Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg Awfhvb

Aóg kZvãx †_‡K Øv`k kZvãxi g‡a¨ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m wZb ch©v‡q gymwjg AvµgY
GB BDwb‡Ui cÖwZcv`¨ welq|
Aóg kZvãx‡Z Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq gymwjg Avµg‡Yi cÖ_g ch©vq| GB weRq ¶Y¯’vqx wQj, wKšÍz
Gi my`~i cÖmvix djvdj AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wQj| G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q cÖ_g cv‡V|
GKv`k kZvãx‡Z MRbxi myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhvb gymwjg Avµg‡Yi wØZxq ch©vq|GB
Avµg‡Yi D‡Ïk¨, NUbvewj I djvdj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q wØZxq cv‡V|
Z…Zxq cv‡V ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q gymwjg Awfhv‡bi Z…Zxq ch©vq- gynv¤§` †Nvixi AvµgY| GB AvµgY
fvi‡Z gymwjg kvm‡bi cÖwZôv NwU‡qwQj|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t

• cvV-1. Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq
• cvV-2. myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhvb
• cvV-3. gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Awfhvb
 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 1
Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ
• Avie‡`i wmÜz weR‡qi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi mvd‡j¨i KviY we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• Avie‡`i ¯’vqx kvmyb cÖwZôvi e¨_©Zvi KviY¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• Avie‡`i wmÜz weR‡qi djvdj we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Bmjvg a‡g©i Avwef©v‡ei eû Av‡M †_‡KB fvi‡Zi m‡½ Avie‡`i †hvMv‡hvM wQj| G †hvMv‡hvM wQj
evwYwR¨K| Avie ewYKiv fvi‡Zi DcK‚jeZx© e›`img~‡n G‡m G‡`‡ki cY¨`ªe¨ wbR †`‡k Ges
ga¨-Gwkqv, DËi Avwd«Kv Ges BD‡iv‡c cvVv‡Zv| wLªw÷q mßg kZvãx‡Z Avie‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi
Avwef©ve I cÖPv‡ii ci Avie gymjgvbivI e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ wjß nq| ZvivI evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨
fvi‡Z Avm‡Z _v‡K| Zuviv c~e© fviZxq ØxccyÄ Ges Pxb mvgªv‡R¨i m‡½I evwYR¨ Ki‡Zv| Avie
ewYKiv cÖavbZ: cvwK¯Ív‡bi DcK‚jeZx© gvKivb Ges wmsnj, gv`ªvR DcK‚j I e‡½vcmvM‡ii
DcK‚jeZx© e›`i¸‡jv‡Z Avm‡Zv|
fviZ AvµgYKvix gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ AvieivB cÖ_g fvi‡Z G‡mwQj| gnvbexi (`:) g„Zz¨i Kzwo
eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Zviv wmwiqv, c¨v‡j÷vBb, wgki Ges cvim¨ Rq K‡i| Gici Zviv c~e©w`‡K Av‡iv
AMÖmi nIqvi wPšÍv Ki‡Z _v‡K| fviZ-cÖZ¨vMZ e¨emvqx‡`i Kv‡Q fvi‡Zi wekvj m¤ú‡`i K_v
ï‡b Zviv fvi‡Zi cÖwZ AvK…ó nq| nRiZ Ig‡ii (ivt) kvmbvg‡j 636-637 mv‡j gymjgvbiv
cÖ_g fvi‡Z Awfhvb K‡i|wKšÍz G ai‡bi Awfhvb AZ¨šÍ wec¾bK we‡ewPZ nIqvq Zv cieZx©Kv‡j
wbwl× †NvwlZ nq|
nhiZ Ig‡ii (ivt) DËivwaKvixMY cieZx©Kv‡j Avevi fvi‡Z Awfhvb cvVv‡Z ïiy K‡ib| 643-
644 mv‡j Avãyjøvn& web Avgi web ivwei †bZ…‡Z¡ gymjgvbiv wKigvb AvµgY K‡i| wZwb wmwR¯Ívb
ch©šÍ AMÖmi nb Ges †mLvbKvi kvmbKZ©v cÖPyi A_© w`‡q gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|
Gici wZwb gvKivb AvµgY K‡ib| gvKivb I wmÜzi ivRv †hŠ_fv‡e evav w`‡qI gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡Q
civwRZ nb| gymjgvb †mbvcwZ GB weR‡qi avivevwnKZvq Av‡iv AMÖmi n‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, wKšÍz
Lwjdvi mveavbx bxwZi d‡j Zv m¤¢e nqwb|
DgvBqv Lwjdv‡`i Avg‡j gymjgvb‡`i mvgªvR¨ Av‡iv c~e©w`‡K we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| Biv‡Ki kvmbKZ©v
nv¾vR web BDmy‡di kvmbvg‡j Zuvi Drmv‡n Avieiv wmÜz AvµgY K‡ib|

wmÜy weR‡qi KviY

Avie‡`i wmÜz Awfhv‡bi eû KviY wQj|DgvBqv kvmbvg‡j gymjgvbiv ivR¨R‡q we‡klfv‡e Drmvnx
n‡q I‡V| DgvBqv Lwjdviv wQ‡jb m¤úªmviYev`x| Kv‡RB gymjgvb mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Ask wn‡m‡e G
mgq fvi‡Z Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ nq|

BwZnvm c„ôv
187

Gm Gm GBP Gj

G mgq Lwjdv cÖ_g Iqvwj‡`i c~e©vÂjxq cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb nv¾vR web BDmyd| wZwb
wQ‡jb †Nvi mvgªvR¨ev`x Ges c~e©w`‡K gymjgvb mvgªv‡R¨i we¯Ív‡i cÖPÛ AvMÖnx| G mgq gymjgvbiv
†evLviv, mgiK›` Ges dviMvbv Rq K‡i| KvkM‡oi weiy‡×I Awfhvb †cÖwiZ nq Ges †mLvbKvi
ˆPwbK kvmK gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| Kvey‡ji ivRvi weiy‡×I ˆmb¨evwnbx †cÖiY Kiv
nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq wmÜz‡ZI gymjgvbiv Awfhvb K‡iwQj|
gymjgvb‡`i cvim¨ Awfhv‡bi mgq wKQy wKQy fviZxq ivRv gymjgvb‡`i weiy‡× cvim¨‡K mvnvh¨
K‡iwQj| Gi cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨I Avieiv wmÜz AvµgY K‡iwQj|
nv¾v‡Ri K‡Vvi kvm‡b wKQy Avie we‡`ªvn K‡i Ges Zviv wmÜz‡Z Avkªq MÖnY K‡i| nv¾vR Zv‡`i
†dir PvB‡j wmÜzi ivRv `vwni Zv‡`i wdwi‡q w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib| d‡j nv¾vR ivMvwb¦Z n‡q wmÜz
Avµg‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|
fvi‡Zi AZyj Hk¦h© AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB Zuvi wec‡`i KviY n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj| Avie‡`i wmÜz
Avµg‡Yi Av‡M I c‡i eû we‡`kx kw³B fvi‡Zi ab-m¤ú‡`i †jv‡f G‡`k AvµgY K‡iwQj|
Avieiv wQj Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `wi`ª| Kv‡RB fvi‡Zi ab-m¤ú` w`‡q wb‡R‡`i `vwi`ª¨ †gvPbI wQj
Avie‡`i wmÜz Awfhv‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY|
wmÜz DcK‚‡j Rj`my¨ KZ…©K Avie‡`i RvnvR jyÉb wQj Avie‡`i wmÜz Awfhv‡bi cÖZ¨¶ KviY|
wmsn‡j evwYR¨iZ K‡qKRb Avie ewY‡Ki g„Zz¨ n‡j wmsn‡ji ivRv g„Z ewYK‡`i AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡`i
Ges nv¾v‡Ri Rb¨ cÖPyi Dcnvi RvnvR‡hv‡M cvVvb| †`‡k †divi c‡_ G RvnvR¸‡jv S‡oi Kvi‡Y
wmÜzi †`ej e›`‡i Avkªq †bq Ges Rj`my¨‡`i Øviv jywÉZ nq| Rj`my¨iv nv¾v‡Ri Rb¨ †cÖwiZ
Dcnvi mvgMÖx jyU K‡i Ges g„Z ewYK‡`i weaev ¯¿x I AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡`i ew›` K‡i| G Lei †c‡q
nv¾vR wmÜzi ivRv `vwn‡ii Kv‡Q ¶wZc~iY `vwe Ki‡j `vwni ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib|
nv¾vR G‡Z fxlY µz× nb Ges `vwn‡ii weiy‡× hy‡×i wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| wmÜzi weiy‡× nv¾v‡Ri
†cÖwiZ cÖ_g `ywU Awfhvb e¨_© nq Ges `yRb †mbvcwZB wbnZ nb| G‡Z nv¾vR wmÜz Awfhv‡bi Rb¨
e¨vcK cÖ¯ÍzwZ MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zuvi åvZz®úyÎ I RvgvZv gynv¤§` web Kvwmg‡K †mbvcwZ wbhy³ K‡ib|
gynv¤§` web Kvwmg 6000 Ak¦v‡ivnx I 6000 Dóªv‡ivnx wb‡q wmÜz Awfhv‡b hvÎv K‡ib| GB wekvj
evwnbxi im` en‡bi Rb¨ 3000 DU wQj| wekvj ˆmb¨evwnbx wb‡q Kvwmg wmivR I gvKiv‡bi c_
a‡i †`e‡ji w`‡K AMÖmi nb| wn›`y kvm‡Ki cÖwZ weiƒcfvevcbœ ¯’vbxq eû RvU I †gf Kvwm‡gi
evwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib| 712 wLª÷v‡ãi emšÍKv‡j Kvwmg †`e‡j Dcw¯’Z nb| nv¾vR `yM© Ae‡iva
Kivi Rb¨ weivU AvKv‡ii ÔgbRvwbK' (cÖ¯Íi-wb‡¶cK) mgy`ªc‡_ †cÖiY K‡ib| †`e‡jI eû ¯’vbxq
Awaevmx Kvwm‡gi evwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i| cÖPÛ hy‡×i ci wn›`yiv civwRZ nq| gymjgvb ˆmb¨iv
jyU-ZivR ïiy K‡i Ges Aeiy× wn›`y ˆmb¨‡`i nZ¨v K‡i| `yM©vwacwZ cvwj‡q cÖvYi¶v K‡ib| gynv¤§`
web Kvwmg gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ _vKvi RvqMv wVK K‡i †`b| wZwb GKwU gmwR`I ˆZwi K‡ib Ges
`y‡M©i kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 1000 ˆmb¨ †i‡L hvb|
†`ej AwaKv‡ii ci gynv¤§` web Kvwmg wbiyY Awfgy‡L AMÖmi nb| wbiy‡Yi Awaevmxiv gymjgvb‡`i
Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i Ges A‡_©i wewbg‡q wb‡R‡`i gyw³i e¨e¯’v K‡i| Gici Kvwmg †mnIqvb Rq
K‡ib| gynv¤§` web Kvwmg Gici †bŠKv w`‡q †mZz ˆZwi K‡i wmÜz b` cvi n‡q ivIqv‡i `vwn‡ii
wekvj evwnbxi gy‡LvgywL nb| Dfq c¶B exi‡Z¡i m‡½ hy× K‡i, wKšÍz Avie †mbvcwZi `¶Zv I
Avie abywe©`‡`i †kªô‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y `vwn‡ii ˆmb¨evwnbx civwRZ nq| `vwni hyׇ¶‡Î wbnZ nb|
`vwn‡ii g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx QÎf½ n‡q c‡o| G Ae¯’vq `vwn‡ii ¯¿x ivbxevC ivIqv‡ii `y‡M©
Avkªq wb‡q gymjgvb‡`i weiy‡× hy× Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡Kb| wKšÍz †kl ch©šÍ gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ‡iva
Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Ges ivYx I `y‡M©i Ab¨vb¨ gwnjv RIni eªZ cvjb K‡ib| ivIqvi `yM© gymjgvb‡`i
`L‡j Av‡m| Gici gynv¤§` web Kvwmg cÖvq webv hy‡×B eªvþYvev` AwaKvi K‡ib| gynv¤§` web

BDwbU--- c„ôv
188

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Kvwmg Gi ci †_‡K G‡K `vwn‡ii ivRavbx Avoi Ges gyjZvb `Lj K‡ib| Gici gynv¤§` web
Kvwmg Zuvi GK †mbvcwZ‡K K‡bŠ‡R †cÖiY K‡ib| wKšÍz GB Awfhvb ïiy nIqvi Av‡MB wZwb Zuvi
wb‡Ri cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi Av‡`k jvf K‡ib|
gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi g„Zz¨ m¤ú‡K© weZwK©Z Z_¨vw` cvIqv hvq| GKwU Drmvbymv‡i `vwn‡ii g„Zz¨i ci
Zuvi `yB Kb¨v‡K Lwjdvi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv nq| Zuviv Lwjdvi Kv‡Q gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi weiy‡× Zuv‡`i
køxjZvnvwbi Awf‡hvM Ki‡j Lwjdv gynv¤§` web Kvwmg‡K KuvPv Pvgovi _wj‡Z XzwK‡q Zuvi Kv‡Q
cvVvevi wb‡`©k †`b| gynv¤§` web Kvwmg wb‡RB KuvPv Pvgovi _wj‡Z Xz‡Kb Ges `yGKw`‡bi g‡a¨B
gviv hvb| Pvgovi _wj Lwjdvi Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡j `vwn‡ii Kb¨viv Zuv‡`i wg_¨v Awf‡hv‡Mi K_v ¯^xKvi
K‡i| µz× Lwjdv `vwn‡ii `yB †g‡q‡K †Nvovi †j‡Ri m‡½ †eu‡a gviv bv hvIqv ch©šÍ Zv‡`i iv¯Ívq
iv¯Ívq Uvbvi Av‡`k †`b| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z GUv GKUv evbv‡bv evwnbx, Z‡e gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi †kl
Rxeb †h AZ¨š— †e`bv`vqK wQj Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| Ab¨ GKwU Drmvbymv‡i ew›` K‡i
gynv¤§` web Kvwmg‡K Lwjdvi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bvi c‡i Lwjdvi Av‡`‡k AZ¨vPvi K‡i Zuv‡K gviv nq|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi †e`bv`vqK †kl cwiYwZi Rb¨ `v‡g‡¯‹ DgvBqv
Lwjdvi cwieZ©b Ges nv¾vR web BDmy‡di es‡ki cÖwZ bZzb Lwjdvi wbôzi bxwZ‡K `vqx K‡ib|
Lwjdv Iqvwj‡`i Avg‡j wmÜz wewRZ nq Ges ZLb nv¾v‡Ri wQj cÖej cÖwZcwË| wKšÍz cieZx©
Lwjdv †mvjvqgvb wQ‡jb nv¾v‡Ri kÎy| B‡Zvg‡a¨ nv¾v‡Ri g„Zz¨ n‡j Lwjdvi †ivl c‡o Zuvi
eskai gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi Ici Ges G Kvi‡YB gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi G KiyY cwiYwZ N‡U|
gvÎ wZb eQ‡ii g‡a¨ gynv¤§` web Kvwmg wmÜz Rq K‡i †mLv‡b Lwjdvi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv
K‡iwQ‡jb|

mvd‡j¨i KviY
wmÜz weR‡q Avie‡`i mvd‡j¨i A‡bK¸‡jv KviY wQj|
wmÜzevmx‡`i g‡a¨ H‡K¨i Afve gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi mvd‡j¨i GKwU KviY| `vwn‡ii wb‡Ri
cwiev‡iI †Kvb HK¨ wQj bv hvi d‡j †Kv‡bv msNe× ev mgwb¦Z Kg©cš’v MÖnY Kiv wQj `y®‹i|
wmÜzi ivRv `vwni †gv‡UI RbwcÖq wQ‡jb bv| wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨vPvix hvi d‡j wZwb cÖRv‡`i me©vÍK
mn‡hvwMZv jvf Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb|
wmÜzevmxi agx©q we‡f`I Avie‡`i mvd‡j¨ Ae`vb †i‡LwQj| eY©wef³ wn›`y mgv‡R mv‡g¨i †Kvb
¯’vb wQj bv, eis wQj GK e‡Y©i cÖwZ Ab¨ e‡Y©i weiƒc g‡bvfve| ZvQvov, G eY© wef³ mgv‡R
ïaygvÎ ¶wÎqivB hy× Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv hvi d‡j †`‡ki e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx Avie‡`i weiy‡× A¯¿aviY
K‡iwb| eY©-wef³ G mgv‡R mvgvwRK ˆelg¨I wQj cÖKU| we‡kl K‡i wbgœ‡kªYxi wn›`yiv wQj
DrcxwoZ I Ae‡nwjZ| Zv‡`i Rb¨ †Nvovq Pov, wgwne¯¿ cwiavb Kiv BZ¨vw` wQj wbwl×| Gme
Kvi‡Y Zviv ïaygvÎ GK kªgRxex †kªYx wnmv‡eB we‡ewPZ n‡Zv hv cÖPwjZ kvmbe¨e¯’vi weiy‡× Zv‡`i
gb‡K wewl‡q Zz‡jwQj| G †kªYxi eû gvbyl †¯^”Qvq Avie evwnbx‡Z †hvM w`‡qwQj hv Avie‡`i
mvd‡j¨i GKUv eo KviY n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj|
Avie‡`i mvd‡j¨i Ab¨Zg KviY wQj Avie †mbvcwZi ˆbcyY¨ Ges Avie‡`i DbœZ mvgwiK c×wZ|
Avie ˆmb¨evwnbx wQj AZ¨šÍ myk„´Lj I cÖwk¶YcÖvß| †`k R‡qi Drmvn I kw³ Zv‡`i mvdj¨
AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| Ab¨w`‡K wmÜziv‡Ri ˆmb¨evwnbx AvKv‡i wekvj n‡jI k„´Ljv, cÖwk¶Y ev
mvR-miÄv‡g wQj Avie evwnbxi Zzjbvq nxbZi|
wmÜz weR‡qi ci gynv¤§` web Kvwmg †mLv‡b GKwU myôz kvmbe¨e¯’v Kv‡qg K‡ib| wewRZ RbM‡Yi
cÖwZ Zuvi bxwZ wQj eyw×gËv I mwnòzZvgwÛZ| Aeva¨‡`i cÖwZ wbôzi n‡jI ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Kivi ci

