YUNIT I: Introduksyon Sa Pag-aaral Ng Globalisasyon
Aralin 1: Ang Konsepto at Hamon ng Globalisasyon
ANO ANG GLOBALISASYON?
-Pagpapalitan, proseso ng koleksyon ng iba’t- ibang
bansa
-American Defense Institute – mabilis at patuloy na
paggalaw na “inter-border” na paggalaw ng produkto,
serbisyo, kapital, teknolohiya, ideya, impormasyon,
kultura at nasyon. (Dulucpu at Demirel, 2005)
-Saklaw rin dito ang kasalukuyang integrasyon ng
ekonomiya, politika, at lipunan ng iba’t-ibang bansa.
(Wells, Shuey, Kelly 20010)
-Ilan din sa mahahalagang konsepto na kaakibat ng
globalisasyon ay:
✓Transference - pagpapalitan
✓Transformation - pagbabago
✓Transcendence - tinatanggal ang pagkakaiba
KASAYSAYAN NG GLOBALISASYON
-1930- unang nagamit ang salitang globalisasyon
-1961- unang inilagay ito sa talahulugan/dictionary.
-1990- nang madalas nang gamitin ang termino sa mga
aklat ukol sa teorya ng social change
-Ayon kay Rangarajan (2003), ang globalisasyon sa
ekonomikong perspektibo ay nagsimula noong 1870
hanggang 1914, kung saan malayang paggalaw sa
kalakal, kapital at tao.
-Naudlot ang globalisasyon dahil sa dalawang digmaang
pandaigdig noong 1918 at 1941, ngunit nagbalik ito
noong 1945.
ANG PAGKAKAHATI SA APAT NA PANAHON NG
GLOBALISASYON
-Early history
-Medieval
-Pre modern hanggang modern period
-Modern era
EARLY HISTORY
-malalaking barko ang gamit sa pakikipagkalakan
-Silk Road- kilalang trade route
-Mayroon nang kalakalan sa pagitan ng sibilisasyon ng
Sumeria at Indus Valley
-Ang kaharian at imperyo ng India, Egypt, Greece at
Roman Empire ay malayang nakikipagkalakalan sa ibang
imperyo.
MEDIEVAL
-manlalakbay sa kapangyarihan ng Kastila na sina:
Christopher C. (lutang na explorer) at Vasco D.
(nakadiskubre ng _______ River)
-Ang mga Jew at Muslim ay umiikot sa mundo para
makipagkalakalan
-Nakilala si Christopher Columbus at Vasco De Gama
-Naging Age of Discovery ang panahong ito
-Bagamat may palitang ng kultura at ideya nagkaroon ng
maraming kolonya ang ilang makapangyarihang bansa
mula sa Europa.
PRE MODERN TO MODERN PERIOD
-nagkaroon ng quality products
-buhay na buhay ang ekonomiya at globalisasyon
-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1830-1973)-
Pinakamakabuluhang panahon sa ika-19 na siglo.
-Lahat ng ito ay nagtapos noong sumiklab ang Unang
Digmaang Pandaigdig.
1. GREAT DEPRESSION-bumaba ang ekonomiya,
madami ang nawalan ng trabaho
2. GOLD STANDARD CRISIS
-Nang matapos ang Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig ay
umusbong ang The General Agreements on Tariff and
Trade (GATT)
GATT
-Legal Agreement between different countries
-World Trade Organization
-January 1, 1995- napaltan ng “WTO”
MODERN PERIOD
-may mga imprastraktura na
-Ang pag usbong ng modern period ay ang
pagpapaunlad ng commerce at kalakalan, abolisyon ng
ilang mga buwis at taripa, malaking pagbawas sa gastos
ng transportasyon at pagpapagawa ng imprastraktura,
paglikha ng mga global na korporasyon at pagpapalitan
ng mga kultura at tradisyon.
MISKONSEPYON SA GLOBALISASYON UKOL SA
GLOBALISASYON
-Ang globalisasyon ay nagmula noong 1980
- Sumikat noong ika-20 siglo
-Ang globalisasyon ay isa lamang uri ng economic
imperialism at Westernization
- Hindi lamang one sided na proseso; maraming bansa
ang nakilahok
-Naglalayon ang globalisasyon ng homogenization
-Ito ay taliwas sa karapatang pantao
- Maraming ang umaabuso sa mga lokal na manggagawa
-Makakasama sa mga lokal na pagkakakilanlan

