WEEK II

WATER RESOURCES,
QUANTITY AND QUALITY
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

2
 WATER AVAILABILTY CONDITION
Water Balance in Indonesia
Indonesia (109 m3/th)
Availability Demand
691,26 175,18

Almost Critical SURPLUS

Availability Demand
Almost Critical
Availability Demand
140,01 11,98
111,01 37,81 Availability Demand Almost Critical SURPLUS
34,79 21,49
Availability Demand
350,59 0,39
DEFISIT
Availability Demand

Critical
15,46 0,54

Availability Demand
Availability Demand
31,64 100,92 7,76 2,05 Source: ICCSR BAPPENAS, 2010

▪ Totally, water availability (691.26 109 m3/year) is still larger than water demand
(175.18 109 m3/year).
▪ However, 70% of water availability is in Kalimantan-Papua which occupied by only
13% of the population, and not the center of economic activities like Jawa. 3
 prioritas pengambilan air baku:

 Mata air (springs),

 Danau (lakes),
 Sungai (rivers), Air Permukaan
 Air hujan (rainwater),
 Air laut (seawater),
 Air tanah dalam (deep wells),
 Air tanah dangkal (shallow wells),
Air Tanah
 Ada yang lain (misal: air gambut, air embun, air limbah)?
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 SURFACE WATER

• Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs,

wetlands.
• Runoff replenishes surface water
• Watershed (Daerah Aliran Sungai)
• Area of land drained by a single river
• What watershed do we live in?

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CATCHMENT AREAS & WATERSHEDS

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 LAKES AND PONDS
Lakes and ponds are divided into three different “zones” which are usually determined by depth and
distance from the shoreline.:
(1) The littoral zone is the shore area of the lake or pond. The littoral zone consists of the area from the dry
land sloping to the open water and can be very narrow or very wide. The littoral zone is shallow and gets
a lot of nutrients from runoff and non-point source pollution. Therefore, it typically has an abundance of
aquatic plant and algae growth.

(2) The Limnetic Zone is generally classified as the open water

area of the lake or pond. The upper portion of the limnetic
zone near the surface of the water is the Euphotic Zone or
Epilimnion (warm water region). This is the portion of water
that receives sunlight. The zone ends where the sunlight
fails to penetrate the water. The euphotic zone is where
algae and other aquatic plants thrive (along with the
littoral zone). Also this is the typical area of dense fish
populations because oxygen levels are typically higher
due to contact with the air 7
(3) Below the euphotic zone is the Profundal Zone or
Hypolimnion (cold water region). The profundal zone
is located below the thermocline where the sunlight
does not penetrate. Again, the size of this zone
depends on the age and water clarity of the pond or
lake. The profundal zone typically has lower fish
populations because of the lack of oxygen during
many parts of the year.

(4) The final zone is the Benthic Zone. This is the bottom of
the pond or lake and consists of organic sediments and
soil. The benthic zone is the pond or lakes digestive
system. This is where bacteria decompose organic
matter from dead algae, aquatic plants, and fish and
animal waste.

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 GROUNDWATER
• Supply of fresh water found under earth’s surface--recharged when
water at surface infiltrates into the ground
• Stored in underground aquifers
• Discharged into rivers, springs, etc…

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INFILTRATION - Process of water percolating through the soil and
into cracks and permeable rock.

Zone of Aeration - Upper

soil layers that hold both
air and water.
Zone of Saturation -
Lower soil layers where all
spaces are filled with
water.
Water Table - Top of zone
of saturation
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 Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Precipitation Flowing Evaporation and transpiration
artesian well
Confined Evaporation
Recharge Area

Infiltration
Runoff

Well requiring a pump

Unconfined aquifer
WATER TABLE

Less permeable material Confined aquifer

such as clay
Confining permeable rock layer

• Recharge Zone - Area where water infiltrates into an aquifer.

-Recharge rate is often very slow.
-Presently, groundwater is being removed faster than it can be
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replenished.
▪Aquifers - Porous layers of sand, gravel, or rock lying
below the water table.