BwZnvm c„ôv
189

Gm Gm GBP Gj

wZwb KLbI wbôziZv cÖ`k©b K‡ibwb| hviv Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡iwQj Zv‡`i wZwb `vmZ¡ I wRwRqv
Ki cÖ`vb †_‡K gyw³ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Agymjgvb‡`i KvQ †_‡K wZwb Ki Av`vq K‡i Zv‡`i Rwg I
m¤úwË †fvM Kivi AwaKvi w`‡qwQ‡jb| ivR¯^ Av`vqKvix‡`i K…lK‡`i cÖwZ b¨vqm½Z AvPiY Kivi
Av‡`k †`Iqv nq| eªvþY‡`i m‡½ fv‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq Ges Zv‡`i cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv
nq| mKj‡KB agx©q ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡qwQj| nv¾vR gynv¤§` web Kvwmg‡K GKwU wPwV‡Z
G‡`kxq‡`i Rvbgv‡ji Ici n¯Í‡¶c bv Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb| mKj‡KB Zv‡`i wbR wbR
ag©cvj‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †`Iqvi wb‡`©kI †m wPwV‡Z wQj| gynv¤§` web Kvwmg wmÜzi weagx©‡`i gw›`i
†givgZ Kivi AbygwZI w`‡qwQ‡jb|
cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`B cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R G‡`kxq‡`i wbhy³ Kiv n‡qwQj| Av‡M †_‡KB eªvþYiv †h me
c‡` wbhy³ wQj gynv¤§` web Kvwmg Zv‡`i †m me c‡` envj iv‡Lb| wewRZ ivR¨¸‡jv‡K wZwb
K‡qKwU †Rjvq wef³ K‡ib Ges cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq GKRb mvgwiK Kg©Pvix‡K kvmb Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡
Ac©Y K‡ib| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri cwie‡Z© RvqMxi wn‡m‡e Rwg †`Iqv nq| †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv †¶‡Î bM` A‡_©I †eZb †`qv n‡Zv| wewfbœ agx©q cÖwZôvb I ag©kv¯¿we`‡`i miKvwi Rwg
†fvM Ki‡Z †`Iqv n‡Zv|
iv‡R¨i Av‡qi cÖavb Drm wQj f‚wg-ivR¯^, hvKvZ, wRwRqv, MwYgvr BZ¨vw`| Drcbœ dm‡ji GK-
PZz_©vsk †_‡K `yB-Z…Zxqvsk ch©šÍ wRwRqv Ki Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv| Rwgi LvRbv wQj Drcbœ dm‡ji
GK-PZz_©vsk †_‡K `yB-cÂgvsk ch©šÍ| MwYgvr ev hy‡× jywÉZ a‡bi Pvi-cÂgvsk ˆmb¨‡`i †`Iqv
n‡Zv, GK-cÂgvsk ivR‡Kv‡l Rgv n‡Zv| wePv‡ii `vwqZ¡ wQj KvwRi| gymjgvb AvBb Abymv‡i
wePvi Kiv n‡Zv| wn›`y‡`i †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Aciv‡a AgvbywlK K‡Vvi kvw¯Íi e¨e¯’v wQj|
wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨ ci¯ú‡ii weev‡`i wePvi Ki‡Zv wn›`y cÂv‡qZ|
wmÜz Rq Ki‡jI Avieiv †mLv‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e †Kv‡bv kvmb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Gi Aek¨ †ek
K‡qKwU KviYI wQj|
cÖ_gZ, wewfbœ †Mv‡Îi gvbyl wb‡q MwVZ ˆmb¨evwnbx wb‡q gynv¤§` web Kvwmg wmÜz Rq K‡iwQ‡jb|
hy× R‡qi D¤§v`bv †kl n‡q †M‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡Mi †MvÎMZ cÖwZØw›`¡Zv I kÎyZv Avevi gv_vPvov
w`‡q I‡V| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ H‡K¨i Afve †`Lv hvq hv Zv‡`i `ye©j K‡i †d‡j| wkqv-mywbœ agx©q
Ø›`¡ Zv‡`i‡K Av‡iv `ye©j K‡i †`q|
wØZxqZ, wmÜzi Abye©iZvi Kvi‡Y Avieiv G‡`‡ki cÖwZ AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j| A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `ye©j
Ggb GKUv AÂj AwaKv‡i ivLv Avie‡`i Kv‡Q Lye jvfRbK g‡b nqwb|
Z…ZxqZ, Avieiv †KejgvÎ wmÜz I gyjZvb AÂjB AwaKvi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj|Gi evB‡i DËi I
c~e©w`‡K kw³kvjx ivRcyZ‡`i civwRZ K‡i G‡`‡k ¯’vqx kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv Avie‡`i c‡¶ m¤¢e
wQjbv|
PZz_©Z, gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi AvKw¯§K AcmviY I g„Zz¨ G‡`‡k gymjgvb kw³‡K `ye©j K‡i †`q|
Zuvi weRq Awfhvb Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq Ges Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ Lwjdv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv I
mg_©‡bi Afv‡e Av‡iv ¯^í¯’vqx n‡q c‡o| G mgq wLjvd‡Zi kw³iI AebwZ N‡U hvi d‡j `~ieZx©
cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi Ici †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y wkw_j n‡q c‡o| wmÜz K‡qKwU †QvU †QvU iv‡R¨ wef³
n‡q c‡o Ges wmÜz‡Z emevmKvix Avieiv wewfbœ GjvKvq Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i esk cÖwZôv K‡i kvmb
Ki‡Z _v‡K| gyjZvb, gbmyiv Ges wmÜz AeevwnKv A‡j G ai‡bi †QvU †QvU gymjgvb kvwmZ
AÂj †`Lv hvq| G mg¯Í Kvi‡Y wmÜz weR‡qi ci wmÜz‡Z Avie-kvmb ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡iwb|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
190

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wmÜy weR‡qi djvdj

Avie‡`i wmÜz weR‡qi djvdj m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ gZv‰bK¨ †`Lv hvq| HwZnvwmK UW
Zuvi ivR¯’v‡bi BwZnvm MÖ‡š’ Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq‡K GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbviƒ‡c AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
Ab¨w`‡K HwZnvwmK †÷bwj †jbcyj Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq‡K djvdjwenxb GK AwKwÂrKi NUbv
e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
ivR‰bwZK djvdj wePvi Ki‡j †jbcy‡ji gZ‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wmÜz weRq‡K
†K›`ª K‡i †mLv‡b ev fvi‡Z ¯’vqx gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e nqwb hv Ic‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK G.we.Gg. nvweeyjøvn&I e‡j‡Qb †h, Avieiv fvi‡Z Bmjvg‡K ivR‰bwZK kw³
wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQj| wKšÍz Zv m‡Ë¡I Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq‡K wbõj ejv hvq bv|
ivR‰bwZK djvdjwenxb G weR‡qi mvgvwRK, evwYwR¨K, agx©q Ges mvs¯‹…wZK djvdj wQj AZ¨šÍ
¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi m‡½ Avmv eû Avie ˆmwbK Avi †`‡k wd‡i hvqwb| ¯’vbxq gwnjv‡`i we‡q K‡i
Zuviv wmÜz‡ZB ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gymjgvb‡`i emwZ M‡o I‡V| ¯’vbxq
Awaevmx‡`i Kv‡Q Bmjvg n‡q I‡V mvg¨, gyw³ I AMÖMwZi cÖZxK| d‡j eû ¯’vbxq Awaevmx Bmjvg
ag© MÖnY K‡i Ges gymjgvbiv Rb‡Mvôxi GK Awe‡”Q`¨ As‡k cwiYZ nq| gbmyiv, gyjZvb, †`ej
Ges wbiy‡Y Avie‡`i †ek NbemwZ wQj Ges Gme ¯’v‡b eo eo Rv‡g gmwR` ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj|
Gme GjvKvq gymjgvbiv msL¨vjwNô n‡jI msL¨vMwiô Agymjgvb‡`i m‡½ Zv‡`i cÖxwZ I m™¢ve
eRvq wQj| m¤¢eZ msL¨vMwiô Agymjgvb‡`i fvevbyf‚wZi w`‡K j¶ †i‡L gymjgvbiv Gme RvqMvq
Miy R‡en wbwl× K‡iwQj| Kvjµ‡g AvieivI G‡`kxq ixwZbxwZ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| gbmyivi Avie
kvmbKZ©v nvwZ Uvbv i‡_ ågY Ki‡Zb Ges wn›`y ivRv‡`i AbyKi‡Y Kv‡b `yj Ges Mjvq nvi
ci‡Zb| Avie‡`i ¯’vqxfv‡e wmÜz‡Z emevm Kivi d‡j wmwÜ fvlvq I mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ‡Z Aviexq
cÖfve †`Lv hvq| GLbI wmwÜ fvlvq Aviwe nid e¨eüZ nq Ges wmwÜ fvlvi Ici Aviwe fvlvi
cÖfve †`Lv hvq| wmÜzi mgvRe¨e¯’vI A‡bKvs‡k Avie‡`i AbyKi‡Y DcRvZxq wfwËi Ici M‡o
I‡V‡Q| Avie‡`i DcRvZxq cÖavb‡K ejv nq Ô‡kL', wmÜz‡Z Zuv‡K ejv nq ÔIqv‡`iv'| Avie‡`i
gZ wmwÜivI AwZw_ermj|
evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î Avieiv cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB `¶Zv I myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQj Ges fvi‡Zi m‡½ Zv‡`i
evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvMI wQj| gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi wmÜz weR‡qi ci fvi‡Zi m‡½ Avie‡`i evwYwR¨K
ZrciZv Ges †hvMv‡hvM Av‡iv e„w× cvq| Avie kvmbvg‡j wmÜzi K…wl I evwYR¨ DbœwZ jvf K‡i|
Avie‡`i m‡½ fvi‡Zi Ges Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ AÂj Ges BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ A‡ji evwYR¨ Pj‡Zv|
evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ ¯’jc_ I Rjc_ DfqB e¨eüZ n‡Zv| wmÜzi wn›`yiv ewne©vwY‡R¨ AMÖYx f‚wgKv MÖnY
K‡iwQj|fviZxq ivRviv wb‡R‡`i evwYwR¨K DbœwZi Avkvq Av‡Mi gZB GLb Avie gymjgvb
ewYK‡`i ¯^vMZ Rvbvq Ges my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|
a‡g©i †¶‡ÎI wmÜz weR‡qi djvdj j¶ Kiv hvq| ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm I ¯’vbxq igYx‡`i we‡q Kivi
d‡j wmÜz‡Z µ‡g gymjgvb‡`i msL¨v e„w× cvq| Bmjv‡gi mvg¨, ˆgÎx Ges åvZ…‡Z¡i `„óv‡šÍ
AbycÖvwYZ n‡q eû ¯’vbxq Awaevmx Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i|
gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi wmÜz weR‡qi me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© djvdj †`Lv hvq mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î| gymjgvb
ms¯‹…wZ fviZxq‡`i Øviv `viyYfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡qwQj| Avieiv G‡`‡k G‡m GLvbKvi DuPy gv‡bi
mf¨Zv †`‡L wew¯§Z n‡qwQj| Avieiv fviZxq m½xZÁ, wPÎwkíx, `vk©wbK, cwÛZ I KvwiMi‡`i
f‚qmx cÖksmv K‡iwQj| Zvevwii weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j Lwjdv nviyb-Di-iwk`
fviZ †_‡K GKRb wPwKrmK wb‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zuvi wPwKrmv‡ZB Lwjdv Av‡ivM¨ jvf
K‡iwQ‡jb| fviZxq eû wPwKrmvkv¯¿ MÖš’I Aviwe fvlvq Abyw`Z nq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kkªy I Pi‡Ki

BwZnvm c„ôv
191

Gm Gm GBP Gj

MÖš’ `ywU Avi‡e we‡kl RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡iwQj| cï-wPwKrmv Ges mc©`skb wPwKrmv m¤úwK©Z
K‡qKwU MÖš’I Aviwe‡Z Abyev` Kiv n‡qwQj| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, Avieiv fviZxq
wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿i Kv‡Q we‡klfv‡e FYx|
kvmbe¨e¯’vqI Avieiv fviZxq‡`i KvQ †_‡K eû wKQy wk‡LwQj| Zv‡`i cÖkvmwbK Ávb, AwfÁZv
Ges `¶Zvi Kvi‡YB gynv¤§` web Kvwmg eªvþY‡`i kvmbKv‡R e¨vcKfv‡e wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb|
Aviexq ms¯‹…wZi eû wKQyB cieZx©Kv‡j BD‡ivcxq ms¯‹…wZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| wKšÍz g‡b ivLv
`iKvi †h G¸‡jvi AwaKvskB Avieiv cÖ_‡g fviZxq‡`i KvQ †_‡K MÖnY K‡iwQj| Avieiv `k©b,
†R¨vwZwe©`¨v, MwYZ, wPwKrmv weÁvb, imvqb BZ¨vw`i Ávb fviZxq cwÛZ‡`i KvQ †_‡KB †c‡qwQj|
AveŸvmxq Lwjdviv fviZxq cwÛZ‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡iwQ‡jb| Lwjdv gbmy‡ii kvmbvg‡j fviZxq
cwÛZMY evM`v‡` wM‡qwQ‡jb| fviZxq cwÛZ‡`i mnvqZvq Avj-dvRix eªþ¸‡ßi eªþ wm×všÍ Ges
Lv`¨K bv‡g `ywU ms¯‹…Z MÖš’ Aviwe fvlvq Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb| G `ywU wQj †R¨vwZwe©`¨v welqK MÖš’|
Avj-†eiybxi g‡Z fviZxq‡`i KvQ †_‡KB Avieiv cÖ_g †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq Ávb jvf K‡iwQj| MvwYwZK
msL¨v m¤ú‡K© ÁvbI Avieiv wn›`y‡`i KvQ †_‡K jvf K‡iwQj, †m Kvi‡Y Avieiv msL¨v‡K e‡j
Ôwn›`mvm'| AveŸvmxq Lwjdv nviyb-Di-iwk‡`i mgqI fviZxq ˆeÁvwbK MÖš’¸‡jvi cÖwZ we‡kl bRi
†`Iqv nq| Zuvi gš¿x Bqvwnqv evigKx I Zuvi `yB cyÎ gymv I Avgivb evigKx fviZxq Ávb-weÁv‡bi
cÖwZ we‡kl Abyi³ wQ‡jb| evigKxiv ag©všÍwiZ gymjgvb n‡jI fviZxq cÖeYZvi d‡j Zuviv wPwKrmv
weÁvb, †R¨vwZlwe`¨v, Ilya-weÁvb I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ Avie cwÛZ‡`i fvi‡Z
cvVv‡Zb| Zuviv wn›`y cwÛZ‡`i evM`v‡` Avm‡ZI Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡Zb| Gme fviZxq cwÛZ ms¯‹…Z
fvlvq †jLv wPwKrmvweÁvb, welweÁvb, †R¨vwZlwe`¨v I Ab¨vb¨ welqK eû MÖš’ Aviwe‡Z Abyev`
K‡iwQ‡jb| evM`v‡`i eû nvmcvZv‡j fviZxq wPwKrmKiv wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb|
A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib †h Avi‡e¨vcb¨v‡mi K‡qKwU Mí fviZ †_‡K †bqv| wn›`y cÂZš¿ Aviwe fvlvq
ÔKwjjv I w`gbv' bv‡g AvRI cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| `vev †LjvI Avieiv G‡`k †_‡K wb‡qwQj| fviZxq
m½xZI Avie‡`i Ici cÖfve †d‡jwQj| weL¨vZ Avie Kwe RvwnR wn›`y‡`i m½xZ we`¨vi cÖksmv
K‡i‡Qb| Avieiv fviZxq m½xZ welqK K‡qKwU MÖš’ Aviwe‡Z Abyev` K‡iwQj| mywd gZev‡`I
Avie‡`i m‡½ wmÜzi †hvMv‡hvM wQj| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h mywd mvaK nhiZ ev‡qwR` †ev¯Ívgx wQ‡jb
GKRb wmwÜ mywd mva‡Ki wkl¨| Avie mvwnZ¨, ¯’vcZ¨-wkí I myKzgvi wkíI fviZxq cÖfv‡ei d‡j
Pig DrKl© jvf K‡iwQj| n¨v‡fj h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb †h wMÖm bq, fviZB Bmjv‡gi cÖfve‡hvM¨
†hŠebve¯’vq Bmjvg‡K wk¶v w`‡qwQj, Zuvi `k©b, `y‡e©va¨ agx©q Av`k©‡K iƒc`vb K‡iwQj Ges Gi
mvwnZ¨, wkí I ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi ˆewkó¨gwÛZ cÖKvk‡K DÏxß K‡iwQj|
AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZ‡bi ci wmÜzi Avie kvmKMY e¯ÍzZ ¯^vaxb n‡q c‡ob Ges `y`‡ki g‡a¨
mvs¯‹…wZK †hvMv‡hvMI wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
192

