DRRR ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

HAZARD – threat or harm that has the potential to cause  PHYSICAL ELEMENTS – tangible or can be visually
damage seen
DISASTER – any event that causes human, economic, and  SOCIOECNOMIC ELEMENTS – the institutional and
environmental losses government systems that dictate the kind of well-being
DISASTER RISK – may be specific to a location or condition and lifestyles of communities
of a community  ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS – include the
BAN KI-MOON – Secretary General of the United Nations; ecosystem and the natural processes that are exposed to
“We cannot eliminate disaster, but we can mitigate the risk. hazard events
We can reduce the damage and save more lives. THE RELATIONSHIP OF HAZARDS, EXPOSURE AND
TYPES OF DISASTER VULNERABILITY
 NATURAL DISASTER – devastating outcomes that
result from natural hazards
 MAN-MADE HAZARD – also called technological
disasters, are destructions from man-made hazards 90
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 80
70
 PRIMARY EFFECTS – direct situations arising from the 60
disaster itself 50
East
 SECONDARY EFFECTS – situations resulting from the 40
West
30
primary effects
20
 TERTIARY EFFECTS – those that are not experienced 10
as a disaster risk is taking place but can be felt some time 0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
after the disaster has occurred
AFFECTED COMPONENTS
 PEOPLE
 BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
 EXONOMY LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY AT COASTAL AREAS
 ENVIRONMENT  Proximity to disaster
PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTERS  Population density
 PHYSICAL – visible or tangible materials  Capacity and efficiency to minimize disaster risk
 PSYCHOLOGICAL – people’s emotions, cognitive, or  Building codes and disaster policies
interpersonal reactions to difficulties TYPES OF HAZARDS
 ECONOMIC – how the government services are used to - NATURAL HAZARDS – caused by physical and
reduce loss or damage by preparing for and preventing biological elements in the environment
disasters - inevitable
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS - MAN-MADE HAZARDS – also called technological
 Housing and building development hazards
 Presence of physical structures prone to disaster risk - Caused by factors that are
generally traced to human errors, intent or negligence, or
 Institutional framework and system for risk reduction and
glitches in technologies
prevention
TYPHOONS – considered one of the most powerful of the
VULNERABILITY – is the diminished capacity of an
natural hazards
individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover
TYPHOON YOLANDA
from an impact of a natural or man-made hazard.
- International name “Typhoon Haiyan”
(International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
- November 6, 2013
Societies)
- Leyte, East Samar
- the characteristics and
- Caused 10,000 deaths
circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it
- Waves surged for about 13 feet
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
- Moved across 41 provinces
 Vulnerability is situation specific
- Destroyed 23,000 houses
 Vulnerability is hazard specific
- 9.7 million were affected
FACTORS THAT MUST BE CONSIDERES TO ASSESS
FIRE – worst man-made hazard
THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY OF AN AREA
AL MISHRAQ FIRE
 Proximity to a hazard event
- Took place at Mishraq State Sulfur Mine
 Population density near a hazard event
- In Al Mishraq, India
 POPULATION – the number of individuals
- June 24, 2003
inhabiting a particular space at the same time
- Continued for a whole month due to the release of
 POPULATION DENSITY – the number of
sulfur oxide (a colorless gas that easily forms harmful
individuals living in an area in relation to the size of
compounds when it reacts to other substances)
that area
- Released 21,000 tons of sulfur dioxide a day that
 Capacity and efficiency to reduce disaster risk
caused respiratory problems
 Building codes and disaster policies PROFILING HAZARDS
EXPOSURE – the elements at risk from a natural or man-
 MAGNITUDE – strength of the event
made hazard event (Geoscience Australia)
 FREQUENCY – usually, not always
 DURATION OF IMPACT – either short or long
 CAUSALITY OF EVENTS – whether the exposed
elements receives the likely disaster directly or indirectly
HAZARD-PRONE AREAS – location where a natural hazard
is likely to happen if preventive measures are not
implemented.
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE – area surrounding the basin of the
Pacific Ocean, where many volcanoes are formed.
