Critical Book Report

“EQUILIBRIUM”

ARRANGED BY :

NAME : LUNI KARLINA MANIK

ID : 4182121021

CLASS : BILPHY’18

SUBJECT : HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS IN MULTI

MEDIA
LECTURER : DEO DEMONTA PANGGABEAN, S.PD.,
M.PD.

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND

NATURAL SCIENCE
MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY
2020

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 PREFACE

Thank to almighty God who has given his bless to the writers for finishing
the paper assignment entitle “Equilibrium”. The writers also wish to express their
deep and sincere gratitude for thos who have guided in complating this paper.
This paper contains of the objects occurs if the force and torque on a zero object,
then the object will not experience changes in motion and rotation called
Equilibrium.

Writer hope, the readers can understand the contains of this paper. The
writers hope this paper usefull for the readers.

Medan, October 2020

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover.......................................................................................................................1

Foreword.................................................................................................................2

Table of Content.....................................................................................................3

Chapter I
Introduction............................................................................................................4

1.1. Background.......................................................................................................4

1.2. Problem Formulation........................................................................................4

1.3. Purpose of Writing............................................................................................4

Chapter II

Book Content..........................................................................................................5

2.1. Book Identity.....................................................................................................5

2.2. Book Summary..................................................................................................5

Chapter III

Advantges And Disadvantage.............................................................................17

Chapter IV

Conclusion.............................................................................................................18

REFERENCES.....................................................................................................19

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Equilibrium of a rigid body is a condition in which the momentum of a

rigid body is zero. This means that if initially the rigid object is stationary, it will
remain stationary. But if initially the rigid body moves at a constant speed, then it
will still move at a constant speed.

While the rigid body itself is an object whose shape (geometry) will
always remain even if subject to force. So even if he moves translational or
rotational shape will not change, for example tables, chairs, balls, etc.

1.2. Problem Formulation

1.what is Equilibrium?

2. what is the type of Equilibrium?

1.3. Purpose of Writing

1. knowing the meaning of Equilibrium.

2. knowing the type of Equilibrium.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

Book Content

2.1. Book Identity

BOOK I

Book Title : Basic Physics 1st

Writer : Mikrajuddin Abdullah

Year of Publication : 2016

Publisher : Institut Teknologi Bandung

Published City : Bandung

Page : 1081 pages

BOOK II

Book Title : Fundamental of Physics 10th Edition

Writer : Halliday & Resnick

Year of Publication : 2014

Publisher : Cleveland State University

Published City : New York

Page : 1450 pages

2.2. Book Summary

BOOK I

Equilibrium

Equilibrium in objects occurs if the force and torque on a zero object, then the
object will not experience changes in motion and rotation. Objects that move at
constant speed have constant linear momentum. This means that there is no total
force acting on the object or the total force is zero. If the object is moving at a
constant angular velocity then the angular momentum of the object is constant, we
can immediately assume the total torque at the object is zero.

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A. PARTICLE EQUILIBRIUM

PARTICLE EQUILIBRIUM REQUIREMENTS

• Particles are objects whose size is ignored, so they can be viewed as a point of
matter.

• Because the size of the object is ignored, the object is only translating (sliding),
not rotating (rotating).

• A particle is said to be equilibrium if the force of forces acting on the particle is

equal to zero.

Σ F=0

If the particle is in the xy plane then the equilibrium condition can be written in
the form:

Σ F X =0 dan Σ F y =0

EQUILIBRIUM OF 3 FORCES

• Suppose three forces F1, F2, and F3 work on an object that can be seen as a
particle. If all three forces form the equilibrium of a particle then apply:

F1 F2 F3
= =
sin α sin β sin γ

B. RIGID BODY EQUILIBRIUM

TERMS OF RIGID BODY EQUILIBRIUM

Hard objects are objects that do not undergo changes in shape due to the influence
of force or force moment. If the particle only undergoes translational motion, then
rigid objects undergo translational and rotational motion. The condition that the
rigid body is in a equilibrium state is the resultant force and the resultant force
moment acting on the object at any point equal to zero. So the condition of a rigid
body is equilibrium:

Σ F x =0 , Σ F y =0 , Σ τ=0

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COORDINATED POINT OF RESULTANT FORCE

• If several forces work in the xy plane, then each force can be broken down on its
components on the x-axis and y-axis. For example the force components in the x-
axis direction are F 1 X , F2 X , F3 X , F 4 X , … , F nX , with their respective distances
y 1 , y 2 , y 3 , y 4 , … , y n. While the force components in the y-axis direction are
F 1 y, F 2 y , F3 y , F 4 y , … , F ny,, with their respective distances x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , … , x n.