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvims‡¶c
fviZ AvµgYKvix gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ AvieivB cÖ_g fvi‡Z G‡mwQj| e¯ÍzZ, Bmjvg a‡g©i
Avwef©v‡ei eû Av‡M †_‡KB fvi‡Zi m‡½ Avie‡`i evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM wQj| wLªw÷q mßg
kZ‡K Avie‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi Avwef©ve I cÖPv‡ii ciI Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| nhiZ Igi (ivt)-
Gi kvmbvg‡j 636-637 mv‡j gymjgvbiv cÖ_g fvi‡Z Awfhvb K‡i mvdj¨ AR©b m‡Ë¡I G
mgq Ges cieZx© mg‡q Lwjdv‡`i mveavbx bxwZi Kvi‡Y weRq ZrciZv Ae¨vnZ _v‡Kwb|
m¤úªmviYev`x IgvBqv Lwjdv‡`i Avg‡j gymjgvb mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Ask wn‡m‡e fvi‡Z
Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ nq| Biv‡Ki kvmbKZ©v nv¾vR web BDmy‡di Drmv‡n Avieiv wmÜz AvµgY
K‡i| GB Awfhvb †cÖi‡Yi wcQ‡b bvbvwea KviY we`¨gvb wQj| cÖ_g `ywU Awfhvb e¨_© nq|
AZ:ci nv¾vR web BDmy‡di åvZz¯úyÎ I RvgvZv gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Z…Zxq Awfhvb
†cÖwiZ nq| myk„´Lj I cÖwk¶YcÖvß Avie ˆmb¨evwnbx hy‡× mn‡RB wmÜzi ivRv `vwni‡K
civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i| Kvwmg G‡K G‡K †`ej, wbiyb, †mnIqvb, ivIqvi, eªvþYvev`, `vwn‡ii
ivRavbx Avoimn gyjZvb `Lj K‡i Lwjdvi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
wKšÍz Zuvi AvKw¯§K AcmviY I g„Zz¨ G‡`‡k gymjgvb kvmb‡K `ye©j K‡i †`q| KviY, Zuvi
Am¤ú~Y© weRqvwfhvb I cieZx© mg‡q Lwjdv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv I mg_©‡bi Afv‡e wmÜz A‡j
Avie kvmb ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡iwb| wKšÍz Zv m‡Ë¡I Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq‡K wbõj ejv hvq bv|
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e djvdjwenxb n‡jI Gi mvgvwRK, evwYwR¨K, agx©q Ges mvs¯‹…wZK djvdj
wQj Zvrch©c~Y©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. Avieiv wmÜz Rq K‡ibÑ
(K) 636-637 wLª÷v‡ã (L) 643-644 wLª÷v‡ã
(M) 712 wLª÷v‡ã (N) 750 wLª÷v‡ã
2. Avie‡`i wmÜz Awfhv‡bi mdj †mbvcwZ wQ‡jbÑ
(K) Avãyjøvn& web Avgi web ivwe (L) gynv¤§` web Kvwmg
(M) myjZvb gvn&gy` (N) gynv¤§` †Nvix
3. wmÜz weR‡qi mgq wmÜzi ivRv wQ‡jbÑ
(K) `vwni (L) c„w_¡ivR
(M) RqP›`ª (N) Avb›` cvj
4. ZLb wmÜzi ivRavbx wQjÑ
(K) †`ej (L) wbiyY
(M) †mnIqvb (N) Avoi
5. Avie‡`i m‡½ fvi‡Zi Nwbô mvs¯‹…wZK †hvMv‡hvM N‡UÑ
(K) gnvbexi mg‡q (L) †Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi mg‡q
(M) DgvBqv hy‡M (N) AveŸvmxq hy‡M

msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| wmÜy weR‡qi c~e©eZx© mg‡q Avie‡`i fviZ Awfhvb eY©bv Kiyb|

BwZnvm c„ôv
193

Gm Gm GBP Gj

2| ms‡¶‡c nv¾vR web BDmyd KZ…©K wmÜy Awfhv‡bi KviY eY©bv Kiyb|
3| wmÜy‡Z Avie kvmb ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡iwb †Kb?
4| Avie‡`i wmÜy weR‡qi mvgvwRK djvdj wK wQj?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| Avie‡`i wmÜz Awfhv‡bi KviYmg~n we‡kølY Kiyb|
2| wmÜz weR‡q Avie‡`i mvd‡j¨i KviYmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiyb| Avieiv wmÜz‡Z ¯’vqx gymjgvb kvmb
cÖwZôvq e¨_© n‡qwQj †Kb?
3| Avie‡`i wmÜz weR‡qi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India.
2| A.B.M. Habibullah, Foundation of Muslim Rule in India.
3| Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm|
4| R.C. Majumdar (ed.), The Delhi Sultunate.

BDwbU--- c„ôv
194

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 2

myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhvb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ
• myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Avµg‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• myjZvb gvngy‡`i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© fviZ Awfhvb¸‡jvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• myjZvb gvngy‡`i mvd‡j¨i KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhv‡bi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• myjZvb gvngy‡`i PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wØZxq ch©v‡q fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj MRbxi myjZvb gvngy‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡|
MRbx iv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb AvjwßMxb bvgK R‰bK fvM¨v‡b¦lx ZzwK© gymjgvb| cvi‡m¨i mvgvwb`
es‡ki Aax‡b wZwb cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vi c‡` DbœxZ nb| mvgvwb` mgªvU‡`i `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M wZwb
MRbx‡Z GK ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| 977 mv‡j AvjwßMx‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi µxZ`vm I RvgvZv
meyw³Mxb MRbxi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| meyw³Mx‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ gvngy` 997 mv‡j
MRbxi AwacwZ nb| MRbxi ZzwK© myjZvb gvngy`B fvi‡Z gymjgvb Awfhv‡bi wØZxq ch©v‡q bvqK|
myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb exi †hv×v| wcZvi RxeÏkvq wZwb wcZvi me Awfhv‡bB Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb|
wcZvi Avg‡j wZwb wn›`ykvnx ivRv Rqcv‡ji weiy‡× Awfhv‡bI we‡kl f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j
ivRcyÎ _vKv Kv‡jB gvngy` fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| fvi‡Zi AZzj
ab-m¤ú‡`i K_vI wZwb wbðq ï‡bwQ‡jb| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ci wcZvi bxwZ AbymiY K‡i
gvngy` mvgvwb` es‡ki AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz cieZ©xKv‡j mvgvwb` mvgªv‡R¨ AšÍK©j‡ni
my‡hv‡M gvngy` wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| Lwjdv Avj-Kvw`i wejøvn&i KvQ †_‡K wZwb
ÔBqvwgb-D`-†`Šjv' I ÔAvwgb-Dj-wgjøvZ' Dcvwa jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| gvngy` MRbx es‡ki wPivPwiZ
ixwZ Z¨vM K‡i ÔAvgx‡ii' cwie‡Z© ÔmyjZvb' Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|

fviZ Avµg‡Yi KviY

evi¤^vi fviZ AvµgY myjZvb gvngy‡`i Kg©gq Rxe‡bi †kªô wb`k©b| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ci
myjZvb gvngy` cÖ_‡g wb‡Ri †`‡ki wbivcËv I mykvm‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡ib Ges Zvici fvi‡Zi w`‡K
g‡bv‡hvM †`b| MRbxi myjZvb n‡qI †h myjZvb gvngy` fviZxq BwZnv‡mi GK Av‡jvwPZ PwiÎ
Zuvi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q Zuvi evi¤^vi fviZ AvµgY| †ZwÎk eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j (997-1030 wLª:)
myjZvb gvngy` m¨vi †nbwi Bwjq‡Ui g‡Z m‡Zi evi fviZ AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb Ges cÖwZeviB
mvdj¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| ivR‡Z¡i †kl w`‡K wZwb ïay cvÄve, wmÜz Ges gyjZvb Zuvi `L‡j
†i‡LwQ‡jb| G¸‡jv Qvov wewRZ ev AvµvšÍ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ivR¨ ev AÂj wZwb Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ K‡ib
wb| ZvB Zuvi evi¤^vi fviZ Avµg‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ weZ‡K©i m~ÎcvZ n‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ HwZnvwmK Zuvi fviZ Avµg‡Yi wcQ‡b ivR‰bwZK ev A_©‰bwZK ev ag©xq D‡Ïk¨ wQj e‡j
g‡b K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Avµg‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv nj|

BwZnvm c„ôv
195

Gm Gm GBP Gj

evi¤^vi fviZ AvµgY Ki‡jI GKgvÎ cvÄve, gyjZvb I wmÜz Qvov (1021-1022 wLª:) fvi‡Zi
wewRZ AÂj¸‡jv myjZvb gvngy` KL‡bv Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ K‡ib wb| ga¨ Gwkqvq Zuvi we¯Í„Z
mvgªv‡R¨i m‡½ fviZ‡KI AšÍfz©³ Ki‡j †mB mvgªvR¨ myôzfv‡e kvmb Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q co‡e Ges
mvgªv‡R¨ wek„´Ljv †`Lv †`‡e GUv wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Kv‡RB †mB A‡_© A_©vr mvgªv‡R¨i
we¯Í„wZ NUv‡bvi Rb¨ †h wZwb fviZ AvµgY K‡ib wb Zv ejv hvq| Z‡e G Awfhvb¸‡jvi wcQ‡b
Zuvi Ab¨ iKg wKQy ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ wQj| G Awfhvb¸‡jv Zuv‡K ÔMvwRi' m¤§vb w`‡qwQj hv Zuv‡K
mgKvjxb Ab¨vb¨ gymjgvb myjZvb‡`i †P‡q D”PZi gh©v`vq cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj| ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨
gymjgvb myjZvb‡`i †P‡q wb‡R‡K †kªô I AwaKZi kw³kvjx cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ G Awfhvb¸‡jv
†_‡K wZwb cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© I gh©v`v jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| wn›`y Aay¨wlZ fvi‡Z gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôv
Kiv wQj Am¤¢e Ges †m Kvi‡YB wZwb †m †PóvI K‡ib wb|
wcZv meyw³Mx‡bi Avg‡jB wn›`ykvnx ivRv Rqcv‡ji m‡½ MRbx mvgªv‡R¨i hy× I mwÜ n‡qwQj| wKšÍz
Rqcvj Ges Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ Avb›`cv‡ji mwÜi kZ© Agvb¨ I MRbx mvgªv‡R¨i kÎy‡`i
mvnvh¨`vb myjZvb gvngy`‡K fviZ Avµg‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡iwQj| MRbx mvgªv‡R¨i c~e© mxgvšÍ wQj
Rqcv‡ji iv‡R¨i mxgvšÍeZ©x|Kv‡RB wbR mvgªv‡R¨i wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ wZwb cvÄv‡ei wn›`ykvnx
es‡ki ivRv‡`i m‡½ hy× Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb| ZvQvov my`~i MRbx †_‡K G‡m fvi‡Zi wewfbœ
A‡j Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kiv wQj Kómva¨| †m Zzjbvq jv‡nvi I gyjZvb AÂj Zuvi `L‡j _vK‡j
†mUv‡K NuvwU wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i fvi‡Zi wewfbœ GjvKvq Awfhvb Pvjv‡bv mnRZi wQj| G Rb¨B
ivR‡Z¡i cÖvq †kl w`‡K myjZvb gvngy` G GjvKv wbR AwaKvify³ K‡ib|
†Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †h ag©xq D‡Ï‡k¨ myjZvb gvngy` evi¤^vi fviZ AvµgY
K‡iwQ‡jb|G †`‡k wn›`y ag©‡K DrcvwUZ K‡i †mLv‡b Bmjv‡gi cZvKv DÇxb KivB wQj Zuvi
D‡Ïk¨| fviZ AwfhvbKv‡j wZwb eû wn›`y gw›`i jyV I aŸsm K‡iwQ‡jb e‡jB G aviYvi m„wó
n‡q‡Q| wKšÍz mewKQy wePvi-we‡kølY Ki‡j GUv cÖZxqgvb nq †h fviZ Awfhv‡bi wcQ‡b myjZvb
gvngy‡`i †Kv‡bv ag©xq D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv| Gme gw›`i jyV I aŸsm Kivi wcQ‡b wQj Zvi A_©‰bwZK
D‡Ïk¨, ag©xq D‡Ïk¨ bq|
wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv cwi®‹vifv‡e †evSv hv‡e †h Zuvi Awfhv‡bi wcQ‡b †Kv‡bv ag©xq D‡Ïk¨
wQj bv| AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB fvi‡Zi ißvbx Avg`vwbi †P‡q A‡bK¸Y †ewk wQj| d‡j fviZ
n‡q I‡V AZ¨šÍ Hk¦h©kvjx GK †`k hv evi evi we‡`kx AvµgYKvix‡`i Avµg‡Y cÖjyä K‡i‡Q, G
AZyj Hk¦h©B Zuvi wec‡`i KviY n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj wewfbœ hy‡M|ZvQvov hyMhyM a‡i abx wn›`y e¨w³iv
Zv‡`i DØ„Ë A_©-m¤ú` gw›`‡i Rgv ivLZ| eû abx wn›`ye¨w³ gw›`‡i ARmª A_©I `vb Ki‡Zv| d‡j
gw›`i¸‡jv n‡q D‡VwQj GK GKUv iZœfvÛvi| Zuvi wb‡Ri mvgªvR¨‡K mymsMwVZ Kivi Rb¨, Zuvi
mvgwiK evwnbx‡K kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ Ges Zuvi ivRavbx MRbx‡K cÖv‡P¨i †kªô I my›`iZg kni
wnmv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ myjZvb gvngy‡`i cÖ‡qvRb wQj cÖPyi A‡_©i| G A_© mn‡R cvIqvi cÖavb
Drm wQj gw›`i¸‡jv| A‡bK gw›`‡iB g~j¨evb iZœ-mw¾Z ¯^Y©-weMÖn wQj| Kv‡RB ejv hvq †h
cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨B wZwb fvi‡Zi gw›`i¸‡jv‡K Zuvi Avµg‡bi j¶e¯Íz
wnmv‡e w¯’i K‡iwQ‡jb- Gi wcQ‡b †Kv‡bv ag©xq we‡Øl ev D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv|
myjZvb gvngy` ciag©mwnòz wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx‡Z wbhy³ wn›`y‡`i ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv
w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zuviv Zv‡`i ag©xq ixwZ Abyhvqx MRbx‡ZI kuvL evRvZ Ges c~Rv Ki‡Zv| Aa¨vcK
nvwee e‡j‡Qb †h Bmjvg ag© we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ gvngy` evi¤^vi fviZ AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb G e³e¨
HwZnvwmKfv‡e fzj Ges gb¯ÍvwË¡Kfv‡e AmZ¨| BwZnv‡m Ggb †Kv‡bv mv¶¨ †bB †h wZwb ejc~e©K
ev kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q KvD‡K wbR a‡g© `xw¶Z K‡i‡Qb| KL‡bv †Kv‡bv ivRv nq‡Zv Zuvi Avµg‡Yi nvZ
†_‡K †invB cvIqvi Rb¨ Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb, wKšÍz myjZvb gvngy‡`i ¯^‡`k-cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi
ciB †m ivRv Avevi wbR a‡g© wd‡i †M‡Qb| GUv wQj †mB ivRvi AvZ¥i¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivR‰bwZK