*CHILE, MEXICO, US, ANTARTICA, RUSSIA, ECUADOR,
PHILIPPINES, JAPAN, NEW ZEALAND, PAPUA NEW
GUINEA, INDONESIA,CANADA, PERU, TAIWAN,COSTA
RICA, EL SALVADOR, GUATAMELA, PANAMA,
COLUMBIA, NICARAGUA, BOLIVIA, SAMO, SINGAPORE,
PALAU, MICRONESIA, SOLOMON ISLANDS, FIJI,
MALAYSIA, KIRIBATI
FAULT – a crack or break in Earth’s crust along which rocks
have moved.
PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE (PFZ)
- A series of interrelated faults that cut across the
country
- From Northwestern Luzon to Southern Mindanao
IMPACTS OF HAZARDS
 PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
 SOCIOECONOMIC ELEMENTS
 ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS
EARTHQUAKES – the sudden shaking of the ground
- Have been occurring as part of Earth’s
normal functioning.
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
 GROUND SHAKING – caused by the passage of
seismic waves
*SEISMIC WAVES – forms of energy that travels
through the different layers of Earth caused by vibration
or movement.
- the intensity of ground shaking depends ono the
geologic makeup of the ground, the duration and
intensity of the earthquake, the proximity of the area to
the epicenter
INTENSITY
 INTENSITY 1 – scarcity perceptible
 INTENSITY 2 – slightly felt
 INTENSITY 3 – weak
 INTENSITY 4 – moderately strong
 INTENSITY 5 – strong
 INTENSITY 6 – very strong
 INTENSITY 7 – destructive
 INTENSITY 8 – very destructive
 INTENSITY 9 – devastating
 INTENSITY 10 – completely devastating
*7.2 Magnitude Earthquake in Bohol
- October 15, 2013
- the North Bohol fault came out because of this
earthquake
 GROUND RUPTURE – occurs when the ground
movements happens on a fault line and breaks through to
the surface
 LIQUEFACTION – occurs when seismic shaking causes
loose material in the soil to mix with groundwater or soil
saturated with water
 EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE –
subsidence is the lowering of the land due to various
causes, one which is the earthquake on a fault line.
 TSUNAMI – a Japanese word which means “harbor
wave” ; means a series of waves that are generated by a
sudden displacement on the ocean floor caused by large-
scale undersea landslide or earthquake
 EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE – landslides
may happen during or after an earthquake when a
weakened section of land falls off primarily due to gravity
*There is no instrument that can accurately tell the time and
place of an impending earthquake.
SEISMOMETER – instrument used to measure the
movements in Earth’s surface
2 TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 P-WAVES – the first one to be recorded (primary wave)
 S-WAVES – recorded seconds after the p-waves; carry
most of the energy of the seismic activities (secondary
wave)
SEISMOLOGISTS – observe and collect seismic waves in
areas that are prone to earthquakes.
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
- Prepare a survival kit
- Avoid placing breakables on high shelves or cabinets
- Check regularly the stability of hanging objects
- Fasten heavy furniture to the walls or floor
- Know the emergency numbers of the police, rescue, and
fire department
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
*If you’re inside
- Stay Calm. Remember DCH (Drop, Cover and Hold)
- Stay away from glass windows and doors, and heavy
furniture
- Watch out from falling debris
- Never use an elevator
*If you’re outdoors
- Stay clear of building, trees, light posts, power lines, and
other structures that could collapse on you
- If you’re on mountainous area, be alert for falling rocks
and other debris
*If you’re driving or in a car
- Slow down and turn on hazard lights to alert other
drivers
- Avoid pulling up near or under bridges, overpasses, and
power lines
*If you’re on a bus or train
- Hold tight to the strap or handrail
- Stay inside and listen to the instructions of the train staff
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
- Expect aftershocks, so stay calm
- Check yourself and others for injuries
- Stay away from downed or damaged power lines
- Check for damaged electrical wiring
- Inspect gas tanks for leaks
- Tune in to local radio stations and listen for any news
and danger reports
- Stay out of damaged buildings and areas with broken
glass and debris
- Follow emergency plan or the instruction of building
personnel if you are inside a building.