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 prioritas pengambilan air baku:

 Mata air (springs),

 Danau (lakes),
 Sungai (rivers), Air Permukaan
 Air hujan (rainwater),
 Air laut (seawater),
 Air tanah dalam (deep wells),
 Air tanah dangkal (shallow wells),
Air Tanah
 Ada yang lain (misal: air gambut, air embun, air limbah)?
13
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 aspek teknologi:

 Best choice,
 Small flow (< 40 L/s – centre of district),
 Best if elevation is higher than service area (gravitation),
 May need break-pressure-tanks,
 May consist of Ca and Mg and Fe and Mn. Needs further treatment,
 Springs may be far from service area & lower in elevation,
 Hot water is sometimes accompanied by high sulfur content,
 Management by the community after construction with many
challenges of management. 15
SPRINGS:

16
 aspek sosial & institusi:

 High DO content makes spring water fresher,

 Clearness (low turbidity) may out compete all salts content,
 The most reliable as almost no M & E equipment and flow by
gravity,
 Historically, springs may be totally used for irrigation which
may cause conflict with water use in the future,
 Is irrigation more important?
 Who owns the springs?
 Preservation of the catchment area (recharge area), 17
 SPRINGS:
Lokasi Sumber Umbulan

Prakiraan Cacthment Area 18

19
 aspek teknologi:

 Not the individual house type,

 Flow is higher than 1 L/s,
 Need submersible pumps (electricity),
 In remote area, electricity comes from gensets,
 Geo-listrik (to locate screens) & pumping test,
 Not simple operation and maintenance procedures,
 Screens are expensive and may clog or corrode,
 Not 24 hours service,
 All water supply must be disinfected. 20
DEEP WELLS:

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 aspek teknologi:

 For individual house,

 Susceptible for soak away of septic tanks seepage,
 Flow smaller than deep wells,
 Upper structure is used for safety (coupled with TIMBA),
 Slabs are used to avoid re-entering wastewater and to guide the
waste to safe sites,
 May not be available due to scarcity of water (Rawan Air), i.e.:
coastal area, small islands, clay soil,

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SHALLOW WELLS:

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 danau:

 Ample water,
 May be poor quality of SS (appropriate treatment),
 Intake further away from the banks,
 Suction is a bit deeper for better quality,
 Integrated Lake Management,
 This includes dams and ponds,
 May face stratification and circulation for deep lakes,
 May be used on-site.
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LAKES:

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 sungai:

 Ample water for perennial rivers,

 Dominated by colloids,
 Require conventional treatment or appropriate technology,
 Expensive for construction and O & M,
 Qualified operators,
 May not be feasible for villages, but may be OK for districts or
bigger communities,
 Obviously pumping system to some extend,
 More complicated management. 29
RIVERS:

30
31
Air hujan adalah air yang menguap karena panas dan
dengan proses kondensasi (perubahan uap air menjadi tetes
air yang sangat kecil) membentuk tetes air yang lebih besar
kemudian jatuh kembali ke permukan bumi.

Air hujan diduga akan mengandung lebih banyak gas-

gas daripada air tanah, terutama kandungan CO2 dan
O2.
Air hujan biasanya tidak mengandung garam-garam
mineral, zat-zat racun, atau zat yang mengandung
kesehatan. 32
 PH DAN SIFAT AIR HUJAN
1. pH air hujan rata rata adalah 5,6 (world meteorological
organization).
2. Sifat hujan yang agak asam disebabkan karena karbondioksida
(CO2) di udara yang larut dalam air hujan memiliki bentuk sebagai
asam lemah.
3. Hujan asam disebabkan oleh belerang (sulfur) yang merupakan
pengotor dalam bahan bakar fosil serta nitrogen di udara yang
bereaksi dengan oksigen membentuk sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen
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oksida.
34
 rainwater harvesting:

 Rely on the roof area,

 Type of roofs,
 Less air pollution for rural area,
 Not only kept in vessels, but also in dams,
 Water from dams has similar quality with lakes,
 Rural area may use large area of roof likes mosques, schools,
hospitals, offices, etc.,
 Dengue is susceptible.
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RAINWATER HARVESTING:

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 air laut (brine/salty water):

 Definitely expensive,
 High qualified operator,
 Not rural, but city along the coastal zone,
 Last option.

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STANDARD DAN BAKU MUTU
KUALITAS AIR DI INDONESIA

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 KUALITAS AIR
Kualitas air/mutu air adalah kondisi kualitatif air yang diukur
berdasarkan parameter dan metode tertentu (Pasal 1 PP RI No. 82
tahun 2001 dan Pasal 1 kep.Men L.H No. 115 tahun 2003).