BDwbU--- c„ôv
196

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Pvj Ges GRb¨ myjZvb gvngy`‡K `vqx Kiv hvq bv| ag©cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ w¯’wZkxj kvmbe¨e¯’v _vKv
Avek¨K| wKšÍz fvi‡Z myjZvb gvngy‡`i mviv mgqUvB †K‡U‡Q hy× weMÖ‡n - ag©cÖPv‡i AvZ¥wb‡qvM
Kivi gZ mgq Zuvi wQj bv| Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx‡Z †hgb eû wn›`y ˆmwbK wQj, †Zgwb eû wn›`y Zuvi
kvmbvg‡j iv‡R¨i DuPy I `vwqZ¡c~Y© c‡`I wbhy³ wQ‡jb| Zv Qvov fviZxq Awfhvb¸‡jvi agx©q
D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡j gymjgvb ˆmb¨‡`i m‡½ Kuv‡a Kuva wgwj‡q wn›`y ˆmb¨iv nq‡Zv hy× Ki‡Zv bv|
Gjwdb‡÷vb myjZvb gvngy‡`i ag©-bxwZ m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb †h hyׇ¶‡Î ev `yM© `Lj Ki‡Z wM‡q Qvov
KL‡bv †Kv‡bv wn›`y‡K wZwb nZ¨v K‡i‡Qb Ggb `„óvšÍ †bB| m¨vi Djmwj †nM e‡j‡Qb †h Bmjvg
a‡g©i AbyivMx n‡jI Zuvi Aax‡b eû wn›`y ˆmwbK wQj Ges ag©všÍwiZKiY wQj PvKwii kZ©, GUv
wek¦vm Kivi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZxq Awfhv‡bi agx©q D‡Ïk¨ cÖm‡½ D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h fvi‡Z wZwb ïay
wn›`y ivR¨ ev gw›`iB AvµgY K‡ib wb- AšÍZc‡¶ `yBevi wZwb gymjgvb ivR¨I AvµgY
K‡iwQ‡jb| †mLv‡bI Zuvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj A_©‰bwZK| ZvQvov ga¨ Gwkqvi cwiPvwjZ myjZvb gvngy‡`i
me AwfhvbB wQj gymjgvb‡`i weiy‡×| G cÖm‡½ W. bvwRg e‡j‡Qb †h fviZxq wn›`y ivRv‡`i wZwb
bv‡Rnvj K‡i‡Qb, Z‡e Bivb I ga¨ Gwkqvi gymjgvb myjZvb‡`iI wZwb †invB †`b wb| G me hyw³
I Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZxq Awfhvb¸‡jvi wcQ‡b †Kv‡bv ag©xq
D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv|
AwaKvsk HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †h A_©‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨B myjZvb gvngy` evi¤^vi fviZ AvµgY
K‡iwQ‡jb| hyM hyM mwÂZ fviZxq ab-m¤ú` jyV K‡i gvngy` Zv wb‡Ri mvgªvR¨‡K mymsMwVZ Kivi
I ivRavbx MRbx‡K cÖv‡P¨i my›`iZg kni I mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª wnmv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Kv‡R e¨q
K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK nvwee e‡j‡Qb †h A_© I ¶gZvi †jv‡fB wZwb fviZ AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb-Gi
wcQ‡b Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii gnr D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv|

Awfhvbmg~n
1000 wLª÷vã †_‡K ïiy K‡i 1027 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ myjZvb gvngy` m‡Zi evi fviZ AvµgY
K‡iwQ‡jb|
fvi‡Z myjZvb gvngy‡`i cÖ_g Awfhvb wQj LvBevi wMwic‡_i wbKUeZ©x K‡qKwU mxgvšÍ kn‡ii
weiy‡×| 1000 wLª÷v‡ã †mB A‡ji K‡qKwU kni I `yM© wZwb `Lj K‡ib|
c‡ii eQi (1001 wLª:) wZwb Zuvi wcZvi kÎy cvÄv‡ei ivRv Rqcv‡ji weiy‡× hy× hvÎv K‡ib|
†c‡kvqv‡ii Kv‡Q msNwUZ hy‡× Rqcvj †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ Ges ew›` nb| myjZvb gvngy`
Rqcv‡ji ivRavbx Iqvwn›` `Lj K‡ib| wecyj A_© I cÂvkwU nvwZi wewbg‡q Rqcvj myjZvb
gvngy‡`i m‡½ mwÜ K‡i gyw³jvf K‡ib| evi¤^vi civR‡qi Møvwb‡Z Rqcvj wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡i
AwMœKz‡Û Suvc w`‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i Z…Zxq Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ nq †fivi weiy‡×| †mLvbKvi ivRv wewR ivq Ki w`‡Z
Am¤§wZ Rvbv‡j wZwb Zuvi ivR¨ AvµgY K‡ib| wSjvg b`xi Zx‡i msNwUZ hy‡× wewR ivq civwRZ
nb| cÖPyi ab-m¤ú` Ges 280wU nvwZ wb‡q myjZvb gvngy` wd‡i Av‡mb|
Gici myjZvb gvngy` gyjZvb AvµgY K‡ib| †mLvbKvi ivRv †kL nvwg` †jvw` Dc‡XŠKb cvwV‡q
meyw³Mx‡bi m‡½ mym¤úK© eRvq ivL‡Zb| wKšÍz Zuvi †cŠÎ Aveyj d‡Zn `vD` c~‡e©i bxwZ Z¨vM K‡i
myjZvb gvngy‡`i †ivlvb‡j c‡ob| †fiv Avµg‡Yi mgq †fivi cZb myjZv‡bi wec‡`i KviY n‡Z
cv‡i †f‡e `vD` wewR ivq‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j (1005-1006 wLª:) myjZvb gvngy` `vD‡`i
weiy‡× hy× hvÎv K‡ib| `vD‡`i AvnŸv‡b Rqcv‡ji cyÎ Avb›`cvj Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z GwM‡q

BwZnvm c„ôv
197

Gm Gm GBP Gj

Av‡mb| wKšÍz hy‡× `vD` civwRZ n‡q cvwj‡q hvb I c‡i myjZvb gvngy‡`i m‡½ mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨
nb| mwÜi kZ©vbymv‡i wZwb myjZvb gvngy`‡K evwl©K 20,000 w`invg Ki w`‡Z ¯^xKvi K‡ib| H
mgq Rqcv‡ji GK †cŠÎ myLcvj Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Ges bIqvk kvn bvg MÖnY K‡ib| myjZvb
gvngy` Zuv‡K †fivi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib|
1008 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb gvngy` myLcv‡ji weiy‡× AMÖmi nb| ZzwK©‡`i m‡½ myjZvb gvngy‡`i
msN‡l©i my‡hv‡M myLcvj Bmjvg ag©Z¨vM K‡ib Ges myjZvb gvngy‡`i Kg©Pvix‡`i weZvwoZ K‡ib|
ej‡Li hy‡×i ci myjZvb gvngy` †fivi w`‡K AMÖmi nb| wKšÍz Zuvi †fiv †cuŠQv‡bvi Av‡MB Zuvi
Kg©Pvixiv myLcvj‡K ew›` K‡i Zuvi mvg‡b nvwRi K‡i| myLcvj Pvi j¶ ¯^Y©gy`ªv w`‡Z eva¨ nb Ges
evKx Rxeb ew›``kvq KvUvb|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i lô Awfhvb wQj Avb›`cvj I DËi fviZxq wn›`y ivRv‡`i mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi
weiy‡×| kZ`ªy b`xi Aci Zx‡ii gw›`i¸‡jvi ab-iZœ jyÉb Kiv wQj myjZvb gvngy‡`i GB Awfhv‡bi
D‡Ïk¨|Avb›`cvj D¾wqbx, †Mvqvwjqi, KvjÄi, K‡bŠR, w`wjø I AvRgx‡ii ivRv‡`i cÖwZ mvnv‡h¨i
Av‡e`b Rvbv‡j Zv‡`i mw¤§wjZ evwnbx myjZvb gvngy`‡K evav`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Avb›`cv‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡
Iqvwn‡›` Dcw¯’Z nq| GUvB wQj myjZvb gvngy‡`i fvi‡Z me‡P‡q eo evwnbxi weiy‡× hy×|
Avb›`cv‡ji nvwZ hyׇ¶Î †_‡K cvwj‡q †M‡j mw¤§wjZ evwnbx QÎf½ n‡q c‡o Ges myjZvb
gvngy‡`i ˆmb¨‡`i nv‡Z cÖPyi msL¨K wn›`y ˆmb¨ wbnZ nq| †Rv‡U †hvM`vbKvix ivRviv G‡K G‡K
myjZvb gvngy‡`i nv‡Z civwRZ n‡q ¶wZc~iY wnmv‡e cÖPyi ab-iZœ myjZvb gvngy`‡K w`‡Z eva¨
nq|Gici myjZvb gvngy` Kvsov ev bMi‡KvU `yM© `Lj K‡ib Ges †mLvbKvi gw›`iwU jyV K‡i
Awek¦vm¨ cwigvY ab-iZœ jvf K‡ib| bMi‡KvU †_‡K wZwb 700,000 ¯^Y© w`bvi, 700 gb ¯^Y© I
†iŠc¨ cvÎ, 200 gb ¯^Y©, 2000 gb Acwi‡kvwaZ ¯^Y© I †iŠc¨ Ges 20 gY gwYgy³v wb‡q
wM‡qwQ‡jb| Gici †_‡KB ab-m¤ú` jv‡fi Avkvq wn›`y gw›`i¸‡jv AvµgY Ki‡Z wZwb Av‡iv
†ewk Drmvnx n‡q I‡Vb|
1009 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb gvngy` Avevi Avb›`cv‡ji weiy‡× AMÖmi n‡j Avb›`cvj fxZ n‡q Zuvi m‡½
mwÜ K‡ib|
1010 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb gvngy` gyjZvb AvµgY K‡i `vD`‡K civwRZ K‡ib| `vD` evKx Rxeb
†Nv‡ii GK `y‡M© ew›` Ae¯’vq KvUvb|
c‡ii eQi (1011 wLª:) myjZvb gvngy` _v‡bk¦i AvµgY K‡ib Ges wn›`y gw›`‡ii g~wZ© aŸsm K‡ib
Ges cÖPyi abiZœ wb‡q †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb|
Avb›`cv‡ji g„Zz¨i ci w·jvPbcvj ivRv nb| wZwb gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ mym¤úK© eRvq ivLvi †Póv
K‡ib| wKšÍz wZwb `ye©j kvmK nIqvq Zuvi cyÎ fxgcvjB iv‡R¨ m‡e©me©v n‡q I‡Vb| wZwb MRbxi
m‡½ eÜz‡Z¡i m¤úK©I wQbœ K‡ib| d‡j 1013 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb gvngy` Zuvi weiy‡× hy× hvÎv K‡ib
Ges Zuv‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
1018 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb gvngy` g_yiv AvµgY K‡i †mLvbKvi gw›`i¸‡jv aŸsm K‡ib| Gici wZwb
K‡bŠR AvµgY Ki‡j K‡bŠ‡Ri ivRv cvwj‡q hvb Ges myjZvb gvngy‡`i ˆmb¨iv K‡bŠR jyV K‡i|
1019 wLª÷v‡ã gvngy` w·jvPbcv‡ji weiy‡× AMÖmi n‡j wZwb cvwj‡q hvb| Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx myjZvb
gvngy‡`i nv‡Z civwRZ nq|
fviZ Rq ev fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb Kiv myjZvb gvngy‡`i D‡Ïk¨ bv n‡jI wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb
†h †`vqve A‡j Awfhvb Pvjv‡Z n‡j Aš—Zc‡¶ NuvwU wnmv‡e cvÄve Zuvi `L‡j _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
1021 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb MRbx †_‡K cvÄv‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv K‡ib| c‡_ wZwb †mvqvZ, evRvDi BZ¨vw`
¯’v‡bi †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x DcRvwZ‡`i civwRZ K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z K‡ib| cvÄve
`Lj K‡i wZwb jv‡nv‡i GKRb wek¦¯Í Mfb©i wb‡qvM K‡ib|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
198

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

1022 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb †Mvqvwjqi I KvwjÄi AvµgY Ki‡j `yB iv‡R¨i ivRvB Zuvi mv‡_ mwÜ K‡ib|
†Mvqvwj‡ii ivRv Zv‡K 35wU Ges Kvwjćii ivRv Zuv‡K 300wU nvwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZxq Awfhvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 1024 wLª÷v‡ã †mvgbv_ AvµgY wQj me‡P‡q
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| `yM©vwacwZ cvwj‡q †M‡jI Zuvi ˆmb¨iv `yM© i¶v Kivi †Póv K‡iwQj| cÖPÛ hy‡×i ci
`y‡M©i cZb NU‡j myjZvb gvngy` †mvgbv_ gw›`‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ib| †mvgbv_ gw›`‡ii g~wZ© wZwb †f‡½
†d‡jb Ges G gw›`i †_‡K cÖPyi abiZœ jvf K‡ib| gw›`i †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ gwYgy³v QvovI myjZvb
gvngy` 20,000,000 w`bvi †c‡qwQ‡jb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, myjZvb gvngy` †mvgbv_ gw›`‡ii †`e-
g~wZ© fv½‡Z D`¨Z n‡j eªvþYiv cÖPyi abi‡Zœi wewbg‡q g~wZ©wU i¶v Kivi †Póv K‡i| wKšÍz gvngy`
†NvlYv K‡ib †h fvexKv‡j wZwb g~wZ© aŸsmKvix wnmv‡e ¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡Z Pvb, g~wZ© we‡µZv iƒ‡c
bq|
fvi‡Z myjZvb gvngy‡`i †kl Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj RvU‡`i weiy‡×| †mvgbv_ Awfhvb †_‡K
MRbx †divi c‡_ RvUiv Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx‡K bv‡Rnvj K‡iwQj| gyjZv‡b †cuŠ‡Q myjZvb gvngy`
1400 †bŠKvi GK †bŠ-evwnbx MVb K‡ib Ges cÖwZwU †bŠhv‡b Zxi-abyK I Ab¨vb¨ hy×v¯¿ mw¾Z 20
Rb ˆmwbK †gvZ‡qb K‡ib| RvUiv 400 †bŠKv wb‡q Zuv‡K evav w`‡q civwRZ nq|
`xN© 33 eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci 1030 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb gvngy` g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| MRbxi wd‡ivRv
cÖvmv‡` Zuv‡K mgvwa¯’ Kiv nq|

myjZvb gvngy‡`i mvd‡j¨i KviY

kw³kvjx wn›`y ivRv I wewfbœ ivRv‡`i mgb¦‡q MwVZ †Rv‡Ui weiy‡× myjZvb gvngy‡`i evi¤^vi Rq
we¯§‡qi D‡`ªK K‡i|Zuvi G mvd‡j¨i K‡qKwU KviY wQj| cÖ_gZ, myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb wb:m‡›`‡n
†m hy‡Mi †kªô mgibvqK|Zuvi mvgwiK msMVb I iY‡KŠkj wQj AwZ D”Pgv‡bi| wØZxqZ, Zuvi ZzwK©
AbyPiMY wQj `ya©l© †hv×v| †Rnv‡`i †PZbv I ab-m¤ú` jv‡fi Avkv Zv‡`i me©kw³ w`‡q hy× Kivi
†cÖiYv hywM‡qwQj| Z…ZxqZ, wn›`yivRv‡`i A‰bK¨ myjZvb gvngy‡`i mvd‡j¨i Ab¨Zg KviY n‡q
`uvwo‡qwQj| gv‡S gv‡S wn›`y ivRviv †RvU MVb Ki‡jI GKK †bZ…‡Z¡ G †RvUfz³ evwnbx KL‡bv hy×
K‡iwb| wewfbœ †mbvcwZi wb‡`©‡k wewfbœ evwnbxi hy‡× AskMÖnY Zv‡`i civR‡qi KviY n‡q `uvovq|
fviZxqiv ga¨ Gwkqvi cveZ©¨ A‡ji ZzwK©‡`i Zzjbvq ˆ`wnK kw³‡Z `ye©j wQj| Z‡e ZzwK©‡`i
Zzjbvq fviZxqiv wQj msL¨vq A‡bK¸Y †ewk| GKK †mbvcwZi wb‡`©‡k cwiPvwjZ n‡j fviZxq‡`i
msL¨vwaK¨ Zv‡`i Rq wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| wKšÍz H‡K¨i Afv‡e ¯^ímsL¨K ZzwK©‡`i AvµgY
cÖwZnZ Kiv fviZxq‡`i c‡¶ m¤¢e nqwb| PZz_©Z, wn›`y‡`i mvgwiK c×wZ wQj `ye©j I µwUhy³|
fviZxqiv hy‡× nvwZi Ici wQj AwZgvÎvq wbf©ikxj| wKšÍz GB weivUvKvi cÖvYx‡K hyׇ¶‡Î
mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv wQj Kómva¨| myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b †_‡KI Avb›`cv‡ji nvwZi hyׇ¶Î
Z¨vM mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi civR‡qi KviY n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj|

djvdj
myjZvb gvngy‡`i m‡Zi evi fviZ Awfhv‡bi djvdj wQj ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| myjZvb gvngy` fvi‡Z wewRZ
A‡j Zuvi kvmbe¨e¯’v ¯’vqxfv‡e cÖwZôv K‡ib wb Ñ ïaygvÎ cvÄve, gyjZvb I wmÜz wZwb wbR
AwaKv‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| Ab¨vb¨ AÂj wZwb ¯’vbxq kvmK‡`i wdwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| fvi‡Z ¯’vqx mvgªvR¨
cÖwZôvi †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ Zuvi wQj bv| DËi cwðgvÂj wZwb AwaKvi K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb Zuvi ga¨
Gwkqvi mvgªv‡R¨i c~e© mxgv‡šÍi wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvR‡b| Zuvi cªZ¨veZ©‡bi ci ivRcyZiv DËi fvi‡Z
wb‡R‡`i kvmb Avevi cÖwZôv K‡iwQj| myjZvb gvngy‡`i Awfhv‡bi d‡j wn›`y ivRv I Rbmvavi‡Yi