FORCES OF GLOBALIZATION
-PIPA
-Globalization is an interaction with people and
primarily an economic process of integration which has
social and cultural aspects.
-Institutions have emerged in many areas of human
activity that reflects common knowledge and
awareness.
-Their everyday life is embedded in a world culture that
transcends towns, villages, country that become part of
their local identities.
MEANING OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
-The set of processes by which more people become
connected in more and different ways across ever
greater distances.
Deterritorialization
-Process through which the constraints of their physical
space lose their hold on social relations.
Globalization with the process by which capitalism
expands across the globe as powerful economic actors
seek profit in global markets and impose their rules
everywhere, this process is often called as
neoliberalism.
-Dominant capitalist countries that exploit for labor and
raw materials
-Strong military power and not dependent to any state.
Periphery Countries
-dependent/pwedeng kontrolin
-mayroong underdeveloped countries
-walang masyadong kakayahan
-simple ang technology
-Countries that lack strong central government and may
be controlled by other states.
-Export raw materials to core countries
SEMI periphery countries
-pinaghalong core countries at periphery countries
-Countries that are industrializing, mostly countries
which are positioned between peripheries and semi
peripheries
-Contribute to the manufacturing and exportation of
goods
Example: Indian, Indonesia, South Africa, China,
Philippines- can be Core or Semi-Pheriphery
WORLD POLITY THEORY
-State remains an important component but attention
goes to the global and organization environment in
which states are embedded
-Encompasses and influences the actors, nations, and
individuals

Economy-market-product *Infant- industry argument- hindi kayang makipag

compete sa ibang bansa.
Neoliberalism- policy model which both policy seek
profit in global market. WORLD CULTURE THEORY
-Perspective that agrees that world culture is important
-World society consists of a complex set of relationship
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
among multiple units.
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY- nagmula sa Private Sector
-Society is governed by particular set of values etc.
-Is an approach to world history and social change that
suggests there is a world economic system (Capitalist
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
system) in which one is benefited and the other is
-Pagbabawas sa gastos ng transportasyon at
exploited.
komunikasyon, pag-unlad ng teknolohiya, at
liberalisasyon sa internasyonal na pamilihan.
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
According to the world system theory, the world is
Ayon kay Rangarajan (2003)
divided into 3 types:
Ang mabuting epekto ng globalisasyon ay nahahati sa
-Core
tatlong aspeto:
-Periphery
-Kalakalan sa mga produkto at serbisyo
-Semi- Periphery
-Pag galaw ng kapital sa pamamagitan ng pag-papaikot
sa savings ng bansa
Core Countries
-Pag galaw ng pera
-explode raw materials
-malakas/ develop countries
-(Pettinger 2017) sa pamamagitan ng globalisasyon,
nagkakaroon ng tinatawag na free trade o malayang
kalakalan.

- (Baker at Lawson 2002) ang ekonomikong patakaran LESSON 2:

ng self-sufficiency ay maaaring magbigay ng mas GLOBAL MIGRATION
malaking gastos sa isang bansa na susubukang -may gradual changes
magprodyus ng isang produkto, na maaari naman -paggalaw ng pera
nitong mabili nang mas mura sa ibang bansa.
Migration
-Nakatutulong sa mahihirap na bansa. -Paglipat
-Pagtaas ng kompetisyon sa internasyonal na pamilihan. -Is the movement of people from one place to another
-Paggalaw ng mga manggagawa o labor. with the purpose of changing their residence either
-Pagkakaroon ng mas mataas na investment ang isang temporarily or permanently.
bansa.
Two types of migration:
1. Internal Migration
DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION -paggalaw sa loob ng sariling bansa
-Movement from one place to another within a country.
A. HINDI PANTAY NA DISTRIBUSYON NG KITA O GAINS 2. International Migration
NG GLOBALISASYON SA IBA’T IBANG BANSA -Paggalaw sa labas ng bansa
-Ilan sa mga papaunlad na bansa ay nahihirapang -Movement from one country to another.
makipag kompetensya sa mga mauunlad na bansa. -may legal at illegal na paglabas ng bansa
International migration in 2 forms:
b. Kalayaan ng ilang multinational corporation na -Imigration- bansang pinuntahan (enter)
gamitin ang tax havens sa ibang bansa -Entry to a particular country for permanent
-Halimbawa ang mga kumpanyang Amazon at Google ay settlement.
pwedeng magtayo ng kumpanya, sa mga bansang ito ay -Emigration- bansang inalisan (exit)
pwedeng magtaglay ng mga maliliit na corporation tax. -Exit from a particular country with the
-Upang kumita ang lokal na pamahalaan nagpapataw intention of not returning.
sila ng mga VAT at Income Tax