• If the resultant force component in the y-axis direction is R y with the distance x R
from the y-axis, then the equation applies:

F 1 y x 1 + F2 y x 2+ F 3 y x 3 + F 4 y x 4 + …+ F ny x n
xR=
F1 y + F 2 y + F 3 y + F4 y + …+ F ny

In the same way you will get:

F1 x y 1 + F2 x y 2 + F3 x y 3 + F 4 x y 4 +…+ F nx y n
y R=
F 1 x + F2 x + F 3 x + F 4 x +…+ F nx

The resultant force capture point coordinates can be expressed by ( x R , y R).

C. CENTER OF GRAVITY

COORDINATED CENTER OF GRAVITY

• A rigid body can be seen as composed of particles, each of which has a weight.
Resultant of all particle weights is applied to the gravity of matter.

• The center of gravity is the point of capture for the object's gravity.

• To determine the location of the center of gravity the coordinates of an object

are used, which in general can be determined in the following way.

x1 . w1 + x 2 . w 2+ …
x 0=
w 1 + w2+ …

y 1 . w 1 + y 2 . w 2+ …
y 0=
w1 +w2 +…

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• For small objects the center of mass of an object coincides with the center of
gravity of the object. Thus the coordinates of the center of mass can be expressed
by:

x1 . m1 + x 2 . m 2 +…
x pm=
m1 +m 2 +…

y 1 . m 1+ y 2 . m 2+ …
y pm=
m 1+ m 2+ …

• Judging from the shape, the objects around us can be grouped into three forms,
namely:

a. Line objects (one dimension).

b. Area objects (two dimensions)

c. Volume objects (three dimensions)

CENTER OF GRAVITY AS LINE OBJECTS

• Line objects (one-dimensional) are large objects whose thickness can be ignored,
such as wire. The weight of a line-shaped object is proportional to its length,
because due to its width and thickness it can be ignored.

• The coordinates of the combined center of gravity of several line-shaped objects

can be determined by the following equation:

x1 . l 1+ x 2 .l 2 +…
x 0=
l 1+l 2 +…

y 1 .l 1 + y 2 . l+…
y 0=
l 1+l 2 +…

CENTER OF GRAVITY AS AREA OBJECTS

• Area objects (two dimensions) are objects whose thickness can be ignored, for
example triangles, circle jingles, parallelograms, half circles, cylindrical skins,
ball skins and others. The weight of an object in the form of an area is
proportional to the area of an object.

• The coordinates of the combined center of gravity of a number of objects in the

shape of an area can be determined by the following equation:

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 x1 . l 1+ x 2 .l 2 +…
x 0=
l 1+l 2 +…

y 1 .l 1 + y 2 . l+…
y 0=
l 1+l 2 +…

CENTER OF GRAVITY AS VOLUME OBJECTS

• The coordinates of the combined center of gravity of some space-shaped objects

can be determined by the following equation:

x1 . V 1+ x 2 .V 2 + …
x 0=
V 1+V 2+ …

y 1 .V 1 + y 2 .V 2 +…
y 0=
V 1 +V 2 +…

D. TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM

• Guided by Newton's laws of equilibrium motion can be divided into static

equilibrium (equilibrium of objects at rest) and dynamic equilibrium (equilibrium
of objects that are moving at a constant speed).

• Static equilibriums can be grouped into 3 types, namely:

a. Stable equilibrium (steady), is a kind of equilibrium of objects, where if the

object is given a force, then the force is removed then the position of the object
will return to its original position. The hallmark of this type of equilibrium is the
center of gravity of the object up if dibei force. An example of this type of
equilibrium is a ball that is placed at the base of a concave plane.

b. Unstable equilibrium (steady), is a kind of equilibrium of objects, where if

the object is given a force, then the force is removed then the object's position
cannot return to its original position. The hallmark of this type of equilibrium is
the center of gravity of the object if dibei force. An example of this type of
equilibrium is a ball that is placed at the top of a convex plane.

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c.Transparent equilibrium (indifferent), is a kind of equilibrium of objects,
where if the object is given an external force the object will move and if the
external force is removed the object will stop at a different position than before.
The hallmark of this type of equilibrium is that there is no increase or decrease in
the center of gravity of the object when it is pressed. For example, this type of
equilibrium is a ball placed on a flat plane.