BwZnvm c„ôv
199

Gm Gm GBP Gj

g‡b `viyY fxwZi m„wó n‡qwQj| hvi d‡j cieZ©xKv‡j gymjgvb‡`i weRq I fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb
mnR n‡qwQj| m‡Zi evi Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i myjZvb gvngy` DËi fvi‡Zi ivR¨¸‡jvi mvgwiK
kw³ aŸsm K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| d‡j cieZ©xKv‡j gymjgvb‡`i AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kivi gZ kw³ A‡bK
ivRviB wQj bv| Kv‡RB myjZvb gvngy‡`i Awfhv‡bi cv‡q cv‡q fvi‡Z ¯’vqx gymjgvb mvgªvR¨
cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI Zuvi Awfhvb¸‡jv fwel¨‡Z fvi‡Z gymjgvb mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi mnvqK n‡qwQj|
myjZvb gvngy` evi¤^vi fviZ AvµgY K‡i fvi‡Zi A_©‰bwZK †giy`Û †f‡½ w`‡qwQ‡jb| hyM hyM
a‡i mwÂZ abm¤ú` evi¤^vi jywÉZ nIqvi d‡j fviZxq ivR¨¸‡jv cÖvq wbt¯^ n‡q c‡o| Ab¨w`‡K G
jywÉZ abm¤ú` w`‡q MRbx mvgªvR¨ mg„×kvjx n‡q I‡V| Zuvi mvgwiK evwnbx n‡q I‡V Av‡iv
kw³kvjx| MRbx‡Z wewfbœ myig¨ AÆvwjKv wbg©vY Kiv nq hv MRbx cÖv‡P¨i Ab¨Zg †kªô I my›`i
bMix‡Z cwiYZ K‡i|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhv‡bi wKQy mvs¯‹…wZK I ag©xq djI j¶ Kiv hvq| Zuvi Awfhv‡bi d‡j
gymjgvb I wn›`y mf¨Zv Av‡iv KvQvKvwQ Av‡m Ges GB `yB ms¯‹…wZi cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM Av‡iv
Nwbô nq| gymjgvb ˆmb¨‡`i mv‡_ eû cwÛZ I `i‡ek G‡`‡k G‡mwQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i cÖfve mvs¯‹…wZK
I ag©xq †¶‡Î j¶ Kiv hvq|

PwiÎ - K…wZZ¡
BwZnv‡mi gnvb e¨w³‡`i gZ myjZvb gvngy‡`i PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ wewfbœ HwZnvwmK wewfbœfv‡e g~j¨vqb
K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi cÖksmvq †hgb †KD †KD cÂgyL, †Zgwb Zuvi wb›`y‡KiI Afve †bB| Kv‡iv †Pv‡L
wZwb wQ‡jb `i‡ek, Avevi †KD Zuv‡K GK jy‡Uiv m`©viiƒ‡c AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb, i³cvZ I
jyVZiv‡RB wQj hvi Avb›`| Z‡e W. bvwRg wVKB e‡j‡Qb †h, wZwb †Kv‡bvUvB wQ‡jb bv|
gvbyl wnmv‡e myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb ‡¯œnkxj Ges AvZ¥xq‡`i cÖwZ `qvjy| Zuvi fvB BmgvBj wQ‡jb
wmsnvm‡bi GKRb cÖwZØ›`¡x| wKšÍz Zv‡KI wZwb h_v‡hvM¨ gh©v`v w`‡qwQ‡jb| myjZv‡bi weiy‡×
loh‡š¿ wjß nIqvq Zv‡K MRbx †_‡K RyRbv‡b cvwV‡q †`Iqv nq Ges †mLv‡b wZwb Rxe‡bi evKx
w`b¸‡jv kvwšÍ‡ZB KvwU‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi Ab¨ GK fvB Aveyj †gvRvd&di bmi‡K mvgªv‡R¨i m‡e©v”P
mvgwiK c` †`Iqv n‡qwQj| Zv‡K wm¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©iI wbhy³ Kiv n‡qwQj Ges g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ
wZwb H `yB c‡`B AwawôZ wQ‡jb| meyw³Mx‡bi g„Zz¨Kv‡j myjZvb gvngy‡`i Ab¨ fvB Avey BqvKze
BDmyd wQ‡jb wbZvšÍB wkï| myjZvb gvngy` Zuvi `yB cy‡Îi m‡½ AviI wk¶vi e¨e¯’v K‡iwQ‡jb
Ges bm‡ii g„Zz¨i ci Zv‡K H c‡` wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| myjZvb Zuvi cy·`i wk¶vi cÖwZ we‡kl
g‡bv‡hvMx wQ‡jb Ges Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi Ici Zx¶è bRi ivL‡Zb| cÖ_vMZ wk¶v`vb QvovI
Zv‡`i‡K mvgwiK wk¶v †`Iqv n‡Zv Ges cÖkvmwbK AwfÁZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ `¶ IqvwRi‡`i
ZË¡veav‡b Zv‡`i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡`‡ki kvmb Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i e¨w³MZ Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Lye †ewk wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| Aa¨vcK nvwee e‡j‡Qb †h,
Zuvi c~e©eZ©x ev cieZ©x myjZvb‡`i †P‡q wfbœZi wQ‡jb bv Ges mgmvgwqK myjZvb‡`i gZ wZwbI
hy×, bvix Ges g` cQ›` Ki‡Zb| Z‡e W. bvwRg e‡j‡Qb †h, myjZvb gvngy` Bmjv‡gi ˆbwZK
Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡Zb Ges g‡b nq †h kwiqZ Aby‡gvw`Z msL¨vi †P‡q †ewk ¯¿x Zuvi wQj bv| gv‡S
gv‡S wZwb kL K‡i g` cvb Ki‡jI KLbI g`¨vm³ wQ‡jb bv|
myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb GK¸‡q I Abgbxq Ges Zuvi g‡Zi we‡ivwaZv wZwb mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv -
ga¨hy‡Mi we‡RZv I myjZvb‡`i G¸‡jv wQj mvaviY PvwiwÎK ÎywU| wKšÍz wb‡Ri †`vl ¯^xKvi Kivi
gZ ü`‡qi D`viZvI Zuvi wQj|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
200

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb Amxg mvnmx| hyׇ¶‡Î wZwb mvg‡b _vK‡Zb Ges me‡P‡q wec`msKzj ¯’v‡b
ˆmb¨‡`i mv‡_ GKm‡½ hy× Ki‡Zb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi Kvi‡Y Zuvi kix‡i 72wU
¶ZwPý wQj| myjZv‡bi e¨w³MZ †kŠh© I wbf©xKZv Zuvi ˆmb¨‡`i g‡b mvnm I DÏxcbvi mÂvi
Ki‡Zv|
†mbvcwZ wnmv‡e myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb `¶ I AwfÁ| Zuvi iY cwiKíbv wQj cÖ‡qvMwm×| BivK
†_‡K †`vqve Ges LvIqvwiRg †_‡K Kvw_qvIqvo ch©šÍ we¯ÍxY© A‡j wZwb AZzjbxq kw³ I
mvd‡j¨i m‡½ mviv Rxeb hy× K‡i‡Qb| iYwe`¨vq wZwb bZzb wKQy Avwe®‹vi ev †hvM K‡ibwb, wKšÍz
†mbvevwnbx‡Z wZwb bZzb DÏxcbvi mÂvi K‡iwQ‡jb| Avie, LjRx, AvdMvb, ZzwK©, wn›`y- BZ¨vw`
wewfbœ Dcv`v‡b MwVZ wQj Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx| wKšÍz K‡Vvi wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi d‡j wZwb †mB
ˆmb¨evwnbx‡K Aciv‡Rq K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jb| mvivRxeb hy× Ki‡jI wZwb KLbI civRq eiY
K‡ibwb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb mvnmx wKšÍz mveavbx †mbvcwZ| kÎy‡K civwRZ Kivi gZ kw³ mÂq
bv K‡i wZwb KLbI AvµgY Ki‡Zb bv| Aa¨vcK nvwee e‡j‡Qb †h, wZwb KLbI hyׇ¶‡Î e¨_©
nbwb, KviY R‡qi m¤¢vebvnxb †Kv‡bv hy× wZwb K‡ib wb| Zievwi wQj myjZvb gvngy‡`i wcÖq hy×v¯¿|
wKšÍz Zxi PvjbvqI wZwb wQ‡jb mgvb `¶|
myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb K‡Vvi cwikªgx| Zuvi MÖx®§Kvj KvU‡Zv ga¨ Gwkqvq Awfhv‡b- kxZKv‡j wZwb
†ei n‡Zb fviZ Awfhv‡b| Zvc ev ˆkZ¨, cÖvK…wZK evav, †Kv‡bv wKQyB Zuvi Awfhv‡b evav n‡q
`uvovqwb|†Nv‡ii `yM©g ˆkj‡kªYx, Kvwk¥‡ii eidXvKv cvnvwo wMwic_, fvi‡Zi DËvj b`x ev gyljav‡i
e„wó, ivRcyZbvi Zß giyf‚wg - wKQyB Zuv‡K evav w`‡Z cv‡i wb|
myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb GKRb b¨vq wePviK| mKj‡K AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj Ki‡Z wZwb Zuvi me©kw³
cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mevB wQj mgvb - D”Pesk, AvZ¥xqZv ev c`gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y †KD
AvB‡bi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvqwb| abx-`wi`ª wbwe©‡k‡l mevB b¨vq wePvi †c‡Zv|
Kwe I weØvb e¨w³ wnmv‡e myjZvb gvngy‡`i L¨vwZ wQj| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h Zwd«`yj dziy bv‡g wdKvn&
kv‡¯¿i GKwU MÖš’ wZwb iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| `iev‡i wZwb Ávbx-¸Yx e¨w³‡`i m‡½ wewfbœ welq wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb|
myjZvb gvngy` Ávb-weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Zuvi `ievi ZLb gymwjg we‡k¦i Ávbx¸Yx e¨w³‡`i
wgjb‡¶‡Î cwiYZ n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i Rb¨ myjZvb eQ‡i 400,000 w`invg LiP Ki‡Zb| Zuvi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq dvwm© mvwn‡Z¨i cÖPÛ DrKl© nq| Zuvi `iev‡i mg‡eZ Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Aveyj Kvwmg
†di‡`Šmx, Aveyj Kvwmg nvmvb web Avng` Dbmywi, dviyKx, AvgRv`x cÖgyLiv wQ‡jb D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Zuvi `iev‡i Ges m¤¢eZ Zuvi Aby‡iv‡a †di‡`Šmx Zuvi AgiKve¨ kvnbvgvi e„nËi Ask iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz ivRKwe Dbmywii Cl©vi Kvi‡Y †di‡`Šmx Zuvi cÖvc¨ ¯^xK…wZ I m¤§vb jvf Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| MwYZkv¯¿we`, `vk©wbK I †R¨vwZlkv¯¿we` Avey ivqnvb Avj-‡eiybx, HwZnvwmK DZex I
eBnvKx Ges `vk©wbK Avj dvivexI myjZvb gvngy‡`i ivRmfv Aj¼…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K
Ávbx¸Yx e¨w³‡`i wZwb Zuvi `iev‡i mg‡eZ K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi `iev‡i 400 Kwei mgv‡ek N‡UwQj|
MRbx‡Z wZwb GKwU wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| G wek¦we`¨vj‡q Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi eû g~j¨evb
MÖ‡š’ cwic~Y© GKwU MÖš’vMviI wQj| wewfbœ Awfhv‡b wZwb ïay abiZœB AvniY K‡ibwb, Zv AvµvšÍ
¯’v‡bi MÖš’vMvi¸‡jv †_‡K eû g~j¨evb MÖš’I wZwb MRbx‡Z wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvngy` a‡g©i cÖwZ kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| cxi `i‡ek‡`i cÖwZ wQj Zuvi cÖMvp fw³| eû `~iZ¡
AwZµg K‡i wZwb weL¨vZ `i‡ek Aveyj nvmvb LviKvbxi m‡½ mv¶vr Ki‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb| a‡g©i
e¨vcv‡i wZwb wQ‡jb AbymwÜrmy| cÖ_‡g wZwb wQ‡jb nvbvdx gZvej¤^x| wKšÍz c‡i ch©vqµ‡g wZwb
KvivgZxq I kvwd gZvej¤^x n‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi G ai‡bi ag©xq gZ cwieZ©b †_‡K ag© m¤ú‡K© Zuvi
AbymwÜrmvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|

BwZnvm c„ôv
201

Gm Gm GBP Gj

ag©cvj‡bi †¶‡Î myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb AwZ mZK©| wZwb wbqwgZ bvgvR Av`vq Ki‡Zb Ges †ivR
†KviAvb kixd co‡Zb| †ivRvi gv‡m wZwb wba©vwiZ nv‡i hvKvZ w`‡Zb I †ivRv ivL‡Zb| ZvQvov
cÖwZw`bB wZwb `xb-`wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ A_© weZiY Ki‡Zb| nR¡ cvj‡bi B”Qv _vK‡jI ivR‰bwZK
e¨¯ÍZvi Kvi‡Y Zv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e nR¡hvÎx‡`i m¤¢ve¨ mKj iKg my‡hvM-myweav `v‡b wZwb m‡Pó
wQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvngy` ciag© mwnòz wQ‡jb| Zuvi Avg‡j wn›`yiv ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Zv| ivRavbx
MRbx‡Z wn›`y‡`i Rb¨ c„_K AvevwmK GjvKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj Ges †mLv‡b Zuviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv‡`i
ag©xq AvPvi Abyôvb cvjb Ki‡Zv| mܨvq MRbxi wn›`y GjvKv kuvL I N›UvaŸwb †kvbv †h‡Zv| fvi‡Z
wZwb eû wn›`y gw›`i aŸsm K‡iwQ‡jb- wKšÍz Zuvi wcQ‡b A_©‰bwZK KviY wQj- ag©xq bq| wZwb
KLbI †Kv‡bv wn›`y‡K †Rvic~e©K Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z K‡ib wb| Zuvi mvgwiK I †emvgwiK wefv‡M
eû wn›`y Kg©Pvix wQj Ges Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB iv‡R¨i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c‡` AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
¯’vcZ¨-wk‡íi cÖwZI myjZvb gvngy‡`i AbyivM wQj| fviZ †_‡K †bIqv ab-m¤ú` w`‡q wZwb MRbx
bMix‡K †mŠ›`h©gwÛZ K‡iwQ‡jb| MRbx‡Z wZwb AZ¨šÍ my›`i GK gmwR` wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|
MRbx‡Z wZwb GKwU wek¦we`¨vjq I MÖš’vMviI wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb eû wgbvi, †mZz I eva wbg©vY
K‡iwQ‡jb| i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Afve m‡Ë¡I evawU GLbI e¨envi‡hvM¨ Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| ﮋ gImy‡g
MRbxi cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKvq K…wl †m‡Pi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB eva wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| MRbxi wbK‡U Zuvi
mgvwa-†mŠa Ges `ywU wgbvi AvRI we`¨gvb| myjZv‡bi AbyKi‡Y AwfRvZivI eû my›`i BgviZ I
evMvb wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j MRbx I cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbx kni¸‡jv cÖvmv`,
gmwR`, evMvb BZ¨vw`‡Z †mŠ›`h© gwÛZ n‡q D‡VwQj|
myjZvb gvngy` GK wekvj mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôv K‡ib| 997 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi mgq wZwb
wQ‡jb MRbx, ey¯Í Ges ej‡Li kvmK| µ‡g µ‡g wZwb †Lvivmvb, wm¯Ívb, †Nvi, LvIqvwiRg,
Kvwdwi¯Ívb, Bm&cvnvb BZ¨vw` GjvKvI Rq K‡ib| fvi‡Z wZwb wn›`ykvnx ivRv‡`i KvQ †_‡K
jvgvNvb †_‡K wecvkv b`x ch©šÍ we¯ÍxY© AÂj Rq K‡ib| ZvQvov eû fviZxq ivRv Zuvi AvbyMZ¨
¯^xKvi K‡iwQj| Zuvi mvgªvR¨ BivK I Kvw¯úqvb mvMi †_‡K M½v b`x Ges Avij mvMi †_‡K fviZ
gnvmvMi, wmÜz I ivRcyZbv ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj| c~e©-cwð‡g Zuvi mvgªvR¨ wQj cÖvq 2000 gvBj `xN©
Ges DËi-`w¶‡Y Gi cÖ¯’ wQj cÖvq 1400 gvBj| MRbx †_‡K GB wekvj mvgªvR¨ myk„´Ljfv‡e
kvmb Kiv Am¤¢e n‡e †f‡e wZwb Zuvi mvgªvR¨ Zuvi `yB cyÎ gvmy` I gynv¤§‡`i g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †`b|
mvgªvR¨ fvM wb‡q Aek¨ Zuvi cy·`i g‡a¨ g‡bvgvwj‡b¨i m„wó n‡qwQj Ges †kl ch©šÍ g„Zz¨i Av‡M
myjZvb gvngy` gvmy`‡K DËivwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ K‡ib| mvgªvR¨ fvM I DËivwaKvix wbe©vP‡b
myjZvb gvngy` `~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ib wb| gvmy` kvmK wnmv‡e AwaKZi †hvM¨ †R‡bI Zv‡K
DËivwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv myjZv‡bi A`~i`wk©Zvi cwiPvqK| †kl ch©šÍ Aek¨ gvmy`B wmsnvmb
jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb GKRb `¶ †mbvcwZ, mdj we‡RZv, Ávb-weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK I mvgªv‡R¨i
cÖwZôvZv| W. bvwRg Zvi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h wKQy wKQy ÎywU _vKv m‡Ë¡I myjZvb gvngy`
wQ‡jb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg †kªô kvmK I we‡RZv| myjZvb gvngy‡`i cyÎ I DËivwaKvix gvmy` Zuvi
m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb †h, gvngy‡`i gZ gvbyl Avi †Kv‡bvw`b Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡e bv|

mvims‡¶c
fvi‡Z gymwjg AvMg‡bi wØZxq ch©v‡qi bvqK wQ‡jb MRbxi myjZvb gvngy`| 1000 †_‡K
1027 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ wZwb 17 evi fviZ AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi fviZ Avµg‡Yi wcQ‡b
agx©q D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv| eis A_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨B wQj cÖavb| fvi‡Zi abiZœ AvniY K‡i wbR
mvgªvR¨‡K kw³kvjx KivB wQj Zuvi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| Zuvi Awfhvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †mvgbv_ `y‡M©

