Title: climate changes and its effects in Afghanistan

Prepared by: Maisam Samandari

Supervised by:

Afghanistan’s Climate
Afghanistan has four seasons; spring.
summer, autumn and winter. The largest part
of the country has a dry continental climate
with hot summers and cold winters.
In parts of the low lands, especially in
southern and eastern Afghanistan, the
summer temperature can rise to 50C but
stays around 20C in the winter.
In mountainous areas, winter temperatures
may dip to -25C. in the higher mountain
areas winter temperatures may even be
considerably lower than that.
Extensive snowfall is experienced in parts of
the mountain region in the winter and many
communities are isolated from the outside
world for up to 4 months. Irrigated
agriculture is largely dependent on their
being enough snow in the mountains to melt
in the spring. in many places, irrigated
agriculture is totally dependent on sufficient
snow in the mountains. The snow season is
between October and April, but varies
depending on altitude.
In the lowlands rain falls mainly in the
autumn and at the beginning of the year. The
spring rains are of great importance to
agriculture. Enough rain at the right time of
the year is a prerequisite for the rain-fed
agriculture system (Lalmi) that dominates
northern Afghanistan.
Since the 1990’s, Afghanistan has suffered
recurrent droughts in either all or parts of the
country. In recent years especially, northern
Afghanistan and areas in the western parts
of the central high lands have often been
plagued by drought.
What should be done to improve the
environmental situation?
1- Planting trees and other plants: Increasing
tree planting in cities, creating green belts in
cities, expanding forests and reviving pastures,
launching national planting campaigns and
taking care of green areas.
2 - Reduction in water consumption and
preventing excessive use of it.
3- Implementing soil conservation projects and
regulating snow and rain water and preventing
the contamination of running water in cities.
4- Raising the level of the awareness of the
citizens and creating environmental associations
in urban areas.
5- Creating an outlet channel for municipal
sewage and transferring sewage out of the city
and away from the population and burying it.
6- Withdrawing production and industrial
factories from residential centers and
implementing environmental procedures and
forcing the installation of greenhouse gas
reduction devices.
7- Changing the energy consumption and
reducing the pressure on natural resources,
promoting the production of solar and wind
energy.
8- Promoting new agricultural systems and
improving and expanding orchards in irrigated
areas.