• An object that is in stable equilibrium if influenced by external forces, the object

can shift or roll. If the tendency of a moving object to translate is said to shift and
if the tendency of a moving object to rotate is said to roll. Objects will shift or
shift if they are met with the following conditions: 1. Object terms shift:
F ≠ 0∧Σ τ=0.

BOOK II

Equilibrium

Consider these objects: (1) a book resting on a table, (2) a hockey puck sliding
with constant velocity across a frictionless surface, (3) the rotating blades of a
ceiling fan, and (4) the wheel of a bicycle that is traveling along a straight path at
constant speed. For each of these four objects,

1. The linear momentum of its center of mass is constant.

2. Its angular momentum about its center of mass, or about any other point, is also
constant.

We say that such objects are in equilibrium. The two requirements for
equilibrium are then.

(12-1)

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 Our concern in this chapter is with situations in which the constants in Eq.
12-1 are zero; that is, we are concerned largely with objects that are not moving in
any way either in translation or in rotation in the reference frame from which we
observe them. Such objects are in static equilibrium. Of the four objects
mentioned near the beginning of this module, only one the book resting on the
table is in static equilibrium.

The balancing rock of Fig. 12-1 is another example of an object that, for
the present at least, is in static equilibrium. It shares this property with countless
other structures, such as cathedrals, houses, filing cabinets, and taco stands, that
remain stationary over time.

As we discussed in Module 8-3, if a body returns to a state of static

equilibrium after having been displaced from that state by a force, the body is said
to be in stable static equilibrium. A marble placed at the bottom of a
hemispherical bowl is an example. However, if a small force can displace the
body and end the equilibrium, the body is in unstable static equilibrium.

A Domino. For example, suppose we balance a domino with the domino’s

center of mass vertically above the supporting edge, as in Fig. 12-2a.The torque
about the supporting edge due to the gravitational force F: g on the domino is zero
because the line of action of F: g is through that edge. Thus, the domino is in

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equilibrium. Of course, even a slight force on it due to some chance disturbance
ends the equilibrium. As the line of action of F: g moves to one side of the
supporting edge (as in Fig. 12-2b), the torque due to F: g increases the rotation of
the domino. Therefore, the domino in Fig. 12-2a is in unstable static equilibrium.

The domino in Fig. 12-2c is not quite as unstable. To topple this domino, a
force would have to rotate it through and then beyond the balance position of Fig.
12-2a, in which the center of mass is above a supporting edge. A slight force will
not topple this domino, but a vigorous flick of the finger against the domino
certainly will. (If we arrange a chain of such upright dominos, a finger flick
against the first can cause the whole chain to fall.)

A Block. The child’s square block in Fig. 12-2d is even more stable
because its center of mass would have to be moved even farther to get it to pass
above a supporting edge. A flick of the finger may not topple the block. (This is
why you never see a chain of toppling square blocks.) The worker in Fig. 12-3 is
like both the domino and the square block: Parallel to the beam, his stance is wide
and he is stable; perpendicular to the beam, his stance is narrow and he is unstable
(and at the mercy of a chance gust of wind).

The analysis of static equilibrium is very important in engineering

practice. The design engineer must isolate and identify all the external forces and
torques that may act on a structure and, by good design and wise choice of
materials, ensure that the structure will remain stable under these loads. Such
analysis is necessary to ensure, for example, that bridges do not collapse under
their traffic and wind loads and that the landing gear of aircraft will function after
the shock of rough landings.

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 The Requirements of Equilibrium

The translational motion of a body is governed by Newton’s second law in its

linear momentum form, given by Eq. 9-27 as

(12-2)

If the body is in translational equilibrium that is, if is a constant then ! 0 and we

must have (balance of forces).

(12-3)

The rotational motion of a body is governed by Newton’s second law in its

angular momentum form, given by Eq. 11-29 as

(12-4)

If the body is in rotational equilibrium—that is, if is a constant—then ! 0 and we

must have (balance of torques).

(12-5)

Thus, the two requirements for a body to be in equilibrium are as follows:

1. The vector sum of all the external forces that act on the body must be zero.

2. The vector sum of all external torques that act on the body,measured about any
possible point, must also be zero.

These requirements obviously hold for static equilibrium. They also hold for the
more general equilibrium in which and are constant but not zero. Equations 12-3
and 12-5, as vector equations, are each equivalent to three independent component
equations, one for each direction of the coordinate axes:

(12-6)

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 The Main Equations. We shall simplify matters by considering only
situations in which the forces that act on the body lie in the xy plane. This means
that the only torques that can act on the body must tend to cause rotation around
an axis parallel to the z axis. With this assumption, we eliminate one force
equation and two torque equations