BDwbU--- c„ôv
202

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

AvµgY wQj me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| weRxZ ivRv‡`i cÖwZ mبenvi K‡i wZwb agx©q mwnòzZvi
cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i Awfhv‡bi d‡j fvi‡Z gymwjg kvmb ¯’vqxfv‡e cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI cieZx©‡Z
gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôvi c_ myMg K‡iwQj|
myjZvb gvngy` †Kej `¶ mgibvqKB wQ‡jb bv| Ávb-weÁvb, wkíKjv I mvwn‡Z¨i
c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i wZwb MRbx ivR¨‡K mgmvgwqK we‡k¦ mycwiwPZ K‡iwQ‡jb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| gvngy` †Kv_vKvi myjZvb wQ‡jbÑ
K. †Nvi L. MRbx
M. LvIqvwiRg N. fviZ
2| myjZvb gvngy` fviZ AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jbÑ
K. 15 L. 17
M. 18 N. 20 evi
3| myjZvb gvngy‡`i me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Awfhvb wQjÑ
K. cvÄve L. wmÜz
M. ivRcyZbv N. †mvgbv_
4| myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhv‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ wQjÑ
K. A_©‰bwZK L. ivR‰bwZK
M. mvgvwRK N. ag©xq
5| myjZvb gvngy` g„Zz¨eiY K‡ibÑ
K. 1025 L. 1027
M. 1030 N. 1031 wLª÷v‡ã

msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| myjZvb gvngy‡`i evi¤^vi fviZ Awfhv‡bi wcQ‡b A_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨B wQj cÖavbÑ e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
2| myjZvb gvngy` m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ we‡kølY Kiyb|
2| myjZvb gvngy‡`i Awfhvbmg~‡ni D‡jøLc~e©K Zuvi mvd‡j¨i KviY I djvdj e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
3| myjZvb gvngy‡`i PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiyb|

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| A.B.M. Habibullah, The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India.
2| Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India.
3| Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm|
4| R.C. Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol-Delhi Sultunate.

BwZnvm c„ôv
203

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 3

gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Awfhvb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
• gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Awfhv‡bi KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• gynv¤§` †Nvixi wewfbœ Awfhv‡bi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• gynv¤§` †Nvixi mvd‡j¨i KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• gynv¤§` †Nvixi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• gynv¤§` †Nvixi Awfhv‡bi djvdj we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Øv`k kZvãxi †kl PZz_©vs‡k Z…Zxq ch©v‡q gymjgvb‡`i fviZ Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ nq †Nvi †_‡K|
gynv¤§` web Kvwmg I myjZvb gvngy‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ cÖ_g `ywU Awfhv‡bi d‡j fvi‡Z
gymjgvb‡`i kvmb ¯’vqxfv‡e cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Awfhv‡bi d‡j fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i
`xN©¯’vqx kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q †Nvix‡`i Avµg‡Yi d‡j fvi‡Z ivRcyZ kw³iI
mvgwiK cZb N‡U|
†Nvi ivR¨ MRbx I wniv‡Ui ga¨eZ©x ce©Z m¼zj ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj| ïiy‡Z †Nvi MRbx mvgªv‡R¨i
Aax‡b wQj Ges Gi Awaevmxiv wQj ZzwK©| MRbx mvgªv‡R¨i `~e©jZvi my‡hv‡M †Nv‡ii ZzwK©iv ¯^vaxb
n‡q c‡o| †Nv‡ii myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb 1173 wLª÷v‡ã MRbx Rq K‡i Zuvi fvB gyBRDwÏb gynv¤§‡`i
Ici MRbxi kvmbfvi b¨¯Í K‡ib| gyBRDwÏb gynv¤§`B fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m wknveDwÏb †Nvix ev
gynv¤§` †Nvix bv‡g cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| gynv¤§` †Nvix MRbx †_‡KB Zuvi fvB‡qi cÖwZwbwaiƒ‡c fvi‡Z
Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
wLªw÷q mßg kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M nl©ea©‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi mvgªvR¨ †f‡½ c‡o Ges DËi fvi‡Z eû
†QvU †QvU iv‡R¨i D™¢e nq| ¸R©i-cÖwZnvi ivRviv DËi fvi‡Z Zuv‡`i AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡jI Zv
`xN©¯’vqx nqwb| myjZvb gvngy‡`i evi¤^vi fviZ Avµg‡Yi d‡j DËi fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK kw³
AveviI `~e©j n‡q c‡o|
myjZvb gvngy‡`i gyZz¨i cÖvq 150 eQi ci gynv¤§` †Nvix fviZ AvµgY K‡ib| †Nvixi Avµg‡Yi
cÖv°v‡j DËi fviZ †ek K‡qKwU †QvU †QvU iv‡R¨ wef³ wQj|cvÄv‡e myjZvb gvngy‡`i GK eskai
Lmiy gvwjK ivRZ¡ KiwQ‡jb| DËi wmÜz I gyjZvb wQj KvivgZxq‡`i Aax‡b| wbgœ wmÜz AÂj wQj
myg&iv es‡ki kvmbvaxb| Gi ivRavbx wQj †`ej| ¸RivU wQj ev‡Njv‡`i kvmbvaxb| AvRgx‡i
ivRZ¡ KiwQ‡jb †PŠnvb ivRviv| µ‡g †PŠnvbiv kw³kvjx n‡q I‡Vb Ges 1150 wLª÷v‡ã Zuviv w`wjø
I `Lj K‡i †bq|DËi-c~e© ivRcyZvbvI Zuviv AwaKvi K‡i| gynv¤§` †Nvixi Avµg‡Yi mgq c„w_¡ivR
wQ‡jb w`wjø I AvRgx‡ii ivRv| K‡bŠ‡R ZLb ivRZ¡ Ki‡Zb Mvnoevj eskxq ivRv RqP›`ª| †PŠnvb
I Mvnoevj ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ Avevi wQj kÎyZv| c~e© fvi‡Z wenv‡i cvjiv Ges evsjvq †mbiv ivRZ¡
KiwQ‡jb| DËi fviZxq wn›`y ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv HK¨ wQj bv, eis G‡K Ac‡ii kÎy wQ‡jb|
Zuv‡`i GB A‰bK¨ gynv¤§` †Nvixi mvd‡j¨i mnvqK n‡qwQj|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
204

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Awfhv‡bi KviY

gynv¤§` †Nvix wQ‡jb GKRb D”PvKv•¶x e¨w³| ¯^fveZB GKwU wekvj mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡b wZwb wQ‡jb
AvMÖnx| Z‡e Zuvi fviZ Avµg‡Yi we‡kl K‡qKwU KviY wQj| cÖ_gZ, myjZvb gvngy‡`i gZ
†NvixivI ga¨ Gwkqvq GKwU mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wKšÍz †m A‡j mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvq
Zuviv †mjRyK ZzwK© I LvIqvwiRg kvn Øviv evavcÖvß nb| GKvwaKevi †Nvixiv LvIqvwiR‡gi kv‡ni
nv‡Z civRq eiY K‡i †m Avkv Z¨vM K‡i Ges fvi‡Zi w`‡K `„wó wbe× Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| W.
nvweeyjøvn †hgb e‡j‡Qb †h gyBRDwχbi mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi cwiKíbvq fviZxq AÂj R‡qi ¯’vb wQj
†MŠY|
wØZxqZ, myjZvb gvngy‡`i cieZ©x GK myjZvb, evniv‡gi Avgj †_‡KB †Nvix‡`i m‡½ MRbxi
kÎyZv wQj| gynv¤§` †Nvix MRbx `Lj K‡i wb‡jI MRbxi Bqvgbx es‡ki myjZvbiv cvÄv‡e ivRZ¡
KiwQj Ges ‡mLvb †_‡K Zuviv my‡hvMgZ †NviI AvµgY Ki‡Z cviZ| Kv‡RB cvÄve †_‡K Bqvgbx
kvmK‡`i D‡”Q` K‡i †Nv‡ii wbivcËv weavb KivI wQj gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Avµg‡Yi GKwU
D‡Ïk¨|
Z…ZxqZ, fviZxq ivRv‡`i A‰bK¨ I AšÍwe©ev`I gynv¤§` †Nvix‡K fviZ Avµg‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡iwQj|
gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Awfhv‡bi wcQ‡b ag©xq KviY wQj e‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib|
wKšÍz G aviYv wVK bq| Kwe mv`x ¯úófv‡eB e‡j‡Qb †h, †ckv`vi ˆmb¨iv Zv‡`i gRywii Rb¨ hy×
K‡iwQj| Zv‡`i ivRv, †`k ev a‡g©i Rb¨ Zuviv hy× K‡i wb|
gynv¤§` †Nvixi D”PvKv•¶v I ga¨ Gwkqvq mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡b Zuvi e¨_©Zv ¯^fveZB Zv‡K fvi‡Zi cÖwZ
AvK…ó K‡iwQj| 1175 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§` †Nvix cÖ_gev‡ii gZ fviZ Awfhv‡b Av‡mb| H mgq
gyjZv‡b Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x KvivgZxq m¤úª`v‡qi cÖvavb¨ wQj| †Muvov gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i weag©x e‡j
g‡b Ki‡Zv| gynv¤§` †Nvix Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K gyjZvb Rq K‡ib| Gi ci 1176 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§`
†Nvix DP& `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib Ges †mLvbKvi ivYxi wek¦vmNvZKZvq `yM©wU `Lj K‡ib| ¸Riv‡Ui
ab-m¤ú‡` AvK…ó n‡q gynv¤§` †Nvix 1178 wLª÷v‡ã ¸Riv‡Ui ivRavbx AvbwnjIqviv ev cvUvb
AvµgY K‡ib, wKšÍz ¸Riv‡Ui ev‡Njv ivRv g~jiv‡Ri nv‡Z civwRZ n‡q †`‡k wd‡i hvb| fvi‡Z
GUvB wQj gynv¤§` †Nvixi cÖ_g civRq| 1179 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb †c‡kvqvi `Lj Ki‡jI Lmiy gvwj‡Ki
KvQ †_‡K jv‡nvi `Lj Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| 1182 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§` †Nvix †`ej AvµgY K‡ib Ges
mgy`ª-DcK‚j ch©šÍ we¯ÍxY© AÂj Rq K‡ib| 1186 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§` †Nvix Lmiy gvwjK‡K civwRZ I
ew›` K‡i jv‡nvi `Lj K‡ib| Lmiy gvwj‡Ki civR‡qi d‡j fvi‡Z MRbxi Bqvgbx es‡ki kvm‡bi
Aemvb N‡U| cvÄve AwaKvi Kivi d‡j fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ AÂj R‡qi c_ gynv¤§` †Nvixi Rb¨ Db¥y³
nq| wKšÍz ivRcyZiv Zuvi AMÖMwZ †iva K‡i|
ivRcyZiv wQj exi †hv×v RvwZ| MRbx I †Nv‡ii ZzwK©iv ga¨ Gwkqvi †mjRyK I Ab¨vb¨ ZzwK©‡`i
m‡½ hy× K‡iwQj| wKšÍz ZLb ch©šÍ gymjgvbiv hy‡× ivRcyZ‡`i gy‡LvgywL nqwb| wKšÍz exi †hv×v
nIqv m‡Ë¡I ivRcyZ‡`i mvgš¿Zvwš¿K mgvR-e¨e¯’v I eY©‡f` cÖ_v Zv‡`i `~e©jZvi KviY n‡q
`uvwo‡qwQj|
1191 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§` †Nvix miwn›` Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib Ges kniwU `Lj K‡ib| AvRgxi I
w`wjøi †PŠnvb ivRv c„w_¡ivR cwiw¯’wZi ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i gynv¤§` †Nvixi weiy‡× DËi fviZxq
ivRv‡`i wb‡q GK †RvU MVb K‡ib| ïaygvÎ K‡bŠ‡Ri Mvnoevj eskxq ivRv RqP›`ª gymjgvb‡`i
weiy‡× MwVZ GB †Rv‡U †hvM`vb K‡ibwb| K‡b©j U‡Wi g‡Z RqP‡›`ªi †g‡q‡K ejc~e©K we‡q Kivi
Kvi‡Y c„w_¡iv‡Ri m‡½ Zuvi we‡iva wQj Ges †m Kvi‡YB wZwb c„w_¡iv‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ †Rv‡U
†hvM`vb K‡ib wb| 1191 wLª÷v‡ã GK wekvj evwnbx wb‡q c„w_¡ivR gynv¤§` †Nvix weiy‡× AMÖmi nb|

BwZnvm c„ôv
205

Gm Gm GBP Gj

wdwikZvi fvl¨ Abymv‡i c„w_¡iv‡Ri †bZ…Z¡vaxb evwnbx‡Z 2,00,000 Ak¦v‡ivnx Ges 3,000 nvwZ
wQj| _v‡bk¦‡ii 14 gvBj `~‡i ZivB‡b GB evwnbx gynv¤§` †Nvixi evwnbxi gy‡LvgywL nq| Zzgyj hy‡×i
ci gynv¤§` †Nvixi evwnbx civwRZ nq Ges gynv¤§` †Nvix wb‡RI AvnZ n‡q ¯^‡`‡k wd‡i hvb|
c„w_¡ivR miwn›` cyb`©Lj K‡ib| GB hy× BwZnv‡m ZivB‡bi hy× bv‡g L¨vZ|
ZivB‡bi cÖ_g hy‡× civwRZ n‡q gynv¤§` †Nvix `‡g hvb wb| †`‡k wd‡i G‡m wZwb GB civR‡qi
cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi Rb¨ GK wekvj evwnbx MVb K‡ib| 1192 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb Zuvi wekvj evwnbx wb‡q
c„w_¡iv‡Ri weiy‡× AMÖmi nb| AvdMvb, ZzwK© I Bivwb ˆmb¨ wb‡q MwVZ Zvi evwnbx‡Z m`m¨ msL¨v
wQj 1,20,000 Ges Gi m‡½ wQj 12,000 Ak¦v‡ivnx| c„w_¡iv‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ wn›`yivRv‡`i mw¤§wjZ
evwnbx Av‡MB ZivB‡bi cÖvšÍ‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡qwQj|mvivw`b Zzgyj hy‡×i ci mܨvq gynv¤§` †Nvix
Rqjvf K‡ib| c„w_¡ivR ew›` I wbnZ nb| exi‡Z¡ wn›`yiv gymjgvb‡`i †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡kB Kg wQj
bv|wKšÍz wn›`y‡`i wPivPwiZ hy×ixwZ‡Z nvwZi Ici wbf©ikxjZv Ges m‡e©vcwi mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi
cwiPvjbvq m¤ú~Y© †K›`ªxf‚Z GKK-AwabvqK‡Z¡i Afv‡ei d‡j Zv‡`i civRq N‡U|
ZivB‡bi wØZxq hy× fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m GK AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, ivRcyZ‡`i
GB †Rv‡Ui weiy‡× gynv¤§` †Nvixi Rq fvi‡Z gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î GK ewjô c`‡¶c| Gi
ci gynv¤§` †Nvix Ges Zuvi †mbvcwZiv fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂj Rq K‡i GB †`‡k gymwjg iv‡R¨i
we¯Ívi NUvb|
wn›`y‡`i Rb¨ ZivB‡bi wØZxq hy× wQj `yf©vM¨RbK|GB hy‡× civR‡qi d‡j ivRcyZ‡`i cÖwZ‡iva
kw³ †f‡½ c‡o| Gi ci fvi‡Zi wn›`yiv gymjgvb‡`i evav †`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Avi †Kv‡bv †RvU MVb
Ki‡Z m¶g nqwb| GB hy‡× Rqjv‡fi d‡j gymjgvb‡`i AwaKvi cÖvq w`wjøi DcKÉ ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z
nq| nvb&wm, mvgvbv, †Kvnivg, evKznvivg I Ab¨ †ek K‡qKwU `yM© gynv¤§` †Nvixi KiZjMZ nq|
AvRgxi ivR¨ gynv¤§` †Nvixi nv‡Z weaŸ¯Í nq| gynv¤§` †Nvix AvRgx‡ii wn›`y gw›`i I Ab¨vb¨ eû
BgviZ aŸsm K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b gmwR` I gv`ªvmv ¯’vcb K‡ib| evrmwiK Ki `v‡bi k‡Z© AvRgxi
kniwU c„w_¡iv‡Ri cy‡Îi nv‡Z b¨¯Í Kiv nq|
ZivB‡bi wØZxq hy‡×i ci gynv¤§` †Nvix KzZzeDwÏb bv‡g Zuvi GK wek¦¯Í AbyPi‡K Zuvi wewRZ
fviZxq A‡ji kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡i MRbx wd‡i hvb| KzZzeDwÏb 1193 wLª÷v‡ã w`wjø Rq K‡ib
Ges G‡K G‡K gxivU, †Kvj, †Mvqvwjqi BZ¨vw` `Lj K‡ib| KzZzeDwÏb w`wjø‡Z Zuvi ivRavbx ¯’vcb
K‡ib|
†PŠnvb‡`i aŸsm K‡i w`wjø, AvRgxi `Lj Ki‡jI gymjgvbiv ZLbI fvi‡Zi cÖfz n‡Z cv‡iwb|
†`vqve A‡ji AwacwZ wQ‡jb RqP›`ª| wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx ivRv Ges c~e©w`‡K Zuvi ivR¨
evivYmx ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj| Zuvi ivRavbx K‡bŠR wQj ivR‰bwZK I mvgwiK w`K †_‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© GK
kni| D‡jøL¨ †h ZivB‡bi hy‡×i mgq e¨w³MZ we‡Ø‡li Kvi‡Y RqP›`ª c„w_¡iv‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ
wn›`y †Rv‡U †hvM`vb K‡ib wb| m¤¢eZ wZwb g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †h myjZvb gvngy‡`i gZ gynv¤§` †NvixI
hy‡× Rqjv‡fi ci ab-iZœ wb‡q †`‡k wd‡i hv‡eb Ges c„w_¡iv‡Ri civRq DËi fvi‡Z Zuvi wb‡Ri
¶gZv e„w×i mnvqK n‡e| wKšÍz Zuvi †m Avkv c~Y© nq wb| 1194 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§` †Nvix RqP‡›`ªi
weiy‡× hy×hvÎv K‡ib| RqP›`ªI GK wekvj evwnbx wb‡q Zuv‡K evav †`Iqvi Rb¨ AMÖmi nb| G mgq
Av‡Mi gZ †Kv‡bv mw¤§wjZ †RvU MwVZ nqwb| m¤¢eZ c„w_¡iv‡Ri civRq wn›`y‡`i Drmvn‡K w¯ÍwgZ
K‡i w`‡qwQj|ZvRyj-gvwmi Ges ZvevKvr-B-bvwmwi MÖ‡š’ G hy‡×i wKQy weeiY cvIqv hvq| Pv›`Iqvi
I BUvIqvi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b msNwUZ G hy‡× RqP›`ª civwRZ I wbnZ nb Ges gynv¤§` †Nvix cÖPyi ab-
iZœ I 30wU nvwZ jvf K‡ib| Gi ci gynv¤§` †Nvix evivYmx AvµgY K‡i †mLvbKvi eû gw›`i
aŸsm K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib| KzZzeDwχbi Ici wewRZ A‡ji kvmbfvi Ac©Y
K‡i Gici gynv¤§` †Nvix MRbx wd‡i Av‡mb| gynv¤§` †Nvixi Avg‡jB eLwZqvi LjRx evsjv I