C. POTENSYAL NA ESTABILIDAD NG ILANG EKONOMIYA Push and Pull Factors

DAHIL SA INTERDEPENDENCY
-Nagkakaroon ng mutual vulnerability sa pagitan ng mga
bansa na siyang nag udyok sa mga ito na putulin ang
mga koneksyon sa ibansa bansa sa pamaagitan ng
pagtaas ng taripa
D. Pag-iisip ng ilang nasyonal na lider na ang kanilang
national sovereignty ay maapektuhan.
-Maaaring kontrolin ng global forces, na maaaring
magdulot sa tinatawag na extreme nationalism or
xenophobia
Push- tinulak palayo
-Any human or nature factors that encourage or force
people to leave a settlement or residence.
*Social Factor- Tao
-Want to find safety, security, socially accepted
environment
-Ex. People leave because of racism, sexism, abuse,
violence, crime rates or poor medical care
*Political Push Factor
-Ex. Political oppression, inability to recognize individual
rights, cannot maintain control over the country, victim
ng war
*Economic Push Factor
-Ex. Low wage, availability of job and poverty.
*Environmental Push Factor
-Ex. Natural disasters, pollution, epidemic and limited
resources

Pull Factor
-Any human or nature factors that attract people to live -Significant role in privatization and regulation of public
in new residencial or location area. utilities and natural resources.
--engage people na pumunta sa ibang bansa
--Respect people diversity
--libreng offer ng education, healthcare, services

*Social Pull Factor INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

-Ex. Respect in diversity, social equality, personal 1. World Bank
freedom. Education, health care, transportation, etc. 2. International Monetary Fund
*Political Pull Factor 3. European Investment Bank
-Ex. Peace and no war (or no threat of war), justice, 4. Islamic Development Bank
recognizes individual rights 5. Asian Development Bank
*Economic Pull Factor 6. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
-Ex. “for a greener pasture”, great opportunity, job and 7. CAF- Development Bank of Latin America
wages. 8. Inter-American Development Bank Group
*Environmental Pull Factor 9. African Development Bank
-Ex. Less pollution, stable climate 10. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