Here, t net, z is the net torque that the external forces produce either about
the z axis or about any axis parallel to it. A hockey puck sliding at constant
velocity over ice satisfies Eqs. 12-7, 12-8, and 12-9 and is thus in equilibrium but
not in static equilibrium. For static equilibrium, the linear momentum of the puck
must be not only constant but also zero; the puck must be at rest on the ice. Thus,
there is another requirement for static equilibrium:

3. The linear momentum of the P body must be zero.

The Center of Gravity

The gravitational force on an extended body is the vector sum of the

gravitational forces acting on the individual elements (the atoms) of the body.
Instead of considering all those individual elements, we can say that The
gravitational force on a body effectively acts at a single point, called the center of
gravity (cog) of the body.

Here the word “effectively” means that if the gravitational forces on the
individual elements were somehow turned off and the gravitational force at the
center of gravity were turned on, the net force and the net torque (about any point)
acting on the body would not change. Until now, we have assumed that the
gravitational force acts at the center of mass (com) of the body.This is equivalent
to assuming that the center of gravity is at the center of mass. Recall that, for a
body of mass M, the force is equal to M:g, where :g is the acceleration that the
force would produce if the body were to fall freely. In the proof that follows, we
show that

If is the same for all elements of a body, then the body’s center of gravity (cog) is
coincident with the body’s center of mass (com).

This is approximately true for everyday objects because varies only a little
along Earth’s surface and decreases in magnitude only slightly with altitude.

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Thus, for objects like a mouse or a moose, we have been justified in assuming that
the gravitational force acts at the center of mass. After the following proof, we
shall resume that assumption.

Proof

First, we consider the individual elements of the body. Figure 12-4a shows
an extended body, of mass M, and one of its elements, of mass mi. A gravitational
force acts on each such element and is equal to The subscript on means is the
gravitational acceleration at the location of the element i (it can be different for
other elements).

For the body in Fig. 12-4a, each force F: gi acting on an element produces
a torque ti on the element about the origin O, with a moment arm xi. Using Eq.
10- 41 (t ! r"F) as a guide, we can write each torque ti as

(12-10)

The net torque on all the elements of the body is then

(12-11)

Next, we consider the body as a whole. Figure 12-4b shows the

gravitational force acting at the body’s center of gravity. This force produces a
torque t on the body about O, with moment arm xcog. Again using Eq. 10-41,we
can write this torque as

(12-12)

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 The gravitational force F: g on the body is equal to the sum of the
gravitational forces F: gi on all its elements, so we can substitute 'Fgi for Fg in
Eq. 12-12 to write

(12-13)

Now recall that the torque due to force F: g acting at the center of gravity
is equal to the net torque due to all the forces F: gi acting on all the elements of
the body. (That is how we defined the center of gravity.) Thus, t in Eq. 12-13 is
equal to t net in Eq. 12-11. Putting those two equations together, we can write

Substituting migi for Fgi gives us

(12-14)

Now here is a key idea: If the accelerations gi at all the locations of the elements
are the same, we can cancel gi from this equation to write

(12-15)

The sum 'mi of the masses of all the elements is the mass M of the body.
Therefore, we can rewrite Eq. 12-15 as

(12-16)

The right side of this equation gives the coordinate x com of the body’s
center of mass (Eq. 9-4).We now have what we sought to prove. If the
acceleration of gravity is the same at all locations of the elements in a body, then
the coordinates of the body’s com and cog are identical:

(12-17)

CHAPTER III

ADVANTGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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Advantages:

BOOK I

 Brief material description

 The explanation is systematically detailed

 There many picture, make the reader easyer to understand

BOOK II

 The material is complete

 The explanation is systematically detailed

 The cover and font good looking

 There many picture, make the reader easyer to understand

Disadvantages:

BOOK I

 A lot of typing the wrong words so that a little difficulty understanding it

 There is no example to explain the statement in the book

BOOK II

 There are some materials are difficult to understand.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUTION

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 Based on the discussion of the paper, it can be concluded that the first
book, has advantages in terms of brief material description. While deficiencies
exist in terms of how the author in presenting the material, the structure of the
presentation of the material, the quality of the material, the use of examples, the
use of language, and the conclusion of the material. The second book, contains the
material complete. The advantages of this book also good for the reader. Two of
the book is good to read because thay have the advantages and disadvantages of
each.

REFERENCES

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Abdullah Mikrajuddin. 2016. Basic Physics 1st. Institut Teknologi Bandung:
Bandung.

Halliday. 2014. Fundamental of Physics 10th Edition. Cleveland State University:

New York.

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