BDwbU--- c„ôv
206

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wenvi Rq K‡ib (eLwZqvi LjRxi evsjv I wenvi R‡qi Ges †mB A‡j gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôvi
weeiY beg BDwb‡Ui cÖ_g cv‡V we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)|
1203 wLª÷v‡ã wMqvmDwÏb †Nvixi g„Zz¨i ci wknveDwÏb gynv¤§` †Nvix MRbx, †Nvi I w`wjøi myjZvb
c‡` AwawôZ nb| Zuvi ivR‡Z¡i †kl fv‡M (1205 wLª:) MRbx‡Z we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡j wZwb Zv `gb
K‡ib| fvi‡ZI †LvKviiv we‡`ªvn Ki‡j gynv¤§` †Nvix fvi‡Z Av‡mb Ges Zv‡`i we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i
jv‡nv‡i cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| †mLvb †_‡K MRbx cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi c‡_ avwgqvK bvgK ¯’v‡b 1206 wLª÷v‡ã
gynv¤§` †Nvix GK AvZZvqxi nv‡Z wbnZ nb|
gynv¤§` †Nvixi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi åvZz¯úyÎ gvngy` †Nv‡ii wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zuvi ivR¨ wQj LyeB mxwgZ
Ges gynv¤§` †Nvixi wZbRb µxZ`vm Zuvi mvgªv‡R¨i wZb Ask kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡K| MRbx‡Z
ZvRDwÏb Bqvj`yR, wmÜz‡Z bvwmiDwÏb KzevPv Ges DËi fvi‡Z KzZzeDwÏb AvBeK kvmbKvh©
cwiPvjbv K‡ib| gvngy‡`i ivRZ¡Kvj ¯^í¯’vqx wQj| Zuvi gZz¨i ci †Nvi iv‡R¨ M„nhy× ïiy nq Ges
GB my‡hv‡M LvIqvwiR‡gi kvn †Nvi ivR¨ `Lj K‡i †Nvi es‡ki kvm‡bi Aemvb NUvb|

gynv¤§` †Nvixi K…wZZ¡

fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m wknveDwÏb gynv¤§` †Nvixi ¯’vb †h AwZ D‡”P †m m¤ú‡K© weZ‡K©i AeKvk †bB|
Aa¨vcK LvwjK Avng` wbRvgx Zuv‡K ga¨hy‡Mi mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv‡`i Ab¨Zg iƒ‡c AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| gymjgvb‡`i fviZ Awfhv‡bi Z…Zxq ch©v‡q gynv¤§` †Nvixi †bZ…‡Z¡B fvi‡Z `xN©¯’vqx
gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| gynv¤§` †Nvix wQ‡jb GKRb mvgwiK cÖwZfv m¤úbœ e¨w³| †R¨ô åvZv
wMqvmDwÏb †Nvixi Aax‡b MRbxi kvmbKZ©v wnmv‡e Zuvi Rxeb ïiy n‡jI wbR cÖwZfv I `¶Zve‡j
wZwb fvi‡Z gymjgvb mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvi m~Pbv K‡ib| ZivB‡bi cÖ_g hy‡× civwRZ n‡qI wZwb
n‡Zv`¨g nbwb| c‡ii eQi GKB ¯’v‡b wZwb wn›`y‡`i mw¤§wjZ evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i DËi fvi‡Z
gymjgvb iv‡R¨i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib| fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi `~e©jZvi my‡hvM wZwb MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| myjZvb gvngy‡`i gZ eû wn›`ygw›`i aŸsm Ki‡jI Zuvi ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zv wQj cÖLi|
wZwb ab-iZœ jyV K‡iB ¶všÍ nbwb; ïiy †_‡KB fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B wZwb G‡`‡k
evi¤^vi Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb| †m Rb¨B †Kv‡bv AÂj Rq Kivi ci wZwb †mLv‡b ¯’vqx
kvmbe¨e¯’v Kv‡qg K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci †Nvi mvgªvR¨ aŸsm n‡q †M‡jI fvi‡Z Zuvi cÖwZwôZ
mvgªvR¨ eûw`b wU‡K wQj| fvi‡Z wb‡Ri ivResk cÖwZôv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI wZwb Zuvi K‡qKRb
AbyPi‡K h_v‡hvM¨ cÖwk¶Y w`‡q M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb hviv fvi‡Z Zuvi mvgªvR¨ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡iwQj| wek¦¯Í AbyPi wbe©vP‡b wZwb Zuvi cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| e¯ÍzZ AvBeK, Bqvj`yR,
KzevPvi gZ AbyPiivB wQj Zuvi mvd‡j¨i g~j¯Í¤¢| gynv¤§` †Nvixi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
Zv‡K wb:m‡›`‡n fvi‡Z gymjgvb mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvi AMÖbvqK ejv P‡j|
mviv Rxeb hy×-weMÖ‡n wjß _vKvq Ávb-weÁvb ev wk‡íi cÖwZ bRi †`Iqvi †Zgb †Kv‡bv mgq-
my‡hvM wZwb cvbwb| ZeyI †Nv‡ii mvs¯‹…wZK weKv‡k Zuvi Ae`vb Zz”Q bq| Zuvi Avg‡j †Nvi wk¶v-
ms¯‹…wZi †K‡›`ª cwiYZ n‡qwQj| weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I cwÛZ dLiDwÏb ivRx Ges Kwe wbRvwg Zuvi
`ievi Aj¼…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| BD. †¯Œ‡Uv g‡b K‡ib †h MRbx‡Z `„ó PKP‡K Uvwji e¨envi gynv¤§`
†Nvixi Avg‡jB ïiy n‡qwQj| `vbkxjZvi I Ávb-weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| wdwikZv
Zuv‡K GKRb †Lv`v-f³, RbKj¨vYKvgx I b¨vqevb myjZvb iƒ‡c AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| gynv¤§` †Nvix
b¨vqwePviK wQ‡jb| †`‡ki e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i DbœwZi cÖwZI wZwb hZœkxj wQ‡jb|
†R¨ô åvZv wMqvmDwχbi cÖwZwbwaiƒ‡cB gynv¤§` †Nvix fviZ Awfhvb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb eo fvB‡qi
†kªôZ¡ I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †g‡b Pj‡Zb| hy‡×i mgq jywÉZ MwYg‡Zi gv‡ji g~j¨evb wRwbl¸‡jvI wZwb
eo fvB‡qi Rb¨ cvwV‡q w`‡Zb| Zuvi åvZ…-fw³ BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©v¶‡i †jLv _vK‡e|

BwZnvm c„ôv
207

Gm Gm GBP Gj

myjZvb gvngy` I gynv¤§` †Nvixi Rxebx ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j `yR‡bi g‡a¨ †hgb wKQy wKQy mv`„k¨ †`Lv
hvq †Zgwb wKQy wKQy ˆemv`„k¨I j¶ Kiv hvq| `yRbB Zievwii gva¨‡g hk AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz
mgibvqK wnmv‡e myjZvb gvngy‡`i Zzjbvq gynv¤§` †Nvix cÖvq AL¨vZ i‡q †M‡Qb| mvgwiK Awfhv‡b
myjZvb gvngy` fvi‡Z ev fvi‡Zi evB‡i †Kv_vqI KL‡bv civRq eiY K‡ibwb| wKšÍz gynv¤§` †Nvix
1178 wLª÷v‡ã ¸Riv‡U Ges 1191 wLª÷v‡ã ZivB‡bi cÖ_g hy‡× civwRZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvngy` Ges gynv¤§` †Nvix `yRbB MRbx †_‡K Zuv‡`i fviZ Awfhv‡b AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvngy` wQ‡jb MRbxi ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg myjZvb, Ab¨w`‡K gynv¤§` †Nvix wQ‡jb †R¨ôåvZv
wMqvmDwÏb †Nvixi Aax‡b MRbxi kvmbKZ©v| Ae¯’vbMZ GB cv_©K¨ G `yR‡bi mvgwiK my‡hvM-
myweavi wKQy cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡iwQj Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB- Z‡e G `yR‡bi Awfhv‡bi D‡Ïk¨I wQj
wfbœZi| myjZvb gvngy` fviZ AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb g~jZ: ab-i‡Zœi †jv‡f| fviZ †_‡K ab-iZœ
wb‡q wZwb MRbx mvgªvR¨‡K kw³kvjx K‡i M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| wbivcËvi LvwZ‡i cvÄve I wmÜz
ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖvq †klfv‡M wb‡Ri AwaKv‡i ivL‡jI fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ myjZvb
gvngy‡`i wQjbv| ga¨ Gwkqvi we¯ÍxY© GjvKv Ry‡o ¯’vwcZ mvgªv‡R¨i m‡½ fviZ‡KI hy³ Ki‡j Zv
kvmb Kiv n‡e Am¤¢e Ñ G ev¯Íe Dcjwä †_‡KB myjZvb gvngy` fvi‡Zi wewRZ AÂj¸‡jv wbR
mvgªvR¨fy³ K‡ibwb| Ab¨ w`‡K gynv¤§` †Nvix ïiy †_‡KB G‡`‡k gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôvi D‡Ïk¨
wb‡qB fviZ Awfhv‡b †ei n‡qwQ‡jb| Gi Aek¨ ev¯Íe KviYI wQj- LvIqvwiR‡gi m‡½ cÖwZØw›`¡Zv
K‡i ga¨ Gwkqvq mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb Kiv gynv¤§` †Nvixi c‡¶ m¤¢e wQjbv e‡jB wZwb fvi‡Zi cÖwZ `„wó
wbe× K‡ib Ges G‡`‡ki `ye©jZvi my‡hvM wb‡q GLv‡b mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvq m‡Pó nb| Kv‡RB ejv hvq
†h `yRbB wQ‡jb ev¯Íeev`x I wbR wbR D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b mdj|
gvbyl I kvmK wnmv‡e myjZvb gvngy` gynv¤§` †Nvixi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk L¨vwZgvb| gynv¤§` †Nvix
wQ‡jb g~jZ: GKRb iY-†bZv| hy× weMÖn I mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi †Póvq Zuvi mviv Rxeb †K‡U hvq| d‡j
Ávb-weÁvb I wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZv Kivi †Zgb mgq ev my‡hvM †Kv‡bvUvB Zuvi wQj bv|
ZeyI wZwb ¯^í cwim‡i Zv Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K G †¶‡Î myjZvb gvngy‡`i wQj
wek¦‡Rvov L¨vwZ| Zuvi `ievi wQj Kwe, Ávbx-¸Yx, wkíx-mvwnwZ¨K‡`i wgjb‡¶Î| G †¶‡Î myjZvb
gvngy‡`i Zzjbvq gynv¤§` †Nvix wb¯úªf| Z‡e fvi‡Z gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôvq wZwb wQ‡jb AMÖbvqK
Ges †m Kvi‡YB gynv¤§` †Nvix fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m wPi¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb|

gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Awfhv‡bi mvd‡j¨i KviY

wewfbœ HwZnvwmK wewfbœfv‡e gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Awfhv‡bi mvd‡j¨i KviY e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| nvmvb wbRvwg, wgbnvR Ges dLi-B-gy`vweŸ‡ii gZ mgmvgwqK HwZnvwmKiv Gi †Kv‡bv
e¨vL¨v †`bwb, hw`I †k‡lv³ Rb ZzwK©‡`i Ak¦v‡ivnx ˆmb¨ I fvi‡Zi mvgšÍ cÖ_v‡K GB mvd‡j¨i
KviY wnmv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| m¨vi h`ybv_ miKv‡ii g‡Z, Bmjvg Zuvi Abymvix‡`i wZbwU wewkó
¸‡Yi AwaKvix K‡iwQj hv Avie, eve©vi, cvVvb Ges ZzwK©‡`i gZ ¯^fvewm× ˆmwbK‡`i we¯§qKi
mvgwiK `¶Zvi AwaKvix K‡iwQj| cÖ_gZ, AvBbm¤§Z †ckvMZ Ae¯’vb I ag©xq my‡hvM-myweavi
†¶‡Î wQj mg‡hvM¨Zv I msnwZ| d‡j RvwZ I e‡Y©i me ˆelg¨ `~ixf‚Z K‡i mevB åvZ…Z¡e܇b
Ave× n‡Z †c‡iwQj| wØZxqZ, Avjøvn&i hv B”Qv ZvB n‡e- G A`„óev` hy‡× Zv‡`i giYcY jovB
Ki‡Z DØy× K‡iwQj| Z…ZxqZ, g`¨cvb Bmjv‡g wbwl× Ges †h †Kv‡bv gymjgvb iv‡óª AvBbZ `Ûbxq
Aciva e‡j we‡ewPZ| Ab¨w`‡K ivRcyZ, gvivVv Ges Ab¨vb¨ wn›`y ˆmb¨‡`i aŸs‡mi KviY wQj
g`¨vmw³| g`¨vm³ wn›`y †mbva¨¶ I ˆmb¨iv `~i`k©x mvgwiK cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b Ges myPviyiƒ‡c hy×
cwiPvjbvq evav n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK fviZxq‡`i kvwšÍev` I hy‡×i cÖwZ
N„Yv‡K Zv‡`i civR‡qi KviY wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb hv wVK bq| hy× wQj ivRcyZ‡`i †ckv Ges
GKv`k I Øv`k kZvãxi fviZxq BwZnvm AšÍN©vZx msMÖvg, hy× msNv‡Z cwic~Y©| gymjgvb‡`i ag©xq