Other Classification THE WORLD BANK GROUP

Voluntary Migrants -July 4, 1944 (natatag)
-Economic migrants -International Bank for Construction and Development
-Willing to migrate (dating pangalan)
-For retirement -Washington D. C (office)
*Ex. Planong manirahan sa ibang bansa at the Age of -nabuo after WWII
50s -nagpapautang sa mga bansang apektado ng climate
change, etc.
Involuntary Migrants -Focused dati sa pagpapagawa ng mga DAM, etc.
-a.k.a refugees -World's largest development institution. Worked to
-Because of danger, war, terrorism, disaster help more than 100 developing countries.
-dahilan para umalis sa isang bansa ang tao -Bank Group works with country governments, the
private sector, civil society organizations, regional
“Through globalization, our world can be borderless.” development banks and other international institutions
on issues ranging from climate change, conflict and food
Transnational Migration security to education, agriculture, finance, and trade.
-Taong nag migrate sa ibang bansa, nagpa-participate sa
mga practices, beliefs, tradition, and culture ng bansang GOALS OF WORLD BANK
pinuntahan but still updated pa rin sa culture ng 1. End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of
bansang pinagmulan. people living on less than 1.90 dollar a day to no more
than 3%.
2. Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income
LESSON 3: growth of the bottom 40% for every country
MARKET INTEGRATION
FIVE ORGANIZATIONS OF WORLD BANK
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION *They lend money
-Institution/organization na ang primary goal ay 1. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and
tulungan ang mga developing countries Development)
-sugpuin ang kahirapan -mostly nagpapautang sa middle
-nagpapautang sa mga bansa 2. IDA (International Development Association)
-nabuo after WWII -Income country
-Institutions that provide financial support via grants 3. IFC (International Finance Corporation)
and loans for economic and social development -private sector, capital
activities in developing countries. 4. MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)
- Foreign direct investment
5. ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes)
FUND
-From interest ng mga utang/ tubo
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
-189 countries ang meron nito
(October 16, 2020- date na nadagdag)
-1945- natatag
-Washington D.C (office)
-December 27, 1945- date na naging member ang
Philippines
-Lend money, grant financial support
-It is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster
global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade, promote high employment
and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty
around the world.
-The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of
the international monetary system—the system of
exchange rates and international payments that enables
countries (and their citizens) to transact with each
other. The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to
include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues
that bear on global stability.
THE MISSION OF INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
1. SURVEILLANCE- Monitors the economic and financial
policies of its 190 member countries.
2. LENDING- Provide loans to member countries
experiencing actual or potential balance of payment
problems.
-bansang nagkakaroon ng problema sa mga bayarin
3. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT-Technical assistance and
training to the countries who struggle in economy
WHERE THE IMF GETS ITS MONEY
1. Pagbabayad ng quota galing sa sakop na
bansa/countries
2. Multilateral Borrowing
3. Bilateral Borrowing- pwede sa mga private sector or
individual
4. From sa tubo ng pinautang nilang pera
-Resources for IMF loans to its members on non-
concessional terms are provided by member countries,
primarily through their payment of quotas. Multilateral
and bilateral borrowing serve as a second and third line
of defense, respectively, by providinga temporary
supplement to quota resources. These borrowed
resources played a critical role in enabling the IMF to
support its member countries during the global
economic crisis.
-Aside from lending, they also give support
MARKET INTEGRATION
WHAT IS A MARKET?
-Lugar kung saan nagaganap ang pagpapalitan ng goods
and services between consumer and buyer
-Any structure that allows buyers and sellers to
exchange any type of goods, services and information.
WHAT IS A INTEGRATION?
-Process kung saan nagkakaroon ng combination ng
economic between bansa or lugar
-Is a set of affairs or a process of involving attempts to
combine separate national economic into larger
economic region.
WHAT IS MARKET INTEGRATION?
-yung mga product na similar use, nagiging isang prodct
kahit nasaan itong lugar.
-Phenomenon in which markets of goods and services
are related to one another being to experience similar
patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the prices
of those products and services.
-Prices of goods and services sold in a geographical
location follow similar patterns.
-It is a situation in which separate markets for the same
products become one single market.
Example: Ice Cream at Cone, Gasolina at Pamasahe,
Barbie Dolls at Damit ng Barbie
5 FORMS OF INTEGRATION
According to Koester (2017), the following are the forms
of integration:
1. Preferential Agreement
-Merong 2 or more countries na nag-agree na ibaba ang
taripa ng mga kalakalan
-Involves lower trade barriers between countries which
have signed the agreement
-Considered as the first and smallest step on the road to
further integration
-Preferences can be given through tariff reductions for
unlimited volumes of imports or for specifies import
quantities
Ex. Philippines at Thailand
2. Free Trade Agreement
-walang babayaran na taripa kapag member ka ng
countries
-Reduces barriers to trade among member countries to
