
-tisoy-kammuri-8a4bd87d3c03
Learning Task 2: Study and answer the questions below. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the different typhoon categories and their relationship to their
speed and extent of damage?
2. When do you consider that a typhoon will enter or affect the country?
E
Learning Task 3: Using the Map of the Philippines and its vicinity, plot the
given points on the map. Connect the plotted points. The region within is the
Philippine Area of Responsibility or PAR. It is the job of PAGASA to monitor all
tropical cyclones that enter this area.
Guide Questions
1. Where did the tropical cyclone form? On land or in the ocean?
2. What can you tell about the track of the typhoon in 2003-2004?
3. In what direction did the tropical cyclone move?
A
Learning Task 6: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. From what bodies of water do typhoons originate?
A. ocean B. lakes C. rivers D. streams
2. The name of the typhoon that caused great floods in Metro Manila that
resulted to many damaged houses, and properties in 2009.
A. Idang B. Mando C. Kuring D. Ondoy
3. Name the agency of the government that monitors typhoon in the
Philippines.
A. DOST B. PAGASA C. PHIVOLCS D. DENR
4. It is rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong
winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
A. rain B. tropical cyclone C. snow D. sand storm
5. What is the name of the big body of water that is where almost all
typhoon that pass in our country?
A. Indian Ocean C. Atlantic Ocean
B. West Philippine Sea D. Pacific Ocean
D
Learning Task No. 1. Study the maps below. They tell us the tracks (path) of
four cyclones that entered the PAR in the past years. Using the maps, answer the
given questions that follow:
Fig. 1 Tracks of selected tropical cyclones Source: Grade 8 Science Learner’s Module
In the case of Agaton, Yoyong, and Huaning, where did they die out? Near
land or in the middle of the ocean?
B. Picture Analysis
Study each picture below. Answer the question in each item.
Source:http://www.westernpacificweather.com/education/tropical-cyclone-overview/
Source https://panahon.tv/beta/v2/web/blog/2016/11/anatomy-of-a-typhoon/
Source: https://www.ec.gc.ca/ouragans-hurricanes/default.asp?lang=En&n=00677163-1
Procedure: Use the latitude and longitude (lat-long) in the table below to track
the Location of Sendong. Plot each lat-long pair on the map with the PAR.
Guide Questions:
Location A B C D
Air pressure in millibars(mb) 930 960 980 990
3. Compare the wind speed within the eye and at the eye wall. What can you
say?
E
Learning Task 4: Use the latitude and longitude (lat-long) in the table
below to track the location of Super typhoon Yolanda. Plot each lat-long pair on
the map with the PAR.
Month/Date/Time Latitude (°N) Longitude (°E)
A
Learning Task 5: Using the map of tropical storm track below,
determine the latitude and longitude of the given storm in the table. Answer the
questions found on the next page. Write your answers in your answer sheet.
Comets and asteroids have irregular shapes and varied sizes. They both
reflect light from the sun at varying amounts depending on the size and
composition. Silicates are minerals which contain the elements silicon, oxygen
and at least one metal which is responsible for comets and asteroids to be able
to reflect light.
Comet Asteroid
D
Learning Task 1: Identify if the statement is True or False. Write their
corresponding numbers on the TRUE or FALSE box below.
1. A comet is a ball of mostly iced that moves around in the outer space.
2. Comets are believed to be in long elliptical orbits.
3. Comets can come back into view from time to time.
4. Comets are same with meteors.
5. Asteroids orbit the sun.
TRUE FALSE
Read the paragraphs below. Prepare a summary for each paragraph. Write your
answer in your answer sheet.
Comet Halley is the most famous comet of the 20 th
century. Only known as the short-period comet. It takes 75-
79 years for Comet Haley to orbit the Sun. Comets are
actually dark and invisible. When the comet is near the
sun, it becomes visible because tails are formed. When a
comet is approaching the sun, its ion tail is behind it but
Comet Haley when it is moving away from the sun, its ion tail goes ahead
of it. Halley's Comet will next appear in the night sky in the
year 2062. Halley's Comet was recorded by Edmund Halley in 1682. It was seen
again in 1758, 1835, 1910, and 1986.
Most asteroids, on the other hand, originate from the Main
Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. This belt is
theorized by scientists as remnants of a planet that did not
completely form. The orbit of an asteroid is more rounded
and less elliptical than the orbit of a comet. In February
2013, Asteroid 2012 DA14 made a very close
Asteroid 2012 DA14
approach to Earth as it orbited the Sun.
35 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON Science G8
Distance in space is measured in light years
and this asteroid was just 0.4 light year away from
Earth, the closest distance that any asteroid has ever
been to Earth. In December 2012, during the midst of
the doomsday prophecies, Asteroid Toutatis also made
a near approach to Earth but not as close as Asteroid
2012 DA14. Asteroid Toutatis
Comets Asteroids
Comets
&
Asteroids
Made of frozen ice gas and Have long gas tail Also known as planetoids
dust
Made of rock and/or metal Have long dust tail Surrounded by hydrogen cloud
Orbit the Sun Have a long ion tail Have no atmosphere
Ceres is the biggest Have no tail Part of our solar system
Halley is one Highly elliptical orbit Sun grazers are ones that crash into the
sun
Some come close to the Most orbit between Some have hit the Earth
earth Mars and Jupiter
E
Learning Task 4: Place a check mark () in your answer sheet to indicate
characteristics of asteroids, comets, and meteors.
Meteor Meteorite Elliptical Orbit
A
Learning Task 5: Define the following terms in your own words. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.
Asteroid Comet Meteor
Appears as a streak of light in the sky
Frozen ball of dust
Is visible in our sky
Made up of rock
Orbits the sun
Orbits between Jupiter and Mars
Often called “shooting stars”
Usually burns up the Earth’s atmosphere
- I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task
helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
- I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging but it still
helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
- I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need
additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform this task.
Note: If the lesson is designed for two or more weeks as shown in the eartag, just copy your
personal evaluation indicated in the first Level of Performance found in the second column
up to the succeeding columns, ie. if the lesson is designed for weeks 4-6, just copy your
personal evaluation indicated in the LP column for week 4, week 5 and week 6. Thank you.