BDwbU--- c„ôv
208

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Db¥v`bv‡K †KD †KD G mvd‡j¨i KviYiƒ‡c MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| G mvd‡j¨i wcQ‡b ag©xq Drmvn wKQyUv
`vqx n‡jI n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e ïay GUvB GKgvÎ KviY wQj bv| ZvQvov g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h fviZ-
AvµgYKvix mKj ZzwK© DcRvwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ZL‡bv ag©všÍwiZ nqwb|
fviZ weR‡q ZzwK©‡`i mvd‡j¨i A‡bK KviY wQj| fviZxq‡`i civR‡qi eo KviY wQj Zv‡`i
mgvR-e¨e¯’v I we‡ØlRbK eY©-ˆelg¨ hv Zv‡`i mvgwiK msMVb‡K `~e©j K‡i †d‡jwQj| eY©‰elg¨
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK H‡K¨i g~‡j KzVvivNvZ K‡iwQj|GgbwK a‡g©I wQj GK we‡kl †kªYxi
GKvwacZ¨| d‡j †Nvixi Avµg‡Yi m¤§yLxb n‡j fviZxq‡`i g‡a¨ †`kvZ¥‡eva RvwM‡q †Zvjvi gZ
Zv‡`i wKQyB wQjbv| c¶všÍ‡i gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ RvwZ‡f` bv _vKvq Zuviv HK¨e×fv‡e hy× Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQj|
eY©‡f`-cÖ_v ivRcyZ‡`i mvgwiK `¶Zv‡K aŸsm K‡i w`‡qwQj| hy× GKwU †kªYxi †ckv nIqvq †mB
†kªYx †_‡KB ˆmwbK‡`i wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡Zv| e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx mvgwiK cÖwk¶‡Yi my‡hvM †_‡K wQj
ewÂZ| wbgœe‡Y©i gvby‡li ¯úk© D”Pe‡Y©i ag©bó K‡i G aviYvi Kvi‡Y ˆmb¨‡`i g‡a¨ kªg-wefw³
m¤¢e wQj bv| d‡j GKB †jvK‡K hy× Kiv †_‡K cvwb Avbv, ivbœv Kiv BZ¨vw` me KvRB Ki‡Z n‡Zv
hv †mbvevwnbxi Kvh©KvwiZv A‡bK Kwg‡q †d‡j|
ga¨ Gwkqvq hy×ixwZi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© fviZxqiv wQj AÁ| wfb‡m›U w¯§_ †hgb e‡j‡Qb †h, †Kv‡bv
wn›`y †mbvbvqK kÎyi hy× †KŠkj wk‡L wb‡R‡`i mvgwiK `¶Zv e„w×i †Kv‡bv †Póv †Kv‡bvw`bB K‡ib
wb| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Avgj †_‡KB we‡`kx‡`i hy× †KŠk‡ji †kªôZ¡ cÖgvwYZ n‡q AvmwQj| wKšÍz
ZeyI fviZxq ivRviv mvgwiK c×wZi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b ev DbœwZ Kivi †Póv K‡ibwb| mvgwiK †¶‡Î
fviZxq‡`i ¯’weiZv Zv‡`i civR‡qi GKUv eo KviY|
gymjgvb AvµgYKvixiv GK †bZvi Aax‡b hy× Ki‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K wn›`y-ivRviv KL‡bv KL‡bv
HK¨e× n‡jI Zv‡`i †mbvevwnbx wewfbœ ivRvi †bZ…‡Z¡ hy× Ki‡Zv| me©gq GKK AwabvqK‡Z¡i
Afve Zv‡`i civR‡qi GKUv KviY wQj| ZvQvov gymjgvb AvµgYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ k„´Ljv,
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv Ges msMVb ¶gZv wQj AZ¨waK| wew”Qbœ I ci¯úi wee`gvb wn›`yivRv‡`i c‡¶
mymsnZ I k„´Ljve× gymjgvb AvµgYKvix‡`i cÖwZnZ Kiv wQj KwVb|
MwZgqZv wQj ZzwK©‡`i mvgwiK msMVb I mvd‡j¨i PvweKvwV| cÖavbZ hy×v‡¯¿ mymw¾Z `ªyZMwZ
m¤úbœ Ak¦v‡ivnx ˆmwbK wQj ZzwK© evwnbxi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask| Ab¨w`‡K fviZxqiv wQj wekvjvK…wZi wKšÍz
kø_-MwZi nvwZi Ici †ewk wbf©ikxj| hyׇ¶‡Î nvwZ¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y ivLvI wQj Kómva¨| `ªyZMwZ
m¤úbœ ZzwK© Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbx mn‡RB fviZxq nw¯Íevwnbx‡K civwRZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| ZvQvov
ZzwK©‡`i im` enbKvix wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Zv `ªyZMvgx DU, hvi Rb¨ Avjv`v †Kv‡bv cï-Lv‡`¨i
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv bv, c‡_i cv‡ki Nvm-cvZv †L‡qB G‡`i Pj‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K wn›`y‡`i im` enb Ki‡Zv
†hme cï †m¸‡jv wQj axiMwZ m¤úbœ|
MwZgqZv QvovI, Avi. wm. †¯§Bj †hgb D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, ZzwK©‡`i †KŠkjMZ wØZxq ˆewkó¨ wQj
Zuv‡`i abywe©`¨v| PjšÍ Ae¯’vq †Nvovi wc‡V e‡mB Zuviv Zxi QuyoZ| Gi d‡j Zuviv fviZxq‡`i wekvj
wKšÍz axi MwZm¤úbœ nvwZi wecix‡Z wKQyUv AwZwi³ myweav jvf K‡iwQj|
ga¨ Gwkqvi ce©Zm¼zj kxZcÖavb †`‡ki `ya©l© †hv×v‡`i weiy‡× MÖx®§cÖavb fviZxq‡`i `ye©jZv
mn‡RB Aby‡gq| ZvQvov ZzwK©iv †`k †_‡K eû`~‡i G‡m hy× K‡iwQj| Zuv‡`i mvg‡b `y‡Uv c_ †Lvjv
wQj- nq hy× K‡i Rqx nIqv, A_ev wbwðZ g„Zz¨, cvjvevi †Kv‡bv Dcvq Zuv‡`i wQjbv|†NvixivI
myjZvb gvngy‡`i gZ ga¨ Gwkqvq GKwU mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi †Póv K‡iwQj, wKšÍz †mjRyK ZzwK© I
LvIqvwiR‡gi kv‡ni we‡ivaxZvi Kvi‡Y †m †Póv mdj nqwb| Kv‡RB eva¨ n‡qB Zuviv fvi‡Z
G‡mwQj| Rxeb evwR †i‡L hy× K‡i G‡`k `Lj Kiv Qvov Zuv‡`i †Kv‡bv weKí wQjbv|

BwZnvm c„ôv
209

Gm Gm GBP Gj

fviZ R‡qi djvdj

gynv¤§` †Nvix DËi fviZ Rq µ‡g µ‡g wKšÍz Awbevh©fv‡e G‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK I ag©xq Rxe‡b †ek wKQy ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b G‡bwQj| GKv`k I Øv`k kZvãxi eû iv‡R¨
wef³ DËi fviZ GLb Amxg ¶gZvi AwaKvix GKRb myjZv‡bi wbqš¿‡Y Av‡m|†K›`ªxq wbqš¿Yvaxb
ivR‰bwZK msMVb wQj cÖv_wgK ZzwK© myjZvb‡`i Av`k©|
weMZ K‡qK kZvãx a‡i fviZxq ivRviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eû hy× K‡iwQj| cÖPyi cÖvYnvwb I i³cvZ
N‡U‡Q, wKšÍz nl©ea©‡bi ci †KDB DËi fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK HK¨ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| gynv¤§`
†Nvixi Awfhv‡bi d‡j GK`j we‡`kx GK cÖR‡b¥ †m HK¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| cÖavb kni I
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi iv¯Ív¸‡jv w`wjø-cÖkvm‡bi wbqš¿‡Y G‡b Zuviv ¶y`ª AvKv‡i me©-fviZxq cÖkvm‡bi m~Pbv
K‡i|
m¨vi h`ybv_ miKvi h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, cÖv_wgK †eŠ× Avg‡j Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki m‡½ fvi‡Zi †h
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj Aóg kZvãx‡Z Zv wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| fviZ Avevi AvZ¥-†Kw›`ªK I
evB‡ii `ywbqv †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| Øv`k kZvãxi †klw`‡K gymjgvb‡`i weR‡qi d‡j Gwkqvi
Ab¨vb¨ AÂj I Avwd«Kvi wbKUZg As‡ki m‡½ †m †hvMv‡hvM cyb:¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj|
ZzwK©‡`i DËi fviZ R‡qi cÖfve bMi¸‡jvi IciI c‡owQj| ivRcyZ‡`i cyi‡bv RvZ-wfwËK
kni¸‡jv GLb DuPy wbPy, kªwgK I KvwiMi, wn›`y I gymjgvb, PÛvj I eªvþY-mK‡ji Rb¨B AevwiZ
nq| kªwgK, KvwiMi, wbPy e‡Y©i gvbyl mevB bZzb miKv‡ii m‡½ mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ evwo‡q bZzb bZzb
kni M‡o †Zv‡j| Aa¨vcK nvwee G‡K e‡j‡Qb Ôkû‡i wecøe'|
fviZxq evwnbxi cÖK…wZ I MV‡b, Zv‡`i wbe©vPb c×wZ I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Y ZzwK©‡`i weR‡qi mvgwiK
cÖfve j¶ Kiv hvq| Av‡M hy× Kiv wQj we‡kl GK eY© ev †kªYxi GKvwaKvi, GLb †mUv
cÖwk¶YcÖvß, hy× Ki‡Z m¶g I B”QzK‡`i Rb¨ Db¥y³ n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j kw³kvjx ¯’vqx
†mbvevwnbxi m„wó nq| iYbxwZ I †KŠk‡jI fviZxqiv ga¨ Gwkqvi mgK¶ n‡q I‡V| c`vwZK
ˆm‡b¨i ¯’v‡b Ak¦v‡ivnxiv cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i, nvwZi cwie‡Z© fviZxq evwnbx‡Z A‡k¦i e¨envi
A‡bK¸‡Y e„w× cvq| G ai‡bi cybM©wVZ evwnbxi c‡¶B †gv½j AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kiv m¤¢e wQj|
ewnR©M‡Zi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM cybtcÖwZôv I bZzb bZzb kni M‡o IVvi d‡j evwY‡R¨I DbœwZ I cÖmvi
N‡UwQj| GKB fv‡e AvBb, ïé I gy`ªve¨e¯’v ¯’vbvšÍ‡i ågY I cY¨en‡bi mnvqK n‡qwQj|
cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R e¨eüZ I miKvwi fvlvi †¶‡ÎI ZzwK©-weR‡qi cÖfve †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| Av‡Mi
Avg‡j cÖkvmwbK I Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R e¨eüZ Dcfvlv I fvlv¸‡jv wQj wewfbœ A‡j wewfbœ iKg|
mgMÖ fviZxq †Nvi mvgªvR¨ m‡e©v”P cÖkvmwbK ch©v‡q dvwm©i cÖPj‡bi d‡j cÖkvmwbK †¶‡Î e¨eüZ
fvlvq mgiƒcZv Av‡m|
a‡g©i †¶‡ÎI gynv¤§` †Nvixi DËi fviZ R‡qi cÖfve c‡o| Zuvi Avµg‡Yi mgq eû weL¨vZ
gymjgvb mywd-`i‡ek fvi‡Z G‡mwQ‡jv| gymjgvb mywdiv wewfbœ ZixKvq wef³ wQ‡jb| cÖ_g w`‡K
fvi‡Z Avmv mywdiv †mvnivIqv`©xqv Ges wPkwZqv ZixKvq wef³ wQ‡jb| †kL evnvDwÏb RvKvwiqv
(1182-1267 wLª:) fvi‡Z †mvnivIqv`©xqv ZixKvi †MvovcËb K‡ib| wZwb gyjZv‡b emevm Ki‡Zb
Ges gyjZvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwðg cvwK¯Ívb A‡j GB ZixKv RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| GB ZixKvi
mywdiv wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ m¤§vwbZ e¨w³ Ges Zuviv Rbmvavi‡Yi mvwe©K DbœwZi †Póv Ki‡Zb| GgbwK
Zuviv †gv½j Avµg‡Yi mgqI wbixn Rbmvavi‡Yi wbivcËvi cÖwZ j¶ ivL‡Zb| GB ZixKvi Av‡iK
Rb mywd `i‡ek †kL RvjvjDwÏb ZvweªwR myjZvb BjZzrwg‡ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvq G‡mwQ‡jb Ges
GLv‡b Bmjvg we¯Ív‡i we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb|
fvi‡Z wPkwZqv ZixKvi cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb †kL gCbDwÏb wPkwZ| wZwb 1192 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§`
†Nvixi fviZ weR‡qi m‡½ m‡½ G‡`‡k Av‡mb| jv‡nv‡i wKQyw`b Ae¯’v‡bi ci wZwb AvRgx‡i P‡j

BDwbU--- c„ôv
210

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hvb Ges †mLv‡bB 1236 wLª÷v‡ã †`nZ¨vM K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb fvi‡Zi mywd `i‡ek‡`i g‡a¨
†kªô| wZwb ÔmyjZvb-Dj-wn›`Ô ev wn›`y¯Ív‡bi Ava¨vwZ¥K myjZvb iƒ‡c cwiwPZ|
w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi mywd `i‡ek‡`i g‡a¨ LvRv KzZzeDwÏb eLwZqvi KvKx, bRgDwÏb
(myNiv), KvwR nvwg`DwÏb bv‡Mvix, evev dwi` cÖgyL wQ‡jb weL¨vZ| Zuviv G‡`‡k Bmjvg ag© cÖPv‡i
we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb|GB me mywd‡`i Bmjv‡gi evYx cÖPv‡ii d‡j I Zuv‡`i mnR-mij
RxebhvÎvq AvK…ó n‡q eû †jvK Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡iwQj|

mvims‡¶c
fvi‡Z gymwjg AvMg‡bi Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi bvqK wQ‡jb MRbxi kvmbKZ©v gynv¤§` †Nvix Ges GB
Awfhv‡bi d‡j fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i `xN©¯’vqx kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| g~jZ, gynv¤§` †Nvixi
Gwkqvq mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvq e¨_©ZvB fviZ Awfhv‡b Zuv‡K AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j| G m‡½ hy³
n‡qwQj DËi fvi‡Zi wn›`y ivRv‡`i A‰bK¨ I AšÍwe©ev`| 1175 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb fvi‡Z Zuvi
cÖ_g Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| AZ:ci 1191 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ K‡qKevi Awfhvb Pvwj‡q wZwb
gyjZvb, DP `yM©, †c‡kvqvi, jv‡nvi, cvÄve, miwn›` AwaKvi K‡ib| wKšÍz ivRcyZiv Zuvi
AMÖMwZ †iva K‡i| AvRgxi I w`wjøi †PŠnvb ivRv c„w_¡iv‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ DËi fviZxq wn›`y
ivRv‡`i mw¤§wjZ †Rv‡Ui weiy‡× 1191 mv‡ji ZivB‡bi cÖ_g hy‡× wZwb civwRZ nb| ¯^‡`k
cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci wZwb civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi Rb¨ GK wekvj ˆmb¨evwnbx MVb K‡ib|
1192 wLª÷v‡ã ZivB‡bi cÖvšÍ‡i cybivq Dfqc‡¶i g‡a¨ msNwUZ hy‡× gynv¤§` †Nvix Rqjvf
K‡ib| 1206 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb AvZZvqxi nv‡Z wbnZ nb| fvi‡Z `xN©¯’vqx gymjgvb kvmb
cÖwZôvi AMÖbvqK wn‡m‡e wZwb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m wPi¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. gynv¤§` †Nvix wQ‡jbÑ
(K) wMqvmDwÏb †Nvixi åvZv (L) BjZzrwg‡ki wcZv
(M) myjZvb gvngy‡`i cyÎ (N) wMqvmDwÏb eje‡bi †cŠÎ
2. gynv¤§` †Nvix wQ‡jbÑ
(K) Bivwb (L) †gv½j
(M) ZzwK© (N) †mjRyK
3. ZivB‡bi 1g hy‡× †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jbÑ
(K) Lmiy gvwjK (L) RqP›`ª
(M) c„w_¡ivR (N) ivYv cÖZvc
4. ZivB‡bi 2q hy× n‡qwQjÑ
(K) 1086 wLª÷v‡ã (L) 1192 wLª÷v‡ã
(M) 1206 wLª÷v‡ã (N) 1236 wLª÷v‡ã
5. gynv¤§` †Nvix gviv hvbÑ
(K) 1195 wLª÷v‡ã (L) 1206 wLª÷v‡ã
(M) 1210 wLª÷v‡ã (N) 1228 wLª÷v‡ã

msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| gynv¤§` †Nvix m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|

BwZnvm c„ôv
211

Gm Gm GBP Gj

2| ivRcyZ‡`i mv‡_gynv¤§` †Nvixi msN‡l©i weeiY w`b|

3| fviZ AvµgYKvix wn‡m‡e myjZvb gvngy` I gynv¤§` †Nvixi Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ Avµg‡Yi KviY D‡jøLc~e©K fviZ weR‡qi weeiY w`b|
2| fviZ weR‡q gynv¤§` †Nvixi mvd‡j¨i KviY Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3| gynv¤§` †Nvixi fviZ R‡qi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Kiyb|

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| A.B.M. Habibullah, The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India.
2| Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India.
3| Ave`yjKwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb|
4| Ave`yj Avwjg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi t

cvV : 1 1| (M) ; 2| (L) ; 3| (K) ; 4| (N) ; 5| (N)|
cvV : 2 1| (L) ; 2| (L) ; 3| (N) ; 4| (K) ; 5| (M)|
cvV : 3 1| (K) ; 2| (M) ; 3| (M) ; 4| (L) ; 5| (L)|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
212