Penilaian kualitas suatu badan air harus mencakup ketiga

komponen utama :

1. Komponen fisik
2. Komponen kimia
3. Komponen biologi.
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 Kep. Men. L.H No.115 Th 2003
1. KUALIATAS FISIK 2. KUALITAS KIMIA
- Jernih dan tidak keruh - Tidak mengandung bahan kimiawi
- Tidak berwarna yang mengandung racun
- Rasanya tawar - Tidak mengandung zat-zat kimiawi
- Tidak berbau yang berlebihan
- Temperatur normal - Cukup yodium
- Tidak mengandung zat padatan - pH air netral

3. KUALITAS BIOLOGI
Tidak mengandung bakteri patogen

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 PERATURAN PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA
NOMOR 82 TAHUN 2001

- Kelas air adalah peringkat kualitas air yang dinilai masih layak untuk
dimanfaatkan bagi peruntukan tertentu;

- kriteria mutu air adalah tolok ukur mutu air untuk setiap kelas air;

- Baku mutu air adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat,
energi, atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan atau unsur
pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya di dalam air;

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Klasifikasi mutu air ditetapkan menjadi 4 (empat) kelas:
A. Kelas satu : Air yang perutukannya untuk air baku air minum, dan untuk
peruntukan lain yang mempersyaratkan mutu air yang sama dengan
kegunaan tersebut.
B. Kelas dua : Air yang peruntukannya digunakan untuk prasarana/sarana
rekreasi air, pembudidayaan ikan air tawar, peternakan, air untuk
mengairi pertanaman.
C. Kelas tiga : Air yang peruntukannya digunakan untuk pembudidayaan
ikan air tawar, peternakan, air untuk mengairi pertanaman.
D. Kelas empat : Air yang peruntukannya digunakan untuk air untuk
mengairi pertanaman. 43
PERATURAN MENTERI KESEHATAN
NO. 416 TAHUN 1990
TENTANG : SYARAT-SYARAT DAN
PENGAWASAN KUALITAS AIR

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Indikator penurunan kualitas air yaitu adanya perubahan atau
tanda yang dapat diamati melalui :
1. Adanya perubahan suhu air
2. Adanya perubahan pH atau konsentrsi ion hidrogen
3. Adanya perubahan warna, bau dan rasa air
4. Timbulnya endapan, koloidal, dan bahan terlarut
5. Adanya mikroorganisme
6. Meningkatnya radioaktif air lingkungan
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Parameter kualitas air
Parameter utama kualitas air sistem sungai yang
sering diukur.
❖ DO,
❖ BOD,
❖ COD,
❖ Fecal coliform ,
❖ pH

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1. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)/oksigen terlarut
• Jumlah DO dalam air sangat menentukan kehidupan
dalam air.
• Sungai yang tidak tercemar, kandungan O2 nya
tinggi maka organisme air hidup dengan baik.
• Polutan organik mengurangi tingkat DO dalam air
yang mempengaruhi kehidupan dalam air

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2. Temperatur

• Konsentrasi maksimum (jenuh) DO dalam air

tergantung suhu,
• Mis. Pada suhu 20°C tingkat kejenuhan akan
mendekati 9,2 mg/liter, pada suhu 30°C tingkat
kejenuhan oksigen turun mencapai 7,6 mg/liter

3. pH (tingkat keasaman)
• Di dalam air murni pH adalah 7.

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4. BOD
• As micro-organisms decompose (through
respiration) organic matter, they use up all the
available oxygen.
• Biological oxygen demand (BOD) amount of
oxygen required to decay a certain amount of
organic matter.
• If too much organic matter is added, the available
oxygen supplies will be used up.
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5. COD
Angka COD menjadi ukuran bagi pencemaran air oleh zat-zat
organis yang secara alami akan dioksidasikan melalui proses
mikrobiologis dan mengakibatkan berkurangnya oksigen terlarut
dalam air.
6. Nitrit, nitrat dan fosfat
• Pengukuran nitrit, nitrat dan fosfat penting, khususnya untuk air di
waduk-waduk dan danau-danau.
• Nitrat dan fosfat yang tinggi dalam air, mengakibatkan
pertumbuhan ganggang air secara berlebihan
• Sebaliknya, jika kekurangan nitrat dan fosfat maka pertumbuhan
ganggang menjadi terbatas. 51