zero, but each member country has autonomy in
deciding on external rate of tariff for its trade with non-
member countries
Example: European Free Trade Area
3. Customs Union
-pag-uusapan ng mga bansang member ng country ang
taripang babayaran
Example: Philippines at Thailand
Common External Tariff-bayad na pinag-usapan.
Halimbawa ng mga ASEAN countries para sa mga
bansang mage-export na hindi member ng ASEAN
counries.
-Represents a higher stage of economic integration than
a Free Trade Area
-Adopts a common external tariff and agree to it
-First phase of integration of the European Community
on the way to Common Market.
4. Common Market
-Same lang ng number 3
-Goes beyond a Customs Union allowing for free
movement of labor and capital within the union
-To integrate both product and factors markets of
member countries
5. Economic Union
-Highest form of Market Integration
-follow other policies hindi lang about sa Taripa
-magkakatulad sa currency
-nagkakaisa in all aspect of economy
-Member countries agree to integrate monetary, fiscal
and other policies
Lesson 3: Part 2
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
-Unique Union, economically and politically united
-created aftermath of WWII para ma-ease ang tension
-naniniwala sila na magiging economically
interdependently kapag nakipag trade sa ibang bansa
-nabuo ang EEC (dating pangalan) with 28 European
countries
-Unique economic and political union between 28
European countries that cover much of the continent.
-Created in the aftermath of the Second World War
-“To foster economic cooperation”
-The result was the European Economic Community
(EEC) in 1958 where 6 countries namely Belgium,
Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands
have an increasing economic cooperation.
LEGAL BASIS OF EUROPEAN UNION
-Based on the rule of law
-Action taken is founded on treaties that have been
approved by all EU member countries
-Treaties- defining finding agreement
-pinagkasunduan ng mga bansa
-Example: If a policy area is not cited in a treaty, the
Commission cannot propose a law in that area
EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES (28 COUNTRIES)
-AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, BULGARIA, CROATIA, CYPRUS,
CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, ESTONIA, FINLAND,
FRANCE, GERMANY, GREECE, HUNGARY, IRELAND,
ITALY, LATVIA, LITHUANIA, LUXEMBOURG, MALTA,
NETHERLANDS, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROMANIA,
SLOVAKIA, SLOVENIA, SPAIN, SWEDEN, UNITED
KINGDOM
THE MAIN TREATIES THAT HELPED EUROPEAN UNION
ARE:
1. Treaty of Lisbon – December 13, 2007
-makes the EU more democratic, efficient, mas
pinalakas ang EC, more efficient para sa mga
problemang ____________________________.
2. Treaty of Nice- February 26, 2001
-preparation for upcoming 25 countries para
magfunction ang EU
3. Treaty of Amsterdam- October 2, 1997
-For the preparation for the arrival of the 25 future
member countries
4. Treaty of European Union- February 7, 1992
-preparation of their currency, monetary union
5. Single European Act- February 17, 1986
-Preparation para sa pagdating ng Portugal at Spain
-to speed up to preparation in decision making of single
market
6. Merger Treaty- Brussels Treaty -April 8, 1965
-Creates a single commission and single council para sa
tatlong European community EEC, Euratom, ECSC-
European Coil
7. Treaties of Rome: EEC and EURATOM treaties
-March 25, 1957
-Pinirmahan para sa dalawang countries
8. Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel
Community - April 18, 1951
-upang magkaroon ng ease ng tension after WWII,
pagbuo ng ECSC
*EURATOM (European Autonomic Energy Community)
EUROPEAN UNION, AN ECONOMIC UNION TO
POLITICAL UNION
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC) - was
renamed as European Union in 1993.
EUROPEAN UNION is based on the rule of law
-highest form of integration kasi economically at
politically united
-same currency ang mga bansa
A UNION OF SINGLE CURRENCY: the euro
THE BENEFITS OF EURO
-wala ng conversion ng pera when travelling or doing
business
-save time
-It costs much less to make cross- border payments
-comparison of prices are more easily
-People no longer need to change money when
travelling or doing business within the euro area saving
time and transaction costs.
-It costs much less (or nothing at all) to make
crossborder payments
-Consumers and businesses can compare prices more
easily which encourages businesses charging higher
prices to bring them down.
-Department of Foreign Affairs- lugar kung saan sila
nagmeeting
-ASEAN Declaration- pinirmahan
-The ASEAN was created 1967 as a political group to
strengthen the power and increase growth and
development in member nations.
ASEAN Economic Community
The AEC Blueprint 2025 is aimed towards achieving the
vision of having an AEC by 2025 that is
1. A Highly Integrated and Cohesive Economy
2. A Competitive, Innovative, and Dynamic ASEAN
3. Enhanced Connectivity and Sectoral Cooperation
4. A Resilient, Inclusive, People- Oriented, and People-
Centered ASEAN
5. A Global ASEAN (Integrated with the global economy)
The AEC Blueprint 2025 will lead towards an ASEAN
that is
1. More proactive
2. Having had in place the structure and frameworks to
operate as an economic community
3. Cultivating its collective identity and strength to
engage with the world
4. Responding to new developments and seizing new
opportunities.
PRINCIPLES OF THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
-The ASEAN countries are engaged in a process to
transform ASEAN into a real economic community by
the end of 2015.
-Having harmonious relations and respect of national
sovereignties.
-ASEAN countries greatly develop trades through quite
ambitious economic treaties and free-trade agreements
for Southeast Asia.
-ASEAN leaders have now embarked the Southeast
Asian association to the next step of economic
development, which will also bring the Southeast Asian
peoples closer.

ASEAN INTEGRATION THE FOUR PILLARS OF THE ASEAN COMMUNITY

(Association of Southeast Asian Nations) A. SINGLE MARKET AND PRODUCTION BASE
-hanggang common market lang (in terms of economic) -para makapag produce ng goods and services
-August 8, 1967- nabuo -The region as a whole must become single market and
-consists of 5 leaders: production base to produce and commercialize goods
*Indonesia and services anywhere in asean
*Malaysia B. COMPETITIVE ECONOMIC REGION
*Philippines -the region must emphasize on the competitiveness of
*Singapore its production and capacity for export, as well as the
*Thailand free competition inside its frontiers
C. EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT
-mas mag-engage sa integration NATIONALISM
D. ASEAN’S INTEGRATON INTO THE GLOBALIZED -support and being proud sa sariling country
ECONOMY -giving importance to culture and history
-para hindi isolated -follows rules, laws of a state
TERRITORY
-Physical characteristics of state’s population, territory
and natural resources.
INSTITUTIONS
The Five Core principles of the ASEAN single market -Government, constitution, and laws.
and production base QUALIFICATIONS OF STATE
1. Free flow of goods Montevideo Convention 1933- pinirmahan ang isang
2. Free flow of services treaty
3. Free flow of investment -Defined territory
4. Free flow of capital -Permanent Population
5. Free flow of skilled labor -may mga permanenteng tao na nakatira sa isang state
-Effective Government
ASEAN -ang gagamit nito ay dapat effective at effiecient
-May malayang kalakalan sa ASEAN Countries -Capacity to enter into relations with other states
-hindi politically united

NATION
-may identity because may culture na sinusunod
LESSON 4: -known for sharing own culture and history
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM -Ex. Kurdistan- may share culture, non-governmental
The State and Sovereignty people
-large group of people who inhabit a specific territory
STATE and are connected by history, culture, or another
-must have power and authority commonality.
-isang lugar/ territory na may political entity/
population NATION-STATE
-not all country can consider state -is a cultural group (a nation) that is also a state.
-July 4, 1946- dineclare ang Philippines na -Ex. Japan, Germany, France, etc.
independence state -can be associated as one but may difference with each
-Example of state: India, Mexico, Myanmar other
-A state is a self-governing political entity. They have
their own territory with its own institutions and INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
populations. -explain kung paano nagkaroon ng relationship between
countries/ state
THE IMPORTANT BASIS OF A STATE -Is the attempt to explain the decisions, interactions and
1. CITIZENS behavior that occur across boundaries of states.
-population of state
-kabilang ang animals
2. TERRITORY STATE AND GLOBALIZATION
-mga anyong lupa at tubig (effect of globalization sa state)
3. GOVERNMENT 1. Some believed that it bring the demise of the
-nagsisilbing administrative machine sovereign state states as global forces weaken the
4. SOVEREIGNTY power of the state to control their own economies and
-power/ authority ng estado societies.
a. internal-state authority within authority -dahil sa globalization, humina ang sovereignty ng isang
b. external- authority na magkaroon ng relationship sa bansa kasi minsan nakadepende na lang sa ibang bansa
ibang bansa (negative effect)
2. Assumed that states remains as primary agent which
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF STATE could even shape the world order.
-mas napapalakas ng bansa ang sarili nyang
nasasakupan, relationship ng bansa (positive effect)

SHIFTING FROM INTERNATIONAL POLITICS TO GLOBAL

POLITICS
-Internalization- interdependent pero may barrier pa
rin. May sariling practices, beliefs tapos after
globalization, nawala yung barrier ng bawat state sa
isa’t- isa.
-Jeremy Bentham coined the term ‘international
relations’ that was introduced in his Principles of Morals
and Legislation (1789)
-In 18th Century the term was then recognized as ‘inter-
national’
-State sovereignty became the fundamental organizing
principle of international politics
-Internationalization is different from Globalization.
-Growing number of political issues extends to the
world

INTERNATIONAL TO GLOBAL POLITICS

Events that resulted to a shift of paradigm from the
usual ‘international to global’ politics
1. New actors on the world stage
-may mga TNC, NGOs, may Terrorist group na

2. Increased interdependence and interconnected

-bumilis ang flow ng pera, idea, transaction, connection
ng bawat bansa
-tumaas din ang issues/ problema ng mga bansa
Ex. Global warming, terrorism, pandemic

3. The trend towards global governance

-naistablished na rin ang mga IMF, World Bank parte na
rin ng Governance